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1104531390853294563	Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety	Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety - wikipedia Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Jump to : navigation , search Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Directed by Luv Ranjan Produced by Bhushan Kumar Krishan Kumar Luv Ranjan Ankur Garg Written by Rahul Mody Luv Ranjan Story by Luv Ranjan Starring Kartik Aaryan Nushrat Bharucha Sunny Nijar Music by Score : Hitesh Sonik Songs : Rochak Kohli Yo Yo Honey Singh Amaal Mallik Guru Randhawa Zack Knight Saurabh - Vaibhav Rajat Nagpal Cinematography Sudhir K. Chaudhary Edited by Akiv Ali Production company T - Series LUV Films Distributed by AA Films JRS Production Release date 23 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) Running time 138 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 30 crore Box office ₹ 150 crore Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety is a 2018 Indian Hindi comedy film directed by Luv Ranjan . Ranjan also produced the film with Bhushan Kumar , Krishan Kumar , and Ankur Garg . This marks the fourth collaboration between Ranjan and the lead actors Kartik Aaryan and Nushrat Bharucha and third collaboration of Sunny Singh and Ishita Raj Sharma with the trio . The film released theatrically on 23 February 2018 . The film received mixed reviews ; while the commentators praised the humour , they were critical of the misogynistic plot . It emerged as a commercial success and ranks as the third highest grossing Bollywood film of 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie begins with a crying Titu who is worried as his girlfriend Pihu refuses to talk with him . Sonu , his best friend , tells him that she is not meant for him justifying his argument by comparing Titu 's caring nature with that of his Pihu 's possessive one . Sonu gives an ultimatum to Titu to choose between Pihu and him and Titu chooses his best friend . Six months after his breakup , Titu 's family tells him that a family has shown interest in getting him married to their daughter . He agrees to meet Sweety . The two instantly hit it off . Sweety is extremely caring , sensitive and is the ' ideal wife ' . Sonu finds this very fishy , though he admits to Titu that she seems nice but he ca n't really say whether or not the two should marry just yet . He later finds out that Sweety was in fact going to marry another man named Rahul but that did not work out as she became dominating , possessive and got drunk and created a scene in Goa . He reveals this to the family and grandmother , who question Sweety regarding the same and she tells her version of story where she had no fault . Titu tells Sonu that she had told him all of this in the first meeting itself and he did not want the family to know about all of this . On the night of the engagement , Sonu begins warming up to the idea of Titu and Sweety 's wedding . However , Sweety reveals that she in fact is a clever female and challenges him that she will throw him out of Titu 's life and home very soon . Sonu confides in his friends Ghasite and Lalu about the revelation . They bet amongst themselves to see if Sonu can save Titu from Sweety . Titu is now engaged to Sweety and this brings a lot of compromises in Sonu 's life who was earlier used to living a bachelor life . Sweety changes their care - taker , she walks in on Sonu making out with a girl . She also manipulates the family members and Titu into buying and naming a house after her and Titu . She turns the house into vegetarian and threatens Ghasita of revealing his dirty lies to Dadi . Sonu foresees Titu 's imminent downfall and to protect him he plans a bachelor party for Titu at Amsterdam , where he arranges his ex-girlfriend Pihu to `` accidentally '' run into them after convincing her that Titu is still in love with her and he wants to help them get back together . They return to India along with Pihu and Sonu is happy to see a bothered Sweety after witnessing the growing closeness between Titu and Pihu . But Sweety reveals the truth to Pihu that it was in fact Sonu who broke Titu and Pihu up in the first place and that Sonu is using her . At this point Titu is visibly angry with Sonu . He once again confides with Ghasite and Lalu and Ghasite ( also Titu 's grandfather ) volunteers to sort the situation but Sonu interjects saying his best friend should decide for himself . Sonu helps prepare for the wedding , dances in the Baraat but during the garland ceremony he makes a final attempt and gives Titu the ultimatum again : ' It 's either her or me ' . Sweety attempts to turn the tide but Titu , in a fit of epiphany , firmly announces that if it is between him or her , it will always be his best friend . The scene switches to Sweety standing in the mandap and coming to terms that her malicious tactics can not always triumph . After the narrow escape , Sonu , Titu , Ghasite and Lalu are seen sitting and drinking by the pool realizing that good girls do not exist these days . Cast ( edit ) Kartik Aaryan as Sonu Sharma Sunny Singh as Titu Sharma Nushrat Bharucha as Sweety Sharma Alok Nath as Ghasitaram Madhumalti kapoor as Titu 's dadi Ishita Raj Sharma as Pihu Deepika Amin as Renu Sharma ( Sweety 's mother ) Rajesh jais as Sweety 's father Ayesha Raza Mishra as Titu 's mother Virendra Saxena as Lalu Kaka ( Servant cum Business Partner of Ghasita ) Pawan Chopra as Titu 's father Pritam Jaiswal as Babu Sonalli Sehgall as Cameo appearance PRODUCTION ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Luv Ranjan made the announcement about the film through his official Twitter account on 6 December 2016 . The shooting for the film began on 12 December 2016 while the title of the film was officially announced by Kartik Aaryan , Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh through a YouTube video on 16 June 2017 . The official trailer of the film was launched on 20 December 2017 . `` `` In India , they say that marriage happens between two families . But in cities , friends have become the new family . So for a marriage to work , it is imperative that your friends like the new person in your life and vice versa . It is saas - bahu with a twist . '' '' -- Luv Ranjan on the idea behind the movie Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety . Filming ( edit ) The shooting of the film has been done in Delhi , Noida Mumbai , Rishikesh and Georgia . The shooting of the film in Ghaziabad ( Uttar Pradesh ) has been done in Rajnagar Sector 5 . The shooting of this movie has also been done in Gurugram DLF CyberHub . Some of the scenes were shot in Noida at Mahagun Moderne Soundtrack ( edit ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Soundtrack album by Rochak Kohli , Yo Yo Honey Singh , Amaal Mallik , Guru Randhawa , Zack Knight , Saurabh - Vaibhav and Rajat Nagpal Released 14 February 2018 Recorded 2017 - 2018 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 30 : 13 Language Hindi Label T - Series Rochak Kohli chronology Aiyaary ( 2018 ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ( 2018 ) Yo Yo Honey Singh chronology Bhaag Johnny ( 2015 ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ( 2018 ) Amaal Mallik chronology Golmaal Again ( 2017 ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ( 2018 ) Sanju ( 2018 ) Zack Knight chronology Galtiyan ( 2017 ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ( 2018 ) Till I Met You ( 2018 ) Guru Randhawa & Rajat Nagpal chronology Tumhari Sulu ( 2017 ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ( 2018 ) Dil Juunglee ( 2018 ) Singles from Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety `` Dil Chori '' Released : 26 December 2017 `` Subah Subah '' Released : 3 January 2018 `` Chhote Chhote Peg '' Released : 18 January 2018 `` Bom Diggy Diggy '' Released : 8 February 2018 The music of the film has been composed by Rochak Kohli , Yo Yo Honey Singh , Amaal Mallik , Guru Randhawa , Zack Knight , Saurabh - Vaibhav and Rajat Nagpal while lyrics have been penned by Kumaar , Yo Yo Honey Singh , Swapnil Tiwari , Zack Knight , Guru Randhawa , Singhsta and Oye Sheraa . The score is composed by Hitesh Sonik . The video of the first song , Dil Chori , which is a remake of the Hans Raj Hans 's song `` Dil Chori Sada Ho Gaya '' was released on YouTube on 26 December 2017 . This song marks the comeback of Yo Yo Honey Singh after two years of suffering from bipolar disorder . The second song titled as Subah Subah which is sung by Arijit Singh , Prakriti Kakar and Amaal Mallik was released on 3 January 2018 . The third song to be released was Chhote Chhote Peg , which is a remake of the Hans Raj Hans 's song Dil Tote Tote Ho Gaya from the movie Bichhoo , which is sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh , Neha Kakkar and Navraj Hans was released on 18 January 2018 . The fourth song , Bom Diggy Diggy which is a party song is a remake of the 2017 Punjabi - English song called Bom Diggy by Zack Knight and Jasmin Walia and the chorus samples a Bengali folk song was released on 8 February 2018 . The music album of the film was officially released by T - Series on 14 February 2018 on the occasion of Valentines Day . Track listing No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Dil Chori '' Yo Yo Honey Singh , Singhsta , Oye Sheraa Yo Yo Honey Singh Yo Yo Honey Singh , Simar Kaur , Ishers 3 : 46 2 . `` Subah Subah '' Kumaar Amaal Mallik Arijit Singh , Prakriti Kakar , Amaal Mallik 4 : 37 3 . `` Chhote Chhote Peg '' Yo Yo Honey Singh Yo Yo Honey Singh Yo Yo Honey Singh , Neha Kakkar , Navraj Hans 3 : 24 4 . `` Bom Diggy Diggy '' Zack Knight , Kumaar Zack Knight Zack Knight , Jasmin Walia 3 : 58 5 . `` Kaun Nachdi '' Guru Randhawa Guru Randhawa , Rajat Nagpal Guru Randhawa , Neeti Mohan 3 : 03 6 . `` Lakk Mera Hit '' Kumaar Rochak Kohli Sukriti Kakar , Mannat Noor , Rochak Kohli 3 : 54 7 . `` Tera Yaar Hoon Main '' Kumaar Rochak Kohli Arijit Singh 4 : 24 8 . `` Sweety Slowly Slowly '' Swapnil Tiwari Saurabh - Vaibhav Mika Singh 3 : 07 Total length : 30 : 13 Release ( edit ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety was originally scheduled to release on 3 November 2017 but the release date was later changed to 9 February 2018 . Due to the change in release dates of Padmaavat and Padman , on 21 January 2018 it was announced that the release of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety had been postponed to 23 February 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety became one of the highest ( currently second highest ) grossing movie of 2018 in India , grossing more than ₹ 145 crore ( US $22 million ) at box office on a budget of ₹ 30 crore ( US $4.6 million ) It emerged as one of the highest - grossing Indian films of the year . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics ; while some commentators praised the humour , most of them were critical of the misogynistic plot . Rajeev Masand of CNN - News18 gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that , `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety has a strange kind of earnestness in its juvenile ambitions . I was uncomfortable with its decidedly women - bashing stand , but I enjoyed the film 's silly , relentless humor . '' Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave movie a gave the film 2 stars out of 5 ; she wrote that the film was `` breezey enough '' , and provides some laughs , some of which escape involuntarily . She responded negatively to the film 's misogyny : `` Luv Ranjan 's fourth feature is as simplistic and sexist as it has been right from his first . '' She was also critical of the performances of the central duo of Singh and Aaryan . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 60 % based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety is unstoppable at the box office - Eastern Eye '' . Eastern Eye. 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Alltime : Padmaavat 7th - Baaghi 2 22nd '' . Box Office India . 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hungama , Bollywood ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety to clash with Aiyaary : Director Luv Ranjan says ' my film is safe ' '' . Hindustan Times . 12 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Trailer : Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety -- Luv Ranjan '' . YouTube . 20 December 2017 -- via T - Series . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety trailer : Get ready to ROFL with this bromance vs romance fare '' . The Indian Express . December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Movie ( 2018 ) Reviews , Cast & Release Date in - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety movie review : Celebs love it , critics say Luv Ranjan again portrays women in a negative light '' . International Business Times . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety box office : Kartik Aaryan and Nushrat Bharucha film crosses the Rs 50 crore mark '' . 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety is 2018 's second highest grosser after Padmaavat , beats Akshay Kumar 's PadMan '' . Hindustan Times . 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement -- SKTKS '' -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Luv Ranjan teams up with Bhushan Kumar for a romcom '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Luv Ranjan 's new film launched '' -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Title Announcement Video -- Luv Ranjan -- Kartik Aaryan , Nushrat Bharucha , Sunny Singh , Saurav Singh '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ' director Luv Ranjan : ' I make films on what happens after happy endings ' '' . Scroll.in . Jump up ^ `` PRODUCTION : New Indian Film Shooting in Georgia '' . filmneweurope.com . Film New Europe . 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kartik , Nushrat , Sunny head to Rishikesh in new Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety song '' . Hindustan Times . 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Yo Yo Honey Singh : DIL CHORI ( Video ) . Retrieved 26 Dec 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Honey Singh back after two years with Dil Chori '' . Hindustan Times . 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZACK KNIGHT on Twitter : `` The Bengali vocal is from a sample pack `` voice of India '' by Earth Moments `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Pyaar Ka Punchnama team is back and the title announcement of new film promises lots of fun '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` ' The Pyaar Ka Punchnama ' Team Is Back With A New Film & We Ca n't Contain Our Excitement '' . MensXP . Jump up ^ `` Padmaavat , Padman force shift in Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety release date , film to hit theatres on Feb 23 '' . Hindustan Times . 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety surpasses Pad Man ; becomes second highest grosser of 2018 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 12 Mar 2018 . Retrieved 13 Mar 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't fear being judged as a misogynist : Kartik Aryan on ' protecting best friend from a gold digger ' '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 13 Mar 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Friends & lovers '' . Rajeev Masand . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety movie review : The Nushrat Bharucha and Kartik Aaryan starrer provides some laughs '' . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety on IMDb Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety at Bollywood Hungama Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonu_Ke_Titu_Ki_Sweety&oldid=841153624 '' Categories : 2018 films T - Series films 2010s Hindi - language films 2010s romantic comedy films Indian films Indian comedy films Indian romantic comedy films Films set in Uttar Pradesh Films set in Delhi Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 09 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7241338376454012391	List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes	List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes - wikipedia List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes Jump to : navigation , search The citations in this article lack sufficient bibliographical information ( e.g. author , title , date of publication , publisher , ISBN , OCLC number , pages cited , etc . ) . Specific concerns can be found on the talk page . See Help : Referencing for beginners with citation templates for guidance about writing citations . ( September 2017 ) This is a list of roots , suffixes , and prefixes used in medical terminology , their meanings , and their etymology . Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary . There are a few general rules about how they combine . First , prefixes and suffixes , most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin , have a droppable - o - . As a general rule , this - o - almost always acts as a joint - stem to connect two consonantal roots , e.g. arthr - + - o - + logy = arthrology . But generally , the - o - is dropped when connecting to a vowel - stem ; e.g. arthr - + itis = arthritis , instead of * arthr - o-itis . Second , medical roots generally go together according to language , i.e. , Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes . Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages , it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prefixes and suffixes 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 O 1.16 P 1.17 Q 1.18 R 1.19 S 1.20 T 1.21 U 1.22 V 1.23 X 1.24 Y 1.25 Z 2 English meanings 2.1 Roots of the body 2.1. 1 Roots of bodily concepts 2.1. 2 Roots of body parts and components 2.2 Roots of color 2.3 Roots of description 2.4 Roots of position 2.5 Prefixes of quantity or amount 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Prefixes and suffixes ( edit ) The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes , along with their meanings , origin , and English examples . Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) a - , an - not , without Ancient Greek ἀ - / ἀν - ( a - / an - ) , not , without analgesic , apathy ab - from ; away from Latin abduction abdomin - Of or relating to the abdomen Latin abdōmen , abdomen , fat around the belly abdomen , abdominal - ac pertaining to Greek - ακός ( - akos ) cardiac , hydrophobiac acanth - thorn or spine Ancient Greek ἄκανθα ( ákantha ) , thorn acanthion , acanthocyte , acanthoma , acanthulus acou - Of or relating to hearing Greek ἀκούειν ( akoúein ) , ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing acoumeter , acoustician , hyperacusis acr - extremity , topmost Greek ἄκρον ( akron ) , highest or farthest point acrocrany , acromegaly , acroosteolysis , acroposthia - acusis hearing Greek ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing paracusis - ad toward , in the direction of dorsad ad - at , increase , on , toward Latin adduction aden - Of or relating to a gland Ancient Greek ἀδήν , ἀδέν - ( adēn , aden - ) , an acorn ; a gland adenocarcinoma , adenology , adenotome , adenotyphus adip - Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue Latin ( adeps , adip - ) , fat Adipocyte adren - Of or relating to adrenal glands Latin adrenal artery - emia ( BrE ) blood condition Greek ἀναιμία , without blood Anemia aer ( o ) - air , gas Greek ἀήρ , ἀέρος Aerosinusitis aesthesi - ( BrE ) sensation Greek αἴσθησις Anesthesia - al pertaining to Latin - alis abdominal , femoral alb - Denoting a white or pale color Latin albus , white Albino alge ( si ) - pain Greek ἄλγος Analgesic - algia , alg ( i ) o - pain Greek Myalgia all - Denoting something as different , or as an addition Ancient Greek ἄλλος ( allos ) , another , other Alloantigen , allopathy ambi - Denoting something as positioned on both sides ; describing both of two Latin ( ambi - , ambo ) , both , on both sides Ambidextrous amni - Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac ( amnion ) Greek ἄμνιον Amniocentesis amph ( i ) - , on both sides Greek ἀμφί ( amphi ) Amphicrania , amphismela , amphomycin amylo - starchy , carbohydrate - related Latin amylum ( starch ) Amylase , amylophagia an - not , without Greek Analgesia ana - back , again , up Greek Anaplasia an - anus Latin anal andr - pertaining to a man Greek ἀνήρ , ἀνδρ - Android , andrology , androgen angi - blood vessel Greek ἀγγεῖον angiogram , angioplasty aniso - Describing something as unequal Ancient Greek ἄνῑσος ( anīsos ) , unequal Anisocytosis , anisotropic ankyl - , ancyl - Denoting something as crooked or bent Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος ( ankýlos ) , crooked , curved Ankylosis ante - Describing something as positioned in front of another thing Latin ( āntē ) , before , in front of antepartum anti - Describing something as ' against ' or ' opposed to ' another Ancient Greek αντι ( anti ) , against Antibody , antipsychotic apo - away , separated from , derived from Ancient Greek ἀπό Apoptosis arch - first , primitive Ancient Greek archinephron arsen ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a male ; masculine Greek ( arsein ) arsenoblast arteri ( o ) - Of or pertaining to an artery Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία ( artēría ) , a wind - pipe , artery ( used distinctly versus a vein ) Arteriole , artery arthr - Of or pertaining to the joints , limbs Ancient Greek ἄρθρον ( árthron ) , a joint , limb Arthritis articul - joint Latin articulus Articulation - ary pertaining to Latin - arius biliary tract , coronary - ase enzyme Greek διάστασις , division Lactase - asthenia weakness Greek , ἀσθένεια Myasthenia gravis atel ( o ) - imperfect or incomplete development atelocardia ather - fatty deposit , soft gruel - like deposit ἀθάρη ( athárē ) Atherosclerosis - ation process Latin medication atri - an atrium ( esp . heart atrium ) Latin atrioventricular aur - Of or pertaining to the ear Latin ( auris ) , the ear Aural aut - self Greek αὐτο - Autoimmune aux ( o ) - increase ; growth Auxocardia : enlargement of the heart , auxology axill - Of or pertaining to the armpit ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( axilla ) , armpit Axilla azo ( to ) - nitrogenous compound azothermia : raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) bacteri - Pertaining to bacteria Latin ( `` bacterium '' ) ; Greek βακτήριον ( `` baktḗrion '' ) , `` small staff '' bacteriophage , bactericide balan - Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis Greek βάλανος ( bálanos ) , acorn , glans balanitis bas - Of or pertaining to base Greek βάσις ( básis ) , `` foundation '' , `` base '' basolateral bi - twice , double Latin Binary bio - life Ancient Greek βίος ( bíos ) Biology blast - germ or bud Greek βλαστός ( blastós ) Blastomere blephar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eyelid Ancient Greek βλέφαρον ( blépharon ) , eyelid Blepharoplasty brachi ( o ) - Of or relating to the arm Latin ( bracchium ) , from Ancient Greek βραχίων ( brachiōn ) , arm Brachium of inferior colliculus brachy - Indicating ' short ' or less commonly ' little ' Ancient Greek βραχύς ( brachys ) , short , little , shallow brachycephalic brady - ' slow ' Ancient Greek βραδύς ( bradys ) , slow Bradycardia bronch ( i ) - of or relating to the bronchus Latin ( bronchus ) ; Ancient Greek βρόγχος ( brónkhos ) , windpipe Bronchitis , bronchiolitis obliterans bucc ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cheek Latin ( bucca ) , cheek Buccolabial burs ( o ) - bursa ( fluid sac between the bones ) Latin ( bursa ) , purse ; Ancient Greek βύρσα ( búrsa ) , hide , wine - skin Bursa , bursitis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) capill - Of or pertaining to hair Latin ( capillus ) , hair Capillus capit - Pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Latin ( caput , capit - ) , the head capitation carcin - cancer Greek καρκίνος ( karkinos ) , crab carcinoma cardi - Of or pertaining to the heart Ancient Greek καρδία ( kardía ) , heart cardiology carp - Of or pertaining to the wrist Latin ( carpus ) < Ancient Greek καρπός ( karpós ) , wrist ; NOTE : This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp ( o ) - meaning fruit . carpopedal spasm cata - down , under Greek κατά ( kata ) Cataract , catabolism - cele pouching , hernia Ancient Greek κήλη ( kēlē ) Hydrocele , Varicocele - centesis surgical puncture for aspiration Ancient Greek κέντησις ( kentēsis ) amniocentesis cephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Ancient Greek κεφαλή ( képhalē ) , the head cephalalgy , hydrocephalus cerat ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cornu ; a horn Ancient Greek κέρας , κερατ - ( kéras , kerat - ) , a horn Ceratoid cerebell ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cerebellum Latin ( cerebellum ) , little brain Cerebellum cerebr - Of or pertaining to the brain Latin ( cerebrum ) , brain Cerebrology cervic - Of or pertaining to the neck , the cervix Latin ( cervix , cervīc - ) , neck , cervix cervicodorsal cheil - Of or pertaining to the lips Latin ( cheilitis ) angular cheilitis chem - chemistry , drug Greek χημεία chemotherapy chir - , cheir - Of or pertaining to the hand Ancient Greek χείρ , χειρο - ( cheir , cheiro - ) , hand chiropractor chlor - Denoting a green color Ancient Greek χλωρός ( chlōros ) , green , yellow - green chlorophyll chol ( e ) - Of or pertaining to bile Ancient Greek χολή ( cholē ) , bile Cholaemia ( UK ) / Cholemia ( US ) , Cholecystitis cholecyst ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the gallbladder Ancient Greek χοληκύστις ( cholēkýstis ) , gallbladder < χολή ( cholē ) , bile , gall + κύστις ( kýstis ) , bladder Cholecystectomy chondr ( i ) o - cartilage , gristle , granule , granular Ancient Greek χονδρός ( chondros ) Chondrocalcinosis chrom ( ato ) - color Ancient Greek χρῶμα ( chrōma ) Hemochromatosis - cidal , - cide killing , destroying Latin bacteriocidal cili - Of or pertaining to the cilia , the eyelashes ; eyelids Latin ( cilium ) , eyelash ; eyelid Ciliary circum - Denoting something as ' around ' another Latin ( circum ) , around circumcision cis - on this side Latin cis cisgender clast break Greek κλαστός `` broken '' osteoclast clostr - spindle Greek κλωστήρ ( klōstēr ) Clostridium co - with , together , in association Latin coenzymes col - , colo - , colono - colon κόλον ( kólon ) Colonoscopy colp ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the vagina Ancient Greek κόλπος ( kólpos ) , bosom , womb ; hollow , depth Colposcopy com - with , together Latin cum contra against Latin Contraindicate cor - with , together Latin corrective cor - Of or pertaining to eye 's pupil Ancient Greek κόρη ( kórē ) , girl , doll ; pupil of the eye Corectomy cord - Of or pertaining to the heart ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( cor , cordi - ) , `` heart '' Commotio cordis cornu - Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns Latin cornū , `` horn '' Greater cornu coron ( o ) - pertaining to heart Latin corōna coronary heart disease cortic ( o ) Cortex , or outer region Latin cortex , `` Bark of a tree '' Corticosteriod cost - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( costa ) , `` rib '' Costochondral cox - Of or relating to the hip , haunch , or hip - joint Latin ( coxa ) , hip Coxopodite crani ( o ) - Belonging or relating to the cranium Latin ( cranium ) < Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον ( krānion ) , the cranium , skull , bones enclosing the brain Craniology - crine , crin ( o ) to secrete εκκρίνει ecrine Endocrine cry ( o ) - cold Greek κρύος Cryoablation cutane - skin Latin cutis Subcutaneous cyan ( o ) - Denotes a blue color Ancient Greek κύανος , κυάνεος ( kýanos , kyáneos ) , blue Cyanopsia cycl - circle , cycle Greek κύκλος ( kuklos ) Cyclosis cyph ( o ) - Denotes something as bent ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek κυφός ( kȳphós ) , bent , hunchback Cyphosis cyst ( o ) - , cyst ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder Ancient Greek κύστις κύστις ( kýstis ) ; bladder , cyst Cystotomy cyt ( o ) - , - cyte cell Greek κύτος Cytokine , leukocyte Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) dacry ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tears Greek δάκρυ , tear Dacryoadenitis , dacryocystitis - dactyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a finger , toe Ancient Greek δάκτυλος ( dáktylos ) , finger , toe dactylology , polydactyly de - from , down , or away from Latin de - dehydrate dent - Of or pertaining to teeth Latin ( dens , dentis ) , tooth Dentist dermat ( o ) - , derm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the skin Ancient Greek δέρμα , δέρματος ( dérma , dérmat - ) , skin , human skin Dermatology , epidermis , hypodermic , xeroderma - desis binding Greek δέσις ( désis ) arthrodesis dextr ( o ) - right , on the right side Latin dexter Dextrocardia di - two Greek δι - Diplopia di - apart , separation Latin dilation , distal dia - through , during , across Ancient Greek διά ( diá ) , through , during , across dialysis dif - apart , separation Latin different digit - Of or pertaining to the finger ( rare as a root ) Latin ( digitus ) , finger , toe Digit diplo - twofold Greek διπλόος ( diplóos ) diploid , diplosis - dipsia suffix meaning `` ( condition of ) thirst '' ' Greek δίψα ( dípsa ) dipsomania , hydroadipsia , oligodipsia , polydipsia dis - separation , taking apart Latin dis - Dissection dors ( o ) - , dors ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the back Latin ( dorsum ) , back dorsal , dorsocephalad dromo - running , conduction , course Greek δρόμος ( drómos ) Dromotropic , syndrome duodeno - duodenum , twelve : upper part of the small intestine ( twelve inches long on average ) , connects to the stomach Latin duodeni Duodenal atresia dynam ( o ) - force , energy , power Greek δύναμις ( dúnamis ) Hand strength dynamometer - dynia pain Vulvodynia dys - bad , difficult , defective , abnormal Greek δυσ - ( dus - ) dysentery , dysphagia , dysphasia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - eal pertaining to Latin adenohypophyseal , corneal , esophageal , perineal ec - out , away Greek ἐκ - ( ek - ) Ectopia , ectopic pregnancy ect ( o ) - outer , outside Greek ἐκτός ( ektós ) Ectoblast , ectoderm - ectasia , - ectasis expansion , dilation Ancient Greek ἔκτασις ( éktasis ) Bronchiectasis , telangiectasia - ectomy Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part . Resection , excision Ancient Greek ἐκτομή ( ektomḗ ) , excision Mastectomy - emesis vomiting condition Greek ἕμεσις ( émesis ) Hematemesis - emia blood condition ( Am Engl ) Ancient Greek αἷμα , blood Anemia encephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the brain . Also see Cerebro . Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος ( enképhalos ) , the brain Encephalogram endo - Denotes something as ' inside ' or ' within ' ἐνδο - ( endo - ) , inside , internal Endocrinology , endospore eosin ( o ) - Red Ancient Greek Eos , the Greek word for ' dawn ' and the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn . Eosinophil granulocyte enter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the intestine Ancient Greek ἔντερον ( énteron ) , intestine Gastroenterology epi - on , upon Ancient Greek ἐπι - ( epi - ) , before , upon , on , outside , outside of Epicardium , epidermis , epidural , episclera , epistaxis episi ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the pubic region , the loins Ancient Greek ἐπίσιον - ( epísion ) , the pubic area , loins ; vulva Episiotomy erythr ( o ) - Denotes a red color Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός ( erythrós ) , red Erythrocyte - esophageal , - esophago - gullet ( AmE ) Greek οἰσοφάγος ( oisophágos ) Esophagus esthesio - sensation ( AmE ) Greek αἴσθησις ( aisthēsis ) Esthesioneuroblastoma , esthesia eu - true , good , well , new εὖ ( eû ) Eukaryote ex - out of , away from Latin Excision exo - Denotes something as ' outside ' another Ancient Greek ἐξω - ( exo - ) , outside of , external Exophthalmos , exoskeleton extra - outside Latin Extradural hematoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) faci - Of or pertaining to the face Latin faciēs , the face , countenance Facioplegic fibr - fiber Latin fibra , fiber , filament , entrails fibril , fibrin , fibrinous pericarditis , fibroblast fil - fine , hair - like Latin ( filum ) , thread Filament , filum terminale foramen hole , opening , or aperature , particularly in bone Latin Foramen magnum - form Used to form adjectives indicating ' having the form of ' Latin ( forma ) , form , shape cruciform , cuneiform , falciform fore - before or ahead foregut fossa A hollow or depressed area ; trench or channel Latin ( fossa ) , ditch , pit fossa ovalis front - Of or pertaining to the forehead Latin ( frōns , front - ) , the forehead frontonasal Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) galact ( o ) - milk Greek γάλα , γαλακτ - Galactorrhea Galaxy gastr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the stomach Ancient Greek γαστήρ ( gastēr ) , γαστρ - , stomach , belly Gastric bypass - gen ( 1 ) Denotes the sense ' born in , from ' ( 2 ) Denotes the sense ' of a certain kind ' Ancient Greek - γενής ( - genēs ) , from γεν - νάειν ( gen - náein ) , to be born ( 1 ) Endogen ; ( 2 ) Heterogenous - genic Formative , pertaining to producing Greek Cardiogenic shock genu - Of or pertaining to the knee Latin ( genū ) , knee Genu valgum - geusia Taste Ancient Greek γεῦσις ( geusis ) Ageusia , dysgeusia , hypergeusia , hypogeusia , parageusia gingiv - Of or pertaining to the gums Latin gingīva , gum Gingivitis glauc ( o ) - Denoting a grey or bluish - grey colour Ancient Greek γλαυκός ( glaukos ) , grey , bluish - grey Glaucoma gloss ( o ) - , glott ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Ancient Greek γλῶσσα , γλῶττα ( glōssa , glōtta ) , tongue Glossology gluco - sweet Greek γλυκός , sweet Glucocorticoid glyc ( o ) - sugar Ancient Greek Glycolysis gnath ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the jaw Ancient Greek γνάθος ( gnáthos ) , jaw Gnathodynamometer - gnosis knowledge Greek diagnosis , prognosis gon ( o ) - seed , semen ; also , reproductive Ancient Greek γόνος Gonorrhea - gram , - gramme record or picture Greek γράμμα ( gramma ) Angiogram - graph instrument used to record data or picture Ancient Greek - γραφία ( - graphía ) , written , drawn , graphic interpretation Electrocardiograph - graphy process of recording Ancient Greek Angiography gyno - , gynaeco - ( BrE ) , gyneco - ( AmE ) woman Greek γυνή , γυναικ - Gynecomastia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) halluc - to wander in mind Classical Latin to wander in mind Hallucinosis hemat - , haemato - ( haem - , hem - ) Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( hæma ) < Ancient Greek αἵμα , αἱματ - ( haima , haimat - ) , blood Hematology , older form Haematology hema - or hemo - blood ( AmE ) Greek Hemal , Hemoglobin hemangi or hemangio - blood vessels Hemangioma hemi - one - half Ancient Greek ἡμι - ( hēmi - ) , `` half '' Cerebral hemisphere hepat - ( hepatic - ) Of or pertaining to the liver Ancient Greek ἥπαρ , ἡπατο - ( hēpar , hēpato - ) , the liver Hepatology , Hepatitis heter ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the other ' ( of two ) , as an addition , or different Ancient Greek ἕτερος ( héteros ) , the other ( of two ) , another ; different Heterogeneous hidr ( o ) - sweat Greek ἱδρωτ - Hyperhidrosis hist ( o ) - , histio - tissue Greek ἱστός Histology home ( o ) - similar Ancient Greek ὅμοιος ( homoios ) Homeopathy hom ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the same ' as another or common Ancient Greek ὁμο - ( homo - ) , the same , common Homosexuality humer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the shoulder ( or ( rarely ) the upper arm ) Latin ( umerus ) , shoulder Humerus hydr ( o ) - water Greek ὕδωρ Hydrophobe hyper - Denotes something as ' extreme ' or ' beyond normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπέρ ( hyper ) , over , above ; beyond , to the extreme Hypertension hyp ( o ) - Denotes something as ' below normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπ ( ο ) - ( hypo - ) , below , under Hypovolemia , hyster ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the womb , the uterus Ancient Greek ὑστέρα ( hystéra ) , womb Hysterectomy , Hysteria Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - i - asis condition , formation , or presence of Greek - ίασις Mydriasis iatr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to medicine , or a physician ( uncommon as a prefix ; common as a suffix , see - iatry ) Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Iatrochemistry - iatry Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Podiatry , psychiatry - ic pertaining to Greek - ικός ( - ikos ) Hepatic artery - icle small Latin Ovarian follicle - ics organized knowledge , treatment Latin - ica < Greek < - ικά Obstetrics idio - self , one 's own Greek ἴδιος , idios , `` one 's own '' Idiopathic ileo - ileum Greek ἰλεός Ileocecal valve infra - below Latin Infrahyoid muscles inter - between , among Latin Interarticular ligament intra - within Latin intramural ipsi - same Latin Ipsilateral irid ( o ) - iris Greek ἴρις Iridectomy isch - restriction Greek ἴσχω Ischemia ischio - Of or pertaining to the ischium , the hip - joint Ancient Greek ἰσχιόν ( ischión ) , hip - joint , ischium Ischioanal fossa - ism condition , disease Dwarfism - ismus spasm , contraction Greek - ισμός Hemiballismus iso - Denoting something as being ' equal ' Ancient Greek ἴσος ( ísos ) , equal Isotonic - ist one who specializes in Greek - ιστής ( - istes ) Pathologist - ite the nature of , resembling Greek - ίτης Hermaphrodite - itis inflammation Tonsillitis - ium structure , tissue pericardium J ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) juxta ( iuxta ) Near to , alongside or next to Latin Juxtaglomerular apparatus Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) kal - potassium hyperkalemia kary - nucleus Greek κάρυον ( káruon ) , `` nut '' eukaryote kerat - cornea ( eye or skin ) Greek κέρας ( kéras ) , `` horn '' keratoscope kine - movement Greek κινέω akinetopsia , kinesthesia koil - hollow Greek κοῖλος ( koîlos ) koilocyte kyph - humped Greek κυφός ( kuphós ) kyphoscoliosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) labi - Of or pertaining to the lip Latin ( labium ) , lip labiodental lacrim ( o ) - tear Latin Lacrimal canaliculi lact ( i ) - , lact ( o ) milk Latin Lactation lapar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the abdominal wall , flank Ancient Greek λαπάρᾱ ( lapárā ) , flank Laparotomy laryng ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the larynx , the lower throat cavity where the voice box is Ancient Greek λάρυγξ , λαρυγγ - ( lárynx , laryng - ) , throat , gullet Larynx latero - lateral Latin Lateral pectoral nerve lei ( o ) - smooth Greek λεῖος Leiomyoma - lepsis , - lepsy attack , seizure Greek λῆψις Epilepsy , narcolepsy lept ( o ) - light , slender Greek λεπτός ( leptos ) Leptomeningeal leuc ( o ) - , leuk ( o ) - Denoting a white color Ancient Greek λευκός ( leukos ) , white , bright Leukocyte lingu ( a ) - , lingu ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Latin ( lingua ) , tongue Linguistics lip ( o ) - fat Greek λίπος ( lipos ) Liposuction liss ( os ) - smooth Greek Λισσός ( lissos ) Lissencephaly lith ( o ) - stone , calculus Greek λίθος ( lithos ) Lithotripsy log ( o ) - speech Greek λόγος ( logos ) dialog , catalog , logos - logist Denotes someone who studies a certain field ( the field of _____ - logy ) ; a specialist ; one who treats Ancient Greek λογιστής ( logistēs ) , studier , practitioner Oncologist , pathologist - logy Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field ; the study of Ancient Greek λόγoς ( logos ) study hematology , urology lumb ( o ) - , lumb ( a ) - Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis . Latin ( lumbus or lumbaris ) loin Lumbar vertebrae lymph ( o ) - lymph Latin lympha - water Lymphedema lys ( o ) - , - lytic dissolution Greek Lysosome - lysis Destruction , separation Greek λύσις Paralysis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) macr ( o ) - large , long Greek μακρός Macrophage - malacia softening Greek μαλακία Osteomalacia mamm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Latin ( mamma ) , breast ; udder Mammogram mammill ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nipple Latin mammilla , nipple Mammillaplasty , Mammillitis manu - Of or pertaining to the hand Latin ( manus ) , hand Manufacture mast ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Ancient Greek μαστός ( mastós ) , breast , women 's breast ; man 's pectoral muscle Mastectomy meg ( a ) - , megal ( o ) - , - megaly enlargement , million Greek μέγας Splenomegaly , Megameter melan ( o ) - black color Ancient Greek μέλας , μελανο - ( melas , melano - ) , black ; dark Melanin melos extremity Ancient Greek μέλος Erythromelalgia mening ( o ) - membrane Greek μῆνιγξ , μηνιγγ - Meningitis men - month , menstrual cycle Ancient Greek μήν ( mḗn ) , month Menopause , Menorrhagia mer - part Greek μέρος ( meros ) , part Merocrine , Meroblastic mes - middle Ancient Greek μέσος ( mesos ) , `` middle '' Mesoderm met , meta - after , beside , beyond or change Greek μετά Metacarpal , Metacarpus , Metacromion , Metanephros , Metatheria - meter instrument used to measure or count Greek μέτρον Sphygmomanometer - metry process of measuring Greek - μετρία Optometry metr - Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus Ancient Greek μήτρᾱ ( mētrā ) , womb , uterus Metrorrhagia micr - denoting something as small , or relating to smallness , millionth Ancient Greek μικρός ( mikros ) , small Microscope milli - thousandth Latin mille , thousand Milliliter mon - single Greek μονός ( monos ) Infectious Mononucleosis morph - form , shape Greek μορφή ( morphē ) Morphology muscul ( o ) - muscle Latin Musculoskeletal system my ( o ) - Of or relating to muscle Ancient Greek μῦς , μυ - ( mys , my - ) , muscle ; mouse ; mussel Myoblast myc ( o ) - fungus Greek μύκης , μυκητ - Onychomycosis myel ( o ) - Of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord Ancient Greek μυελόν ( myelon ) , marrow ; bone - marrow Myeloblast myl ( o ) - Of or relating to molar teeth or lower jaw Greek ( myle ) Mylohyoid nerve myri - ten thousand Ancient Greek μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , myriad Myriad myring ( o ) - eardrum Latin myringa Myringotomy myx ( o ) - mucus Greek μύξα Myxoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) narc ( o ) - numb , sleep Greek νάρκη narcolepsy nas ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Latin ( nāsum ) , nose nasal necr ( o ) - death Greek νεκρός Necrosis , necrotizing fasciitis neo - new Greek νέος Neoplasm nephr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the kidney Ancient Greek νεφρός ( nephrós ) , kidney Nephrology nerv - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system ( Uncommon as a root : neuro - mostly always used ) Latin ( nervus ) , tendon ; nerve ; Cognate with the Greek νευρον ( neuron ) ( see below ) Nerve , nervous system neur ( i ) - , neur ( o ) - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system Ancient Greek νεῦρον ( neuron ) , tendon , sinew ; nerve Neurofibromatosis noci - pain , injury , hurt Latin ( noceo ) Nociception normo - normal Latin Normocapnia O ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) ocul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eye Latin ( oculus ) , the eye Oculist odont ( o ) - Of or pertaining to teeth Ancient Greek ὀδούς , ὀδοντ - ( odoús , odont - ) , tooth orthodontist odyn ( o ) - pain Greek ὀδύνη stomatodynia - oesophageal , oesophago - ( BrE ) gullet Greek οἰσοφάγος oesophagus - oid resemblance to Greek - οειδής Sarcoidosis ole small or little Latin olig ( o ) - Denoting something as ' having little , having few ' Ancient Greek ὀλίγος ( oligos ) , few Oligotrophy om ( o ) - shoulder Ancient Greek ὠμός ( ōmos ) , shoulder Omoplate - oma ( singular ) , - omata ( plural ) tumor , mass , fluid collection Greek - ωμα Sarcoma , teratoma , Mesothelioma omphal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός ( omphalós ) , navel , belly - button Omphalotomy onco - tumor , bulk , volume Greek ὄγκος Oncology - one hormone onych ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nail ( of a finger or toe ) Ancient Greek ὄνυξ , ὀνυχο - ( ónyx , ónycho - ) , nail ; claw ; talon Onychophagy oo - Of or pertaining to an ( egg ) , a woman 's egg , the ovum Ancient Greek ᾠόν , ᾠο - ( ōón , ōo - ) , egg , ovum Oogenesis oophor ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the woman 's ( ovary ) Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον ( ōophóron ) , ovary , egg - bearing Oophorectomy ophthalm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ( eye ) Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός ( ophthalmós ) , the eye Ophthalmology opistho - back , behind , rear Greek roots , ὄπισθεν , opisthen meaning `` behind '' Opisthotonus - opsy Examination or inspection Ancient Greek ὄψις ( opsis ) , sight Biopsy , autopsy optic ( o ) - Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye Middle French ( optique ) < Greek ὀπτικός ( optikós ) ; ώψ ( opsi ) , vision . Cognate with Latin oculus , relating to the eye Opticochemical , biopsy or ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the mouth Latin ( ōs , or - ) , mouth Oral - or one who doctor orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - , orch ( o ) - testis Greek ὀρχις ( orkhis , orkhi - ) Orchiectomy , orchidectomy orth ( o ) - Denoting something as straight or correct Ancient Greek ὀρθός ( orthós ) , straight , correct , normal Orthodontist - osis a condition , disease or increase Greek - ωσις Harlequin type ichthyosis , psychosis , osteoporosis osse - bony Latin Osseous ossi - bone Latin Peripheral ossifying fibroma ost ( e ) - , oste ( o ) - bone Greek ὀστέον Osteoporosis , Osteoarthritis ot ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ear Ancient Greek οὖς , ὠτ - ( ous , ōt - ) , the ear Otology - ous pertaining to Latin - osus porous ovari ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ovaries Latin ( ōvarium ) , ovary Ovariectomy ovo - , ovi - , ov - Of or pertaining to the eggs , the ovum Latin ( ōvum ) , egg , ovum Ovogenesis oxo - addition of oxygen Greek ὀξύς oxy - sharp , acid , acute , oxygen Greek ὀξύς ( oxus ) Oxytocin , oxygenated , oxycodone Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) pachy - thick Greek παχύς pachyderma palpebr - Of or pertaining to the eyelid ( uncommon as a root ) Latin ( palpebra ) , eyelid palpebra pan - , pant ( o ) - Denoting something as ' complete ' or containing ' everything ' ; `` all '' Ancient Greek πᾶς , παν - ( pas , pan - ) , all , every panophobia , panopticon , pancytopenia ( deficiency in ' ALL ' blood cell types - erythrocytes , leukocytes , thrombocytes ) papill - Of or pertaining to the nipple ( of the chest / breast ) Latin ( papilla ) , nipple ; diminutive of papula ( see below ) papillitis papul ( o ) - Indicates papulosity , a small elevation or swelling in the skin , a pimple , swelling Latin ( papula ) , pimple , pustle ; a small elevation or swelling in the skin papulation para - alongside of Ancient Greek παρά ( para ) paracyesis - paresis slight paralysis Greek πάρεσις hemiparesis parvo - small Latin parvus Parvovirus path ( o ) - disease Greek πάθος Pathology - pathy Denotes ( with a negative sense ) a disease , or disorder Ancient Greek πάθος ( pathos ) , suffering , accident sociopathy , neuropathy pauci - Few Latin paucus Pauci - immune pector - breast or chest Latin pectus pectoralgia , pectoriloquy , pectorophony ped - , - ped - , - pes Of or pertaining to the foot ; - footed Latin pēs , pēd - , foot Pedoscope ped - , pedo - Of or pertaining to the child Ancient Greek παιδός , child pediatrics . pedophilia pelv ( i ) - , pelv ( o ) - hip bone Latin Pelvis - penia deficiency Greek πενία osteopenia peo - Of or pertaining to the penis Greek πέος ( peos ) Peotomy - pepsia Denotes something relating to digestion , or the digestive tract . Ancient Greek πεπτός ( peptós ) cooked , digested < πέσσω ( péssō ) I boil , cook ; digest Dyspepsia per - through Latin percutaneous peri - Denoting something with a position ' surrounding ' or ' around ' another Ancient Greek περί ( peri ) , around Periodontal - pexy fixation Greek πῆξις Nephropexy phaco - lens - shaped Greek φακός phacolysis , phacometer , phacoscotoma - phage , - phagia Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagía ) eating < φαγεῖν ( phagein ) to eat Sarcophagia - phago - eating , devouring Greek - φάγος phagocyte phagist - Forms nouns that denote a person who ' feeds on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγιστής ( phagistēs ) eater ; see - phagia Lotophagi - phagy Forms nouns that denotes ' feeding on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagia ) eating ; see - phagia hematophagy phall - phallus Greek φαλλός ( phallos ) Aphallia pharmac - drug , medication Greek φάρμακον pharmacology pharyng - Of or pertaining to the pharynx , the upper throat cavity Ancient Greek φάρυγξ , φαρυγγ - ( phárynx , pháryng - ) , throat , windpipe ; chasm pharyngitis , pharyngoscopy - phil ( ia ) attraction for Greek φιλία hemophilia phleb - Of or pertaining to the ( blood ) veins , a vein Ancient Greek φλέψ , φλεβ - ( phleps , phlebo - ) , blood - vessel , vein phlebography , phlebotomy - phobia exaggerated fear , sensitivity , aversion Greek φόβος arachnophobia phon - sound Greek φωνή phonograph , symphony phos - Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties , now historic and used rarely . See the common root phot - below . Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light phosphene phot - Of or pertaining to light Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light photopathy phren - , phrenic - the mind Greek φρήν , φρεν - phrenic nerve , schizophrenia phyllo - leaf - like phyllodes tumour phyt - to grow hydrophyte pia - soft pia mater piri - Pear Latin pirum , pear Piriformis muscle - plasia formation , development Greek πλάσις Achondroplasia - plasty surgical repair , reconstruction Greek πλαστός rhinoplasty - plegia paralysis Greek πληγή paraplegia pleio - more , excessive , multiple Greek pleion pleiomorphism pleur - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( pleura ) from Ancient Greek πλευρόν ( pleurón ) , rib , side of the body Pleurogenous - plexy stroke or seizure Greek πλῆξις Cataplexy pne - , pneum - air , breath , lung Ancient Greek πνεῖν ( pneîn ) , πνεῦμα , πνεύματος ( pneûma ) , πνεύμων ( pneúmōn ) apnea , pneumatology , pneumonocyte , pneumonia pod - , - pod - , - pus Of or pertaining to the foot , - footed Ancient Greek πούς , ποδ - ( poús , pod - ) , foot podiatry - poiesis production hematopoiesis polio - Denoting a grey color Ancient Greek πολιός ( poliós ) , `` grey '' poliomyelitis poly - Denotes a ' plurality ' of something Ancient Greek πολυς ( polys ) , `` much , many '' polymyositis por - pore , porous πόρος ( póros ) pore porphyr - Denotes a purple color Ancient Greek πορπύρα ( porphýra ) , `` purple '' porphyroblast post - Denotes something as ' after ' or ' behind ' another Latin ( post ) , after , behind postoperation , postmortem pre - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Medieval Latin ( pre - ) < ( Classical ) Latin ( præ ) , before , in front of premature birth presby - old age Greek presbyopia , presbycusis prim - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most - important ' Latin prīmus , first , most important primary pro - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Ancient Greek προ ( pro ) , before , in front of procephalic proct - anus , rectum proctology prosop - face Greek ( prosopon ) , face , mask prosopagnosia prot - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most important ' Ancient Greek πρωτος ( prōtos ) , first ; principal , most important protoneuron pseud - Denotes something false or fake Ancient Greek pseudoephedrine psor - Itching psoriasis psych - Of or pertaining to the mind Ancient Greek ψυχή ( psyché ) , breath , life , soul psychology , psychiatry pterygo - Pertaining to a wing Greek lateral pterygoid plate - ptosis falling , drooping , downward placement , prolapse apoptosis , nephroptosis - ptysis spitting Greek hemoptysis , the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes pulmon - , pulmo - Of or relating to the lungs Latin ( pulmo , pulmōn - , usually used in plural ) , a lung pulmonary py - pus Greek πύον pyometra pyel - pelvis Ancient Greek ( pyelos ) pyelonephritis pykno - to thicken ( as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death ) Greek πυκνωνω , to thicken or condense pyknosis pylor - gate Greek pyloric sphincter pyr - fever Greek πῦρ , πυρετός antipyretic Q ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) quadr ( i ) - four Latin quadriceps Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) radi - radiation Latin radiowave radic - referring to the beginning , or the root , of a structure , usually a nerve or a vein Latin ( radix ) root radiculopathy re - again , back Latin relapse rect - rectum Latin rectal , rectum ren - Of or pertaining to the kidney Latin ( rēnes ) , kidney renal reticul ( o ) - net Latin reticulocyte retro - backward , behind Latin retroversion , retroverted rhabd ( o ) - rod shaped , striated Greek ῥάβδος rhabdomyolysis rhachi ( o ) - spine Greek ῥάχις rachial , rachialgia , rachidian , rachiopathy rhin ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Ancient Greek ῥίς , ῥῑνο - ( rhīs , rhīno - ) , nose rhinoceros , rhinoplasty rhod ( o ) - Denoting a rose - red color Ancient Greek ῥόδον ( rhódon ) , rose rhodophyte - rrhage burst forth Greek - ρραγία Hemorrhage - rrhagia rapid flow of blood Greek - ρραγία menorrhagia - rrhaphy surgical suturing Greek ῥαφή neurorrhaphy - rrhea ( AmE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια Galactorrhea , Diarrhea - rrhexis rupture Greek ῥῆξις Karyorrhexis - rrhoea ( BrE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια diarrhoea rubr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain Latin ( ruber ) , red Rubrospinal - rupt Break or burst Latin Erupt , Interrupt Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) salping ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tubes e.g. fallopian tubes Ancient Greek σάλπιγξ , σαλπιγγ - , ( sálpinx , salpingo - ) trumpet ( literally ) Salpingectomy , salpingopharyngeus muscle sangui - , sanguine - Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( sanguis , sanguin - ) , blood Sanguine sarco - muscular , fleshlike Greek σάρξ , σαρκ - sarcoma , sarcoidosis schist ( o ) - split , cleft Greek σχιστός ( schistos ) schistocyte schiz ( o ) - Denoting something ' split ' or ' double - sided ' Ancient Greek σχιζω ; irregular formation of the verb σχίζειν ( schizein ) , to cut , split Schizophrenia scler ( o ) - hard Greek σκληρός Scleroderma - sclerosis hardening Greek σκλήρωσις Atherosclerosis , multiple sclerosis scoli ( o ) - twisted Greek σκολιός ( skolios ) scoliosis - scope instrument for viewing Greek - σκόπος stethoscope - scopy use of instrument for viewing Greek - σκοπία endoscopy scoto - darkness Greek σκότος ( skotos ) scotopic vision semi - one - half , partly Latin semiconscious sial ( o ) - saliva , salivary gland Greek σίαλος ( sialos ) sialagogue sigmoid ( o ) - sigmoid , S - shaped curvature Greek σιγμοειδής sigmoid colon sinistr ( o ) - left , left side Latin sinus - Of or pertaining to the sinus Latin ( sinus ) , a curve , bend , bay Sinusitis sito - food , grain Greek σῖτος ( sitos ) Sitophobia somat ( o ) - , somatico - body , bodily Greek σῶμα ( sōma ) somatic somn ( o ) Sleep insomniac - spadias slit , fissure Greek σπάδων hypospadias , epispadias spasmo - spasm Greek σπασμός Spasmodic dysphonia sperma - , spermo - , spermato - semen , spermatozoa Greek σπέρμα ( sperma ) Spermatogenesis splanchn ( i ) - , splanchn ( o ) - viscera Greek σπλάγχνον splanchnology splen ( o ) - spleen Greek σπλήν , σπλην - Splenectomy spondyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the spine , the vertebra Greek σπόνδυλος / σφόνδυλος , ( spóndylos , sphóndylos ) , the spine Spondylitis squamos ( o ) - Denoting something as ' full of scales ' or ' scaly ' Latin sqāmōsus , full of scales ; scaly Squamous cell - stalsis contraction Greek στάλσις Peristalsis - stasis stopping , standing Greek στάσις Cytostasis , homeostasis - staxis dripping , trickling Greek στάξις , στακτός sten ( o ) - Denoting something as ' narrow in shape ' or pertaining to narrowness Ancient Greek στενός ( stenos ) ; narrow , short Stenography - stenosis abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure Ancient Greek στένωσις ( stenōsis ) restenosis , stenosis steth - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest , the area above the breast and under the neck Ancient Greek στῆθος ( stēthos ) , chest , cuirass stethoscope stheno - strength , force , power Greek σθένος stom - , stomat - Of or pertaining to the mouth ; an artificially created opening Ancient Greek στόμα , στοματ - ( stóma , stomat - ) , `` mouth '' stomatogastric , stomatognathic system - stomy creation of an opening Greek - στομία colostomy sub - beneath , under Latin subcutaneous tissue super - in excess , above , superior Latin superior vena cava supra - above , excessive Latin supraorbital vein sy , syl - , sym - , syn - , sys - Indicates similarity , likeness , or being together ; assimilates before some consonants : before l to syl - , s to sys - , before a labial consonant to sym - . Ancient Greek συν - ( syn ) , with , together symptom , synalgia , synesthesia , syssarcosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) tachy - Denoting something as fast , irregularly fast Ancient Greek ταχύς ( tachys ) , fast , quickly tachycardia - tension , - tensive pressure Latin Hypertension terato - Monster Ancient Greek teras ( s ) terata ( pl ) teratoma , teratogen tetan - rigid , tense Ancient Greek tetanos tetanus thec - case , sheath Ancient Greek θήκη ( thēkē ) Intrathecal thel - Of or pertaining to a nipple ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek θηλή ( thēlē ) , a teat , nipple Theleplasty , thelarche thely - Denoting something as ' relating to a woman , feminine ' Ancient Greek θῆλυς ( thēlys ) , female , feminine Thelygenous therap - treatment Ancient Greek ( therapeía ) hydrotherapy , therapeutic therm ( o ) - heat Ancient Greek θερμός ( thermós ) Hypothermia thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - , thoracico - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest ; the area above the breast and under the neck Latin ( thōrāx ) < Ancient Greek θώραξ ( thōrax ) , chest , cuirass thoracic , thorax thromb ( o ) - Of or relating to a blood clot , clotting of blood Ancient Greek θρόμβος ( thrómbos ) , lump , piece , clot of blood Thrombus , thrombocytopenia thyr ( o ) - thyroid Greek θυρεο - ειδής thym - emotions Greek : `` thymos '' , spirit , soul ; courage ; breath , mind , emotions dysthymia - tic pertaining to Greek - τικός toco - childbirth Greek τόκος - tome cutting instrument Greek τομή ( tomē ) - tomy act of cutting ; incising , incision Greek - τομία Gastrotomy ton - tone , tension , pressure Greek τόνος ( tonos ) - tony tension Greek - τονία top ( o ) - place , topical Greek τόπος ( topos ) Topical anesthetic tort ( i ) - twisted Latin tortus Torticollis tox ( i ) - , tox ( o ) - , toxic ( o ) - toxin , poison Greek τοξικόν Toxoplasmosis trache ( a ) - trachea Greek τραχεία Tracheotomy trachel ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the neck Ancient Greek τράχηλος ( tráchēlos ) , neck tracheloplasty trans - Denoting something as moving or situated across or through Latin trāns , `` across , through '' Transfusion tri - three Latin triangle , triceps trich ( i ) - , trichia , trich ( o ) - Of or pertaining to hair , hair - like structure Ancient Greek θρίξ , τριχ ( ο ) - ( thríx , trich ( o ) - ) , hair Trichocyst - tripsy crushing Greek τρίψις Lithotripsy - trophy nourishment , development Greek - τροφία , τροφή Pseudohypertrophy tympan ( o ) - eardrum Greek τύμπανον Tympanocentesis U ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - ula , - ule small Latin Nodule ultra - beyond , excessive Latin ultra Ultrasound , ultraviolet umbilic - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Latin umbilīcus , navel , belly - button Umbilical ungui - Of or pertaining to the nail , a claw Latin unguis , nail , claw Unguiform , Ungual un ( i ) - one Latin unus Unilateral hearing loss ur - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Greek οὐρεῖν ( oureîn ) ; οὖρον ( oûron ) , urine ; οὐρητήρ ( ourētḗr ) ; οὐρήθρα ( ourḗthra ) antidiuretic , diuresis , diuretic , dysuria , enuresis , polyurea , polyuria , uraemia / uremia , uremic , ureter , urethra , urology uric - uric acid Greek οὐρικός urin - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Latin ūrīna , urine < Ancient Greek ουρον ( ouron ) , see above . Uriniferous uter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb Latin ( uterus ) , womb , uterus Uterus V ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) vagin - Of or pertaining to the vagina Latin ( vāgīna ) , sheath , scabbard Vagina varic ( o ) - swollen or twisted vein Latin varix varicose vas ( o ) - duct , blood vessel Latin vasoconstriction vasculo - blood vessel Latin vāsculum ven - Of or pertaining to the veins , venous blood , and the vascular system Latin ( vēna ) , blood - vessel , vein Venule , Venospasm ventr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the belly ; the stomach cavities Latin ( venter ) , the belly , the stomach ; the womb Ventrodorsal ventricul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ventricles ; any hollow region inside an organ Latin ( venter ) , the ventricles of the heart , the ventricles of the brain Cardiac ventriculography - version turning Latin versiō anteversion , retroversion vesic ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the bladder Latin ( vēsīca ) , bladder ; blister vesical arteries viscer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the internal organs , the viscera Latin ( viscus , pl . viscera ) , internal organ ( s ) Viscera X ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) xanth ( o ) - Denoting a yellow color , an abnormally yellow color Greek ξανθός ( xanthós ) , yellow Xanthopathy xen ( o ) - Foreign , different Greek ξένος ( xénos ) , stranger Xenograft xer ( o ) - dry , desert - like Greek ξηρός ( xērós ) , dry Xerostomia , xeroderma xiph - sword Greek ξίφος ( xíphos ) , sword xiphisternum , xiphoid , xiphoidalgia Y ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - y condition or process of Latin - ia < Greek - ία Surgery Z ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) zo ( o ) - animal , animal life Greek ζῷον zoology zym ( o ) - fermentation Greek ζύμη enzyme , lysozyme English meanings ( edit ) This section contains lists of different root classification ( e.g. body components , quantity , description , etc . ) . Each list is alphabetized by English meanings , with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given . Roots of the body ( edit ) Roots of bodily concepts ( edit ) Bodily concept Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root in English Digestion - pepsia - - Disease - pathy - - Eating - phagia - vory - Roots of body parts and components ( edit ) ( Internal anatomy , external anatomy , body fluids , body substances ) Body part or component Greek root Latin root Other root abdomen lapar - abdomin - - aorta aort ( o ) - aort ( o ) - - arm brachi - arm - - armpit maschal - axill - - artery arteri - -- - back not - dors - - big toe -- allic - , hallic - - bladder cyst - vesic - - blood haemat - , hemat - ( haem - , hem - ) sangui - , sanguin - - blood clot thromb - -- - blood vessel angi - vas - , vascul - - body somat - , som - corpor - - bone oste - ossi - - bone marrow , marrow myel - medull - - brain encephal ( o ) - cerebr - - breast mast - mamm ( o ) - - chest steth - pector - - cheek parei - bucc - - ear ot ( o ) - aur ( i ) - - eggs , ova oo - ov - - eye ophthalm ( o ) - ocul ( o ) - optic ( o ) - ( French ) eyelid blephar ( o ) - cili - , palpebr - - face prosop ( o ) - faci ( o ) - - fallopian tubes salping ( o ) - -- - fat , fatty tissue lip ( o ) - adip - - finger dactyl ( o ) - digit - - forehead - front ( o ) - - gallbladder cholecyst ( o ) - fell - - genitals , sexually undifferentiated gon ( o ) - , phall ( o ) - - - gland aden ( o ) - - - glans penis or clitoridis balan ( o ) - - - gums - gingiv - - hair trich ( o ) - capill - - hand cheir ( o ) - , chir ( o ) - manu - - head cephal ( o ) - capit ( o ) - - heart cardi ( o ) - cordi - - hip , hip - joint - cox - - horn cerat ( o ) - cornu - - intestine enter ( o ) - - - jaw gnath ( o ) - - - kidney nephr ( o ) - ren - - knee gon - genu - - lip cheil ( o ) - , chil ( o ) - labi ( o ) - - liver hepat ( o ) - , ( hepatic - ) jecor - - loins , pubic region episi ( o ) - pudend - - lungs pneumon - pulmon ( i ) - , ( pulmo - ) - marrow , bone marrow myel ( o ) - medull - - mind psych - ment - - mouth stomat ( o ) - or - - muscle my ( o ) - - - nail onych ( o ) - ungui - - navel omphal ( o ) - umbilic - - neck trachel ( o ) - cervic - - nerve ; the nervous system neur ( o ) - nerv - - nipple , teat thele - papill - , mammill - - nose rhin ( o ) - nas - - ovary oophor ( o ) - ovari ( o ) - - pelvis pyel ( o ) - pelv ( i ) - - penis pe ( o ) - - - pupil ( of the eye ) cor - , core - , coro - - - rib pleur ( o ) - cost ( o ) - - rib cage thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - - - shoulder om ( o ) - humer ( o ) - - sinus - sinus - - skin dermat ( o ) - , ( derm - ) cut - , cuticul - - skull crani ( o ) - - - stomach gastr ( o ) - ventr ( o ) - -- testis orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - - -- throat ( upper throat cavity ) pharyng ( o ) - - -- throat ( lower throat cavity / voice box ) ) laryng ( o ) - - -- thumb - pollic - -- tooth odont ( o ) - dent ( i ) - -- tongue gloss - , glott - lingu ( a ) - -- toe dactyl ( o ) - digit - -- tumour cel - , onc ( o ) - tum - -- ureter ureter ( o ) - ureter ( o ) - -- urethra urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - -- urine , urinary system ur ( o ) - urin ( o ) - -- uterine tubes salping ( o ) - salping ( o ) - -- uterus hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- vagina colp ( o ) - vagin - -- vein phleb ( o ) - ven - -- vulva episi ( o ) - vulv - -- womb hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- wrist carp ( o ) - carp ( o ) - -- Roots of color ( edit ) Color Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root black melan - atr - , nigr - -- blue cyan - cerule - -- gold chrys - aur - -- gray , grey poli - can - -- green chlor - vir - -- purple porphyr - purpur - , purpureo - -- red erythr - , rhod - rub - , rubr - , ruf - -- red - orange cirrh - -- -- silver -- argent - -- white leuc - , leuk - alb - , cand - -- yellow xanth - flav - jaun - ( French ) Roots of description ( edit ) ( Size , shape , strength , etc . ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root bad , incorrect cac - , dys - mal - mis - bent , crooked ankyl - prav - -- big mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- biggest megist - maxim - -- broad , wide eury - lat ( i ) - -- cold cry ( o ) - frig ( i ) - -- dead necr ( o ) - mort - -- equal is ( o ) - equ ( i ) - -- false pseud ( o ) - fals ( i ) - -- female , feminine thely - - -- flat platy - plan ( i ) - -- good , well eu - ben ( e ) - , bon ( i ) - -- great mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- hard scler ( o ) - dur ( i ) - -- heavy bar ( o ) - grav ( i ) - -- hollow coel ( o ) - cav ( i ) - -- huge megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- incorrect , bad cac ( o ) - , dys - mal ( e ) - mis - irregular poikil ( o ) -- -- large ; extremely large mega - magn ( i ) - -- largest megist - maxim - -- long macr ( o ) - long ( i ) - -- male , masculine arseno - vir - -- narrow sten ( o ) - angust ( i ) - -- new ne ( o ) - nov ( i ) - -- normal , correct orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- old paleo - veter - -- sharp oxy - ac - -- short brachy - brev ( i ) - -- small micr ( o ) - parv ( i ) - ( rare ) -- smallest - minim - -- slow brady - tard ( i ) - -- fast tachy - celer - -- soft malac ( o ) - moll ( i ) - -- straight orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- thick pachy - crass ( i ) - -- varied , various poikilo - vari - -- well , good eu - ben ( e ) - -- wide , broad eury - lat ( i ) - -- Roots of position ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root around , surrounding peri - circum - -- left levo - laev - , sinistr - -- middle mes - medi - -- right dexi - dextr - -- Prefixes of quantity or amount ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root double diplo - dupli - -- equal iso - equi - -- few oligo - pauci - -- half hemi - semi - demi - ( French ) many , much poly - multi - -- twice dis - bis - -- See also ( edit ) Classical compound International scientific vocabulary List of medical abbreviations Medical dictionary Medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ἀκούω Jump up ^ `` Latin Word Study Tool '' . Tufts.edu . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ κάρυον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ κέρας in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κινέω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κοῖλος in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κύπτω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/opistho - Jump up ^ Opisthotonus Jump up ^ http://www.memidex.com/opisthotonus Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine , 11th edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stedman 's Online Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine 11th Edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stanfield , Peggy S. ; Hui , Y.H. ; Cross , Nanna ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Essential Medical Terminology '' . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Retrieved 25 February 2017 -- via Amazon . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Root Words : Quick Reference . '' LearnThatWord . N.p. , n.d. Web . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes&oldid=832352826 '' Categories : Medical terminology Medical lists Word coinage Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the prefix re mean in medical terminology	[ "\n\nAffix\nMeaning\nOrigin language and etymology\nExample(s)\n\n\nradi-\nradiation\nLatin\nradiowave\n\n\nradic-\nreferring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein\nLatin (radix) root\nradiculopathy\n\n\nre-\nagain, back\nLatin\nrelapse\n\n\nrect-\nrectum\nLatin\nrectal, rectum\n\n\nren-\nOf or pertaining to the kidney\nLatin (rēnes), kidney\nrenal\n\n\nreticul(o)-\nnet\nLatin\nreticulocyte\n\n\nretro-\nbackward, behind\nLatin\nretroversion, retroverted\n\n\nrhabd(o)-\nrod shaped, striated\nGreek ῥάβδος\nrhabdomyolysis\n\n\nrhachi(o)-\nspine\nGreek ῥάχις\nrachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy\n\n\nrhin(o)-\nOf or pertaining to the nose\nAncient Greek ῥίς, ῥῑνο- (rhīs, rhīno-), nose\nrhinoceros, rhinoplasty\n\n\nrhod(o)-\nDenoting a rose-red color\nAncient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), rose\nrhodophyte\n\n\n-rrhage\nburst forth\nGreek -ρραγία\nHemorrhage\n\n\n-rrhagia\nrapid flow of blood\nGreek -ρραγία\nmenorrhagia\n\n\n-rrhaphy\nsurgical suturing\nGreek ῥαφή\nneurorrhaphy\n\n\n-rrhea (AmE)\nflowing, discharge\nGreek -ρροια\nGalactorrhea, Diarrhea\n\n\n-rrhexis\nrupture\nGreek ῥῆξις\nKaryorrhexis\n\n\n-rrhoea (BrE)\nflowing, discharge\nGreek -ρροια\ndiarrhoea\n\n\nrubr(o)-\nOf or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain\nLatin (ruber), red\nRubrospinal\n\n\n-rupt\nBreak or burst\nLatin\nErupt, Interrupt\n\n" ]	[ "again, back" ]
1747545036629048297	Grace and Frankie	Grace and Frankie - Wikipedia Grace and Frankie Jump to : navigation , search Grace and Frankie Genre Comedy Created by Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Sam Waterston Martin Sheen Brooklyn Decker Ethan Embry June Diane Raphael Baron Vaughn Opening theme `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' performed by Grace Potter Composer ( s ) Sam KS Michael Skloff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Tate Taylor ( pilot ) Paula Weinstein Dana Goldberg David Ellison Marcy Ross Alexa Junge Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Gale Tattersall Editor ( s ) Lisa Zeno Churgin Michael Jablow Sarah Lucky Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) Okay Goodnight Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) -- present External links Official website Grace and Frankie is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second , third , and fourth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , have been released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , and January 19 , 2018 , respectively . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main and Recurring 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Grace , a retired cosmetics mogul , and Frankie , a hippie art teacher , whose husbands , Robert and Sol , are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego . Grace and Frankie 's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives . Now , the women , who have never particularly liked each other , are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties . Cast ( edit ) Main and Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 Jane Fonda Grace Hanson Lead Lily Tomlin Frances ' Frankie ' Bergstein Lead Sam Waterston Sol Bergstein -- Hanson Lead Martin Sheen Robert Bergstein -- Hanson Lead Brooklyn Decker Mallory Hanson Main June Diane Raphael Brianna Hanson Main Ethan Embry Coyote Bergstein Main Baron Vaughn Nwabudike ' Bud ' Bergstein Main Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring Swoosie Kurtz Janet Guest Guest Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro - Smikowitz Recurring Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring Talia Shire Teddie Recurring Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring Mark Deklin Roy Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace and Frankie episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Production and Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Netflix finalized a deal for a 13 - episode straight - to - series order for Grace and Frankie , with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles . The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda , Tomlin , Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor , and Skydance Productions ' Dana Goldberg , David Ellison and Marcy Ross . On May 26 , 2015 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 6 , 2016 . On December 10 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on March 24 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 19 , 2018 . On February 15 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in June 2014 , with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert , Grace 's husband . The following month , Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol , Frankie 's husband . June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast , with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna , Grace and Robert 's elder daughter , who rebels against Grace 's decorum . Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike , Frankie and Sol 's son . Shortly afterwards , Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series . Embry joined in the role of Coyote , Frankie and Sol 's recovering drug addicted son , while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory , Grace and Robert 's younger daughter . In October 2015 , it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace 's love interest . In April 2017 , it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree , Grace 's manicurist . In February 2018 , the same day as the fifth season was commissioned , RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie . Filming ( edit ) Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles , California , in early August 2014 , and ended in late November . Production on season two of the series began in July 2015 , and ended in November the same year . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grace and Frankie 's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal , although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received a more positive reception from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 89 % , based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5 / 5 , calling it `` heartfelt and hilarious '' and `` a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jane Fonda Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Allyson Fanger , Lori DeLapp Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated 28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield , Emily Towler Nominated 20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Ben Edelberg , Christopher Carlson Nominated 2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Controversy ( edit ) After the show 's release , Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston , even though `` the show is not ' Sol and Robert ' , it 's ' Grace and Frankie , ' '' in the words of Lily Tomlin , and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity . Shortly thereafter , Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars ' demands for a salary increase , with Waterston being quoted as saying : `` I think they 're being cheated '' . After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity , the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism , saying : `` This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews . We appreciate everyone 's support and the attention to this issue , but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair , and we could n't be happier to work with Skydance , Netflix and the great cast of this show . '' Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had `` made a joke in an interview about our salaries , which was taken out of context . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in `` Grace and Frankie , '' A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix `` . The Futon Critic . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' Grace and Frankie ' for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace and Frankie ' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix , Adds Lisa Kudrow '' . Variety.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 4 : Official Renewal Status and Release Date '' . whats-on-netflix.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Goldberg , Lesley ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix 's Jane Fonda - Lily Tomlin Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix 's Grace and Frankie '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy ' Grace & Frankie ' '' . Deadline.com . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , July 29 '' . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonda , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2 '' . JaneFonda.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starting the New Series , Grace & Frankie , with Lily Tomlin , Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston '' . JaneFonda.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II '' . JaneFonda.com . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie '' . JaneFonda.com . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review '' . TVOvermind . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list '' . CNN.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Golden Globes : Lady Gaga , Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 DORIAN AWARDS '' . GALECA. 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual TV Awards ( 2014 - 15 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/ Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016 Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/ Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair ' Grace and Frankie ' Paychecks '' . Women and Hollywood . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Sheen , Sam Waterston agree ' Grace and Frankie ' , stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They 're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays roy in season 4 of grace and frankie	[ "\n\nActor\nCharacter\nSeason\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n\n\nErnie Hudson\nJacob\nRecurring\n\n\nBrittany Ishibashi\nErica\nGuest\nRecurring\n\nGuest\n\n\nGeoff Stults\nMitch\nRecurring\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nTim Bagley\nPeter\nRecurring\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nPeter Cambor\nBarry\nRecurring\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nCraig T. Nelson\nGuy\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMichael Charles Roman\nAdam\nGuest\nRecurring\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nMarsha Mason\nArlene\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nSwoosie Kurtz\nJanet\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nLindsey Kraft\nAllison Giampietro-Smikowitz\n\nRecurring\n\n\nMegan Ferguson\nNadia\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nPeter Gallagher\nNick Skolka\n\nRecurring\n\n\nJack Plotnick\nPaul\n\nRecurring\n\n\nLisa Kudrow\nSheree\n\nRecurring\n\n\nTalia Shire\nTeddie\n\nRecurring\n\n\nSam Elliott\nPhil Milstein\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMark Deklin\nRoy\n\nRecurring\n\n\n" ]	[ "Mark Deklin" ]
2725431955160673069	Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)	Kraken ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) - wikipedia Kraken ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) Kraken Pirates of the Caribbean character Portrayed by Computer - generated imagery Appearance ( s ) Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End Information Gender Hermaphrodite Occupation Destroys enemy ships for Davy Jones Weaponry Tentacles , teeth Master Davy Jones ( Until Cutler Beckett forced Jones to kill the Kraken ) The Kraken is a fictional sea monster in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . The monster made its first appearance in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest as an antagonist portrayed through computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Although a creation of Industrial Light & Magic for Dead Man 's Chest and designed by the film 's producers , this Kraken derives from the eponymous mythical creature . Walt Disney Pictures also became the first studio to produce this creature using CGI . The Kraken makes a small , symbolic appearance in the third film in the series , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . In the films , the Kraken is a sea creature of monstrous proportions , controlled by Davy Jones , often to destroy ships that threaten him . Various pronunciations are made of the name : Kevin McNally ( Joshamee Gibbs ) pronounced it as / ˈkrækən / KRAK - ən , so that pronunciation was adopted on the set . In Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , Jack later refers to the Kraken as `` beastie '' . Contents 1 Film production 2 Background 3 Appearances 3.1 Dead Man 's Chest 3.2 At World 's End 4 Attributes 4.1 Physical characteristics 4.1. 1 Summoning the Kraken 4.2 Methods of attack 5 Other appearances 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Film production ( edit ) The Kraken was difficult to animate as it had no real - life reference , until animation director Hal Hickel instructed the crew to watch King Kong vs. Godzilla which had a real octopus crawling over miniatures . During the filming of the attacks , Keira Knightley ( Elizabeth Swann ) divulged that `` the Kraken , at the moment , is just Gore ( Verbinski ) running around , going , ' I 'm a tentacle . I 'm a tentacle . Be afraid . ' '' Gore Verbinski worked with Industrial Light & Magic to create the scenes for the film involving the Kraken . When filming the attack on the Edinburgh Trader , they used the ship as a set in shallow waters . Many more sailors were digitally added on board the ship , and others were digitally replaced for complex shots . When the time came to film the Edinburgh Trader being broken in half , two massive pipes were filled with 30,000 pounds of cement for a total of 60,000 pounds and crushed down onto the set . To prepare for this event , most metal and the masts were removed , because the metal would prevent the ship from satisfyingly breaking in half while the masts would prevent better camera close - ups . Furthermore , the interior middle of the ship was lined with cables of explosives to blast the wood apart in the air . After the shot , other men were filmed on another blue tilting set and digitally added on deck . John Knoll , Visual Effects Supervisor , confessed that it was extremely complex to add the Kraken 's tentacles between all the environmental effects of water and wood debris . When the time came to film Jack Sparrow in front of the Kraken 's maw , Johnny Depp 's stand - in , Scott Sener , was used to experiment with what worked best with the slime at their disposal ( which would represent the phlegm of the Kraken ) . The slime was spattered about him with jets of air . For the actual filming , Depp was spattered with the slime and acted his part without any representation for the Kraken . It was afterward digitally added along with sound , tentacles , and other visual effects . Background ( edit ) Nothing is revealed in the films about the Kraken 's origins . In Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , it is summoned by the men of the Flying Dutchman turning a capstan that lifts and drops a large wooden drop hammer that sends a large shock wave through the hull of the Dutchman , presumably calling the kraken from the depths , in Dead Man 's Chest , It is also implied that this Kraken was the last of its kind . Appearances ( edit ) Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest The Kraken first appears in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , brought to life using the most advanced computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) from Industrial Light & Magic . Davy Jones , who seeks Jack Sparrow 's soul to recoup a debt , dispatches Bootstrap Bill Turner to deliver Sparrow the Black Spot and announce that Jones ' `` terrible leviathan '' is stalking him . When a Cypriot sailor retrieves Sparrow 's lost hat from the sea , he unwittingly calls the Kraken , which then destroys his vessel . The Kraken later attacks an English ship , whereof Will Turner boards the wreckage in search of the Dutchman , to find the surviving crew psychologically traumatized by the Kraken 's attack . The Kraken destroys the Edinburgh Trader Davy Jones later summons the Kraken to destroy the Edinburgh Trader , a Scottish merchant ship that rescues Will Turner , killing nearly all the crew and breaking the ship clean in two before dragging it to the depths . While momentarily underwater , Will ( and thus the viewer ) briefly glimpses the monster . When the Flying Dutchman falls behind the Black Pearl during a chase , Jones calls upon the Kraken to finish it off ; whereupon Will orders the crew to fire the deck guns into the monster 's tentacles , forcing the Kraken to retreat . Moments later , the Kraken destroys the cannons before attacking the rest of the ship . Will then has kegs of gunpowder , rum , and other combustibles loaded into a cargo net and hoisted aloft ; and when the Kraken returns , Sparrow shoots the barrels , blasting the monster 's tentacles in the resulting explosion , whereupon the Kraken again withdraws . However , knowing that they have only enraged the beast , Sparrow orders the crew to abandon ship ; but recognizing that the Kraken is only hunting Sparrow , Elizabeth Swann distracts Jack with a kiss and chains him to the mast , then escapes with the crew . The Kraken makes its final assault just as Sparrow frees himself , after which the Kraken drags Sparrow and the Black Pearl to Davy Jones ' Locker . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End The Kraken is briefly seen in Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , wherein it has been killed by Davy Jones under the order of Lord Cutler Beckett . When reminded of this killing , Davy Jones appears distraught and plays sad music on his pipe organ . After Jack Sparrow is rescued from Davy Jones ' Locker , he proclaims his desire to become `` Immortal Jack Sparrow , the last pirate '' ; but when Sparrow and Captain Barbossa find the Kraken 's carcass , Barbossa remarks that ' the problem with being the last of anything ( means that ) by and by , there be none left at all ' . This statement implies that the Kraken was the last of its species . Attributes ( edit ) Physical characteristics ( edit ) The Kraken was designed by the producers of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , and brought to life by technicians at Industrial Light & Magic . Its body resembles a massive , cuttlefish - like cephalopod . In the book , Pirates of the Caribbean : A Visual Guide , a profile view of the Kraken is seen , with a ship for scale . The second edition , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Complete Visual Guide , states the Kraken to be as long as ten similar ships . The book also depicts the Kraken as a cephalopod - like beast , with a ring of tentacles at the base of its head and a long , sharp tail similar to a squid ( this could be used to keep it at level with the ship underwater ) . The fictional monster has also large round eyes with orange irises and black pupils . The eyes seem to show pain , most likely from when Jones had to kill it , although it could also be the Kraken 's default expression . The Kraken in this shot does not look as big as the given photo from the visual guide , though is could just be from the fact that the Kraken has , most likely , been dead on the island for months and is beginning to rot away . Its massive , sucker - lined tentacles are said by Mr. Gibbs to , `` suction your face clean off '' . The suction disks are powerful enough to pull down a ship from its underside and have contorted a human 's face to the point of leaving it smothered by its own skin in Dead Man 's Chest . The Kraken also uses these powerful suckers to silently pull itself along the rocks lying on the oceans ' bottom , much as does an octopus . After the Kraken 's tentacles were severely damaged by cannon fire and an explosion during the assaults on Black Pearl , it resurfaced with its wounds appearing healed . It is unclear if the Kraken has the ability to instantly regenerate itself or if it was using different tentacles . It is also notable that the Kraken has two forearms significantly larger than the others , like the hunting tentacles possessed by squids and cuttlefish . The beast employs these to crush ships . The weight of the two tentacles can split a ship along its width . When it revealed its mouth to character Jack Sparrow , it resembled a Sarlacc ; the interior is lined with over six sets of spiked teeth and its breath emits a reeking odour of `` a thousand rotting corpses '' . Jack , however , is not at all daunted by the foul breath claiming it is `` Not so bad , '' and deliberately leaps into the Kraken 's jaws , trying to kill it . Summoning the Kraken ( edit ) Davy Jones , ruler of the seas , summons the Kraken to destroy vessels . On - board his ghostly ship , the Flying Dutchman , is a massive capstan with a carved Kraken on the top , the so - called Kraken Hammer . To call the Kraken , the crew rotate the capstan clockwise , lifting it to its highest point . It then slams down , blasting shockwaves through the ocean , thus summoning the Kraken . One shockwave usually does the job unless the Kraken is farther away . The Kraken Hammer is seen again in At Worlds End , still aboard the Dutchman ; though broken and unusable , it is still able to rotate , as shown during Sparrow and Jones ' duel . The lines chanted by Davy Jones as the Kraken is summoned ( `` Let no joyful voice be heard ! Let no man look up at the sky with hope ! And let this day be cursed by we who ready to wake ... the Kraken ! '' ) are similar to the lines from the Book of Job : `` Lo , let that night be solitary , let no joyful voice come therin . Let them curse it that curse the day , who are ready to raise up their mourning . '' The Kraken attacks anyone marked with the Black Spot , which is delivered to its victims by Flying Dutchman crewmen and can only be removed by its captain , Davy Jones . According to the writers ' commentary on the Dead Man 's Chest DVD , those marked with the Black Spot are taken by the Kraken to Davy Jones ' Locker , where they must experience their worst fears for eternity . Methods of attack ( edit ) The Kraken attacks by stealthily approaching a ship , slithering its tentacles up the hull 's sides , and gripping tightly , yanking it underwater . If the crew can fight back , the Kraken smashes the hull and masts with its tentacles , probing the decks and holds with its sensitive suckers seeking out its prey . The destruction is catastrophic , and its two forearms are so powerful it can easily rip a ship apart in mere seconds . Davy Jones uses some , but not all of these attacks to acquire new crewmen for the Flying Dutchman . As he surveys one wrecked ship 's survivors , he offers them an opportunity to delay their final judgment by joining his crew for 100 years . Those who refuse are killed and thrown over-board . A somewhat notable aspect is that the Kraken displays a degree of intelligence . When it was hurt by the Black Pearl 's cannons , it was sure to get rid of them when it attacked them again . Kraken attacks often leave the survivors , if any , psychologically damaged , traumatized or deranged . In one case , a survivor is left without a face , it having been contorted by the suckers . Also , the Kraken appeared to have eaten at least six of the crew - members of the Edinburgh Trader . Other appearances ( edit ) The Kraken will make its debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III . Though the world based on the films will follow the events of At World 's End , the Kraken will serve as a boss battle . See also ( edit ) Kraken ( legendary creature ) Kraken in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , 19 and 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 19 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , second disc , `` Creating the Kraken '' ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 10 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Complete Visual Guide , page 72 , `` The Kraken '' Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray ( 2006 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of the `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' Movies `` . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Creating the Kraken ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 4 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 12 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 19 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 25 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 26 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 15 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Ch. 11 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 13 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 12 . Pg 393 External links ( edit ) Kraken at the Pirates of the Caribbean wiki Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kraken_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)&oldid=861028975 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters Fictional octopuses Maritime folklore Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Kraken in popular culture Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk ქართული Magyar Nederlands Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 17 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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-1993849315080310366	Flag of Malaysia	Flag of Malaysia - wikipedia Flag of Malaysia Malaysia Name Jalur Gemilang ( `` Stripes of Glory '' ) Use National flag Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 26 May 1950 ( original 11 - point star and 11 stripes ) 16 September 1963 ( current 14 - point star and 14 stripes ) Design Fourteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , a yellow crescent and 14 - point star on a blue field Designed by Mohamed Hamzah The flag of Malaysia , also known as the Malay : Jalur Gemilang ( `` Stripes of Glory '' ) , is composed of a field of 14 alternating red and white stripes along the fly and a blue canton bearing a crescent and a 14 - point star known as the Bintang Persekutuan ( Federal Star ) . The 14 stripes , of equal width , represent the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal territories , while the 14 points of the star represent the unity between these entities . The crescent represents Islam , the country 's state religion ; the blue canton symbolises the unity of the Malaysian people ; the yellow of the star and crescent is the royal colour of the Malay rulers . In blazon , the Malaysian flag is described as : `` A banner Gules , seven bars Argent ; the canton Azure charged with decrescent and mullet of fourteen points Or '' . This means `` a red flag with seven horizontal white stripes ; the upper - left ( hoist ) quarter is blue with a yellow waning crescent ( i.e. horns pointing to sinister ) and a yellow 14 - pointed star '' . Contents 1 History 1.1 Selection 1.2 Original symbolism 1.3 The designer 1.4 Modifications 2 Mark of respect 3 Historical flags 4 Flag anthem 5 Other ensigns and flags 6 Federal Star ( Bintang Persekutuan ) 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links History Flag ratio : 1 : 2 . The Flag of Malaya in use from 1950 to 1963 . The flag of Malaysia , which was first raised on 16 September 1963 , originated from the flag of the Federation of Malaya . Prior to the creation of the national flag , each state in Malaya had its own flag , many of which are unchanged in design to this day . Selection When the Federation of Malaya replaced the short lived Malayan Union , the federation government through the Federal Legislative Council called for a design contest for a new flag . Three flags were forwarded to the public . The first flag had 11 white stars with two Malay kris ( daggers ) in the middle against a blue backdrop . The second flag consisted of `` concentric circle of 11 stars around crossed keris on a blue field '' . The third design had 11 alternate blue and white stripes and a yellow crescent and a five - pointed star on a red background in the top left hand corner `` . The third design was chosen as the winner - after some adjustments by switching the canton and stripe colours - through a public poll held by The Malay Mail . Since Malaya was fighting the communists during the Malayan Emergency , the five - pointed star had an ironic resemblance to the communists ' symbols . Therefore , the star was modified to accommodate six more points . The first proposed flag of Malaya . The second proposed flag of Malaya . The third proposed flag of Malaya , after changes to canton and stripe colours . The Malayan flag was approved by King George VI on 19 May 1950 and was first raised in front of the Sultan of Selangor 's residence on 26 May 1950 . On 31 August 1957 , it was raised upon independence at Merdeka Square in place of the British Union Flag . Original symbolism As the flag was finalized for official use , the significance of the design were given as follows : red , white and blue - represents Malaysia as a country belonging in the Commonwealth . crescent and star - represents Islam as the official religion for the Federation , as yellow symbolizes sovereignty of the Malay Rulers and their roles as leader of the faith in the constituent states . The eleven - pointed star itself symbolizes the `` unity and co-operation '' of said member states . The designer Flag of the East India Company The Malayan flag was designed by Mohamed Hamzah , a 29 - year - old architect working for the Public Works Department ( JKR ) in Johor Baharu , Johore . He entered the Malayan flag design competition in 1947 with two designs that he completed within two weeks . The first design was a green flag with blue kris in the middle , surrounded by 15 white stars . The second design , which was among the three finalists , was similar to the current flag but with a five - pointed star . It borrows major design elements from the East India Company flag , notably the red and white stripes . The competition attracted 373 entries and voting was made by the general public via post . Malayan senior statesman Dato ' Onn Jaafar met with Mohamed Hamzah after he won the competition and suggested that the star be changed to an 11 - pointed one to represent all the Malayan states . Mohamed Hamzah died just short of his 75th birthday on 13 February 1993 in Jalan Stulang Baru , Kampung Melayu Majidee , Johor . Modifications The Malaysian flag flying above the Tourism Malaysia office in Trafalgar Square , London . The flag of Uganda is seen by its side over Uganda House . Following the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 , the design of the Malayan flag was modified to reflect and honour the new states in the federation . Three additional stripes were added to the existing flag and the star was given 14 points to reflect the federation of the original 11 states in Malaya plus Sabah , Sarawak , and Singapore ; the design remained the same even after Singapore 's expulsion from the federation two years later . When Kuala Lumpur was designated a Federal Territory on 1 February 1974 , the additional stripe and the point in the star were appropriated to represent this new addition to the federation . Eventually , with the addition of two other federal territories , Labuan in 1984 and Putrajaya in 2001 , the fourteenth stripe and point in the star came to be associated with the federal government in general . In 1997 , when Malaysians were invited to name the flag , then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad picked the name Jalur Gemilang to project the country 's onward drive towards continuous growth and success . Mark of respect During the National Day celebrations , everyone is encouraged to fly the Jalur Gemilang at their homes , office buildings , shops and corporate premises . If the flag is fixed at home , it is to be raised pointing towards the road . If the flag is put in a group of flags with state and private company flags , the Malaysian flag must be raised in between two flags and its pole placed higher than the rest . Historical flags Main article : List of Malaysian flags Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak from 1870 to 1946 . Flag of North Borneo from 1882 to 1948 . Flag of the Crown Colony of North Borneo from 1948 to 1963 . Flag of the Crown Colony of Sarawak from 1946 to 1963 . Flag of the Crown Colony of Labuan from 1912 to 1946 . Flag of the Straits Settlements from 1874 to 1942 . Flag of Crown Colony of Penang from 1946 to 1949 . Flag of Crown Colony of Malacca from 1946 to 1957 . Flag of the Crown Colony of Singapore from 1946 to 1959 . Flag of the Federated Malay States from 1896 to 1946 . Flag of the Malayan Union from 1946 to 1948 Flag of the Federation of Malaya 1948 to 1950 . Flag of the Federation of Malaya from 1950 to 1963 . Flag of Malaysia in current use . Construction of the Malaysian flag . Flag anthem The flag anthem is written as dedication and pride of the Malaysian national flag . It is performed on Hari Merdeka , the nation 's independence day on 31 August every year . The original anthem Benderaku was written by Malaysian songwriter Tony Fonseka . After the flag was given the name Jalur Gemilang , the flag anthem was updated in 1997 to reflect this change . This was then followed by an introduction of a new flag anthem , with arrangements by Malaysian songwriter Pak Ngah and lyrics by Malaysian songwriter Siso Kopratasa . Jalur Gemilang by Tony Fonseka Jalur Gemilang yang gagah perkasa Merah putih kuning biru warnanya Berkibar megah penuh bercahaya Pusaka kita rakyat Malaysia Jalur Gemilang , oh benderaku Kupertahankan sepenuh ragaku Dikaulah lambang negara berpadu Di bawah naungan Duli Tuanku Berkibar terus oh benderaku Kaukan kujunjung sepanjang waktu Harumlah nama negara yang tercinta Padamu tempat taat dan setia Jalur Gemilang , bendera kita Kemegahan rakyat kita semua Berkibar berkibar di ruang angkasa Dirgahayu bendera tercinta ! English translation The Mighty Stripes of Glory Red , White , Yellow and Blue are the colours Flying high up in the skies The legacy of all of us Malaysians O my flag , The Stripes of Glory I will defend it with all of my might The Symbol of a unified nation Under the patronage of His Royal Highness Fly high o my flag I will raise it all the time O shine up , my beloved nation To you , I swear my full allegiance The Stripes of Glory , our flag The pride of all of us Fly , fly high up in the skies Long live our beloved flag ! Jalur Gemilang by Pak Ngah & Siso Kopratasa ( Malay ) Merahmu bara semangat waja Putihmu bersih budi pekerti Kuning berdaulat payung negara Biru perpaduan kami semua Puncak dunia telah kautawan Lautan luas telah kauredah Membawa semangat jiwa Merdeka Semarak jaya kami warganya Empat belas melintang jalurnya Semua negeri dalam Malaysia Satu suara satu semangat Itu sumpah warga berdaulat Jalur Gemilang di bawah naunganmu Jalur Gemilang kami semua bersatu Perpaduan ketaatan Amalan murni rakyat Malaysia Jalur Gemilang megah kami terasa Jalur Gemilang kibarkanlah wawasan Merah , putih , biru , kuning Jalur semangat kami semua ( 2x ) Berkibarlah ! , berkibarlah ! , berkibarlah ! , Jalur Gemilang ! English Translation Your Red represents steely will Your White represents clean and kind character Yellow of the Sovereign , the country 's protector Blue for all of us in unity You have reached the heights of the world You have travelled the wide waters Bearing the spirit of independence We are members of its successful will Fourteen stripes across For each of the states of Malaysia One voice , one spirit So its sovereign citizens solemnly swear Stripes of Glory , beneath your care Stripes of Glory , we unite Unity and loyalty Are the noble values of the Malaysian people Stripes of Glory , how proud we feel Stripes of Glory , proclaim our vision Red , white , blue , yellow Are the stripes of our resolve ( 2x ) Flutter - on , flutter - on , flutter - on Stripes of Glory ! Other ensigns and flags Government vessels use the Jalur Gemilang as the state ensign . The following is a table of the other ensigns used in Malaysia with the national flag inside . Flag Type Description Flag ratio Civil ensign The civil ensign of Malaysia used by civilian vessels has a red background with the Jalur Gemilang in a blue - fimbriated canton . 1 : 2 Malaysian Government blue ensign The flag used by the Malaysian Government has a dark blue background with the Jalur Gemilang in the canton . 1 : 2 Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency blue ensign The flag used by the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency has a dark blue background with the Jalur Gemilang in the canton and the logo of the agency in the fly . 1 : 2 Army ensign The flag used by the Malaysian Army has a red background with the Jalur Gemilang in the canton and the army emblem in the fly . 1 : 2 Air Force ensign The flag used by the Royal Malaysian Air Force has a pale blue background with the Jalur Gemilang in the canton and the Bintang Persekutuan ( 14 - point star ) in the fly . 1 : 2 Naval ensign The flag used by the Royal Malaysian Navy has a white background with the Jalur Gemilang in a red - fimbriated canton and an emblem consisting of an anchor and two crossed traditional kris ( daggers ) in the fly . Naval ships of the Royal Malaysian Navy use this flag as the naval ensign . 1 : 2 Federal star ( Bintang Persekutuan ) The Federal Star is similar in concept of Australia 's Commonwealth Star in that it symbolises the unity of states in the Malaysian federation and its Federal government , featuring 14 points to represent each of the federation 's 14 states . It is also used on the Royal Malaysian Air Force roundel , the Malaysian Chinese Association ( MCA ) flag and the former United Malayan Banking Corporation ( UMBC ) logo . The Patani Malayu National Revolutionary Front , a Southern Thai Malay separatist group involved in the South Thailand insurgency , originally adopted an independence flag that incorporated a crescent and 15 - point variation of the Federal Star on its flag to represent the southernmost Thai provinces ' closer tie to Malay and Muslim - majority Malaysia over that of Thailand . Royal Malaysian Air Force roundel . Malaysian Chinese Association ( MCA ) flag . Deprecated Patani Malayu National Revolutionary Front flag , with a crescent and 15 - point Federal Star . See also Heraldry portal Malaysia portal List of Malaysian flags List of Malaysian patriotic songs Footnotes Jump up ^ Mohamed Hamzah designed the flag of Malaya . The current flag is an adaptation of Hamzah 's original design . References Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms '' . myGovernment Malaysian Government 's official portal . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Flag '' . TalkMalaysia.com . Archived from the original on 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Flags Of The World Malaysia : Description Jump up ^ `` Federal Flag '' . The Straits Times . 6 March 1950 . p. 5 . , via `` The History and Design Chronology of Jalur Gemilang '' ( PDF ) . Malaysia Design Archive. 2012 . p. 16 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sonia Ramachandran . Golden Merdeka Memories : National flag chosen by people in one of country 's first public polls . New Straits Times . 18 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Federation Flag Hoisted at Istana '' . The Malay Mail . 27 May 1950 . Jump up ^ Muhamad Razif Nasruddin ; Zarul Nazli bin Zulkhurnain ( 2012 ) . `` The History and Design Chronology of Jalur Gemilang '' ( PDF ) . Malaysia Design Archive . Make Condition Design . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sejarah Bendera Malaysia '' . Malay Text . 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 External links Media related to Flags of Malaysia at Wikimedia Commons Malaysia at Flags of the World Muhamad Razif Nasruddin ; Zarul Nazli bin Zulkhurnain ( 2012 ) . `` The History and Design Chronology of Jalur Gemilang '' ( PDF ) . Malaysia Design Archive . Make Condition Design . 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-6617715786952739385	Tachycardia	Tachycardia - wikipedia Tachycardia Jump to : navigation , search Tachycardia Synonyms Tachyarrhythmia ECG showing sinus tachycardia with a rate of about 100 beats per minute Pronunciation Tachycardia / tækiˈkɑːrdiə / , tachyarrhythmia / tækiəˈrɪðmiə / Specialty Cardiology ( edit on Wikidata ) Tachycardia , also called tachyarrhythmia , is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate . In general , a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults . Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal ( such as with exercise ) or abnormal ( such as with electrical problems within the heart ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Causes 3 Differential diagnosis 3.1 Sinus 3.2 Ventricular 3.3 Supraventricular 3.3. 1 Atrial fibrillation 3.3. 2 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia 3.3. 3 AV reentrant tachycardia 3.3. 4 Junctional tachycardia 4 Management 4.1 Unstable 5 Terminology 6 References 7 External links Definition ( edit ) The upper threshold of a normal human resting heart rate is based on age . Cutoff values for tachycardia in different age groups are fairly well standardized ; typical cutoffs are listed below : 1 -- 2 days : Tachycardia > 159 beats per minute ( bpm ) 3 -- 6 days : Tachycardia > 166 bpm 1 -- 3 weeks : Tachycardia > 182 bpm 1 -- 2 months : Tachycardia > 179 bpm 3 -- 5 months : Tachycardia > 186 bpm 6 -- 11 months : Tachycardia > 169 bpm 1 -- 2 years : Tachycardia > 151 bpm 3 -- 4 years : Tachycardia > 137 bpm 5 -- 7 years : Tachycardia > 133 bpm 8 -- 11 years : Tachycardia > 130 bpm 12 -- 15 years : Tachycardia > 119 bpm > 15 years -- adult : Tachycardia > 100 bpm Heart rate is considered in the context of the prevailing clinical picture . For example : in sepsis > 90 bpm is considered tachycardia . When the heart beats excessively or rapidly , the heart pumps less efficiently and provides less blood flow to the rest of the body , including the heart itself . The increased heart rate also leads to increased work and oxygen demand by the heart , which can lead to rate related ischemia . Relative tachycardia involves a greater increase in rate than would be expected in a given illness state . Causes ( edit ) Some causes of tachycardia include : Adrenergic storm Alcohol Amphetamine Anaemia Antiarrhythmic agents Anxiety Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter Atrial tachycardia AV nodal reentrant tachycardia Brugada syndrome Caffeine Cocaine Exercise Fear Fever Hypoglycemia Hypovolemia Hyperthyroidism Hyperventilation Infection Junctional tachycardia Methamphetamine Multifocal atrial tachycardia Nicotine Pacemaker mediated Pain Pheochromocytoma Sinus tachycardia Tricyclic antidepressants Wolff -- Parkinson -- White syndrome Differential diagnosis ( edit ) 12 lead electrocardiogram showing a ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) An electrocardiogram ( ECG ) is used to classify the type of tachycardia . They may be classified into narrow and wide complex based on the QRS complex . Presented order of most to least common , they are : Narrow complex Sinus tachycardia , which originates from the sino - atrial ( SA ) node , near the base of the superior vena cava Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter AV nodal reentrant tachycardia Accessory pathway mediated tachycardia Atrial tachycardia Multifocal atrial tachycardia Junctional tachycardia Wide complex Ventricular tachycardia , any tachycardia that originates in the ventricles Any narrow complex tachycardia combined with a problem with the conduction system of the heart , often termed `` supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy '' A narrow complex tachycardia with an accessory conduction pathway , often termed `` supraventricular tachycardia with pre-excitation '' ( e.g. Wolff -- Parkinson -- White syndrome ) Pacemaker - tracked or pacemaker - mediated tachycardia Tachycardias may be classified as either narrow complex tachycardias ( supraventricular tachycardias ) or wide complex tachycardias . Narrow and wide refer to the width of the QRS complex on the ECG . Narrow complex tachycardias tend to originate in the atria , while wide complex tachycardias tend to originate in the ventricles . Tachycardias can be further classified as either regular or irregular . Sinus ( edit ) Main article : Sinus tachycardia The body has several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure . If blood pressure decreases , the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it . This is called reflex tachycardia . This can happen in response to a decrease in blood volume ( through dehydration or bleeding ) , or an unexpected change in blood flow . The most common cause of the latter is orthostatic hypotension ( also called postural hypotension ) . Fever , hyperventilation , diarrhea and severe infections can also cause tachycardia , primarily due to increase in metabolic demands . An increase in sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes the heart rate to increase , both by the direct action of sympathetic nerve fibers on the heart and by causing the endocrine system to release hormones such as epinephrine ( adrenaline ) , which have a similar effect . Increased sympathetic stimulation is usually due to physical or psychological stress . This is the basis for the so - called fight - or - flight response , but such stimulation can also be induced by stimulants such as ephedrine , amphetamines or cocaine . Certain endocrine disorders such as pheochromocytoma can also cause epinephrine release and can result in tachycardia independent of nervous system stimulation . Hyperthyroidism can also cause tachycardia . The upper limit of normal rate for sinus tachycardia is thought to be 220 bpm minus age . Ventricular ( edit ) Main article : Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia ( VT or V - tach ) is a potentially life - threatening cardiac arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles . It is usually a regular , wide complex tachycardia with a rate between 120 and 250 beats per minute . Both of these rhythms normally last for only a few seconds to minutes ( paroxysmal tachycardia ) , but if VT persists it is extremely dangerous , often leading to ventricular fibrillation . Supraventricular ( edit ) Main article : Supraventricular tachycardia This is a type of tachycardia that originates from above the ventricles , such as the atria . It is sometimes known as paroxysmal atrial tachycardia ( PAT ) . Several types of supraventricular tachycardia are known to exist . Atrial fibrillation ( edit ) Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias . In general , it is an irregular , narrow complex rhythm . However , it may show wide QRS complexes on the ECG if a bundle branch block is present . At high rates , the QRS complex may also become wide due to the Ashman phenomenon . It may be difficult to determine the rhythm 's regularity when the rate exceeds 150 beats per minute . Depending on the patient 's health and other variables such as medications taken for rate control , atrial fibrillation may cause heart rates that span from 50 to 250 beats per minute ( or even higher if an accessory pathway is present ) . However , new onset atrial fibrillation tends to present with rates between 100 and 150 beats per minute . AV nodal reentrant tachycardia ( edit ) AV nodal reentrant tachycardia ( AVNRT ) is the most common reentrant tachycardia . It is a regular narrow complex tachycardia that usually responds well to the Valsalva maneuver or the drug adenosine . However , unstable patients sometimes require synchronized cardioversion . Definitive care may include catheter ablation . AV reentrant tachycardia ( edit ) AV reentrant tachycardia ( AVRT ) requires an accessory pathway for its maintenance . AVRT may involve orthodromic conduction ( where the impulse travels down the AV node to the ventricles and back up to the atria through the accessory pathway ) or antidromic conduction ( which the impulse travels down the accessory pathway and back up to the atria through the AV node ) . Orthodromic conduction usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia , and antidromic conduction usually results in a wide complex tachycardia that often mimics ventricular tachycardia . Most antiarrhythmics are contraindicated in the emergency treatment of AVRT , because they may paradoxically increase conduction across the accessory pathway . Junctional tachycardia ( edit ) Junctional tachycardia is an automatic tachycardia originating in the AV junction . It tends to be a regular , narrow complex tachycardia and may be a sign of digitalis toxicity . Management ( edit ) The management of tachycardia depends on its type ( wide complex versus narrow complex ) , whether or not the person is stable or unstable , and whether the instability is due to the tachycardia . Unstable means that either important organ functions are affected or cardiac arrest is about to occur . Unstable ( edit ) In those that are unstable with a narrow complex tachycardia , intravenous adenosine may be attempted . In all others immediate cardioversion is recommended . Terminology ( edit ) The word tachycardia came to English from New Latin as a neoclassical compound built from the combining forms tachy - + - cardia , which are from the Greek ταχύς tachys , `` quick , rapid '' and καρδία , kardia , `` heart '' . As a matter both of usage choices in the medical literature and of idiom in natural language , the words tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia are usually used interchangeably , or loosely enough that precise differentiation is not explicit . Some careful writers have tried to maintain a logical differentiation between them , which is reflected in major medical dictionaries and major general dictionaries . The distinction is that tachycardia be reserved for the rapid heart rate itself , regardless of cause , physiologic or pathologic ( that is , from healthy response to exercise or from cardiac arrhythmia ) , and that tachyarrhythmia be reserved for the pathologic form ( that is , an arrhythmia of the rapid rate type ) . This is why five of the aforementioned dictionaries do not enter cross-references indicating synonymy between their entries for the two words ( as they do elsewhere whenever synonymy is meant ) , and it is why one of them explicitly specifies that the two words not be confused . But the prescription will probably never be successfully imposed on general usage , not only because much of the existing medical literature ignores it even when the words stand alone but also because the terms for specific types of arrhythmia ( standard collocations of adjectives and noun ) are deeply established idiomatically with the tachycardia version as the more commonly used version . Thus SVT is called supraventricular tachycardia more than twice as often as it is called supraventricular tachyarrhythmia ; moreover , those two terms are always completely synonymous -- in natural language there is no such term as `` healthy / physiologic supraventricular tachycardia '' . The same themes are also true of AVRT and AVNRT . Thus this pair is an example of when a particular prescription ( which may have been tenable 50 or 100 years earlier ) can no longer be invariably enforced without violating idiom . But the power to differentiate in an idiomatic way is not lost , regardless , because when the specification of physiologic tachycardia is needed , that phrase aptly conveys it . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Awtry , Eric H. ; Jeon , Cathy ; Ware , Molly G. ( 2006 ) . Blueprints cardiology ( 2nd ed . ) . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell . p. 93 . ISBN 9781405104647 . Jump up ^ Custer JW , Rau RE , eds . Johns Hopkins : The Harriet Lane Handbook . 18th ed . Philadelphia , PA : Mosby Elsevier Inc ; 2008 . Data also available through eMedicine : Pediatrics , Tachycardia . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine , 17th Edition ^ Jump up to : Neumar RW , Otto CW , Link MS , et al. ( November 2010 ) . `` Part 8 : adult advanced cardiovascular life support : 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care '' . Circulation. 122 ( 18 Suppl 3 ) : S729 -- 67 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 110.970988 . PMID 20956224 . Jump up ^ Barker RL , Burton JR , Zieve , PD eds . Principles of Ambulatory Medicine . Sixth Edition . Philadelphia , PA : Lippinocott , Wilkins & Williams 2003 Jump up ^ Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , Merriam - Webster 's Medical Dictionary , Merriam - Webster . ^ Jump up to : Wolters Kluwer , Stedman 's Medical Dictionary , Wolters Kluwer . Jump up ^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary , Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , Merriam - Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary , Merriam - Webster . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : I47 - I49 , R00. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 427 , 785.0 MeSH : D013610 Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system ( R00 -- R03 , 785 ) Chest pain Referred pain Angina Aerophagia Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Diastolic Continuous Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus tardus et parvus Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Dicrotic pulse Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Pulse deficit Vascular disease Gangrene Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive Septic Neurogenic Cardiovascular disease ( heart ) ( I00 -- I52 , 390 -- 429 ) Ischaemic Coronary disease Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) Coronary artery aneurysm Spontaneous coronary artery dissection ( SCAD ) Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Myocardial bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris Prinzmetal 's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina Sequelae hours Hibernating myocardium Myocardial stunning days Myocardial rupture weeks Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm Dressler syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute Chronic / Constrictive Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium / valves Endocarditis infective endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis non-infective endocarditis Libman -- Sacks endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Valves mitral regurgitation prolapse stenosis aortic stenosis insufficiency tricuspid stenosis insufficiency pulmonary stenosis insufficiency Conduction / arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome Heart block : Sinoatrial AV 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° Intraventricular Bundle branch block Right Left Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Bifascicular Trifascicular Adams -- Stokes syndrome Tachycardia ( paroxysmal and sinus ) Supraventricular Atrial Multifocal Junctional AV nodal reentrant Junctional ectopic Ventricular Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Catecholaminergic polymorphic Torsades de pointes Premature contraction Atrial Junctional Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Lown -- Ganong -- Levine Wolff -- Parkinson -- White Flutter / fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation Familial Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Parasystole Wandering pacemaker Long QT syndrome Andersen -- Tawil Jervell and Lange - Nielsen Romano -- Ward Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoatrial arrest Other / ungrouped hexaxial reference system Right axis deviation Left axis deviation QT Short QT syndrome T wave alternans ST Osborn wave ST elevation ST depression Strain pattern Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy Left Right / Cor pulmonale Atrial enlargement Left Right Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure Diastolic heart failure Cardiac asthma Rheumatic fever Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachycardia&oldid=815082115 '' Categories : Cardiac arrhythmia Symptoms and signs : Cardiac Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happens if your heart rate is over 100 beats per minute	[]	[]
-1352449770517346835	The Notorious Cherry Bombs	The Notorious Cherry Bombs - wikipedia The Notorious Cherry Bombs Jump to : navigation , search The Notorious Cherry Bombs Also known as The Cherry Bombs Origin USA Genres Country Years active 1980 -- 1988 , 2003 -- 2004 Labels Universal South Associated acts Emmylou Harris Past members Eddie Bayers Richard Bennett Tony Brown Rodney Crowell Hank DeVito Vince Gill Emory Gordy , Jr . John Hobbs Larrie Londin Michael Rhodes The Notorious Cherry Bombs , originally called The Cherry Bombs , was an American country music supergroup founded by singer - songwriter Rodney Crowell in 1980 . A former member of Emmylou Harris 's Hot Band , Crowell picked several former Hot Band members as his backing band , which he named The Cherry Bombs . They made their debut as Rodney 's backing band on his 1980 album But What Will the Neighbors Think . Although they served as Crowell 's backing band for several years , The Cherry Bombs did not record an album of their own until a 2004 reunion ( at which point `` Notorious '' had been added to the band 's name ) . The album , also titled The Notorious Cherry Bombs , produced a hit on the country music charts in `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Cherry Bombs 2 Return as The Notorious Cherry Bombs 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Singles 3.3 Music videos 4 References 5 External links The Cherry Bombs ( edit ) Rodney Crowell was a founding member of country singer Emmylou Harris 's Hot Band ; when he began his own solo career in the early 1980s , Crowell picked several former Hot Band members as his backing band , whom he named The Cherry Bombs . The initial members comprised Vince Gill ( background vocals , electric guitar ) , Hank DeVito ( steel guitar ) , Emory Gordy , Jr. ( bass guitar ) , Richard Bennett ( electric guitar ) , Tony Brown ( keyboards ) , and Larrie Londin ( drums ) . As The Cherry Bombs , the band backed both Crowell and Rosanne Cash , to whom Crowell was married at the time . After Crowell and Cash divorced , the band 's members began leaving . Gill began a solo career in country music in the late 1980s , while Brown became a record producer for MCA Records . Londin died from a heart attack in 1992 . Gordy married country singer Patty Loveless and served as her producer , while Bennett and DeVito found work as studio musicians . Return as the Notorious Cherry Bombs ( edit ) In 2003 , several of the former members of The Cherry Bombs , including Gill and Crowell , re-united . Emory Gordy , Jr. opted not to participate in the reunited group , which by then comprised Eddie Bayers ( drums ) , Richard Bennett ( electric guitar , bouzouki , cavaquinho ) , Hank DeVito ( steel guitar , Dobro ) , Tony Brown ( piano , keyboards ) , John Hobbs ( piano , keyboards ) , and Michael Rhodes ( bass guitar ) , with Gill and Crowell alternating as lead singers . A year later , the band was signed to a record deal with Universal South Records to record their first album as an actual band . Due to legal concerns , the band was renamed The Notorious Cherry Bombs . Their self - titled album produced a minor hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts that year in `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' . This was followed by `` Let It Roll , Let It Ride '' which failed to chart . Also included on the album was `` Making Memories of Us '' , which had previously been recorded by Tracy Byrd and would later become a Number One hit when Keith Urban released his own version in 2005 . After the release of their second single , The Notorious Cherry Bombs disbanded again , and Crowell and Gill resumed their solo careers . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions US Country US US Heat The Notorious Cherry Bombs Release date : July 27 , 2004 Label : Universal South Records 23 135 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak positions Album US Country `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' 47 The Notorious Cherry Bombs 2005 `` Let It Roll , Let It Ride '' -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Director `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' Eric Welch References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` allmusic ( ( ( The Notorious Cherry Bombs > Biography ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hill , Cheryl Harvey . `` The Notorious Cherry Bombs - Self - titled Album review '' . Country Stars Online . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Vince Gill official website Rodney Crowell official website ( hide ) Rodney Crowell Studio albums Ai n't Living Long Like This But What Will the Neighbors Think Rodney Crowell Street Language Diamonds & Dirt Keys to the Highway Life Is Messy Let the Picture Paint Itself Jewel of the South The Houston Kid Fate 's Right Hand The Outsider Sex & Gasoline Old Yellow Moon Tarpaper Sky The Traveling Kind Close Ties Compilation albums The Rodney Crowell Collection Greatest Hits Singles `` Elvira '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` Ashes by Now '' `` Ai n't No Money '' `` It 's Such a Small World '' `` I Could n't Leave You If I Tried '' `` She 's Crazy for Leavin ' '' `` After All This Time '' `` Above and Beyond '' `` Many a Long and Lonesome Highway '' `` If Looks Could Kill '' `` My Past Is Present '' `` Now That We 're Alone '' `` Lovin ' All Night '' `` What Kind of Love '' `` Please Remember Me '' `` I Walk the Line Revisited '' Other songs `` The Answer Is Yes '' `` Heartbroke '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' `` Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight '' `` Making Memories of Us '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` Song for the Life '' `` Voilá , An American Dream '' Related articles Discography The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Notorious_Cherry_Bombs&oldid=788430647 '' Categories : American country music groups Musical groups established in 1980 Supergroups ( music ) Show Dog - Universal Music artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 10 : 11 . About Wikipedia	who sang it's hard to kiss the lips	[ "Although they served as Crowell's backing band for several years, The Cherry Bombs did not record an album of their own until a 2004 reunion (at which point \"Notorious\" had been added to the band's name).[1] The album, also titled The Notorious Cherry Bombs, produced a hit on the country music charts in \"It's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long\"." ]	[ "The Cherry Bombs" ]
4753657453727454257	Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award	Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award - wikipedia Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award Jump to : navigation , search Rookie of the Year Award Jackie Robinson , the inaugural winner in 1947 and eventual namesake of the award Award details Given for Major League Baseball 's best regular - season rookie History First award 1947 Most recent Michael Fulmer ( American League ) Corey Seager ( National League ) Website Rookie of the Year In Major League Baseball , the Rookie of the Year Award is annually given to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA , which selected an annual winner from 1940 through 1946 . The award became national in 1947 ; Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers ' second baseman , won the inaugural award . One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948 ; since 1949 , the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League . Originally , the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award , named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s . The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987 , 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line . Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year ( as of 2016 ) , 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Jackie Robinson , five American League players , and ten others from the National League . The award has been shared twice : once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976 ; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979 . Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise ( with 17 ) , twice the total of the New York Yankees , and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics ( eight ) , who have produced the most in the American League . Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year , and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year . Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award , at age 32 , 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki ( also 32 ) . Michael Fulmer of the Detroit Tigers and Corey Seager of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications and voting 2 Winners 2.1 Key 2.2 Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) 2.3 American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 2.4 National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References Qualifications and voting ( edit ) Hideo Nomo won in 1995 , the first of several players to win with past professional baseball experience in Nippon Professional Baseball . From 1947 through 1956 , each BBWAA voter used discretion as to who qualified as a rookie . In 1957 , the term was first defined as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any previous Major League season . This guideline was later amended to 90 at bats , 45 innings pitched , or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year . The current standard of 130 at bats , 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club ( excluding time in military service or on the disabled list ) before September 1 was adopted in 1971 . Since 1980 , each voter names three rookies : a first - place choice is given five points , a second - place choice three points , and a third - place choice one point . The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points . Edinson Vólquez received three second - place votes in 2008 balloting despite no longer being a rookie under the award 's definition . The award has drawn criticism in recent years because several players with experience in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) have won the award , such as Hideo Nomo in 1995 , Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000 , and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001 . The current definition of rookie status for the award is based only on Major League experience , but some feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional experience . Others , however , believe it should make no difference since the first recipient and the award 's namesake played for the Negro Leagues prior to his MLB career and thus could also not be considered a `` true rookie '' . This issue arose in 2003 when Hideki Matsui narrowly lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa . Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not see Matsui as a rookie in 2003 because `` it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience did n't count . '' The Japan Times ran a story in 2007 on the labeling of Daisuke Matsuzaka , Kei Igawa , and Hideki Okajima as rookies , saying `` ( t ) hese guys are n't rookies . '' Past winners such as Jackie Robinson , Don Newcombe , and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues . Winners ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Cal Ripken , Jr. won in 1982 , and is one of 16 Hall of Famers to win Rookie of the Year honors . Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season † Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Denotes player who is still active * Denotes year in which the award was shared Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1947 Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers 1B . 297 batting average 125 runs scored 29 stolen bases 1948 Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark Boston Braves SS . 322 batting average 3 home runs 48 runs batted in American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Mike Trout , 2012 AL winner Jeremy Hellickson , the 2011 AL winner Evan Longoria , the 2008 AL winner Dustin Pedroia , the 2007 AL winner Justin Verlander , the 2006 AL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Sievers , Roy Roy Sievers St. Louis Browns OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 91 runs batted in 1950 Dropo , Walt Walt Dropo Boston Red Sox 1B . 322 batting average 34 home runs 144 runs batted in 1951 McDougald , Gil Gil McDougald New York Yankees 3B . 306 batting average 14 home runs 63 runs batted in 1952 Byrd , Harry Harry Byrd Philadelphia Athletics 3.31 earned run average 15 complete games 15 -- 15 record in 37 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1953 Kuenn , Harvey Harvey Kuenn Detroit Tigers SS . 308 batting average 94 runs scored 209 hits 1954 Grim , Bob Bob Grim New York Yankees 3.26 earned run average 199 innings pitched 20 -- 6 record in 37 appearances ( 20 games started ) 1955 Score , Herb Herb Score Cleveland Indians 2.85 earned run average 227 ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1956 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox SS . 266 batting average 21 stolen bases 69 runs scored 1957 Kubek , Tony Tony Kubek New York Yankees SS . 297 batting average 56 runs scored 39 runs batted in 1958 Pearson , Albie Albie Pearson Washington Senators OF . 275 batting average 3 home runs 63 runs scored 1959 Allison , Bob Bob Allison Washington Senators OF . 261 batting average 30 home runs 85 runs batted in 1960 Hansen , Ron Ron Hansen Baltimore Orioles SS . 255 batting average 22 home runs 86 runs batted in 1961 Schwall , Don Don Schwall Boston Red Sox 3.22 earned run average 178 ⁄ innings pitched 15 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1962 Tresh , Tom Tom Tresh New York Yankees SS . 286 batting average 20 home runs 93 runs batted in 1963 Peters , Gary Gary Peters Chicago White Sox 2.33 earned run average 243 innings pitched 19 -- 8 record in 41 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1964 Oliva , Tony Tony Oliva Minnesota Twins OF . 323 batting average 32 home runs 94 runs batted in 1965 Blefary , Curt Curt Blefary Baltimore Orioles OF . 260 batting average 22 home runs 70 runs batted in 1966 Agee , Tommie Tommie Agee Chicago White Sox OF . 273 batting average 44 stolen bases 98 runs scored 1967 Carew , Rod Rod Carew Minnesota Twins 2B . 292 batting average 8 home runs 66 runs scored 1968 Bahnsen , Stan Stan Bahnsen New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 267 ⁄ innings pitched 17 -- 12 record in 34 games started 1969 Piniella , Lou Lou Piniella Kansas City Royals OF . 282 batting average 11 home runs 68 runs batted in 1970 Munson , Thurman Thurman Munson New York Yankees . 302 batting average 53 runs batted in 52 % caught stealing percentage in the field 1971 Chambliss , Chris Chris Chambliss Cleveland Indians 1B . 275 batting average 9 home runs 48 runs batted in 1972 Fisk , Carlton Carlton Fisk Boston Red Sox . 293 batting average 22 home runs 61 runs batted in 1973 Bumbry , Al Al Bumbry Baltimore Orioles OF . 337 batting average 11 triples 73 runs scored Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove Texas Rangers 1B . 323 batting average . 395 on - base percentage 66 runs batted in Lynn , Fred Fred Lynn Boston Red Sox OF . 331 batting average 47 doubles 105 runs batted in 1976 Fidrych , Mark Mark Fidrych Detroit Tigers 2.34 earned run average 24 complete games 19 -- 9 record in 29 games started 1977 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles DH . 283 batting average 27 home runs 88 runs batted in 1978 Whitaker , Lou Lou Whitaker Detroit Tigers 2B . 285 batting average 3 home runs 58 runs batted in 1979 * Castino , John John Castino Minnesota Twins 3B . 285 batting average 8 triples 52 runs batted in 1979 * Griffin , Alfredo Alfredo Griffin Toronto Blue Jays SS . 287 batting average 10 triples 81 runs scored 1980 Charboneau , Joe Joe Charboneau Cleveland Indians OF . 289 batting average 23 home runs 87 runs batted in 1981 Righetti , Dave Dave Righetti New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 105 ⁄ innings pitched 8 -- 4 record in 15 games started 1982 Ripken , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles SS . 264 batting average 28 home runs 93 runs batted in Kittle , Ron Ron Kittle Chicago White Sox OF . 254 batting average 35 home runs 100 runs batted in 1984 Davis , Alvin Alvin Davis Seattle Mariners 1B . 284 batting average 27 home runs 116 runs batted in 1985 Guillén , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén Chicago White Sox SS . 273 batting average 9 triples 71 runs scored 1986 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics OF . 240 batting average 33 home runs 117 runs batted in McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 1B . 289 batting average 49 home runs 118 runs batted in 1988 Weiss , Walt Walt Weiss Oakland Athletics SS . 250 batting average 3 home runs 39 runs batted in 1989 Olson , Gregg Gregg Olson Baltimore Orioles 1.69 earned run average 85 innings pitched 27 saves 1990 Alomar , Jr. , Sandy Sandy Alomar , Jr . Cleveland Indians . 290 batting average 9 home runs 66 runs batted in 1991 Knoblauch , Chuck Chuck Knoblauch Minnesota Twins 2B . 281 batting average 25 stolen bases 78 runs scored 1992 Listach , Pat Pat Listach Milwaukee Brewers SS . 290 batting average 54 stolen bases 93 runs scored 1993 Salmon , Tim Tim Salmon California Angels OF . 283 batting average 31 home runs 95 runs batted in 1994 Hamelin , Bob Bob Hamelin Kansas City Royals DH . 282 batting average 24 home runs 65 runs batted in 1995 Cordova , Marty Marty Cordova Minnesota Twins OF . 277 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS . 314 batting average 10 home runs 104 runs scored 1997 Garciaparra , Nomar Nomar Garciaparra Boston Red Sox SS . 306 batting average 30 home runs 122 runs scored 1998 Grieve , Ben Ben Grieve Oakland Athletics OF . 288 batting average 18 home runs 89 runs batted in 1999 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals OF . 293 batting average 22 home runs 108 runs batted in 2000 Sasaki , Kazuhiro Kazuhiro Sasaki Seattle Mariners 3.16 earned run average 78 strikeouts 37 saves 2001 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners OF . 350 batting average 56 stolen bases 127 runs scored 2002 Hinske , Eric Eric Hinske Toronto Blue Jays 3B . 279 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in 2003 Berroa , Ángel Ángel Berroa Kansas City Royals SS . 287 batting average 21 stolen bases 92 runs scored Crosby , Bobby Bobby Crosby Oakland Athletics SS . 239 batting average 22 home runs 64 runs batted in 2005 Street , Huston Huston Street Oakland Athletics 1.72 earned run average 78 ⁄ innings pitched 23 saves 2006 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers 3.63 earned run average 186 innings pitched 17 -- 9 record in 30 games started 2007 Pedroia , Dustin Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox 2B . 317 batting average 39 doubles 86 runs scored 2008 Longoria , Evan Evan Longoria Tampa Bay Rays 3B . 272 batting average 27 home runs 85 runs batted in 2009 Andrew Bailey Oakland Athletics 1.84 earned run average 83 ⁄ innings pitched 26 saves Feliz , Neftalí Neftalí Feliz Texas Rangers 2.73 earned run average 69 ⁄ innings pitched 40 saves 2011 Hellickson , Jeremy Jeremy Hellickson Tampa Bay Rays 2.95 earned run average 117 strikeouts 13 -- 10 record in 29 games started 2012 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels OF . 326 batting average 30 home runs 129 runs scored 49 stolen bases 2013 Myers , Wil Wil Myers Tampa Bay Rays OF . 293 batting average 13 home runs 53 runs batted in 2014 Abreu , José José Abreu Chicago White Sox 1B . 317 batting average 36 home runs 107 runs batted in 2015 Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Houston Astros SS . 279 batting average 22 home runs 68 runs batted in 2016 Fulmer , Michael Michael Fulmer Detroit Tigers 3.06 earned run average 132 strikeouts 11 -- 7 record in 26 games started National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Bryce Harper , 2012 NL winner Craig Kimbrel , 2011 NL winner Geovany Soto , 2008 NL winner Ryan Braun , 2007 NL winner Ryan Howard , 2005 NL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe Brooklyn Dodgers 3.17 earned run average 5 shutouts 17 -- 8 record in 31 games started 1950 Jethroe , Sam Sam Jethroe Boston Braves OF . 273 batting average 35 stolen bases 100 runs scored 1951 Mays , Willie Willie Mays New York Giants OF . 274 batting average 20 home runs 68 runs batted in 1952 Black , Joe Joe Black Brooklyn Dodgers 2.15 earned run average 15 saves 15 -- 4 record in 56 appearances 1953 Gilliam , Jim Jim Gilliam Brooklyn Dodgers 2B . 278 batting average 17 triples 125 runs scored 1954 Moon , Wally Wally Moon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 304 batting average 12 home runs 106 runs scored 1955 Virdon , Bill Bill Virdon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 281 batting average 17 home runs 68 runs batted in 1956 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds OF . 290 batting average 38 home runs 122 runs scored 1957 Sanford , Jack Jack Sanford Philadelphia Phillies 3.08 earned run average 188 strikeouts 19 -- 8 record in 33 games started 1958 Cepeda , Orlando Orlando Cepeda San Francisco Giants 1B . 312 batting average 25 home runs 96 runs batted in 1959 McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants 1B . 354 batting average 13 home runs 38 runs batted in 1960 Howard , Frank Frank Howard Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 268 batting average 23 home runs 77 runs batted in 1961 Williams , Billy Billy Williams Chicago Cubs OF . 278 batting average 25 home runs 86 runs batted in 1962 Hubbs , Ken Ken Hubbs Chicago Cubs 2B . 260 batting average 90 runs scored Gold Glove Award 1963 Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds 2B . 273 batting average 9 triples 101 runs scored 1964 Allen , Dick Dick Allen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 318 batting average 13 triples 125 runs scored 1965 Lefebvre , Jim Jim Lefebvre Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 250 batting average 12 home runs 69 runs batted in 1966 Helms , Tommy Tommy Helms Cincinnati Reds 2B . 284 batting average 9 home runs 72 runs scored 1967 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver New York Mets 2.76 earned run average 251 innings pitched 16 -- 13 record in 34 games started 1968 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds . 275 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1969 Sizemore , Ted Ted Sizemore Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 271 batting average 4 home runs 69 runs scored 1970 Morton , Carl Carl Morton Montreal Expos 3.60 earned run average 284 ⁄ innings pitched 18 -- 11 record in 43 appearances ( 37 games started ) 1971 Williams , Earl Earl Williams Atlanta Braves . 260 batting average 33 home runs 87 runs batted in 1972 Matlack , Jon Jon Matlack New York Mets 2.32 earned run average 244 innings pitched 15 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1973 Matthews , Gary Gary Matthews San Francisco Giants OF . 300 batting average 12 home runs 74 runs scored McBride , Bake Bake McBride St. Louis Cardinals OF . 309 batting average 30 stolen bases 81 runs scored Montefusco , John John Montefusco San Francisco Giants 2.88 earned run average 215 strikeouts 15 -- 9 record on 34 games started 1976 * Metzger , Butch Butch Metzger San Diego Padres 2.92 earned run average 16 saves 11 -- 4 record in 77 appearances 1976 * Zachry , Pat Pat Zachry Cincinnati Reds 2.74 earned run average 204 innings pitched 14 -- 7 record in 38 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1977 Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Montreal Expos OF . 282 batting average 19 home runs 65 runs batted in 1978 Horner , Bob Bob Horner Atlanta Braves 3B . 266 batting average 23 home runs 63 runs batted in 1979 Sutcliffe , Rick Rick Sutcliffe Los Angeles Dodgers 3.46 earned run average 242 innings pitched 17 -- 10 record in 39 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1980 Howe , Steve Steve Howe Los Angeles Dodgers 2.66 earned run average 84 ⁄ innings pitched 17 saves 1981 Valenzuela , Fernando Fernando Valenzuela Los Angeles Dodgers 2.48 earned run average 8 shutouts 13 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1982 Sax , Steve Steve Sax Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 282 batting average 49 stolen bases 88 runs scored Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry New York Mets OF . 257 batting average 26 home runs 74 runs batted in 1984 Gooden , Dwight Dwight Gooden New York Mets 2.60 earned run average 276 strikeouts 17 -- 9 record in 31 games started 1985 Coleman , Vince Vince Coleman St. Louis Cardinals OF . 267 batting average 110 stolen bases 107 runs scored 1986 Worrell , Todd Todd Worrell St. Louis Cardinals 2.08 earned run average 103 ⁄ innings pitched 36 saves Santiago , Benito Benito Santiago San Diego Padres . 300 batting average 18 home runs 79 runs batted in 1988 Sabo , Chris Chris Sabo Cincinnati Reds 3B . 271 batting average 46 stolen bases 74 runs scored 1989 Walton , Jerome Jerome Walton Chicago Cubs OF . 293 batting average 24 stolen bases 64 runs scored 1990 Justice , David David Justice Atlanta Braves OF . 282 batting average 28 home runs 78 runs batted in 1991 Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell Houston Astros 1B . 294 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1992 Karros , Eric Eric Karros Los Angeles Dodgers 1B . 257 batting average 20 home runs 88 runs batted in 1993 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza Los Angeles Dodgers . 318 batting average 35 home runs 112 runs batted in 1994 Mondesí , Raúl Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 56 runs batted in 1995 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo Los Angeles Dodgers 2.54 earned run average 236 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 28 games started Hollandsworth , Todd Todd Hollandsworth Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 291 batting average 12 home runs 59 runs batted in 1997 Rolen , Scott Scott Rolen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 283 batting average 21 home runs 92 runs batted in 1998 Wood , Kerry Kerry Wood Chicago Cubs 3.40 earned run average 233 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 26 games started 1999 Williamson , Scott Scott Williamson Cincinnati Reds 2.41 earned run average 19 saves 12 -- 7 record in 62 appearances 2000 Furcal , Rafael Rafael Furcal Atlanta Braves SS . 295 batting average 40 stolen bases 87 runs scored 2001 Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols St. Louis Cardinals 3B . 329 batting average 37 home runs 130 runs batted in 2002 Jennings , Jason Jason Jennings Colorado Rockies 4.52 earned run average 185 ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 8 record in 32 games started 2003 Willis , Dontrelle Dontrelle Willis Florida Marlins 3.30 earned run average 160 ⁄ innings pitched 14 -- 6 record in 27 games started Bay , Jason Jason Bay Pittsburgh Pirates OF . 282 batting average 26 home runs 82 runs batted in 2005 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 1B . 288 batting average 22 home runs 63 runs batted in 2006 Ramírez , Hanley Hanley Ramírez Florida Marlins SS . 292 batting average 51 stolen bases 119 runs scored 2007 Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers 3B . 324 batting average 34 home runs 97 runs batted in 2008 Soto , Geovany Geovany Soto Chicago Cubs . 285 batting average 23 home runs 86 runs batted in 2009 Coghlan , Chris Chris Coghlan Florida Marlins OF . 321 batting average 162 base hits 84 runs scored Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants . 305 batting average 18 home runs 67 runs batted in 2011 Kimbrel , Craig Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 2.10 earned run average 127 strikeouts in 77 innings pitched 46 saves 2012 Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Washington Nationals OF . 270 batting average 22 home runs 59 runs batted in 2013 Fernández , José José Fernández Miami Marlins 2.19 earned run average 0.98 WHIP 12 wins 2014 deGrom , Jacob Jacob deGrom New York Mets 2.69 earned run average 1.14 WHIP 9 wins 2015 Bryant , Kris Kris Bryant Chicago Cubs 3B . 275 batting average 26 home runs 99 runs batted in 2016 Seager , Corey Corey Seager Los Angeles Dodgers SS . 308 batting average 26 home runs 72 runs batted in See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Esurance MLB Awards Best Rookie ( in MLB ) Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie ( in each league ) Baseball America Rookie of the Year ( in MLB ) Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award ( in each league ) Rookie of the Month Topps All - Star Rookie Teams Baseball awards Rookie of the Year Award ( all sports ) Rookie of the Year ( film ) References ( edit ) General `` Rookie of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Inline citations ^ Jump up to : Vass , George ( July 1998 ) . `` History of the rookie award filled with controversy '' . Baseball Digest . 57 ( 7 ) : 26 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ `` Sports News '' . Associated Press . July 14 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( June 19 , 2001 ) . `` Sam Jethroe Is Dead at 83 ; Was Oldest Rookie of the Year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cour , Jim ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Sasaki voted AL Rookie of the Year '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` MLB Miscellany : Rules , regulations and statistics '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award / Jackie Robinson Award '' . Baseball Almanac. 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Longoria , Soto are Rookies of the Year '' . Major League Baseball . November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The BBWAA and Edinson Volquez '' . Baseball Prospectus . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berroa barely edges Matsui for AL honor '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Graczyk , Wayne ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` MLB should eliminate ' rookie ' label for Japanese veterans '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Dark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Sievers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Dropo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gil McDougald Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Byrd Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Kuenn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Grim Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Score Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Aparicio Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Kubek Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albie Pearson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Allison Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Hansen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Don Schwall Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Tresh Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Peters Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Oliva Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Blefary Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommiee Agee Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Carew Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Bahnsen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Thurman Munson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Chambliss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Fisk Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Al Bumbry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Hargrove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Lynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Fidrych Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Whitaker Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Castino Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredo Griffin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Charboneau Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Righetti Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cal Ripken , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Kittle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Guillén Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Weiss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Olson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Alomar Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Knoblauch Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Listach Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Salmon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hamelin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Cordova Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Grieve Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltrán Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiro Sasaki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Hinske Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ángel Berroa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Crosby Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Huston Street Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Longoria Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bailey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Feliz wins AL Rookie of the Year Award '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Hellickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/12-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/13-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/14-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/15-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/16-al-roy/ Jump up ^ `` Don Newcombe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Jethroe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Black Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilliam Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Moon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Virdon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Sanford Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando CepedaStatistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie McCovey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Williams Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Hubbs Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Rose Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Allen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lefebvre Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Helms Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Bench Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Sizemore Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Morton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Williams Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Matlack Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Matthews Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bake McBride Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Montefusco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Metzger Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Zachry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Dawson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Horner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Sutcliffe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Howe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Valenzuela Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Sax Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Strawberry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Gooden Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Coleman Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Worrell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benito Santiago Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Sabo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Walton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Justice Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bagwell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Karros Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Mondesí Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideo Nomo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Hollandsworth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scott RolenStatistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Wood Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Williamson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Furcal Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Jennings Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dontrelle Willis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hanley Ramírez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geovany Soto Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Coghlan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Bailey ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Posey tops Heyward for NL Rookie honor '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Kimbrel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/13-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/14-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/eye-on-baseball/25377126/cubs-kris-bryant-unanimously-named-2015-nl-rookie-of-the-year Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/16-nl-roy/ Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. Robinson 1948 : Dark 1949 : Newcombe 1950 : Jethroe 1951 : Mays 1952 : Black 1953 : Gilliam 1954 : Moon 1955 : Virdon 1956 : F. Robinson 1957 : Sanford 1958 : Cepeda 1959 : McCovey 1960 : F. Howard 1961 : B. Williams 1962 : Hubbs 1963 : Rose 1964 : Allen 1965 : Lefebvre 1966 : Helms 1967 : Seaver 1968 : Bench 1969 : Sizemore 1970 : Morton 1971 : E. Williams 1972 : Matlack 1973 : Matthews 1974 : McBride 1975 : Montefusco 1976 : Metzger & Zachry 1977 : Dawson 1978 : Horner 1979 : Sutcliffe 1980 : Howe 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Sax 1983 : Strawberry 1984 : Gooden 1985 : Coleman 1986 : Worrell 1987 : Santiago 1988 : Sabo 1989 : Walton 1990 : Justice 1991 : Bagwell 1992 : Karros 1993 : Piazza 1994 : Mondesi 1995 : Nomo 1996 : Hollandsworth 1997 : Rolen 1998 : Wood 1999 : Williamson 2000 : Furcal 2001 : Pujols 2002 : Jennings 2003 : Willis 2004 : Bay 2005 : R. Howard 2006 : Ramírez 2007 : Braun 2008 : Soto 2009 : Coghlan 2010 : Posey 2011 : Kimbrel 2012 : Harper 2013 : Fernández 2014 : deGrom 2015 : Bryant 2016 : Seager Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=783267557 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball trophies and awards Awards established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2017 , at 05 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won rookie of the year and cy young award in the same year	[ "Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 17), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Michael Fulmer of the Detroit Tigers and Corey Seager of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners." ]	[ "Fernando Valenzuela" ]
-6183243803072474988	Mass number	Mass number - wikipedia Mass number Jump to : navigation , search The mass number ( symbol A ) , also called atomic mass number or nucleon number , is the total number of protons and neutrons ( together known as nucleons ) in an atomic nucleus . It determines the atomic mass of atoms . Because protons and neutrons both are baryons , the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion . The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element . This is not the same as the atomic number ( Z ) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus , and thus uniquely identifies an element . Hence , the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons ( N ) in a given nucleus : N = A − Z . The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element 's symbol . For example , the most common isotope of carbon is carbon - 12 , or , which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons . The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number ( Z ) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number : C . This is technically redundant , as each element is defined by its atomic number , so it is often omitted . Mass number changes in radioactive decay ( edit ) Different types of radioactive decay are characterized by their changes in mass number as well as atomic number , according to the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy . For example , uranium - 238 usually decays by alpha decay , where the nucleus loses two neutrons and two protons in the form of an alpha particle . Thus the atomic number and the number of neutrons each decrease by 2 ( Z : 92 → 90 , N : 146 → 144 ) , so that the mass number decreases by 4 ( A = 238 → 234 ) ; the result is an atom of thorium - 234 and an alpha particle ( He ) : U → Th + He On the other hand , carbon - 14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay , whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino . Thus the atomic number increases by 1 ( Z : 6 → 7 ) and the mass number remains the same ( A = 14 ) , while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 ( N : 8 → 7 ) . The resulting atom is nitrogen - 14 , with seven protons and seven neutrons : C → + + ν Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus . Since all the protons and neutrons remain in the nucleus unchanged in this process , the mass number is also unchanged . Mass number and isotopic mass ( edit ) The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units ( u ) . For C the isotopic mass is exactly 12 , since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of C. For other isotopes , the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number . For example , Cl ( 17 protons and 18 neutrons ) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885 . The difference between mass number of an atom and its isotopic mass is known as the mass excess . Mass excess should not be confused with mass defect which is the difference between the mass of an atom and its constituent particles ( namely protons , neutrons and electrons ) . There are two reasons for mass defect / excess : The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton . This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons . The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei . A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy , and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein 's mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . For Cl the isotopic mass is less than 35 so this must be the dominant factor . Relative atomic mass of an element ( edit ) The mass number should also not be confused with the standard atomic weight ( also called atomic weight ) of an element , which is the ratio of the average atomic mass of the different isotopes of that element ( weighted by abundance ) to the unified atomic mass unit . This weighted average can be quite different from the near - integer values for individual isotopic masses . For instance , there are two main isotopes of chlorine : chlorine - 35 and chlorine - 37 . In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subjected to mass separation there will be roughly 75 % of chlorine atoms which are chlorine - 35 and only 25 % of chlorine atoms which are chlorine - 37 . This gives chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.5 ( actually 35.4527 g / mol ) . Moreover , the weighted average mass can be near - integer , but at the same time not corresponding to the mass of any natural isotope . For example , bromine has only two stable isotopes , Br and Br , naturally present in approximately equal fractions , which leads to the standard atomic mass of bromine close to 80 ( 79.904 g / mol ) , even though the isotope Br with such mass is unstable . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How many protons , electrons and neutrons are in an atom of krypton , carbon , oxygen , neon , silver , gold , etc ... ? '' . Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Elemental Notation and Isotopes '' . Science Help Online . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Suchocki , John . Conceptual Chemistry , 2007 . Page 119 . Jump up ^ Curran , Greg ( 2004 ) . Homework Helpers . Career Press . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 1 - 56414 - 721 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` IUPAC Definition of Relative Atomic Mass '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements '' . NIST . Further reading ( edit ) Bishop , Mark . `` The Structure of Matter and Chemical Elements ( ch. 3 ) '' . An Introduction to Chemistry . Chiral Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778105 - 4 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_number&oldid=825978827 '' Categories : Nuclear chemistry Chemical properties Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the mass number of an isotope represent	[ "The mass number (symbol A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element. This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus: N=A−Z.[1]" ]	[ "the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus" ]
3190756322619990934	Drake equation	Drake equation - wikipedia Drake equation This article is about Frank Drake 's equation . For other uses , see Drake equation ( disambiguation ) . Dr. Frank Drake The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active , communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy . The equation was written in 1961 by Frank Drake , not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations , but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at the first scientific meeting on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) . The equation summarizes the main concepts which scientists must contemplate when considering the question of other radio - communicative life . It is more properly thought of as a Fermi problem rather than as a serious attempt to nail down a precise number . Criticism related to the Drake equation focuses not on the equation itself , but on the fact that the estimated values for several of its factors are highly conjectural , the combined effect being that the uncertainty associated with any derived value is so large that the equation can not be used to draw firm conclusions . Contents 1 Equation 2 History 3 Usefulness 4 Modifications 5 Estimates 5.1 Original estimates 5.2 Current estimates 5.2. 1 Rate of star creation in our galaxy , R 5.2. 2 Fraction of those stars that have planets , f 5.2. 3 Average number of planets that might support life per star that has planets n 5.2. 4 Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life , f 5.2. 5 Fraction of the above that develops intelligent life , f 5.2. 6 Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space , f 5.2. 7 Lifetime of such a civilization wherein it communicates its signals into space , L 5.3 Range of results 5.4 Has intelligent life ever existed ? 6 Criticism 6.1 Fermi paradox 7 In fiction and popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Equation ( edit ) The Drake equation is : N = R ∗ ⋅ f p ⋅ n e ⋅ f l ⋅ f i ⋅ f c ⋅ L ( \ displaystyle N = R_ ( * ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) \ cdot n_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( l ) ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) \ cdot L ) where : N = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible ( i.e. which are on our current past light cone ) ; and R = the average rate of star formation in our galaxy f = the fraction of those stars that have planets n = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets f = the fraction of planets that could support life that actually develop life at some point f = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop intelligent life ( civilizations ) f = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space History ( edit ) In September 1959 , physicists Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison published an article in the journal Nature with the provocative title `` Searching for Interstellar Communications '' . Cocconi and Morrison argued that radio telescopes had become sensitive enough to pick up transmissions that might be broadcast into space by civilizations orbiting other stars . Such messages , they suggested , might be transmitted at a wavelength of 21 cm ( 1,420.4 MHz ) . This is the wavelength of radio emission by neutral hydrogen , the most common element in the universe , and they reasoned that other intelligences might see this as a logical landmark in the radio spectrum . Two months later , Harvard University astronomy professor Harlow Shapley speculated on the number of inhabited planets in the universe , saying `` The universe has 10 million , million , million suns ( 10 followed by 18 zeros ) similar to our own . One in a million has planets around it . Only one in a million million has the right combination of chemicals , temperature , water , days and nights to support planetary life as we know it . This calculation arrives at the estimated figure of 100 million worlds where life has been forged by evolution . '' Seven months after Cocconi and Morrison published their article , Drake made the first systematic search for signals from communicative extraterrestrial civilizations . Using the 25 m dish of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank , West Virginia , Drake monitored two nearby Sun - like stars : Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti . In this project , which he called Project Ozma , he slowly scanned frequencies close to the 21 cm wavelength for six hours per day from April to July 1960 . The project was well designed , inexpensive , and simple by today 's standards . It was also unsuccessful . Soon thereafter , Drake hosted a `` search for extraterrestrial intelligence '' meeting on detecting their radio signals . The meeting was held at the Green Bank facility in 1961 . The equation that bears Drake 's name arose out of his preparations for the meeting . As I planned the meeting , I realized a few day ( s ) ahead of time we needed an agenda . And so I wrote down all the things you needed to know to predict how hard it 's going to be to detect extraterrestrial life . And looking at them it became pretty evident that if you multiplied all these together , you got a number , N , which is the number of detectable civilizations in our galaxy . This was aimed at the radio search , and not to search for primordial or primitive life forms . -- Frank Drake The ten attendees were conference organizer J. Peter Pearman , Frank Drake , Philip Morrison , businessman and radio amateur Dana Atchley , chemist Melvin Calvin , astronomer Su - Shu Huang , neuroscientist John C. Lilly , inventor Barney Oliver , astronomer Carl Sagan and radio - astronomer Otto Struve . These participants dubbed themselves `` The Order of the Dolphin '' ( because of Lilly 's work on dolphin communication ) , and commemorated their first meeting with a plaque at the observatory hall . Usefulness ( edit ) The Allen Telescope Array for SETI The Drake equation amounts to a summary of the factors affecting the likelihood that we might detect radio - communication from intelligent extraterrestrial life . The last four parameters , f , f , f , and L , are not known and are very difficult to estimate , with values ranging over many orders of magnitude ( see criticism ) . Therefore , the usefulness of the Drake equation is not in the solving , but rather in the contemplation of all the various concepts which scientists must incorporate when considering the question of life elsewhere , and gives the question of life elsewhere a basis for scientific analysis . The Drake equation is a statement that stimulates intellectual curiosity about the universe around us , for helping us to understand that life as we know it is the end product of a natural , cosmic evolution , and for helping us realize how much we are a part of that universe . What the equation and the search for life has done is focus science on some of the other questions about life in the universe , specifically abiogenesis , the development of multi-cellular life and the development of intelligence itself . Within the limits of our existing technology , any practical search for distant intelligent life must necessarily be a search for some manifestation of a distant technology . After about 50 years , the Drake equation is still of seminal importance because it is a ' road map ' of what we need to learn in order to solve this fundamental existential question . It also formed the backbone of astrobiology as a science ; although speculation is entertained to give context , astrobiology concerns itself primarily with hypotheses that fit firmly into existing scientific theories . Some 50 years of SETI have failed to find anything , even though radio telescopes , receiver techniques , and computational abilities have improved enormously since the early 1960s , but it has been discovered , at least , that our galaxy is not teeming with very powerful alien transmitters continuously broadcasting near the 21 cm hydrogen frequency . No one could say this in 1961 . Modifications ( edit ) As many observers have pointed out , the Drake equation is a very simple model that does not include potentially relevant parameters , and many changes and modifications to the equation have been proposed . One line of modification , for example , attempts to account for the uncertainty inherent in many of the terms . Others note that the Drake equation ignores many concepts that might be relevant to the odds of contacting other civilizations . For example , David Brin states : `` The Drake equation merely speaks of the number of sites at which ETIs spontaneously arise . The equation says nothing directly about the contact cross-section between an ETIS and contemporary human society '' . Because it is the contact cross-section that is of interest to the SETI community , many additional factors and modifications of the Drake equation have been proposed . Colonization It has been proposed to generalize the Drake equation to include additional effects of alien civilizations colonizing other star systems . Each original site expands with an expansion velocity v , and establishes additional sites that survive for a lifetime L. The result is a more complex set of 3 equations . Reappearance factor The Drake equation may furthermore be multiplied by how many times an intelligent civilization may occur on planets where it has happened once . Even if an intelligent civilization reaches the end of its lifetime after , for example , 10,000 years , life may still prevail on the planet for billions of years , permitting the next civilization to evolve . Thus , several civilizations may come and go during the lifespan of one and the same planet . Thus , if n is the average number of times a new civilization reappears on the same planet where a previous civilization once has appeared and ended , then the total number of civilizations on such a planet would be 1 + n , which is the actual reappearance factor added to the equation . The factor depends on what generally is the cause of civilization extinction . If it is generally by temporary uninhabitability , for example a nuclear winter , then n may be relatively high . On the other hand , if it is generally by permanent uninhabitability , such as stellar evolution , then n may be almost zero . In the case of total life extinction , a similar factor may be applicable for f , that is , how many times life may appear on a planet where it has appeared once . METI factor Alexander Zaitsev said that to be in a communicative phase and emit dedicated messages are not the same . For example , humans , although being in a communicative phase , are not a communicative civilization ; we do not practise such activities as the purposeful and regular transmission of interstellar messages . For this reason , he suggested introducing the METI factor ( messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence ) to the classical Drake equation . He defined the factor as `` the fraction of communicative civilizations with clear and non-paranoid planetary consciousness '' , or alternatively expressed , the fraction of communicative civilizations that actually engage in deliberate interstellar transmission . The METI factor is somewhat misleading since active , purposeful transmission of messages by a civilization is not required for them to receive a broadcast sent by another that is seeking first contact . It is merely required they have capable and compatible receiver systems operational ; however , this is a variable humans can not accurately estimate . Biogenic gases Astronomer Sara Seager proposed a revised equation that focuses on the search for planets with biosignature gases . These gases are produced by living organisms that can accumulate in a planet atmosphere to levels that can be detected with remote space telescopes . The Seager equation looks like this : N = N ∗ ⋅ F Q ⋅ F H Z ⋅ F O ⋅ F L ⋅ F S ( \ displaystyle N = N_ ( * ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( Q ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( HZ ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( O ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( L ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) ) where : N = the number of planets with detectable signs of life N = the number of stars observed F = the fraction of stars that are quiet F = the fraction of stars with rocky planets in the habitable zone F = the fraction of those planets that can be observed F = the fraction that have life F = the fraction on which life produces a detectable signature gas Seager stresses , `` We 're not throwing out the Drake Equation , which is really a different topic , '' explaining , `` Since Drake came up with the equation , we have discovered thousands of exoplanets . We as a community have had our views revolutionized as to what could possibly be out there . And now we have a real question on our hands , one that 's not related to intelligent life : Can we detect any signs of life in any way in the very near future ? '' Estimates ( edit ) Original estimates ( edit ) There is considerable disagreement on the values of these parameters , but the ' educated guesses ' used by Drake and his colleagues in 1961 were : R = 1 yr ( 1 star formed per year , on the average over the life of the galaxy ; this was regarded as conservative ) f = 0.2 to 0.5 ( one fifth to one half of all stars formed will have planets ) n = 1 to 5 ( stars with planets will have between 1 and 5 planets capable of developing life ) f = 1 ( 100 % of these planets will develop life ) f = 1 ( 100 % of which will develop intelligent life ) f = 0.1 to 0.2 ( 10 -- 20 % of which will be able to communicate ) L = 1000 to 100,000,000 years ( which will last somewhere between 1000 and 100,000,000 years ) Inserting the above minimum numbers into the equation gives a minimum N of 20 ( see : Range of results ) . Inserting the maximum numbers gives a maximum of 50,000,000 . Drake states that given the uncertainties , the original meeting concluded that N ≈ L , and there were probably between 1000 and 100,000,000 civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy . Current estimates ( edit ) This section discusses and attempts to list the best current estimates for the parameters of the Drake equation . Rate of star creation in our galaxy , R ( edit ) Latest calculations from NASA and the European Space Agency indicate that the current rate of star formation in our galaxy is about 0.68 -- 1.45 M of material per year . To get the number of stars per year , this must account for the initial mass function ( IMF ) for stars , where the average new star mass is about 0.5 M . This gives a star formation rate of about 1.5 -- 3 stars per year . Fraction of those stars that have planets , f ( edit ) Recent analysis of microlensing surveys has found that f may approach 1 -- that is , stars are orbited by planets as a rule , rather than the exception ; and that there are one or more bound planets per Milky Way star . Average number of planets that might support life per star that has planets n ( edit ) In November 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of sun - like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun - like stars . Since there are about 100 billion stars in the galaxy , this implies f n is roughly 0.4 . The nearest planet in the habitable zone is Proxima Centauri b , which is as close as about 4.2 light - years away . The consensus at the Green Bank meeting was that n had a minimum value between 3 and 5 . Dutch science journalist Govert Schilling has opined that this is optimistic . Even if planets are in the habitable zone , the number of planets with the right proportion of elements is difficult to estimate . Brad Gibson , Yeshe Fenner , and Charley Lineweaver determined that about 10 % of star systems in the Milky Way galaxy are hospitable to life , by having heavy elements , being far from supernovae and being stable for a sufficient time . The discovery of numerous gas giants in close orbit with their stars has introduced doubt that life - supporting planets commonly survive the formation of their stellar systems . So - called hot Jupiters may migrate from distant orbits to near orbits , in the process disrupting the orbits of habitable planets . On the other hand , the variety of star systems that might have habitable zones is not just limited to solar - type stars and Earth - sized planets . It is now estimated that even tidally locked planets close to red dwarf stars might have habitable zones , although the flaring behavior of these stars might argue against this . The possibility of life on moons of gas giants ( such as Jupiter 's moon Europa , or Saturn 's moon Titan ) adds further uncertainty to this figure . The authors of the rare Earth hypothesis propose a number of additional constraints on habitability for planets , including being in galactic zones with suitably low radiation , high star metallicity , and low enough density to avoid excessive asteroid bombardment . They also propose that it is necessary to have a planetary system with large gas giants which provide bombardment protection without a hot Jupiter ; and a planet with plate tectonics , a large moon that creates tidal pools , and moderate axial tilt to generate seasonal variation . Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life , f ( edit ) Geological evidence from the Earth suggests that f may be high ; life on Earth appears to have begun around the same time as favorable conditions arose , suggesting that abiogenesis may be relatively common once conditions are right . However , this evidence only looks at the Earth ( a single model planet ) , and contains anthropic bias , as the planet of study was not chosen randomly , but by the living organisms that already inhabit it ( ourselves ) . From a classical hypothesis testing standpoint , there are zero degrees of freedom , permitting no valid estimates to be made . If life were to be found on Mars , Europa , Enceladus or Titan that developed independently from life on Earth it would imply a value for f close to 1 . While this would raise the degrees of freedom from zero to one , there would remain a great deal of uncertainty on any estimate due to the small sample size , and the chance they are not really independent . Countering this argument is that there is no evidence for abiogenesis occurring more than once on the Earth -- that is , all terrestrial life stems from a common origin . If abiogenesis were more common it would be speculated to have occurred more than once on the Earth . Scientists have searched for this by looking for bacteria that are unrelated to other life on Earth , but none have been found yet . It is also possible that life arose more than once , but that other branches were out - competed , or died in mass extinctions , or were lost in other ways . Biochemists Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel laid special emphasis on this uncertainty : `` At the moment we have no means at all of knowing '' whether we are `` likely to be alone in the galaxy ( Universe ) '' or whether `` the galaxy may be pullulating with life of many different forms . '' As an alternative to abiogenesis on Earth , they proposed the hypothesis of directed panspermia , which states that Earth life began with `` microorganisms sent here deliberately by a technological society on another planet , by means of a special long - range unmanned spaceship '' . Fraction of the above that develops intelligent life , f ( edit ) This value remains particularly controversial . Those who favor a low value , such as the biologist Ernst Mayr , point out that of the billions of species that have existed on Earth , only one has become intelligent and from this , infer a tiny value for f . Likewise , the Rare Earth hypothesis , notwithstanding their low value for n above , also think a low value for f dominates the analysis . Those who favor higher values note the generally increasing complexity of life over time , concluding that the appearance of intelligence is almost inevitable , implying an f approaching 1 . Skeptics point out that the large spread of values in this factor and others make all estimates unreliable . ( See Criticism ) . In addition , while it appears that life developed soon after the formation of Earth , the Cambrian explosion , in which a large variety of multicellular life forms came into being , occurred a considerable amount of time after the formation of Earth , which suggests the possibility that special conditions were necessary . Some scenarios such as the snowball Earth or research into the extinction events have raised the possibility that life on Earth is relatively fragile . Research on any past life on Mars is relevant since a discovery that life did form on Mars but ceased to exist might raise our estimate of f but would indicate that in half the known cases , intelligent life did not develop . Estimates of f have been affected by discoveries that the Solar System 's orbit is circular in the galaxy , at such a distance that it remains out of the spiral arms for tens of millions of years ( evading radiation from novae ) . Also , Earth 's large moon may aid the evolution of life by stabilizing the planet 's axis of rotation . Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space , f ( edit ) For deliberate communication , the one example we have ( the Earth ) does not do much explicit communication , though there are some efforts covering only a tiny fraction of the stars that might look for our presence . ( See Arecibo message , for example ) . There is considerable speculation why an extraterrestrial civilization might exist but choose not to communicate . However , deliberate communication is not required , and calculations indicate that current or near - future Earth - level technology might well be detectable to civilizations not too much more advanced than our own . By this standard , the Earth is a communicating civilization . Another question is what percentage of civilizations in the galaxy are close enough for us to detect , assuming that they send out signals . For example , existing Earth radio telescopes could only detect Earth radio transmissions from roughly a light year away . Lifetime of such a civilization wherein it communicates its signals into space , L ( edit ) Michael Shermer estimated L as 420 years , based on the duration of sixty historical Earthly civilizations . Using 28 civilizations more recent than the Roman Empire , he calculates a figure of 304 years for `` modern '' civilizations . It could also be argued from Michael Shermer 's results that the fall of most of these civilizations was followed by later civilizations that carried on the technologies , so it is doubtful that they are separate civilizations in the context of the Drake equation . In the expanded version , including reappearance number , this lack of specificity in defining single civilizations does not matter for the end result , since such a civilization turnover could be described as an increase in the reappearance number rather than increase in L , stating that a civilization reappears in the form of the succeeding cultures . Furthermore , since none could communicate over interstellar space , the method of comparing with historical civilizations could be regarded as invalid . David Grinspoon has argued that once a civilization has developed enough , it might overcome all threats to its survival . It will then last for an indefinite period of time , making the value for L potentially billions of years . If this is the case , then he proposes that the Milky Way galaxy may have been steadily accumulating advanced civilizations since it formed . He proposes that the last factor L be replaced with f T , where f is the fraction of communicating civilizations become `` immortal '' ( in the sense that they simply do not die out ) , and T representing the length of time during which this process has been going on . This has the advantage that T would be a relatively easy to discover number , as it would simply be some fraction of the age of the universe . It has also been hypothesized that once a civilization has learned of a more advanced one , its longevity could increase because it can learn from the experiences of the other . The astronomer Carl Sagan speculated that all of the terms , except for the lifetime of a civilization , are relatively high and the determining factor in whether there are large or small numbers of civilizations in the universe is the civilization lifetime , or in other words , the ability of technological civilizations to avoid self - destruction . In Sagan 's case , the Drake equation was a strong motivating factor for his interest in environmental issues and his efforts to warn against the dangers of nuclear warfare . Range of results ( edit ) As many skeptics have pointed out , the Drake equation can give a very wide range of values , depending on the assumptions , and the values used in portions of the Drake equation are not well - established . In particular , the result can be N ≪ 1 , meaning we are likely alone in the galaxy , or N ≫ 1 , implying there are many civilizations we might contact . One of the few points of wide agreement is that the presence of humanity implies a probability of intelligence arising of greater than zero . As an example of a low estimate , combining NASA 's star formation rates , the rare Earth hypothesis value of f n f = 10 , Mayr 's view on intelligence arising , Drake 's view of communication , and Shermer 's estimate of lifetime : R = 1.5 -- 3 yr , f n f = 10 , f = 10 , f = 0.2 , and L = 304 years gives : N = 1.5 × 10 × 10 × 0.2 × 304 = 9.1 × 10 i.e. , suggesting that we are probably alone in this galaxy , and possibly in the observable universe . On the other hand , with larger values for each of the parameters above , values of N can be derived that are greater than 1 . The following higher values that have been proposed for each of the parameters : R = 1.5 -- 3 yr , f = 1 , n = 0.2 , f = 0.13 , f = 1 , f = 0.2 , and L = 10 years Use of these parameters gives : N = 3 × 1 × 0.2 × 0.13 × 1 × 0.2 × 10 = 15,600,000 Monte Carlo simulations of estimates of the Drake equation factors based on a stellar and planetary model of the Milky Way have resulted in the number of civilizations varying by a factor of 100 . Has intelligent life ever existed ? ( edit ) The Drake equation can be modified to determine just how unlikely intelligent life must be , to give the result that Earth has the only intelligent life that has ever arisen , either in our galaxy or the universe as a whole . This simplifies the calculation by removing the lifetime and communication constraints . Since star and planets counts are known , this leaves the only unknown as the odds that a habitable planet ever develops intelligent life . For Earth to have the only civilization that has ever occurred in the universe , then the odds of any habitable planet ever developing such a civilization must be less than 6976250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 . Similarly , for Earth to host the only civilization in our galaxy for all time , the odds of a habitable zone planet ever hosting intelligent life must be less than 6989170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 × 10 ( about 1 in 60 billion ) . The figure for the universe implies that it is highly unlikely that Earth hosts the only intelligent life that has ever occurred . The figure for our galaxy suggests that other civilizations may have occurred or will likely occur in our galaxy . Criticism ( edit ) Criticism of the Drake equation follows mostly from the observation that several terms in the equation are largely or entirely based on conjecture . Star formation rates are well - known , and the incidence of planets has a sound theoretical and observational basis , but the other terms in the equation become very speculative . The uncertainties revolve around our understanding of the evolution of life , intelligence , and civilization , not physics . No statistical estimates are possible for some of the parameters , where only one example is known . The net result is that the equation can not be used to draw firm conclusions of any kind , and the resulting margin of error is huge , far beyond what some consider acceptable or meaningful . One reply to such criticisms is that even though the Drake equation currently involves speculation about unmeasured parameters , it was intended as a way to stimulate dialogue on these topics . Then the focus becomes how to proceed experimentally . Indeed , Drake originally formulated the equation merely as an agenda for discussion at the Green Bank conference . Fermi paradox ( edit ) Main article : Fermi paradox The pessimists ' most telling argument in the SETI debate stems not from theory or conjecture but from an actual observation : the presumed lack of extraterrestrial contact . A civilization lasting for tens of millions of years might be able to travel anywhere in the galaxy , even at the slow speeds foreseeable with our own kind of technology . Furthermore , no confirmed signs of intelligence elsewhere have been recognized as such , either in our galaxy or in the observable universe of 2 trillion galaxies . According to this line of thinking , the tendency to fill up all available territory seems to be a universal trait of living things , so the Earth should have already been colonized , or at least visited , but no evidence of this exists . Hence Fermi 's question `` Where is everybody ? '' . A large number of explanations have been proposed to explain this lack of contact ; a book published in 2015 elaborated on 75 different explanations . In terms of the Drake Equation , the explanations can be divided into three classes : Few intelligent civilizations ever arise . This is an argument that at least one of the first few terms , R f n f f , has a low value . The most common suspect is f , but explanations such as the rare Earth hypothesis argue that n is the small term . Intelligent civilizations exist , but we see no evidence , meaning f is small . Typical arguments include that civilizations are too far apart , it is too expensive to spread throughout the galaxy , civilizations broadcast signals for only a brief period of time , it is dangerous to communicate , and many others . The lifetime of intelligent , communicative civilizations is short , meaning the value of L is small . Drake suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form , and he further speculated that the lack of evidence of such civilizations may be because technological civilizations tend to disappear rather quickly . Typical explanations include it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself , it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others , they tend to be destroyed by natural events , and others . These lines of reasoning lead to the Great Filter hypothesis , which states that since there are no observed extraterrestrial civilizations , despite the vast number of stars , then some step in the process must be acting as a filter to reduce the final value . According to this view , either it is very difficult for intelligent life to arise , or the lifetime of such civilizations , or the period of time they reveal their existence , must be relatively short . In fiction and popular culture ( edit ) The equation was cited by Gene Roddenberry as supporting the multiplicity of inhabited planets shown on Star Trek , the television series he created . However , Roddenberry did not have the equation with him , and he was forced to `` invent '' it for his original proposal . The invented equation created by Roddenberry is : F f 2 ( M g E ) − C 1 R i 1 ⋅ M = L / S o ( \ displaystyle Ff ^ ( 2 ) ( MgE ) - C ^ ( 1 ) Ri ^ ( 1 ) \ cdot M = L / So ) However , a number raised to the first power is merely the number itself . See also ( edit ) Astrobiology Fermi paradox Goldilocks principle Kardashev scale Planetary habitability Ufology Lincoln index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rendering of the equation here is slightly modified for clarity of presentation from the rendering in the cited source . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burchell , M.J. ( 2006 ) . `` W ( h ) ither the Drake equation ? '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 5 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 250 . Bibcode : 2006IJAsB ... 5 ... 243B . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550406003107 . Jump up ^ Glade , N. ; Ballet , P. ; Bastien , O. ( 2012 ) . `` A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 108 . arXiv : 1112.1506 . Bibcode : 2012IJAsB ... 11 ... 103G . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550411000413 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 3 -- Philosophy : `` Solving the Drake Equation '' . Ask Dr. SETI . SETI League . December 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Drake , N. ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` How my Dad 's Equation Sparked the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguirre , L. ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` The Drake Equation '' . Nova ScienceNow . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` What do we need to know about to discover life in space ? '' . SETI Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cocconi , G. ; Morisson , P. ( 1959 ) . `` Searching for Interstellar Communications '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 184 ( 4690 ) : 844 -- 846 . Bibcode : 1959Natur. 184 ... 844C . doi : 10.1038 / 184844a0 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Schilling , G. ; MacRobert , A.M. ( 2013 ) . `` The Chance of Finding Aliens '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ newspaper , staff ( 8 November 1959 ) . `` Life On Other Planets ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Drake Equation Revisited : Part I '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Sep 29 , 2003 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zaun , H. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Es war wie eine 180 - Grad - Wende von diesem peinlichen Geheimnis ! '' ( It was like a 180 degree turn from this embarrassing secret ) . Telepolis ( in German ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Equation Plaque '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Darling , D.J. `` Green Bank conference ( 1961 ) '' . The Encyclopedia of Science . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , D.S. ( 26 September 2001 ) . `` Beyond the Drake Equation '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Search For Life : The Drake Equation 2010 - Part 1 '' . BBC Four . 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ SETI : A celebration of the first 50 years . Keith Cooper . Astronomy Now . 2000 Jump up ^ Hetesi , Z. ; Regaly , Z. ( 2006 ) . `` A new interpretation of Drake - equation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society . 59 : 11 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2006JBIS ... 59 ... 11H . Jump up ^ Maccone , C. ( 2010 ) . `` The Statistical Drake Equation '' . Acta Astronautica. 67 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1366 -- 1383 . Bibcode : 2010AcAau ... 67.1366 M . doi : 10.1016 / j. actaastro. 2010.05. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Brin , G.D. ( 1983 ) . `` The Great Silence -- The Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 24 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 309 . Bibcode : 1983QJRAS ... 24 ... 283B . Jump up ^ Zaitsev , A. ( May 2005 ) . `` The Drake Equation : Adding a METI Factor '' . SETI League . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The World Sees Me as the One Who Will Find Another Earth ' - The star - crossed life of Sara Seager , an astrophysicist obsessed with discovering distant planets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Drake Equation Revisited : Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager Devin Powell , Astrobiology Magazine 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A New Equation Reveals Our Exact Odds of Finding Alien Life '' . io9 . Jump up ^ Drake , F. ; Sobel , D. ( 1992 ) . Is Anyone Out There ? The Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence . Delta . pp. 55 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31122 - 2 . Jump up ^ Glade , N. ; Ballet , P. ; Bastien , O. ( 2012 ) . `` A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 108 . arXiv : 1112.1506 . Bibcode : 2012IJAsB ... 11 ... 103G . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550411000413 . Note : This reference has a table of 1961 values , claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel , but these differ from the book . ^ Jump up to : Robitaille , Thomas P. ; Barbara A. Whitney ( 2010 ) . `` The present - day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer - detected young stellar objects '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 710 ( 1 ) : L11 . arXiv : 1001.3672 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 710L ... 11R . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 710 / 1 / L1 . Jump up ^ Wanjek , C. ( 2 Jul 2015 ) . `` The Drake Equation '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kennicutt , Robert C. ; Evans , Neal J. ( 22 September 2012 ) . `` Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50 ( 1 ) : 531 -- 608 . arXiv : 1204.3552 . Bibcode : 2012ARA&A ... 50 ... 531K . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - astro - 081811 - 125610 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , J. ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` Exoplanets are around every star , study suggests '' . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cassan , A. ; et al. ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations '' . Nature . 481 ( 7380 ) : 167 -- 169 . arXiv : 1202.0903 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 481 ... 167C . doi : 10.1038 / nature10684 . PMID 22237108 . Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( 4 November 2013 ) . `` Far - Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Petigura , Eric A. ; Howard , Andrew W. ; Marcy , Geoffrey W. ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Prevalence of Earth - size planets orbiting Sun - like stars '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 : 19273 -- 19278 . arXiv : 1311.6806 . Bibcode : 2013PNAS ... 11019273P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1319909110 . PMC 3845182 . PMID 24191033 . Jump up ^ Khan , Amina ( 4 November 2013 ) . `` Milky Way may host billions of Earth - size planets '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Govert Schilling ( November 2011 ) . `` The Chance of Finding Aliens : Reevaluating the Drake Equation '' . astro-tom.com . Jump up ^ Trimble , V. ( 1997 ) . `` Origin of the biologically important elements '' . Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 27 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 3 -- 21 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006561811750 . PMID 9150565 . Jump up ^ Lineweaver , C.H. ; Fenner , Y. ; Gibson , B.K. ( 2004 ) . `` The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way '' . Science . 303 ( 5654 ) : 59 -- 62 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0401024 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 303 ... 59L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1092322 . PMID 14704421 . Jump up ^ Dressing , C.D. ; Charbonneau , D. ( 2013 ) . `` The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 767 : 95 . arXiv : 1302.1647 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 767 ... 95D . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 767 / 1 / 95 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dwarf Stars Could Leave Habitable Earth - Like Planets Vulnerable to Radiation '' . SciTech Daily . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , René ; Barnes , Rory ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 8 ( S293 ) : 159 -- 164 . arXiv : 1210.5172 . Bibcode : 2014IAUS ... 293 ... 159H . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921313012738 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Peter D. ; Brownlee , Donald ( 2000 ) . Rare Earth : Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe . Copernicus Books ( Springer Verlag ) . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98701 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davies , P. ( 2007 ) . `` Are Aliens Among Us ? '' . Scientific American . 297 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 69 . Bibcode : 2007SciAm. 297f ... 62D . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1207 - 62 . Jump up ^ Crick , F.H.C. ; Orgel , L.E. ( 1973 ) . `` Directed Panspermia '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 19 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 346 . Bibcode : 1973Icar ... 19 ... 341C . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 73 ) 90110 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernst Mayr on SETI '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Rare Earth , p. xviii. : `` We believe that life in the form of microbes or their equivalents is very common in the universe , perhaps more common than even Drake or Sagan envisioned . However , complex life -- animals and higher plants -- is likely to be far more rare than commonly assumed . '' ^ Jump up to : Campbell , A. ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Review of Life 's Solution by Simon Conway Morris '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonner , J.T. ( 1988 ) . The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08494 - 7 . Jump up ^ Forgan , D. ; Elvis , M. ( 2011 ) . `` Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 313 . arXiv : 1103.5369 . Bibcode : 2011IJAsB ... 10 ... 307F . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550411000127 . Jump up ^ J. Tarter ( September 2001 ) . `` The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ) '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39 : 511 -- 548 . Bibcode : 2001ARA&A ... 39 ... 511T . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 39.1. 511 . ^ Jump up to : Shermer , M. ( August 2002 ) . `` Why ET Has n't Called '' . Scientific American : 21 . ^ Jump up to : Grinspoon , D. ( 2004 ) . Lonely Planets . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , D. ; Owen , T. ( 1992 ) . The Search for Life in the Universe ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . p. 415 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 16 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The value of N remains highly uncertain . Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation , there are still five remaining terms , each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000 . '' from Wilson , TL ( 2001 ) . `` The search for extraterrestrial intelligence '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group . 409 ( 6823 ) : 1110 -- 1114 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409.1110 W . doi : 10.1038 / 35059235 . , or more informally , `` The Drake Equation can have any value from `` billions and billions '' to zero `` , Michael Crichton , as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch ; et al. ( 2015 ) . The Drake Equation : Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 10 - 707365 - 4 . , pp. 13 Jump up ^ `` The Drake Equation '' . psu.edu . Jump up ^ Devin Powell , Astrobiology Magazine . `` The Drake Equation Revisited : Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager '' . Space.com . Jump up ^ Govert Schilling ; Alan M. MacRobert ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Chance of Finding Aliens '' . Sky & Telescope . Jump up ^ Dean , T. ( 10 August 2009 ) . `` A review of the Drake Equation '' . Cosmos Magazine . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Rare Earth , page 270 : `` When we take into account factors such as the abundance of planets and the location and lifetime of the habitable zone , the Drake Equation suggests that only between 1 % and 0.001 % of all stars might have planets with habitats similar to Earth . ( ... ) If microbial life forms readily , then millions to hundreds of millions of planets in the galaxy have the potential for developing advanced life . ( We expect that a much higher number will have microbial life . ) '' Jump up ^ von Bloh , W. ; Bounama , C. ; Cuntz , M. ; Franck , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581 '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 476 ( 3 ) : 1365 -- 1371 . arXiv : 0705.3758 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 476.1365 V . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20077939 . Jump up ^ Selsis , F. ; Kasting , J.F. ; Levrard , B. ; Paillet , J. ; Ribas , I. ; Delfosse , X . ( 2007 ) . `` Habitable planets around the star Gliese 581 ? '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 476 ( 3 ) : 1373 -- 1387 . arXiv : 0710.5294 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 476.1373 S . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20078091 . Jump up ^ Lineweaver , C.H. ; Davis , T.M. ( 2002 ) . `` Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe ? '' . Astrobiology. 2 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 304 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0205014 . Bibcode : 2002AsBio ... 2 ... 293L . doi : 10.1089 / 153110702762027871 . PMID 12530239 . Jump up ^ Forgan , D. ( 2009 ) . `` A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 131 . arXiv : 0810.2222 . Bibcode : 2009IJAsB ... 8 ... 121F . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550408004321 . Jump up ^ `` Are we alone ? Setting some limits to our uniqueness '' . phys.org. 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Are We Alone ? Galactic Civilization Challenge '' . PBS Space Time . 5 October 2016 . PBS Digital Studios . Jump up ^ Ellie Zolfagharifard ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` An advanced alien civilization DID exist before us : Scientists update prediction of alien life using latest Kepler exoplanet data '' . Daily Mail ( London ) . Jump up ^ Adam Frank ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Yes , There Have Been Aliens '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ A. Frank ; W.T. Sullivan III ; ( 22 April 2016 ) . `` A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe '' . Astrobiology ( published 13 May 2016 ) . 16 ( 5 ) : 359 -- 362 . arXiv : 1510.08837 . Bibcode : 2016AsBio ... 16 ... 359F . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2015.1418 . PMID 27105054 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Dvorsky , G. ( 31 May 2007 ) . `` The Drake Equation is obsolete '' . Sentient Developments . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tarter , J. ( May -- June 2006 ) . `` The Cosmic Haystack Is Large '' . Skeptical Inquirer. 30 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Alexander , A . `` The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence : A Short History - Part 7 : The Birth of the Drake Equation '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christopher J. Conselice ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 830 ( 2 ) : 83 . arXiv : 1607.03909 v2 . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 830 ... 83C . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 637X / 830 / 2 / 83 . Jump up ^ Fountain , Henry ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Two Trillion Galaxies , at the Very Least '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , E.M. ( 1 March 1985 ) . `` Where is everybody ? '' An account of Fermi 's question ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Bibcode : 1985STIN ... 8530988J . doi : 10.2172 / 5746675 . OSTI 5746675 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Krauthammer , C. ( 29 December 2011 ) . `` Are we alone in the Universe ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 2015 ) . If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY ? : Seventy - Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 3319132350 . Jump up ^ Hanson , R. ( 15 September 1998 ) . `` The Great Filter -- Are We Almost Past It ? '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Making of Star Trek by Stephen E. Whitfield and Gene Roddenberry , Ballantine Books , N.Y. , 1968 Further reading ( edit ) Morton , Oliver ( 2002 ) . `` A Mirror in the Sky '' . In Graham Formelo . It Must Be Beautiful . Granta Books . ISBN 1 - 86207 - 555 - 7 . Rood , Robert T. ; James S. Trefil ( 1981 ) . Are We Alone ? The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Civilizations . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0684178427 . Vakoch , Douglas A. ; Dowd , Matthew F. , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Drake Equation : Estimating the Prevalence of Extraterrestrial Life Through the Ages . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 10 - 707365 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up Drake equation in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Interactive Drake Equation Calculator `` Only a matter of time , says Frank Drake '' . A Q&A with Frank Drake in February 2010 . Frank Drake ( December 2004 ) . `` The E.T. Equation , Recalculated '' . Wired . Macromedia Flash page allowing the user to modify Drake 's values from PBS Nova The Drake Equation Astronomy Cast episode # 23 , includes full transcript . Animated simulation of the Drake equation . The Alien Equation 22 September 2010 , BBC Radio program Discovery . `` Reflections on the Equation '' ( PDF ) , by Frank Drake , 2013 Astrobiology Disciplines Astrochemistry Astrophysics Atmospheric sciences Biochemistry Evolutionary biology Exoplanetology Geomicrobiology Microbiology Paleontology Planetary science Main topics Allan Hills 84001 Biomolecule Biosignature Drake equation Earliest known life forms Earth analog Extraterrestrial life Extremophiles Hypothetical types of biochemistry List of microorganisms tested in outer space Molecules detected in outer space Ocean planet Origin of life Panspermia Planetary protection Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Yamato meteorite Planetary habitability Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of K - type main - sequence star systems Habitability of natural satellites Habitability of red dwarf systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog List of potentially habitable exoplanets Tholin Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Space missions Earth orbit BIO BIOCORE Biolab Bion BIOPAN Biosatellite program E-MIST ERA EXOSTACK EXPOSE O / OREOS OREOcube Tanpopo VEGGIE Mars missions Beagle 2 ExoMars ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Schiaparelli EDM lander Fobos - Grunt Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Phoenix Viking Planned BioSentinel Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoMars rover ExoMars 2020 surface platform Mars 2020 Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Proposed CAESAR Dragonfly Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder ‎ Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability Europa Lander ExoLance Explorer of Enceladus and Titan Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Mars sample return mission Oceanus THEO Cancelled and undeveloped Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection Icebreaker Life Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher MELOS Northern Light Red Dragon Terrestrial Planet Finder Institutions and programs Astrobiology Society of Britain Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Breakthrough Starshot Carl Sagan Institute European Astrobiology Network Association NASA Astrobiology Institute Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Ocean Worlds Exploration Program Category Portal Extraterrestrial life Events and objects ALH84001 Cells in the stratosphere CI1 fossils Murchison meteorite Nakhla meteorite Polonnaruwa meteorite Red rain in Kerala Shergotty meteorite Viking lander biological experiments Yamato 000593 Signals of interest CP 1919 ( misidentified pulsar ) CTA - 102 ( misidentified quasar ) Fast radio burst ( unknown origin ) Wow ! signal ( inconclusive ) KIC 8462852 ( unusual light fluctuations ) SHGb02 + 14a ( radio source ) HD 164595 signal ( unknown origin ) Life in the Universe Earliest known life forms Habitability of Enceladus Habitability of Europa Habitability of Mars Habitability of Titan Habitability of Venus Planetary habitability Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of orange dwarf systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Natural satellite habitability Planetary habitability Space missions Beagle 2 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection BioSentinel Curiosity Darwin Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoLance EXPOSE Foton - M3 Icebreaker Life Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Geyser Hopper Mars sample return mission Mars 2020 Northern Light Opportunity SpaceX Red Dragon Spirit Tanpopo Titan Mare Explorer Venus In Situ Explorer Viking 1 Viking 2 Interstellar communication Active SETI Allen Telescope Array Arecibo message Arecibo Observatory Berkeley SETI Research Center Bracewell probe Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Gauss 's Pythagorean right triangle proposal Lincos language NIROSETI Pioneer plaque Project Cyclops Project Ozma Project Phoenix SERENDIP Search for extraterrestrial intelligence SETI@home setiQuest Voyager Golden Record Water hole Xenolinguistics Exhibitions The Science of Aliens Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Aestivation hypothesis Aurelia and Blue Moon Cosmic pluralism Directed panspermia Drake equation Extraterrestrial hypothesis Fermi paradox Great Filter Hypothetical types of biochemistry Interplanetary contamination Kardashev scale Mediocrity principle Neocatastrophism Panspermia Planetarium hypothesis Rare Earth hypothesis Zoo hypothesis Related topics Astrobiology Astroecology Biosignature Brookings Report Planetary protection Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact Exotheology Extraterrestrials in fiction Extremophile Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Noogenesis San Marino Scale Technosignature UFO religion Xenoarchaeology Interstellar communications Programs Active SETI Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Search for extraterrestrial intelligence Messages List of interstellar radio messages A Message from Earth Across the Universe Arecibo message Bracewell probe Cosmic Call CosmicOS Hello from Earth Pioneer plaque Teen Age Message Voyager Golden Record People Frank Drake Ann Druyan Hans Freudenthal Nikolai Kardashev Jon Lomberg Carl Sagan Linda Salzman Sagan Iosif Shklovsky Aleksandr Leonidovich Zaitsev Other Alien language Astrobiology Drake equation Extraterrestrial life Lincos Fermi paradox Prix Guzman San Marino Scale Book Category Portal Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Category : Astrochemistry Portal : Astrobiology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drake_equation&oldid=857091946 '' Categories : Astrobiology Equations Interstellar messages Search for extraterrestrial intelligence Fermi paradox Scientific controversies Astronomical controversies Astronomical hypotheses 1961 introductions Eponymous scientific concepts Hidden categories : CS1 German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the drake equation is used to predict the number of	[ "The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy.[1][2]\n" ]	[ "active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy" ]
871080981151406021	Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)	Mac ( it 's always Sunny in Philadelphia ) - wikipedia Mac ( it 's always Sunny in Philadelphia ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia character First appearance `` The Gang Gets Racist '' Created by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Charlie Day Portrayed by Rob McElhenney Information Aliases Vic Vinegar . Ronnie the Rat Occupation Co-owner , bouncer , and sheriff of Paddy 's Pub , martial arts `` expert '' Family Luther McDonald ( father ; possibly deceased ) Mrs. McDonald ( mother ) Country Mac ( cousin ; deceased ) Brett ( cousin ) Poppins ( pet dog ) Frank Reynolds ( adopted father ) Religion Roman Catholic Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald is a fictional character on the FX series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Mac is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis Reynolds 's high school friend and later roommate . Contents 1 Character overview 2 Name 3 Description 3.1 Religion 3.2 Sexuality 4 Weight gain 5 References Character overview ( edit ) Mac is a co-owner of Paddy 's , the self - proclaimed `` Sheriff of Paddy 's '' , and is generally the pub 's most active manager . Mac is played by Rob McElhenney . Mac carols his signature line , `` What 's up , bitches ? '' , throughout the series . In many episodes , Mac will enter the bar announcing `` I 've got news '' , or a variation on that basic idea , to set the episode 's plot in motion . The others rarely share his enthusiasm , but he usually convinces one of them to follow him , though often reluctantly . Throughout the series , Mac flashes his signature `` puppy - dog look '' when he is ashamed or when he proposes something reprehensibly shameful . Name ( edit ) For the first six seasons Mac 's full name was kept anonymous as a running joke , though in the season four episode `` Mac & Charlie Die , '' Mac 's father 's name is listed as `` Luther Mac '' on his parole papers and his mother is referred to as Mrs. Mac . In the episode `` Who Got Dee Pregnant ? , '' one of the McPoyle brothers refers to Mac as `` Macwell . '' In the episode `` The Gang Cracks the Liberty Bell '' Mac , or at least Mac 's 18th Century counterpart , is called `` McDonald '' , suggesting that this is his surname . Mac 's full real name , Ronald McDonald , was n't revealed until the season seven episode `` The High School Reunion '' . Mac hates the name due to its connection with the spokesman of the popular fast food chain McDonald 's as well as his old nickname , `` Ronnie the Rat '' , which he obtained from ratting on fellow drug dealers in high school . Mac `` ratted '' on drug dealers so he could become the main drug dealer of the school . He prefers to be simply called `` Mac '' . Description ( edit ) Mac comes from a broken home ; his father has been incarcerated for dealing meth and his mother is extremely apathetic and unemotional . Mac and his mother also own a dog named Poppins , who despite being extremely old and prone to eating poisonous objects appears to be practically indestructible . He sees himself as a karate expert and total `` badass '' . Mac constantly seeks the acceptance of others , especially his parents , but his over-earnest efforts do not endear him to others . Earlier , under the impression that his father would possibly murder him after being paroled , Mac later receives a warm letter from his father , specifically requesting that Mac stay away from him . This letter is written as Mac 's father fears that Mac 's destructive tendencies could harm him . Dennis notes that the only reason Mac hung out with the popular kids in high school was because he sold them all weed and even then was considered an `` asshole . '' Though Dennis reigns supreme as selfish and arrogant , Mac has made his fair share of selfish , inconsiderate decisions and observations . Mac is considered by every member of The Gang to be a `` jerk '' and is nearly always the first to start betraying the others , though he does usually stick with Dennis , who is his best friend and has known him longer than anybody in The Gang other than Charlie . Like Dennis , Mac sees himself as superior to the rest of The Gang and often attempts to prove his supremacy . For instance , in an attempt to impress Charlie and Dennis , he makes a series of `` Project Badass '' videotapes that consist of various idiotic stunts set to music . He had a sexual relationship with a pre-op transgender woman named Carmen , for whom he claimed he was just `` putting in time '' as he waited for Carmen 's surgery . Mac sincerely believes that he is an adept martial artist with `` cat - like reflexes '' and usually wears sleeveless shirts to draw attention to his physique and exhibit his tribal tattoos . Despite his apparent fitness , Mac generally focuses his workout time on developing his , as Dennis called them , `` glamor muscles '' and is largely the weakest member in The Gang , behind everyone but Dennis . Despite his enthusiasm towards karate , he is shown to have no real skills in the sport . Religion ( edit ) A Catholic , Mac is the only member of The Gang to profess a religious faith . In `` The Gang Exploits a Miracle '' , Mac fears that the Lord will show his wrath if they continue to exploit a water stain in the bar that appears to depict the Virgin Mary . Throughout the series , Mac refuses to wear a condom during sex because , as he explains to Charlie , he went to Catholic school . Though Mac seems to care more about issues such as abortion , community activism , and parenting than the rest of The Gang , his views on such subjects are invariably twisted , ignorant , or prejudiced and his actions regarding them are always hypocritical and selfish . For instance , after pretending to be adamantly pro-life in order to attract a female activist , Mac later demands that she get an abortion when he thinks she has become pregnant by him . In another instance , Mac discovers that Carmen has married and had the operation to remove her penis . He then belittles Carmen and her husband by quoting the Bible to them and calling them gay ; however , he only reacts so because he expected Carmen to call him after the operation so they could date again . Mac constantly drinks alcohol , like the rest of The Gang , and abuses other substances , such as poppers and glue . In recent seasons , Mac has sometimes expressed Anti-Semitism , from his rant about Mark Zuckerberg and `` his Jews '' using Facebook and other social media to take over the world in `` The Anti-Social Network '' and , in `` The Gang Group Dates '' , telling a disgusted Frank and Charlie that he wants to make sure any women he might date are not Jewish . Sexuality ( edit ) While Mac has sexual exploits with various women , including two models in immediate succession ( `` America 's Next Top Paddy 's Billboard Model Contest '' ) , there have been throughout the series insinuations that Mac may be homosexual . This is manifested by his obsession with men 's physiques and his reactionary religious views on homosexuality . In the final scene of the season 4 episode `` Mac 's Banging the Waitress '' , Charlie says to Dennis , `` Do you still get the feeling he wants to bang us ? That 's what this is all about '' , after Mac tries to demonstrate how `` badass '' he is by falling from the roof onto a pile of mattresses . In the season 9 episode `` Mac Day '' , Charlie says , `` I know we 've never said this as a group , but Mac 's gay '' , to which the rest of The Gang readily agrees . In Season 10 , when Dennis is listing all of the delusions The Gang has about themselves , he tells Mac that `` you think that you 're tough , and that you 're straight . '' After a pause , Mac retorts `` I AM tough ! '' Further , in episode 6 of season 10 , `` The Gang Misses the Boat '' , Mac convinces The Gang that he is sleeping with an attractive woman ; however , they later discover that he merely paid her with angel dust to pretend they were together . She tells them that he `` could n't even get it up '' for her . In episode 9 of season 11 , Mac , while on a Christian cruise , discovers that two other male passengers are gay and sets out to `` convert '' them . The two , however , `` convert '' Mac within minutes . This supposed realization of his repressed homosexuality results in the end of his belief in God . After The Gang is informed by Mac of his new identity , they tell him they 've known since the first day they met him and proceed to move on with their self - involved lives . In the season 11 finale , Mac and the rest of The Gang are trapped inside the ship 's brig and Mac tries one last time to pray to God to save all of them from imminent death ( as the ship has presumably capsized and the room is filling with water ) . They are released in the nick of time . Mac later explains to The Gang and an insurance claim agent that God does exist and he , Mac , is indeed straight , because his prayer was answered and no loving God `` would make '' him gay . In episode 6 of season 12 , the gang uses Mac 's altered workout bike as evidence of his homosexuality during a legal arbitration . Mac is forced to admit his sexuality to win the dispute , but the gang expects him to return to the closet after the process is over . However , when given an opportunity to retract his admission , Mac finally decides to embrace his identity . Weight gain ( edit ) At the start of season 7 , Mac has gained at least 60 pounds of fat , which he saw as a step to developing muscle ( `` cultivating mass '' in his words ) to go from `` a tiny twink to ( a ) muscle - bound freak . '' In the episode `` How Mac Got Fat '' , he goes into greater detail about his intentions , explaining that earlier , the Gang had decided to replace themselves with avatars to run Paddy 's Pub so they could slack off . Mac 's avatar was a bodybuilder . When Dee points out that the avatar does n't look like him because he has more muscle , Mac starts gaining weight in an attempt to become the same size as the bodybuilder . Eventually the Gang drops the avatar plan and everything goes back to normal , but Mac is stuck with his dangerous weight gain . The rest of The Gang agrees he looks unhealthy -- Dennis is personally outraged by the sight of his gut -- but Mac is indifferent to their opinions despite developing diabetes as a result of his new eating habits . The weight gain was real . Rob McElhenney has stated in interviews that he wanted to make Mac fat as his own way of fighting the trend of actors on TV shows getting more attractive as a show gains success ( he specifically talked about The Big Bang Theory and how the nerdy lead characters were better - dressed and had trendier hairstyles as the show became a huge hit for CBS ) , and that it also made sense that Mac would be aging badly thanks to the reckless , selfish , and stupid lifestyle of which he and the rest of the characters are so proud. . To gain the weight for Season 7 in the healthiest way possible , McElhenney worked with a nutritionist recommended by professional baseball player Chase Utley ( who had played himself in the Season 6 episode `` The Gang Gets Stranded in the Woods '' ) . He ate an average of 5,000 calories a day during the weight gain , and lost the weight by returning to his normal eating and workout routines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Utley tip helped ' Sunny ' star pack on pounds '' . It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Notable episodes `` The Nightman Cometh '' `` Charlie Work '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_(It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia)&oldid=862212259 '' Categories : Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional American people of Irish descent Antisemitism Fictional bartenders Fictional characters from Philadelphia Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional gay males It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters Fictional LGBT characters in television Narcissism in fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 21 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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5267803885751586265	Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	Eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Eighteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVIII ) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production , transport , and sale of alcohol ( though not the consumption or private possession ) illegal . The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment , and defined which `` intoxicating liquors '' were prohibited , and which were excluded from prohibition ( e.g. , for medical and religious purposes ) . The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification , and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states . President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the bill , but the House of Representatives overrode the veto , and the Senate did so as well the next day . The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17 , 1920 , which was the earliest day allowed by the Eighteenth Amendment . The Amendment was in effect for the following 13 years . It was repealed in 1933 by ratification of the Twenty - First Amendment . The Twenty - first Amendment was ratified on December 5 , 1933 . It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment and to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 The Temperance Movement 4 Proposal and ratification 5 The Volstead Act 6 Positives and Negatives 7 Controversies 8 Calls for Repeal 9 Impact 10 Bootlegging and Organized Crime 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture , sale , or transportation of intoxicating liquors within , the importation thereof into , or the exportation thereof from the United States and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited . Section 2 . The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Section 3 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States , as provided in the Constitution , within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress . Background ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Main article : Prohibition in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment was the result of decades of effort by the temperance movement in the United States and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment . Starting in 1906 , the Anti-Saloon League ( ASL ) began leading a campaign to ban the sale of alcohol on a state level . They led speeches , advertisements , and public demonstrations , claiming that banning the sale of alcohol would get rid of poverty and social issues , such as immoral behavior and violence . It would also inspire new forms of sociability between men and women and they believed that families would be happier , fewer industrial mistakes would be made and overall , the world would be a better place . Other groups such as the Women 's Christian Temperance Union began as well trying to ban the sale , manufacturing , and distribution of alcoholic beverages . A well - known reformer during this time period was Carrie Amelia Moore Nation , whose violent actions ( such as vandalizing saloon property ) made her a household name across America . Many state legislatures had already enacted statewide prohibition prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment but did not ban the consumption of alcohol in most households . It took some states longer than others to ratify this amendment , especially northern states such as : New York , New Jersey , and Massachusetts . They violated the law by still allowing some wines and beers to be sold . By 1916 , 23 of 48 states had already passed laws against saloons , some even banning the manufacture of alcohol in the first place . The temperance movement ( edit ) The Temperance Movement , was dedicated to the complete abstinence of alcohol from public life . The movement began in the early 1800s within the church , and was very religiously motivated . The central areas the group was founded out of were in the Saratoga area of New York , as well as in Massachusetts . Churches were also highly influential in gaining new members and support , garnering 6,000 local societies in several different states . A group that was inspired by the movement was the Anti-Saloon league , who at the turn of the 20th century began heavily lobbying for prohibition in the United States . The group was founded in 1893 in the state of Ohio , gaining massive support from Evangelical Protestants , to becoming a national organization in 1895 . The group was successful in helping implement prohibition , through heavy lobbying and having a vast influence . The group following repeal of prohibition fell out of power and in 1950 merged with other groups forming the National Temperance League . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Amendment XVIII in the National Archives On August 1 , 1917 , the Senate passed a resolution containing the language of the amendment to be presented to the states for ratification . The vote was 65 to 20 , with the Democrats voting 36 in favor and 12 in opposition ; and the Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition . The House of Representatives passed a revised resolution on December 17 , 1917 . This was the first amendment to impose a date in which it had to be ratified in which if the deadline was not met , the amendment would be discarded . In the House , the vote was 282 to 128 , with the Democrats voting 141 in favor and 64 in opposition ; and the Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition . Four Independents in the House voted in favor and two Independents cast votes against the amendment . It was officially proposed by the Congress to the states when the Senate passed the resolution , by a vote of 47 to 8 , the next day , December 18 . The amendment and its enabling legislation did not ban the consumption of alcohol , but made it difficult to obtain alcoholic beverages legally , as it prohibited the sale , manufacturing and distribution of them in U.S. territory . Any one who got caught selling , manufacturing or distributing alcoholic beverages would be arrested . Because prohibition was already implemented by many states , it was quickly ratified into a law. The ratification of the Amendment was completed on January 16 , 1919 , when Nebraska became the 36th of the 48 states then in the Union to ratify it . On January 29 , acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk certified the ratification . The following states ratified the amendment : Mississippi ( January 7 , 1918 ) Virginia ( January 11 , 1918 ) Kentucky ( January 14 , 1918 ) North Dakota ( January 25 , 1918 ) South Carolina ( January 29 , 1918 ) Maryland ( February 13 , 1918 ) Montana ( February 19 , 1918 ) Texas ( March 4 , 1918 ) Delaware ( March 18 , 1918 ) South Dakota ( March 20 , 1918 ) Massachusetts ( April 2 , 1918 ) Arizona ( May 24 , 1918 ) Georgia ( June 26 , 1918 ) Louisiana ( August 3 , 1918 ) Florida ( November 27 , 1918 ) Michigan ( January 2 , 1919 ) Ohio ( January 7 , 1919 ) Oklahoma ( January 7 , 1919 ) Idaho ( January 8 , 1919 ) Maine ( January 8 , 1919 ) West Virginia ( January 9 , 1919 ) California ( January 13 , 1919 ) Tennessee ( January 13 , 1919 ) Washington ( January 13 , 1919 ) Arkansas ( January 14 , 1919 ) Illinois ( January 14 , 1919 ) Indiana ( January 14 , 1919 ) Kansas ( January 14 , 1919 ) Alabama ( January 15 , 1919 ) Colorado ( January 15 , 1919 ) Iowa ( January 15 , 1919 ) New Hampshire ( January 15 , 1919 ) Oregon ( January 15 , 1919 ) North Carolina ( January 16 , 1919 ) Utah ( January 16 , 1919 ) Nebraska ( January 16 , 1919 ) Missouri ( January 16 , 1919 ) Wyoming ( January 16 , 1919 ) Minnesota ( January 17 , 1919 ) Wisconsin ( January 17 , 1919 ) New Mexico ( January 20 , 1919 ) Nevada ( January 21 , 1919 ) New York ( January 29 , 1919 ) Vermont ( January 29 , 1919 ) Pennsylvania ( February 25 , 1919 ) New Jersey ( March 9 , 1922 ) The following states rejected the amendment : Connecticut Rhode Island Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol To define the language used in the Amendment , Congress enacted enabling legislation called the National Prohibition Act , better known as the Volstead Act , on October 28 , 1919 . President Woodrow Wilson vetoed that bill , but the House of Representatives immediately voted to override the veto and the Senate voted similarly the next day . The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17 , 1920 , which was the earliest date allowed by the 18th amendment . The Volstead Act ( edit ) The Volstead Act was passed by Congress as a means of overriding the veto of the 18th amendment put forth by President Woodrow Wilson . The act was conceived and introduced by Wayne Wheeler who was a leader of the Anti-Saloon League , a group which found alcohol responsible for almost all of society 's problems , and were also responsible for many campaigns against the sell of alcohol . The law was also heavily supported by Judiciary Chairman at the time , Andrew Volstead from Minnesota and was named in his honor . The act in its written form laid the ground work of prohibition , defining the procedures for banning the distribution of alcohol including their production and distribution . Volstead had once before introduced an early version of the law to congress . It was first brought to the floor on May 27th , 1919 meeting heavy resistance from Democrat senators , introducing instead what was called the `` wet law '' , which was an attempt to end the wartime prohibition laws put into affect much earlier . The debate of prohibition would continue to be fueled even longer in congress , for that entire the House would be divided among what would be known as the `` bone - drys and the `` wets '' . With Republicans in the majority of the House of Representatives , the act was passed July 22nd , 1919 with 287 in favor and 100 opposed . Unfortunately the act was in large part a failure , being unable to prevent mass distribution of alcoholic beverages and also inadvertently gave way to massive increase in organized crime . The act would go on to be the standard for enforcing prohibition , until the passing of the 21st amendment in 1933 effectively repealed it . Positives and negatives ( edit ) Positives : During the Prohibition era 's first years , amendment supporters were gratified by a decline in arrests for drunkenness , hospitalization for alcoholism , and instances of liver - related medical problems . These statistics seemed to validate their campaign and to suggest that America 's future might include happier families , fewer industrial accidents , and a superior moral tone . Most Americans greeted the end of the Prohibition era with relief . While the end of the conflict and lawlessness was a relief there was also a clear benefit that Americans could recognize . The legalization of alcohol meant that alcohol could be taxed by government ; the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression and state and federal governments needed revenue to create relief programs . Negatives : The rise of mass disobedience to prohibition laws took the amendment 's advocates by surprise . People who could afford the high price of smuggled liquor flocked to speakeasies and gin joints . These establishments could be quite glamorous . Whereas pre-Prohibition saloons had seldom welcomed women , the new world of nightclubs invited both the bob - haired `` flapper '' and her `` sheik '' to drink cocktails , smoke , and dance to jazz . Working - class consumption largely moved from saloons into the home . `` Bathtub gin '' and moonshine took the place of mass - produced liquor , and hosts might use additives to turn grape juice into wine for their guests . Americans who sought to remain in the liquor business found ways to re-distill the alcohol in perfume , paint , and carpentry supplies . They continued redistilling even after learning that many of these products contained poisons meant to deter such transformations Ultimately , only a small percentage of liquor distributors found themselves arrested . But even this limited number of accused -- there were approximately 65,000 federal criminal actions in the first two years of Prohibition -- was enough to cripple the justice system . Prisons grew crowded , and judges tried to incentivize quick `` guilty '' pleas by promising very small fines . And if a liquor seller did wind up on trial , juries filled with liquor drinkers were often reluctant to find the defendants guilty ; only about 60 percent of cases ended with a conviction . Controversies ( edit ) The proposed amendment was the first to contain a provision setting a deadline for its ratification. That clause of the amendment was challenged , with the case reaching the US Supreme Court . It upheld the constitutionality of such a deadline in Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) . The Supreme Court also upheld the ratification by the Ohio legislature in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , despite a petition requiring that the matter go to ballot . This was not the only controversy around the amendment . The phrase `` intoxicating liquor '' would not logically have included beer and wine , and their inclusion in the prohibition came as a surprise to the general public , as well as wine and beer makers . This controversy caused many Northern states to not abide by which caused some problems . The brewers were probably not the only Americans to be surprised at the severity of the regime thus created . Voters who considered their own drinking habits blameless , but who supported prohibition to discipline others , also received a rude shock . That shock came with the realization that federal prohibition went much farther in the direction of banning personal consumption than all local prohibition ordinances and many state prohibition statutes . National Prohibition turned out to be quite a different beast than its local and state cousins . Under Prohibition , the illegal manufacture and sale of liquor -- known as `` bootlegging '' -- occurred on a large scale across the United States . In urban areas , where the majority of the population opposed Prohibition , enforcement was generally much weaker than in rural areas and smaller towns . Perhaps the most dramatic consequence of Prohibition was the effect it had on organized crime in the United States : as the production and sale of alcohol went further underground , it began to be controlled by the Mafia and other gangs , who transformed themselves into sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade . When it came to its booming bootleg business , the Mafia became skilled at bribing police and politicians to look the other way . Chicago 's Al Capone emerged as the most notorious example of this phenomenon , earning an estimated $60 million annually from the bootlegging and speakeasy operations he controlled . In addition to bootlegging , gambling and prostitution reached new heights during the 1920s as well . A growing number of Americans came to blame Prohibition for this widespread moral decay and disorder -- despite the fact that the legislation had intended to do the opposite -- and to condemn it as a dangerous infringement on the freedom of the individual . In his important study both of the Eighteenth Amendment and its repeal , Daniel Okrent identifies the powerful political coalition that worked successfully in the two decades leading to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment : Five distinct , if occasionally overlapping , components made up this unspoken coalition : racists , progressives , suffragists , populists ( whose ranks included a small socialist auxiliary ) , and nativists . Adherents of each group may have been opposed to alcohol for its own sake , but used the Prohibition impulse to advance ideologies and causes that had little to do with it . Calls for repeal ( edit ) If public sentiment had turned against Prohibition by the late 1920s , the advent of the Great Depression only hastened its demise , as some argued that the ban on alcohol denied jobs to the unemployed and much - needed revenue to the government . The efforts of the nonpartisan group Americans Against Prohibition Association ( AAPA ) added to public disillusionment . In 1932 , the platform of Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt included a plank for repealing the 18th Amendment , and his victory that November marked a certain end to Prohibition . In February 1933 , Congress adopted a resolution proposing the 21st Amendment to the Constitution , which repealed both the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act . The resolution required state conventions , rather than the state legislatures , to approve the amendment , effectively reducing the process to a one - state , one - vote referendum rather than a popular vote contest . That December , Utah became the 36th state to ratify the amendment , achieving the necessary majority for repeal . A few states continued statewide prohibition after 1933 , but by 1966 all of them had abandoned it . Since then , liquor control in the United States has largely been determined at the local level . Impact ( edit ) Just after the Eighteenth Amendment 's adoption , there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among low - income groups . There were fewer hospitalizations for alcoholism and likewise fewer liver - related medical problems . However , consumption soon climbed as underworld entrepreneurs began producing `` rotgut '' alcohol which was full of dangerous diseases . With the rise of home distilled alcohol , many cases of careless distilling lead to the deaths of many citizens . During the ban upwards of 10,000 deaths can be attributed to wood alcohol ( methanol ) poisoning . Ultimately , during prohibition use and abuse of alcohol ended up higher than before it started . The greatest unintended consequence of Prohibition however , was the plainest to see . For over a decade , the law that was meant to foster temperance instead fostered intemperance and excess . The solution the United States had devised to address the problem of alcohol abuse had instead made the problem even worse . The statistics of the period are notoriously unreliable , but it is very clear that in many parts of the United States more people were drinking , and people were drinking more. < / ref > Though there were significant increases in crimes involved in the production and distribution of illegal alcohol , there was an initial reduction in overall crime , mainly in types of crimes associated with the effects of alcohol consumption such as public drunkenness . Those who continued to use alcohol , tended to turn to organized criminal syndicates . Law enforcement was n't strong enough to stop all liquor traffic ; however , they used a `` sting '' operations -- `` Prohibition agent Elliot Ness famously used wine - tapping to discern secret locations of breweries . '' The prisons became crowded which fewer arrests for the distribution of alcohol as well as those arrested being charged with small fines rather than prison time . The murder rate fell for two years , but then rose to record highs because this market became extremely attractive to criminal organizations , a trend that reversed the very year prohibition ended . Overall , crime rose 24 % , including increases in assault and battery , theft , and burglary . Anti-prohibition groups arose and worked to have the amendment repealed , once it became apparent that Prohibition was an unprecedented catastrophe . The Eighteenth Amendment failed because of its sudden , strict enforcement . It did n't allow the people to have a say or let them gradually ease into the complete ban of alcoholic beverages . Instead , the people rebelled and the introduction of speakeasies and `` flappers '' came about . The Twenty - first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5 , 1933 . Bootlegging and organized crime ( edit ) Following ratification in 1919 the effects of the amendment were long lasting leading to increases in crime in many large cities in the United States , like Chicago , New York , and Los Angeles ( 1 ) . Along with this came many separate forms of illegal alcohol distribution . Examples of this include speakeasies and bootlegging , as well as illegal distilling productions . Bootlegging got its start in border towns along Mexico and Canada , as well as in areas with several ports and harbors , a personal favorite distribution area for bootleggers being Atlantic City , New Jersey . The alcohol was often supplied from various foreign distributors ; like Cuba and the Bahamas , or even Newfoundland and islands under rule by the French . The government in response employed the Coast Guard to search and detain any ships transporting alcohol into the ports , but with this came several complications such as disputes over where jurisdiction lied on the water . This was what made Atlantic City such a hot spot for smuggling operations , because of a shipping point close to three miles off the shore that U.S. officials could not investigate on , further complicating enforcement of the amendment . What made matters even worse for the Coast Guard was that they were not well equipped enough to chase down bootlegging vessels . The Coast Guard however , was able to respond to these issues , and began searching vessels out at sea , instead of when they made port , and upgraded their own vehicles allowing for more efficient and consistent arrests . But even with the advancements in enforcing the amendment , there were still complications that plagued the governments efforts . One issue came in the form of forged prescriptions , on alcoholic beverages . Many forms of alcohol were being sold over the counter at the time , under the guise of them being for medical purposes . But in truth , these beverages had falsified any sort evidence that they were medically fit to be sold to consumers . Bootlegging itself was the leading factor that developed the organized crime - rings in big cities . Given that controlling and distributing of liquor was very difficult task to achieve . From that arose many profitable gangs that would control every aspect of the distributing process ; whether it be concealed brewing and storage , or even operating a speakeasy , or selling in restaurants and nightclubs run by a specific syndicate . With organized crime , becoming a rising problem in the United States , control for specific territories was a key objective among gangs , leading to many violent confrontations with murder rates and burglaries heavily increasing between 1920 and 1933 . Bootlegging was also found to be a gateway crime for many gangs who would then expand operations into crimes such as prostitution , gambling rackets , narcotics , loan - sharking , extortion and labor rackets thus causing problems to persist long after the amendment was repealed . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Effective January 28 , 1918 , the date on which the North Dakota ratification was approved by the state Governor . Jump up ^ Effective August 9 , 1918 , the date on which the Louisiana ratification was approved by the state Governor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution '' . National Constitution Center -- The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hamm , Richard F. ( 1995 ) . Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment : temperance reform , legal culture , and the polity , 1880 -- 1920 . UNC Press Books . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4493 - 9 . OCLC 246711905 . Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ `` temperance movement '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Saloon League '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 1050 Jump up ^ https://constitution.laws.com/american-history/constitution/constitutional-amendments/18th-amendment Jump up ^ David Pietrusza , 1920 : The Year of Six Presidents ( NY : Carroll & Graf , 2007 ) , 160 Jump up ^ `` Prohibition wins in Senate , 47 to 8 '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . December 19 , 1917 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://constitution.laws.com/american-history/constitution/constitutional-amendments/18th-amendment Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 1941 Jump up ^ The dates of proposal , ratifications and certification come from The Constitution Of The United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To July 1 , 2014 , United States Senate doc . no . 108 - 17 , at 35 n. 10 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Connecticut Balks at Prohibition , '' February 5 , 1919 , accessed July 27 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Henry S. ; Davis , Ethan ( 2009 ) . `` Stopping the Wind that Blows and the Rivers that Run : Connecticut and Rhode Island Reject the Prohibition Amendment '' . Quinnipiac Law Review . 27 : 327 , 328 . ( I ) t took until 1922 for the forty - sixth state , New Jersey , to ratify , and Connecticut and Rhode Island would never do so . -- via HeinOnline ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Rhode Island Defeats Prohibition , '' March 13 , 1918 , accessed July 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/woodrow-wilson Jump up ^ Smentkowski , Brian P. `` Eighteenth Amendment . '' Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica , inc. , 22 Aug. 2017 , www.britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment Jump up ^ `` The Volstead Act '' . History , Art & Archives , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Congress enforces prohibition . '' History.com , A&E Television Networks , www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-enforces-prohibition . Jump up ^ `` Prohibition and Its Effects The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . www.gilderlehrman.org. 2012 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://constiution.laws.com/american-history/constiution/constituional-amendments/18th-amendment Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ `` 18th and 21st Amendments - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution '' . National Constitution Center -- The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 18th and 21st Amendments - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ `` ^ '' . TIME . line feed character in title = at position 68 ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Blum , Deborah ( 18 February 2010 ) . The Poisoners Handbook . New York , New York : Penguin Books . p . Ch. 2 . Jump up ^ https://object.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa157.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://object.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa157.pdf -- Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 157 : Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure The homicide rate increased from 6 per 100,000 population in the pre-Prohibition period to nearly 10 per 100,000 in 1933 . That rising trend was reversed by the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 , and the rate continued to decline throughout the 1930s and early 1940s Jump up ^ Reason Magazine : Prohibition = Violence Jump up ^ Histeropedia - The Eighteenth Amendment 's Contribution to Increased Crime and Societal Disobedience in the 1920s ( Fall 2012 ) Rather than reducing the crime rates within the United States , prohibition resulted in an increased crime rate of 24 % including increased assault and battery by 13 % , homicide rates by 12.7 % , and burglaries and theft by 9 % . Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin ( December 5 , 1933 ) , Proclamation 2065 - Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment Jump up ^ `` Prohibition . '' Britannica Academic , Encyclopædia Britannica , 21 Aug. 2014 . academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Prohibition/610119 . Accessed 20 Nov. 2017 . Jump up ^ https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2012/01/17/prohibition-and-the-rise-of-the-american-gangster/ External links ( edit ) The Constitution Of The United States Of America : Analysis And Interpretation : Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 28 , 2002 , United States Senate doc . no . 108 - 17 . CRS Annotated Constitution : 18th Amendment United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia Anti-Saloon League Blaine Act Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Webb -- Kenyon Act Wickersham Commission Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Lyman Beecher Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Carrie Nation Eliot Ness Roy Olmstead The Purple Gang Lanzetta Brothers George Remus Arnold Rothstein Howard Hyde Russell Dutch Schultz Eliza Thompson Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Frances Willard Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) VIAF : 176305210 LCCN : n97009352 GND : 4489477 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=817435656 '' Categories : 1919 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Prohibition in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Prohibition 1919 in the United States 1919 in American politics Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : invisible characters Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lietuvių 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 10 : 29 . About Wikipedia	who is in charge of enforcing the 18th amendment	[ "The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal. The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which \"intoxicating liquors\" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition (e.g., for medical and religious purposes). The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the bill, but the House of Representatives overrode the veto, and the Senate did so as well the next day. The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17, 1920, which was the earliest day allowed by the Eighteenth Amendment." ]	[ "Volstead Act" ]
551969215481129881	United States twenty-dollar bill	United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx 1 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 37 ) , Andrew Jackson has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 , while the White House is featured on the reverse side . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . Approximately 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre-federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and of Pocahontas ' marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist : both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front design features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve bank note with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands , and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . Steven Mnuchin , the current U.S. Treasury Secretary , said that he will not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=801069796 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when are the new 20 dollar bills coming out	[ "On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[17] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[18]" ]	[ "by 2020" ]
-6641542032934942495	Mamma Mia! (film)	Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) Mamma Mia ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Phyllida Lloyd Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Catherine Johnson Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Meryl Streep Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Dominic Cooper Amanda Seyfried Christine Baranski Music by Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Relativity Media Littlestar Productions Playtone Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) ( Leicester Square ) July 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) July 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) ( Germany ) July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $615.7 million Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Mamma Mia ! The Movie ) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name , also written by Johnson , which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA , including the title song , with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson . The film features an ensemble cast , including Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Julie Walters , Dominic Cooper , Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski . The plot follows a young bride - to - be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding , each one with the possibility of being her father . The film was an international co-production between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and was co-produced by Relativity Media , Playtone and Littlestar Productions . Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos , Greece from August to September 2007 . The film was distributed by Universal Pictures . Mamma Mia ! held its world premiere on June 30 , 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4 , 2008 in Stockholm , Sweden , with Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance . The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom , on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the musical numbers and production values , but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers , in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård . Nonetheless , the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , was released on July 20 , 2018 , with much of the main cast returning . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father . Sophie 's mother Donna , who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel , is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates , wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham - Leigh , and reveals her bafflement at her daughter 's desire to get married . Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya . The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room . She does n't reveal that she believes one of them is her father , but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations . She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she `` so often '' favorably speaks . They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie 's secret . Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers , demanding they leave . She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie . Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders . Sophie finds the men aboard Bill 's yacht , and they sail around Kalokairi , telling stories of Donna 's carefree youth . Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy , but loses her nerve . Sky and Sophie sing to each other , but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party . At Sophie 's bachelorette party , Donna , Tanya , and Rosie perform . When Sam , Bill , and Harry arrive , Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone . While her girlfriends dance with the men , Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great - aunt Sofia . Sophie guesses she must be Sofia 's namesake . She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding . Sophie 's happiness is short - lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away . Sophie , overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three `` fathers '' , faints . In the morning , Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men . Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night , but Rosie interrupts them . Donna confronts Sophie , believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped . Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother 's mistakes . Sam accosts Donna , concerned about Sophie getting married so young . Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other . Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night . Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help . He reacts angrily to Sophie 's deception and she turns to her mother for support . As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding , their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie 's childhood . Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant . Sophie asks Donna to give her away . As the bridal party walks to the chapel , Sam intercepts Donna , who reveals the pain she felt over losing him . Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays . Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men . Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married , he did not go through with it , but returned to find Donna with another man . The men do not want paternity confirmed , each agreeing to be one - third of a father for Sophie . She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world . Sam proposes to Donna . She accepts and they are married . At the reception , Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill . The couples proclaim their love . Sophie and Sky sail away . Cast ( edit ) ABBA appeared together with the film 's cast in 2008 . ( Left to right : Benny Andersson , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Meryl Streep , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , Christine Baranski , Colin Firth , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Judy Craymer , Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper ) Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan , Sophie 's mother , owner of the hotel Villa Donna . Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 20 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's possible father and an architect . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee . Philip Michael as Pepper , Sky 's best man who likes Tanya ; a bartender Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros Ashley Lilley as Ali , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Rachel McDowall as Lisa , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Enzo Squillino as Gregoris , one of Donna 's employees . Niall Buggy as Father Alex , the wedding priest . Chris Jarvis as Eddie , a friend of Sky and Pepper . Cameo appearances and uncredited roles Benny Andersson as `` Dancing Queen '' piano player Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god Rita Wilson as Greek goddess Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 7 , 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally , respectively . The recording was produced by Benny Andersson . The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film , including a hidden track . The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25 , 2008 . `` I Have a Dream '' -- Sophie `` Honey , Honey '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Money , Money , Money '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Mamma Mia '' -- Donna `` Chiquitita '' -- Rosie , Tanya and Donna `` Dancing Queen '' -- Tanya , Rosie and Donna `` Our Last Summer '' -- Harry , Bill , Sam , Sophie and Donna `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' -- Sky and Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Voulez - Vous '' -- Donna , Sam , Tanya , Rosie , Harry , Bill , Sky , Ali , Lisa and Pepper `` The Name of the Game '' -- Sophie `` SOS '' -- Sam and Donna `` Does Your Mother Know '' -- Tanya and Pepper `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' -- Donna and Sophie `` The Winner Takes It All '' -- Donna `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' -- Sam and Donna `` When All Is Said and Done '' -- Sam and Donna `` Take a Chance on Me '' -- Rosie , Bill , Tanya , Pepper and Harry `` Waterloo '' -- Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry , Sky and Sophie `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie Featured in the film , but omitted from the soundtrack album . Included in the soundtrack album , but omitted from the film . Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track . Production ( edit ) The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia ! . Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos ( during August / September 2007 ) , and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece . On Skopelos , Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film 's main location site . The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach , but removed both set pieces after production wrapped . A complete set for Donna 's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there . Real trees were utilised for the set , watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing . The part of the film where Brosnan 's character , Sam , leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd 's Building on Lime Street in the City of London . He dashes down the escalators and through the porte - cochere , where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity . The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos The Fernando , Bill Anderson 's yacht ( actually a ketch ) in the film was the Tai - Mo - Shan built in 1934 by H.S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards . Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child , and as an adult , she previously sang in several films , including Postcards from the Edge , Silkwood , Death Becomes Her , and A Prairie Home Companion . She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia ! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001 , when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9 / 11 . Release ( edit ) Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere , most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere , where Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget , Stockholm , owned by Andersson , on July 4 , 2008 . It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986 . Home Media ( edit ) In November 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the fastest - selling DVD of all time in the UK , according to Official UK Charts Company figures . It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release , breaking the previous record ( held by Titanic ) by 560,000 copies . By the end of 2008 , the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK , with one in every four households owning a copy ( over 5 million copies sold ) . The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies . In the United States , the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release . By December 31 , 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the best - selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million , against a production budget of $52 million . It became the highest grossing live - action musical of all time , until it was surpassed by Bill Condon 's Beauty and the Beast in 2017 . It was also the highest - grossing movie directed by a woman , until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman in 2017 . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2008 internationally ( i.e. , outside North America ) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America ( the US and Canada ) with $144.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Mamma Mia ! has grossed £ 69.2 million as of January 23 , 2009 , and is the ninth highest - grossing film of all time at the UK box office . The film opened at # 1 in the U.K , taking £ 6.6 million on 496 screens . It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks , narrowly keeping Pixar 's WALL - E from reaching # 1 in its second week . When released on July 3 in Greece , the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the Greek box office . The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada , and $27.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office , behind The Dark Knight . At the time , it made Mamma Mia ! the record - holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical , surpassing Hairspray 's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods . Critical response ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan 's singing was heavily panned by critics On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like ' You Can Dance ' the whole 90 minutes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . BBC Radio 5 Live 's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film , despite describing the experience as ' the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke ' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative , giving it one star , and expressed a `` need to vomit '' . Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was `` so base , so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle , it 's amazing it was n't made for men '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together : `` Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame , but I have a sneaking suspicion I 'll go to see it again anyway . '' Angie Errigo of Empire said it was `` cute , clean , camp fun , full of sunshine and toe tappers . '' The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews . Variety stated that `` some stars , especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep , seem better suited for musical comedy than others , including Brosnan and Skarsgård . '' Brosnan , especially , was savaged by many critics : his singing was compared to `` a water buffalo '' ( New York Magazine ) , `` a donkey braying '' ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and `` a wounded raccoon '' ( The Miami Herald ) , and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he `` looks physically pained choking out the lyrics , as if he 's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera 's eye . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards February 15 , 2009 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director , Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17 , 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2009 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won Golden Reel Awards February 21 , 2009 Best Sound Editing -- Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis , Martin Lowe , Robert Houston Won Grammy Awards February 8 , 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards February 14 , 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won MTV Movie Awards May 31 , 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated National Movie Awards September 8 , 2008 Best Musical Mamma Mia ! Won Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated Colin Firth Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 7 , 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Cast Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Song from a Soundtrack `` Mamma Mia '' Won Rembrandt Awards March 9 , 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won Best International Actress Won Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won Satellite Awards December 14 , 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Because of the film 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , the co-chairman of Universal Studios , said that it would take a while , but there would be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . It was announced that Seyfried , Cooper , Streep , Firth and Brosnan would be returning . In July 2017 , Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! -- Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FLAMIN - Page not found '' . 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 45 ' Teak Ketch 1933 . Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole '' . Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole . Sandeman Yacht Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tai - Mo - Shan '' . Coburg Yacht Brokers website . Coburg Yacht Brokers . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep , speaking on ' Abba : The Mamma Mia Story ' , ITV Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ABBA återförenades på röda mattan ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' breaks U.K. DVD record '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` MAMMA MIA ! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nyheterna - tv4.se '' . nyheterna.se . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UK all time top grossing films '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Mia reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia '' . BBC Radio 5 live . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Mamma Mia ! Culture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIEBOB : Mama Mia '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Angie Errigo ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Review Movie '' . gb : Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight -- Mamma Mia ! -- The Exiles '' . Nymag.com . New York Magazine Movie Review . 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia , ' here we go again -- this time on screen '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene . `` Mamma Mia ! ( PG - 13 ) * * Â1⁄2 Singing ! And dancing ! Not much of a story ! Who cares ! ? ! MiamiHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Out of tune Reviews '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` ACE Eddie Noms Announced '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations in 2009 '' . Film Awards -- BAFTA. 2009 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Awards 2008 '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Empire Awards 2009 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` 29th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Annual Grammy Awards -- 2008 '' . grammy.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2009 IFTA Irish Film & Television Academy Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Veronica ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia wins at National Movie Awards '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Past Nominees & Winners : 2009 '' . PCAvote.com . Sycamore Productions . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ van Oosten , Jasper ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Oorlogswinter en Mamma Mia ! winnen Film1 Rembrandt Awards '' . Film1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners ; 2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . The International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver 's Lily James '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Louise FitzGerald , Melanie Williams : Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon . I.B. Tauris , 2013 , ISBN 9781848859425 External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! on IMDb Mamma Mia ! at AllMovie Mamma Mia ! at Box Office Mojo Mamma Mia ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mamma Mia ! at Metacritic ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_(film)&oldid=855683099 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films ABBA 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic musical films American films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films British films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films Greek - language films Films about weddings Films based on musicals Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in hotels Films set in Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in California Films shot in Greece Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Jukebox musical films Universal Pictures films Mamma Mia ! 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About Wikipedia	when does the film mama mia come out	[ "Mamma Mia!\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nPhyllida LloydProduced by\nJudy CraymerGary GoetzmanScreenplay by\nCatherine JohnsonBased on\nMamma Mia!by Catherine JohnsonStarring\nMeryl StreepPierce BrosnanColin FirthStellan SkarsgårdJulie WaltersDominic CooperAmanda SeyfriedChristine BaranskiMusic by\nBenny AnderssonBjörn UlvaeusCinematography\nHaris ZambarloukosEdited by\nLesley WalkerProductioncompany \nRelativity MediaLittlestar ProductionsPlaytoneDistributed by\nUniversal PicturesRelease date\nJune 30, 2008 (2008-06-30) (Leicester Square)\nJuly 10, 2008 (2008-07-10) (United Kingdom)\nJuly 17, 2008 (2008-07-17) (Germany)\nJuly 18, 2008 (2008-07-18) (United States)\n\nRunning time\n109 minutesCountry\n\nGermany\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States[1]\nLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$52 million[2]Box office\n$615.7 million[2]" ]	[ "July 18, 2008" ]
1549675392853076085	Trinity College Library	Trinity College Library - wikipedia Trinity College Library For the library of Trinity College , Cambridge , see Wren Library . The Library of Trinity College Dublin The Long Room in the Old Library Country Ireland Type Academic library Location College Street , Dublin 2 Coordinates 53 ° 20 ′ 38 '' N 6 ° 15 ′ 24.5 '' W / 53.34389 ° N 6.256806 ° W / 53.34389 ; - 6.256806 Collection Items collected Books , journals , newspapers , magazines , sound and music recordings , databases , maps , prints and manuscripts Size c. 6,000,000 volumes Criteria for collection Acquisition through purchase , bequest and legal deposit Legal deposit Republic of Ireland ( Copyright and Related Rights Act , 2000 ) and United Kingdom ( Legal Deposit Libraries Act , 2003 ) Access and use Access requirements Staff , graduates ( reading privileges only ) and students of the university . Other readers admitted under cross-institutional arrangements , or if material is unavailable elsewhere . Old Library and Library Gift Shop open to public Other information Director College Librarian and Archivist Helen Shenton Staff Around 180 Website http://www.tcd.ie/Library/ The Old Library Building Arnaldo Pomodoro 's Sfera con Sfera at The Berkeley Library The Library of Trinity College Dublin serves Trinity College and the University of Dublin . It is the largest library in Ireland and , as a legal deposit or `` copyright library '' , it has rights to receive material published in the Republic of Ireland free of charge ; it is also the only Irish library to hold such rights for the United Kingdom . The Library is the permanent home to the famous Book of Kells . Two of the four volumes are on public display , one opened to a major decorated page and the other to a typical page of text . The volumes and pages shown are regularly changed . Members of the University of Dublin also have access to the libraries of Tallaght Hospital and the Irish School of Ecumenics , Milltown . Contents 1 Constituent Library buildings 2 History 3 Legal deposit library status 4 The Long Room 4.1 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Constituent Library buildings ( edit ) The Library proper occupies several buildings , four of which are at the Trinity College campus itself , with another part of the Trinity Centre at St. James 's Hospital , Dublin : The original ( Old ) Library is Thomas Burgh 's masterpiece . A huge building , it originally towered over the university and city after its completion . Even today , surrounded by similarly scaled buildings , it is imposing and dominates the view of the university from Nassau Street . The Book of Kells is located in the Old Library , along with the Book of Durrow , the Book of Howth and other ancient texts . Also incorporating the Long Room , the Old Library is one of Ireland 's biggest tourist attractions , and holds thousands of rare , and in many cases very early , volumes . In the 18th century , the college received the Brian Boru harp , one of the three surviving medieval Gaelic harps , and a national symbol of Ireland , which is now housed in the Library . Housed within the Old Library are : Early Printed Books and Special Collections Manuscripts & Archives Research Library ( M&ARL ) The Berkeley / Lecky / Ussher ( BLU ) Arts Libraries complex , incorporating : The Berkeley Library , in Fellows Square The Lecky Library , attached to the Arts Building The Ussher Library , overlooking College Park The Glucksman Map Library The Preservation and Conservation Department The Hamilton Science and Engineering Library The 1937 Reading Room ( for graduate use ) The John Stearne Medical Library ( JSML ) , housed at St James 's Hospital Further materials are held in storage in Stacks , either in closed access within College or at a book depository in the Dublin suburb of Santry . History ( edit ) The Library began with the founding of Trinity College in 1592 . In 1661 , Henry Jones presented it with the Book of Kells , its most famous manuscript . James Ussher ( 1625 -- 56 ) , Archbishop of Armagh , whose most important works were `` Veterum Epistolarum Hibernicarum Sylloge '' ( 1632 ) and `` Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates '' ( 1639 ) , left his valuable library , comprising several thousand printed books and manuscripts , to the Library . His complete works were published by the Library in twenty - four volumes . In 1801 , the Library was given legal deposit rights , making it the only library in Ireland to have such rights for the United Kingdom at that time . Starting at 4 pm on Saturday 29 November 2009 , the Trinity Students ' Union organized a 24 - hour sit - in in protest at a reduced book - buying budget , lack of access to books on Sundays , and a proposed reduction of counter services . Legal deposit Library status ( edit ) According to the Republic of Ireland 's Copyright and Related Rights Act , 2000 , the Library is entitled , along with the National Library of Ireland and the libraries of the National University of Ireland , the University of Limerick , and Dublin City University , to receive a copy of all works published in the Republic of Ireland . Also , as a result of the British Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 , which continues a more ancient right dating from 1801 , the Library is entitled , along with the British Library , the Bodleian Library at Oxford , Cambridge University Library , the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Scotland , to receive a copy on request of all works published in the United Kingdom . The Long Room ( edit ) Detail of Long Room shelving Watercolour of Long Room before the roof was raised The 65 - metre - long ( 213 ft ) main chamber of the Old Library , the Long Room , was built between 1712 and 1732 and houses 200,000 of the Library 's oldest books . Initially The Long Room had a flat ceiling , shelving for books only on the lower level , and an open gallery . By the 1850s the room had to be expanded as the shelves were filled due to the fact that the Library had been given permission to obtain a free copy of every book that had been published in Ireland and Britain . In 1860 , The Long Room 's roof was raised to accommodate an upper gallery . The Long Room is lined with marble busts . The marble bust collection was formed when 14 busts from the famous sculptor Peter Scheemakers were acquired by the college . Many of the busts are of great philosophers , writers , and men who supported the college . The most outstanding bust in the collection is of the writer Jonathan Swift , created by Louis François Roubiliac . The Long Room also holds one of the last remaining copies of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic . This proclamation was read by Patrick Pearse near the General Post Office on 24 April 1916 . Visitors may also view the Trinity College harp ( also known as the `` Brian Boru harp '' ) in The Long Room that is the oldest of its kind in Ireland dating back to the 15th century . The harp is made out of oak and willow and includes 29 brass strings . In popular culture ( edit ) The Jedi archives of the Jedi Temple in the movie Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones bear a startling resemblance to the Long Room of the Trinity College Library . This resemblance resulted in controversy as permission had not been sought to use the building 's likeness in the film . However , Lucasfilm denied that the Long Room was the basis for the Jedi archives , and officials from Trinity College Library decided not to take any legal action . See also ( edit ) Category : Librarians of Trinity College , Dublin Books in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University and College Officers - University and Professors , Associate Professors , Lecturers and other Officers '' . College Calendar , Trinity College Dublin ( PDF ) . 2008 . p . B117 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Book of Kells - The Old Library & the Book of Kells Exhibition : Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Ireland '' . Tcd.ie. 2014 - 12 - 04 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Library '' . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity library occupied - Indymedia Ireland '' . Indymedia.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Long Room '' . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eoghan ( 29 September 2002 ) . `` Trinity to strike back at return of the Jedi '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jedi Archives Clones Long Room , Trinity Attacks '' . Archiseek . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Fox , Peter Treasures of the Library : Trinity College Dublin . Dublin : Royal Irish Academy , 1986 ISBN 978 - 0 - 901714 - 45 - 9 Fox , Peter `` The Librarians of Trinity College '' , in : Vincent Kinane , Anne Walsh , eds. , Essays on the History of Trinity College Library , Dublin . Dublin : Four Courts Press , 2000 ISBN 1 - 85182 - 467 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trinity College Library . Trinity College Library Dublin Search the Library 's catalogue The Library of Trinity College Dublin at Google Cultural Institute University of Dublin , Trinity College People Chancellor : Mary Robinson ( predecessors ) Provost : Patrick Prendergast ( predecessors ) People Professorships Scholars University and college Centre for Asian Studies Centre for Deaf Studies Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices Marino Institute of Education Oscar Wilde Centre School of Ecumenics School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity Business School Trinity Hall Trinity College Library Parliamentary representation Academic dress Student life Students ' Union Cumann Gaelach Historical Society Icarus Laurentian Society Philosophical Society The Piranha Q Soc Theological Society Trinity Hall Trinity News The University Times Vincent de Paul Society List of student organisations Trinitones Sport American football Association football Cricket Fencing Rugby union Rifle Rowing Men Women Competitions The Colours Match Categories Academics Alumni Buildings and structures Departments Teaching hospitals Library Sport Coordinates : 53 ° 20 ′ 38 '' N 6 ° 15 ′ 24.5 '' W / 53.34389 ° N 6.256806 ° W / 53.34389 ; - 6.256806 WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12233848b ( data ) GND : 84180 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 2150 4601 LCCN : n50027615 SUDOC : 031044336 VIAF : 261059942 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_College_Library&oldid=866213950 '' Categories : Academic libraries in Ireland Departments of the University of Dublin , Trinity College Buildings and structures of Trinity College , Dublin Trinity College Library , Dublin History of Dublin ( city ) Deposit libraries Libraries in Dublin ( city ) Trinity College , Dublin Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Slovenščina Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many books are in trinity college library	[ "The Library of Trinity College Dublin\nThe Long Room in the Old LibraryCountry\nIrelandType\nAcademic libraryLocation\nCollege Street, Dublin 2Coordinates\n53°20′38″N 6°15′24.5″W / 53.34389°N 6.256806°W / 53.34389; -6.256806CollectionItems collected\nBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, databases, maps, prints and manuscriptsSize\nc. 6,000,000 volumesCriteria for collection\nAcquisition through purchase, bequest and legal depositLegal deposit\nRepublic of Ireland (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000) and United Kingdom (Legal Deposit Libraries Act, 2003)Access and useAccess requirements\nStaff, graduates (reading privileges only) and students of the university. Other readers admitted under cross-institutional arrangements, or if material is unavailable elsewhere. Old Library and Library Gift Shop open to publicOther informationDirector\nCollege Librarian and Archivist Helen ShentonStaff\nAround 180[1]Website\nhttp://www.tcd.ie/Library/" ]	[ "6,000,000" ]
-940163626139129418	Abdominal examination	Abdominal examination - wikipedia Abdominal examination hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abdominal examination Medical diagnostics Abdominal examination ) ) The abdominal exam , in medicine , is performed as part of a physical examination , or when a patient presents with abdominal pain or a history that suggests an abdominal pathology Purpose as part of a comprehensive physical exam The abdominal exam has conventionally been split into different stages : Preparation / Positioning of the patient . Inspection of the patient and the visible characteristics of their abdomen . Auscultation of the abdomen with a stethoscope . Palpation of the patient 's abdomen and abdominal organs . Percussion of the patient 's abdomen . Special tests performed based on the need to inspect for signs of various abdominal diseases . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Positioning and environment 3 Inspection 4 Auscultation 5 Palpation 6 Percussion 7 Other and special maneuvers 8 References 9 External links Purpose ( edit ) According to Mosby 's , `` The abdominal exam is performed as part of the comprehensive physical examination or when a patient presents with signs of symptoms of an abdominal disease process . '' In other words , your doctor will often perform an abdominal exam as part of a routine examination . However , your doctor might perform additional tests if your doctor feels that you might have an abdominal disease . Positioning and environment ( edit ) A suggested position is for the patient to be supine ( on their back ) , with their arms to their sides . The patient should be placed in an environment with good lighting , and should be draped with towels or sheets to preserve privacy and warmth Although physicians have had concern that giving patients pain medications during acute abdominal pain may hinder diagnosis and treatment , separate systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Rational Clinical Examination refute this . Inspection ( edit ) The abdominal exam typically begins a visual examination of the abdomen . Some common things an examiner might look for are : masses scars lesions abdominal distension In addition , a doctor might look / check for specific signs of disease , such as : spider angiomata caput medusae ascites Auscultation ( edit ) Auscultation refers to the use of a stethoscope by the examiner to listen to sounds from the abdomen . This is a very subjective procedure . Unlike other physical exams , auscultation is performed prior to percussion or palpation , as both of these could alter the regularity of bowel sounds . Some controversy exists as to the length of time required to confirm or exclude bowel sounds , with suggested durations up to seven minutes . Bowel obstruction may present with grumbling bowel sounds or high - pitched noises . Healthy persons can have no bowel sounds for several minutes and intestinal contractions can be silent . Absence of sounds may be caused by peritonitis , paralytic ileus , bowel obstruction , intestinal ischemia or other causes . Some authors suggest that listening at a single location is enough as sounds can be transmitted throughout the abdomen . A prospective study published in 2014 where 41 physicians listened to the bowel sounds of 177 volunteers ( 19 of which had bowel obstructions and 15 with an ileus ) found that `` Auscultation of bowel sounds is not a useful clinical practice when differentiating patients with normal versus pathologic bowel sounds . The listener frequently arrives at an incorrect diagnosis . Agreement between raters was also low ( 54 % ) . '' . This article suggests focusing on other indicators ( flatus , pain , nausea ) instead . There is no research evidence that reliably corroborates the assumed association between bowel sounds and gastro - intestinal motility status . The examiner also typically listens to the two renal arteries for bruits by listening in each upper quadrant , adjacent to and above the umbilicus . Bruits heard in the epigastrium that are confined to systole are considered normal . Palpation ( edit ) A Bangladeshi doctor palpating the abdomen of a female patient . The examiner typically palpates all nine areas of the patient 's abdomen . This is typically performed twice , lightly and then deeply . On light palpation , the examiner tests for any palpable mass , rigidity , or pain . On deep palpation , the examiner is testing for and organomegaly , including enlargement of the liver and spleen . Reactions that may indicate pathology include : guarding , describing muscle contraction as pressure is applied . rigidity , indicating peritoneal inflammation . rebound , pain on release hernial orifices if positive cough impulses . Percussion ( edit ) The examiner , mindful of areas of discomfort , begins by palpating areas of no pain . Percussion is performed by knocking the middle finger against the phalanx of the middle finger of the opposing hand , which rests against the surface of the abdomen in each of the nine areas tested . Percussion can elicit a painful response in the patient , and may also reveal whether there is abnormal levels of fluid in the abdomen . Organomegaly may also be noted , including gross splenomegaly ( enlargement of the spleen ) , hepatomegaly ( enlargement of the liver ) , and urinary retention . The examiner , when percussing for organomegaly , percusses in a particular manner : percuss the liver from the right iliac region to right hypochondrium percuss for the spleen from the right iliac region to the right hypochondrium and the left iliac to the left hypochondrium . Examination of the spleen Castell 's sign or alternatively Traube 's space Other and special maneuvers ( edit ) Examination of pelvic lymph nodes Digital rectal exam -- Abdominal examination is not complete without a digital rectal exam . Pelvic examination only if clinically indicated . Special manevures may also be performed , to elicit signs of specific diseases . These include Gallbladder : Murphy 's sign Appendicitis or peritonitis : Psoas sign -- pain when tensing the psoas muscle Obturator sign -- pain when tensing the obturator muscle Rovsing 's sign -- pain in the right iliac fossa on palpation of the left side of the abdomen Carnett 's sign -- pain when tensing the abdominal wall muscles Patafio 's sign -- pain when the patient is asked to cough whilst tensing the psoas muscle Cough test -- pain when the patient is asked to cough Suspected Pyelonephritis : Murphy 's punch sign Hepatomegaly : Liver scratch test Ascites : bulging flanks , fluid wave test , shifting dullness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidel , Henry M. ; Ball , Jane W. ; Dains , Joyce E. ; Flynn , John A. ; Solomon , Barry S. ; Stewart , Rosalyn W. ( 2011 ) . Mosby 's Guide to Physical Examination ( 7th ed . ) . St. Louis , MO : Elsevier . pp. 492 -- 513 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 05570 - 3 . Jump up ^ Manterola C , Vial M , Moraga J , Astudillo P ( 2011 ) . Manterola C , ed . `` Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 1 ) : CD005660 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005660. pub3 . PMID 21249672 . Jump up ^ Ranji SR , Goldman LE , Simel DL , Shojania KG ( 2006 ) . `` Do opiates affect the clinical evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain ? '' . JAMA. 296 ( 14 ) : 1764 -- 74 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 296.14. 1764 . PMID 17032990 . ^ Jump up to : MD , Lynn B. Bates ' Guide to Physical Examination and History - Taking , 11th Edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 11 / 2012 . Jump up ^ McGee , S , Evidence - Based Physical Diagnosis , 3rd Edition . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier - Saunders ; 2012 Jump up ^ http://blogs.jwatch.org/frontlines-clinical-medicine/2017/03/01/listening-bowel-sounds-outdated-practice/ Jump up ^ Jarvis , C. ( 2008 ) . Physical Examination and Health Assessment . 5th edn . Saunders Elsevier , St Louis Jump up ^ Reuben , A. ( 2016 ) . Examination of the abdomen . Clinical Liver Disease , 7 ( 6 ) , 143 -- 150 . doi : 10.1002 / cld. 556 Jump up ^ Felder , S. , Margel , D. , Murrell , Z. , & Fleshner , P. ( 2014 ) . Usefulness of Bowel Sound Auscultation : A Prospective Evaluation . Journal of Surgical Education , 71 ( 5 ) , 768 -- 773 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsurg. 2014.02. 003 Jump up ^ Massey RL . Return of bowel sounds indicating an end of postoperative ileus : is it time to cease this long - standing nursing tradition ? Medsurg Nurs . 2012 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 150 External links ( edit ) Abdominal exam -- a practical guide to clinical medicine from the University of California , San Diego . hide Medical examination and history taking Medical history Chief complaint History of the present illness Systems review Nursing assessment Allergies Medications Past medical history Family history Social history Psychiatric history Progress notes Mnemonics SAMPLE OPQRST SOAP COASTMAP Physical examination General / IPPA Inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Vital signs Temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate HEENT Oral mucosa TM Eyes ( Ophthalmoscopy , Swinging - flashlight test ) Hearing ( Weber , Rinne ) Respiratory Respiratory sounds Cyanosis Clubbing Cardiovascular Precordial examination Peripheral vascular examination Heart sounds Other Jugular venous pressure Abdominojugular test Carotid bruit Ankle - brachial pressure index Abdominal Digestive Liver span Rectal Murphy 's sign Bowel sounds Urinary Murphy 's punch sign Extremities / Joint Back ( Straight leg raise ) Knee ( McMurray test ) Hip Wrist ( Tinel sign , Phalen maneuver ) Shoulder ( Adson 's sign ) GALS screen Neurological Mental state Mini -- mental state examination Cranial nerve examination Upper limb neurological examination Neonatal Apgar score Ballard Maturational Assessment Gynecological Well - woman examination Vaginal examination Breast examination Cervical motion tenderness Assessment and plan Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdominal_examination&oldid=856291465 '' Categories : Diagnostic gastroenterology Physical examination Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from February 2012 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from February 2012 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 05 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when should you examine the areas of pain when physically assessing the patients abdomen	[ "On light palpation, the examiner tests for any palpable mass, rigidity, or pain.\n" ]	[ "palpation" ]
777001177449349399	Agriculture in China	Agriculture in China - wikipedia Agriculture in China Jump to : navigation , search A farmer of the Hani minority , famous for their rice terraced mountains in Yuanyang County , Yunnan Woman tractor driver in China depicted in a 1964 poster . Agriculture is a vital industry in China , employing over 300 million farmers . China ranks first in worldwide farm output , primarily producing rice , wheat , potatoes , tomato , sorghum , peanuts , tea , millet , barley , cotton , oilseed and soybeans . Although accounting for only 10 percent of arable land worldwide , it produces food for 20 percent of the world 's population . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Farming method improvements 1.2 People 's Republic of China 2 Major agricultural products 2.1 Crop distribution 2.1. 1 Peri-urban agriculture 2.1. 2 Food crops 2.1. 3 Fiber crops 2.1. 4 Livestock 2.2 Fishing 3 Production 4 Challenges 4.1 Inefficiencies in the agricultural market 5 International trade 5.1 Governmental influence 5.2 Food safety 5.3 Organic food products 5.3. 1 Suppliers 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 Further reading History ( edit ) The development of farming over the course of China 's history has played a key role in supporting the growth of what is now the largest population in the world . Analysis of stone tools by Professor Liu Li and others has shown that the origins of Chinese agriculture is rooted in the pre-agricultural Paleolithic . During this time , hunter - gatherers harvested wild plants with the same tools that would later be used for millet and rice . Remains of domesticated millet have been found in northern China at Xinglonggou , Yuezhang , Dadiwan , Cishan , and several Peiligang sites . These sites cover a period over 6250 - 5050 BCE . The amount of domesticated millet eaten at these sites was proportionally quite low compared to other plants . At Xinglonggou , millet made up only 15 % of all plant remains around 6200 - 5400 BCE ; a ratio that changed to 99 % by 2050 - 1550 BCE . Experiments have shown that millet requires very little human intervention to grow , which means that obvious changes in the archaeological record that could demonstrate millet was being cultivated do not exist . Excavations at Kuahuqiao , the earliest known Neolithic site in eastern China , have documented rice cultivation 7,700 years ago . Approximately half of the plant remains belonged to domesticated japonica species , whilst the other half were wild types of rice . It is possible that the people at Kuahuqiao also cultivated the wild type . Finds at sites of the Hemudu Culture ( c. 5500 - 3300 BCE ) in Yuyao and Banpo near Xi'an include millet and spade - like tools made of stone and bone . Evidence of settled rice agriculture has been found at the Hemudu site of Tianluoshan ( 5000 - 4500 BCE ) , with rice becoming the backbone of the agricultural economy by the Majiabang culture in southern China . There is also a long tradition involving agriculture in Chinese mythology . In his book Permanent Agriculture : Farmers of Forty Centuries ( 1911 ) , Professor Franklin Hiram King described and extolled the values of the traditional farming practices of China . Farming method improvements ( edit ) Ploughing with a buffalo , Hubei Due to China 's status as a developing country and its severe shortage of arable land , farming in China has always been very labor - intensive . However , throughout its history , various methods have been developed or imported that enabled greater farming production and efficiency . They also utilized the seed drill to help improve on row farming . During the Spring and Autumn period ( 722 -- 481 BC ) , two revolutionary improvements in farming technology took place . One was the use of cast iron tools and beasts of burden to pull plows , and the other was the large - scale harnessing of rivers and development of water conservation projects . The engineer Sunshu Ao of the 6th century BC and Ximen Bao of the 5th century BC are two of the oldest hydraulic engineers from China , and their works were focused upon improving irrigation systems . These developments were widely spread during the ensuing Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) , culminating in the enormous Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System engineered by Li Bing by 256 BC for the State of Qin in ancient Sichuan . Ploughing with a motor plough , Yuxi , Yunnan For agricultural purposes the Chinese had invented the hydraulic - powered trip hammer by the 1st century BC , during the ancient Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - 220 AD ) . Although it found other purposes , its main function was to pound , decorticate , and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually . The Chinese also innovated the square - pallet chain pump by the 1st century AD , powered by a waterwheel or an oxen pulling on a system of mechanical wheels . Although the chain pump found use in public works of providing water for urban and palatial pipe systems , it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling irrigation canals and channels for farmland . During the Eastern Jin ( 317 -- 420 ) and the Northern and Southern Dynasties ( 420 -- 589 ) , the Silk Road and other international trade routes further spread farming technology throughout China . Political stability and a growing labor force led to economic growth , and people opened up large areas of wasteland and built irrigation works for expanded agricultural use . As land - use became more intensive and efficient , rice was grown twice a year and cattle began to be used for plowing and fertilization . By the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , China had become a unified feudal agricultural society . Improvements in farming machinery during this era included the moldboard plow and watermill . Later during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , cotton planting and weaving technology were extensively adopted and improved . While around 750 , 75 % of China 's population lived north of the river Yangtze , by 1250 , 75 % of the population lived south of the river . Such large - scale internal migration was possible due to the introduction of quick - ripening strains of rice from Vietnam suitable for multi-cropping . The Qing , Ming and Yuan dynasties had seen the rise of collective help organizations between farmers . In 1909 US Professor of Agriculture Franklin Hiram King made an extensive tour of China ( as well as Japan and briefly Korea ) and he described contemporary agricultural practices . He favourably described the farming of China as ' permanent agriculture ' and his book ' Farmers of Forty Centuries ' , published posthumously in 1911 , has become an agricultural classic and has been a favoured reference source for organic farming advocates . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the People 's Republic of China A harvest in China Following the Communist Party of China 's victory in the Chinese Civil War , control of the farmlands was taken away from landlords and redistributed to the 300 million peasant farmers . In 1952 , gradually consolidating its power following the civil war , the government began organizing the peasants into teams . Three years later , these teams were combined into producer cooperatives , enacting the Socialist goal of collective land ownership . In the following year , 1956 , the government formally took control of the land , further structuring the farmland into large government - operated collective farms . In the 1958 `` Great Leap Forward '' campaign initiated by Mao Zedong , land use was placed under closer government control in an effort to improve agricultural output . In particular , the Great sparrow campaign had a direct negative impact on agriculture . Collectives were organized into communes , private food production was banned , and collective eating was required . Greater emphasis was also put on industrialization instead of agriculture . The farming inefficiencies created by this campaign led to The Great Chinese Famine , resulting in the deaths of somewhere between the government estimate of 14 million to scholarly estimates of 20 to 43 million . Although private plots of land were re-instated in 1962 due to this failure , communes remained the dominant rural unit of economic organization during the Cultural Revolution , with Mao championing the `` Learn from Tachai '' campaign . Tachai 's semiliterate party secretary Chen Yonggui was among those outmaneuvered by Deng Xiaoping after the death of Mao : from 1982 -- 1985 , the Dazhai - style communes were gradually replaced by townships . Beginning in 1978 , as part of the Four Modernizations campaign , the Family Production Responsibility System was created , dismantling communes and giving agricultural production responsibility back to individual households . Households are now given crop quotas that they were required to provide to their collective unit in return for tools , draft animals , seeds , and other essentials . Households , which now lease land from their collectives , are free to use their farmland however they see fit as long as they meet these quotas . This freedom has given more power to individual families to meet their individual needs . In addition to these structural changes , the Chinese government also engages in irrigation projects ( such as the Three Gorges Dam ) , runs large state farms , and encourages mechanization and fertilizer use . By 1984 , when about 99 % of farm production teams had adopted the Family Production Responsibility System , the government began further economic reforms , aimed primarily at liberalizing agricultural pricing and marketing . In 1984 , the government replaced mandatory procurement with voluntary contracts between farmers and the government . Later , in 1993 , the government abolished the 40 - year - old grain rationing system , leading to more than 90 percent of all annual agricultural produce to be sold at market - determined prices . Lotus seeds and roots are a major crop in Hubei , Hunan , Fujian , and Jiangxi provinces Since 1994 , the government has instituted a number of policy changes aimed at limiting grain importation and increasing economic stability . Among these policy changes was the artificial increase of grain prices above market levels . This has led to increased grain production , while placing the heavy burden of maintaining these prices on the government . In 1995 , the `` Governor 's Grain Bag Responsibility System '' was instituted , holding provincial governors responsible for balancing grain supply and demand and stabilizing grain prices in their provinces . Later , in 1997 , the `` Four Separations and One Perfection '' program was implemented to relieve some of the monetary burdens placed on the government by its grain policy . As China continues to industrialize , vast swaths of agricultural land is being converted into industrial land . Farmers displaced by such urban expansion often become migrant labor for factories , but other farmers feel disenfranchised and cheated by the encroachment of industry and the growing disparity between urban and rural wealth and income . The most recent innovation in Chinese agriculture is a push into organic agriculture . This rapid embrace of organic farming simultaneously serves multiple purposes , including food safety , health benefits , export opportunities , and , by providing price premiums for the produce of rural communities , the adoption of organics can help stem the migration of rural workers to the cities . In the mid-1990s China became a net importer of grain , since its unsustainable practises of groundwater mining has effectively removed considerable land from productive agricultural use . Major agricultural products ( edit ) Crop distribution ( edit ) Agricultural regions of Mainland China in 1986 Although China 's agricultural output is the largest in the world , only about 15 % of its total land area can be cultivated . China 's arable land , which represents 10 % of the total arable land in the world , supports over 20 % of the world 's population . Of this approximately 1.4 million square kilometers of arable land , only about 1.2 % ( 116,580 square kilometers ) permanently supports crops and 525,800 square kilometers are irrigated . The land is divided into approximately 200 million households , with an average land allocation of just 0.65 hectares ( 1.6 acres ) . China 's limited space for farming has been a problem throughout its history , leading to chronic food shortage and famine . While the production efficiency of farmland has grown over time , efforts to expand to the west and the north have met with limited success , as such land is generally colder and drier than traditional farmlands to the east . Since the 1950s , farm space has also been pressured by the increasing land needs of industry and cities . Periurban agriculture ( edit ) Bok choy - like greens grown in a square outside of Ezhou railway stations Such increases in the sizes of cities , such as the administrative district of Beijing 's increase from 4,822 km2 in 1956 to 16,808 km2 in 1958 , has led to the increased adoption of peri-urban agriculture . Such `` suburban agriculture '' led to more than 70 % of non-staple food in Beijing , mainly consisting of vegetables and milk , to be produced by the city itself in the 1960s and 1970s . Recently , with relative food security in China , periurban agriculture has led to improvements in the quality of the food available , as opposed to quantity . One of the more recent experiments in urban agriculture is the Modern Agricultural Science Demonstration Park in Xiaotangshan . Food crops ( edit ) Ancient terraced rice fields in Yuanyang County , Yunnan Peanut harvest in Jiangxia , Hubei About 75 % of China 's cultivated area is used for food crops . Rice is China 's most important crop , raised on about 25 % of the cultivated area . The majority of rice is grown south of the Huai River , in the Zhu Jiang delta , and in the Yunnan , Guizhou , and Sichuan provinces . Wheat is the second most - prevalent grain crop , grown in most parts of the country but especially on the North China Plain , the Wei and Fen River valleys on the Loess plateau , and in Jiangsu , Hubei , and Sichuan provinces . Corn and millet are grown in north and northeast China , and oat is important in Inner Mongolia and Tibet . Other crops include sweet potatoes in the south , white potatoes in the north , and various other fruits and vegetables . Tropical fruits are grown on Hainan Island , apples and pears are grown in northern Liaoning and Shandong . Oil seeds are important in Chinese agriculture , supplying edible and industrial oils and forming a large share of agricultural exports . In North and Northeast China , Chinese soybeans are grown to be used in tofu and cooking oil . China is also a leading producer of peanuts , which are grown in Shandong and Hebei provinces . Other oilseed crops are sesame seeds , sunflower seeds , rapeseed , and the seeds of the tung tree . Citrus is a major cash crop in southern China , with production scattered along and south of the Yangtze River valley . Mandarins are the most popular citrus in China , with roughly double the output of oranges . Other important food crops for China include green and jasmine teas ( popular among the Chinese population ) , black tea ( as an export ) , sugarcane , and sugar beets . Tea plantations are located on the hillsides of the middle Yangtze Valley and in the southeast provinces of Fujian and Zhejiang . Sugarcane is grown in Guangdong and Sichuan , while sugar beets are raised in Heilongjiang province and on irrigated land in Inner Mongolia . Lotus is widely cultivated throughout southern China . Arabica coffee is grown in the southwestern province of Yunnan . Fiber crops ( edit ) Cotton growing in Yangxin County , Hubei China is the leading producer of cotton , which is grown throughout , but especially in the areas of the North China Plain , the Yangtze river delta , the middle Yangtze valley , and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region . Other fiber crops include ramie , flax , jute , and hemp . Sericulture , the practice of silkworm raising , is also practiced in central and southern China . Livestock ( edit ) China has a large livestock population , with pigs and fowls being the most common . China 's pig population and pork production mainly lie along the Yangtze River . In 2011 , Sichuan province had 51 million pigs ( 11 % of China 's total supply ) . In rural western China , sheep , goats , and camels are raised by nomadic herders . In Tibet , yaks are raised as a source of food , fuel , and shelter . Cattle , water buffalo , horses , mules , and donkeys are also raised in China , and dairy has recently been encouraged by the government , even though approximately 92.3 % of the adult population is affected by some level of lactose intolerance . As demand for gourmet foods grows , production of more exotic meats increases as well . Based on survey data from 684 Chinese turtle farms ( less than half of the all 1,499 officially registered turtle farms in the year of the survey , 2002 ) , they sold over 92,000 tons of turtles ( around 128 million animals ) per year ; this is thought to correspond to the industrial total of over 300 million turtles per year . Increased incomes and increased demand for meat , especially pork , has resulted in demand for improved breeds of livestock , breeding stock imported particularly from the United States . Some of these breeds are adapted to factory farming . Fishing ( edit ) Main articles : Fishing industry in China and Aquaculture in China China accounts for about one - third of the total fish production of the world . Aquaculture , the breeding of fish in ponds and lakes , accounts for more than half of its output . The principal aquaculture - producing regions are close to urban markets in the middle and lower Yangtze valley and the Zhu Jiang delta . Production ( edit ) In its first fifty years , the People 's Republic of China greatly increased agricultural production through organizational and technological improvements . Crop 1949 Output ( tons ) 1978 Output ( tons ) 1999 Output ( tons ) 1 . Grain 113,180,000 304,770,000 508,390,000 2 . Cotton 444,000 2,167,000 3,831,000 3 . Oil - bearing crops 2,564,000 5,218,000 26,012,000 4 . Sugarcane 2,642,000 21,116,000 74,700,000 5 . Sugarbeet 191,000 2,702,000 8,640,000 6 . Flue - cured tobacco 43,000 1,052,000 2,185,000 7 . Tea 41,000 268,000 676,000 8 . Fruit 1,200,000 6,570,000 62,376,000 9 . Meat 2,200,000 8,563,000 59,609,000 10 . Aquatic products 450,000 4,660,000 41,220,000 However , since 2000 the depletion of China 's main aquifers has led to an overall decrease in grain production , turning China into a net importer . The trend of Chinese dependence on imported food is expected to accelerate as the water shortage worsens . Despite their potential , desalination plants find few customers because it is still cheaper to over-utilize rivers , lakes and aquifers , even as these are depleted . Today , China is both the world 's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products . However , the researcher Lin Erda has stated a projected fall of possibly 14 % to 23 % by 2050 due to water shortages and other impacts by climate change ; China has increased the budget for agriculture by 20 % in 2009 , and continues to support energy efficiency measures , renewable technology , and other efforts with investments , such as the over 30 % green component of the $586 bn fiscal stimulus package announced in November 2008 . Challenges ( edit ) Strawberry fields in Yuxi , Yunnan Inefficiencies in the agricultural market ( edit ) Despite rapid growth of in output , the Chinese agricultural sector still faces several challenges . Farmers in several provinces , such as Shandong , Zhejiang , Anhui , Liaoning , and Xinjiang often have a hard time selling their agricultural products to customers due to a lack of information about current conditions . Between the producing farmer in the countryside and the end - consumer in the cities there is a chain of intermediaries . Because a lack of information flows through them , farmers find it difficult to foresee the demand for different types of fruits and vegetables . In order to maximize their profits they , therefore , opt to produce those fruits and vegetables that created the highest revenues for farmers in the region in the previous year . If , however , most farmers do so , this causes the supply of fresh products to fluctuate substantially year on year . Relatively scarce products in one year are produced in excess the following year because like of expected higher profit margins . The resulting excess supply , however , forces farmers to reduce their prices and sell at a loss . The scarce , revenue creating products of one year become the over-abundant , loss - making products in the following , and vice versa . Efficiency is further impaired in the transportation of agricultural products from the farms to the actual markets . According to figures from the Commerce Department , up to 25 % of fruits and vegetables rot before being sold , compared to around 5 % in a typical developed country . As intermediaries can not sell these rotten fruits they pay farmers less than they would if able to sell all or most of the fruits and vegetables . This reduces farmer 's revenues although the problem is caused by post-production inefficiencies , which they are not themselves aware of during price negotiations with intermediaries . These information and transportation problems highlight inefficiencies in the market mechanisms between farmers and end consumers , impeding farmers from taking advantage of the fast development of the rest of the Chinese economy . The resulting small profit margin does not allow them to invest in the necessary agricultural inputs ( machinery , seeds , fertilizers , etc . ) to raise productivity and improve their standards of living , from which the whole of the Chinese economy would benefit . This in turn increases the exodus of people from the countryside to the cities , which already face urbanization issues . International trade ( edit ) Tea leaves harvested in Muyu , Shennongjia Forest District , Hubei China is the world 's largest importer of soybeans and other food crops , and is expected to become the top importer of farm products within the next decade . In 2017 , farmers in the providence of Donggaozhuang began selling yarn in an online marketplace owned by Alibaba Group . Many farmers later sold their farmland to focus on online sales as the access to global consumers yielded much more income then traditional farming . While most years China 's agricultural production is sufficient to feed the country , in down years , China has to import grain . Due to the shortage of available farm land and an abundance of labor , it might make more sense to import land - extensive crops ( such as wheat and rice ) and to save China 's scarce cropland for high - value export products , such as fruits , nuts , or vegetables . In order to maintain grain independence and ensure food security , however , the Chinese government has enforced policies that encourage grain production at the expense of more - profitable crops . Despite heavy restrictions on crop production , China 's agricultural exports have greatly increased in recent years . Governmental influence ( edit ) One important motivator of increased international trade was China 's inclusion in the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) on December 11 , 2001 , leading to reduced or eliminated tariffs on much of China 's agricultural exports . Due to the resulting opening of international markets to Chinese agriculture , by 2004 the value of China 's agricultural exports exceeded $17.3 billion ( US ) . Since China 's inclusion in the WTO , its agricultural trade has not been liberalized to the same extent as its manufactured goods trade . Markets within China are still relatively closed - off to foreign companies . Due to its large and growing population , it is speculated that if its agricultural markets were opened , China would become a consistent net importer of food , possibly destabilizing the world food market . The barriers enforced by the Chinese government on grains are not transparent because China 's state trading in grains is conducted through its Cereal , Oil , and Foodstuffs Importing and Exporting Corporation ( COFCO ) . Food safety ( edit ) Main article : Food safety in the People 's Republic of China As a developing nation , China has relatively low sanitary and phytosanitary ( SPS ) standards for its agricultural goods . Corruption in the government , such as the bribery of the former head of the State Food and Drug Administration Zheng Xiaoyu , has also complicated China 's regulation difficulties . Excessive pesticide residues , low food hygiene , unsafe additives , contamination with heavy metals and other contaminants , and misuse of veterinary drugs have all led to trade restrictions with developed nations such as Japan , the United States , and the European Union . These problems have also led to public outcry , such as in the melamine - tainted dog food scare and the carcinogenic - tainted seafood import restriction , leading to measures such as the `` China - free '' label . About one tenth of China 's farmland is contaminated with heavy metals , according to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People 's Republic of China . Organic food products ( edit ) Suppliers ( edit ) Main article : China Green Food Development Center China has developed a Green Food program where produce is certified for low pesticide input . This has been articulated into Green food Grade A and Grade AA . This Green Food AA standard has been aligned with IFOAM international standards for organic farming and has formed the basis of the rapid expansion of organic agriculture in China . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal China portal History of China History of agriculture China Green Food Development Center Peak water # China Wang Zhen ( official ) Franklin Hiram King Farmers of Forty Centuries Land use in the People 's Republic of China Aquaculture in China Women in agriculture in China References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Communiqué on Major Data of the Second National Agricultural Census of China ( No. 1 ) National Bureau of Statistics of China , 2008 . Copy on Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Liu , Li ; Bestel , Sheahan ; Shi , Jinming ; Song , Yanhua ; Chen , Xingcan ( 2013 ) . `` Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China '' . PNAS. 110 ( 14 ) : 5380 -- 5385 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1217864110 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Liu , Li ; Chen , Xingcan ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Domestication of Plants and Anfimals '' . The Archaeology of China : From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64432 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zhao 赵 , Zhijun 志军 ( 2004 ) . `` 从兴隆沟遗址浮选结果谈中国北方旱作农业起源问题 '' ( Discussion of the origin of dry farming using the results of flotation at Xinglonggou ) . In Nanjing Shifan Daxue Wenboxi 南京师范大学文博系 . 东亚考古 ( East Asian Archaeology ) . Wenwu Chubanshe . pp. 188 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Zong , Y ; When , Z ; Innes , JB ; Chen , C ; Wang , Z ; Wang , H ( 2007 ) . `` Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China '' . Nature . 449 ( 7161 ) : 459 -- 62 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06135 . PMID 17898767 . Jump up ^ Liu , Li ; Chen , Xingcan ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic ( 5000 - 3000 BC ) '' . The Archaeology of China : From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64432 - 7 . Jump up ^ Paull , John ( 2011 ) `` The making of an agricultural classic : Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China , Korea and Japan , 1911 -- 2011 '' Agricultural Sciences , 2 ( 3 ) , 175 -- 180 Jump up ^ Needham , Pt. 3 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Needham , Pt. 2 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Needham , Pt. 2 , pp. 89 , 110 . Jump up ^ Needham , Pt. 2 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Needham , Pt. 2 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Development Centre ( 21 September 2006 ) . The world economy . Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . pp. 20 -- . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 02261 - 4 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Community Development in Historical Perspectives : Tianjin from the Qing to the People 's Republic of China . ProQuest. 2008 . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 67543 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Dragon and the Elephant : Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India Edited by Ashok Gulati and Shenggen Fan ( 2007 ) , Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 367 Jump up ^ Peng Xizhe ( 彭希哲 ) , `` Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China 's Provinces , '' Population and Development Review 13 , no . 4 ( 1987 ) , 639 -- 70 . For a summary of other estimates , please refer to this link Jump up ^ OECD Review of Agricultural Policies -- China . Oecd.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Critical Choices for China 's Agricultural Policy . Ifpri.org ( 2002 - 12 - 20 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Louisa Lim The End of Agriculture in China . NPR.org . May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Paull , J. , China 's Organic Revolution , Journal of Organic Systems , 2 ( 1 ) 1 -- 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ China : Geography . Mongabay.com ( 2006 - 10 - 24 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jianming , Cai ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Periurban Agriculture Development in China '' ( PDF ) . Urban Agriculture Magazine . 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Puette , Loren . `` ChinaAg : Citrus Production '' . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Guo H.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Cultivation of lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn . ssp . nucifera ) and its utilization in China '' . Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 56 ( 3 ) : 323 . doi : 10.1007 / s10722 - 008 - 9366 - 2 . Jump up ^ Huang Hongwen ( 1987 ) . `` Lotus of China '' . Auburn University Lotus Project . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Terazono , Emiko ( 3 November 2014 ) `` Chinese coffee trade full of beans '' , The Financial Times , page 17 , Companies and markets , a similar article is available on the Internet with a subscription at ( 1 ) , Accessed 7 November 2014 Jump up ^ Puette , Loren . `` ChinaAg : Livestock ( including Milk & Honey ) '' . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ 13 - 20 Number of Livestock . stats.gov.cn Jump up ^ Shi , Haitao ; Parham , James F ; Fan , Zhiyong ; Hong , Meiling ; Yin , Feng ( 2008 ) . `` Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China '' . Oryx. 42 : 147 -- 150 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605308000562 . Jump up ^ `` From the U.S. , a Future Supply of Livestock for China '' . The New York Times . Reuters. April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beijing Official Website International Archived 2011 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Ebeijing.gov.cn . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Aquifer depletion . Eoearth.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan `` Can the sea solve China 's water crisis ? '' guardian.co.uk , 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ ITC Report : China 's Agricultural Trade : Competitive Conditions and Effects on U.S. Exports ; March 22 , 2011 . Usitc.gov ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ China Archived 2011 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... thehandthatfeedsus.org Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan . `` China to plough extra 20 % into agricultural production amid fears that climate change will spark food crisis . '' Guardian News , 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : 蔬菜流通环节将免征增值税. 2011 - 12 - 28 Jump up ^ 追踪菜市 `` 跷跷板 '' : 缘何 `` 卖菜难、买菜贵 '' `` + pindao + '' _ 中国网络电视台 . Nongjiale.cntv.cn ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( Commentary : crack agricultural products `` difficulty in selling '' buy expensive `` ills Inside China ) . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( Comments : The key to eradicate the problem of poor sales of agricultural products and farmers by government - Finance News ) . Agile-news.com ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ China Drives Global Soybean Demand Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` China to become world 's top farm products importer : researcher . '' Reuters , 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese farmers become millionaires selling yarn online '' BetterTopic , 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Argument -- Trends in Agricultural Policy . International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis . Jump up ^ Colin A. Carter and Xianghong Li Economic Reform and the Changing : Pattern of China 's Agricultural Trade . Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics , University of California Davis ( July 1999 ) Jump up ^ Bristow , Michael . ( 2007 - 07 - 10 ) BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fengxia Dong and Helen H. Jensen Choices Article -- Challenges for China 's Agricultural Exports : Compliance with Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures . Choices Magazine . 1st Quarter 2007 , Vol. 22 ( 1 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The new ' China - free ' label '' . Chicago Tribune . 2007 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy metals pollute a tenth of China 's farmland - report . '' Reuters , 6 November 2011 . Sources ( edit ) Books Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 3 , Civil Engineering and Nautics . Taipei : Caves Books Ltd . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in China . The Dragon and the Elephant : Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India Edited by Ashok Gulati and Shenggen Fan ( 2007 ) , Johns Hopkins University Press Hsu , Cho - yun . Han Agriculture ( Washington U. Press , 1980 ) Official Statistics from FAO Farmers , Mao , and Discontent in China : From the Great Leap Forward to the Present by Dongping Han , Monthly Review , November 2009 The First National Agricultural Census in China ( 1997 ) National Bureau of Statistics of China Gale , Fred . ( 2013 ) . Growth and Evolution in China 's Agricultural Support Policies . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Economic Research Service . Communiqués on Major Data of the Second National Agricultural Census of China ( 2006 ) , No. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 National Bureau of Statistics of China . Copies on Internet Archive . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of these martial arts has been used in china for nearly 1 000 years	[]	[]
-1104722885143365812	Light as a feather, stiff as a board	Light as a feather , stiff as a board - wikipedia Light as a feather , stiff as a board Jump to : navigation , search Light as a feather , stiff as a board , sometimes known as pig in a blanket , stiff as a board , is a game played by children at slumber parties . The phrase has also become established in popular culture as a reference to a levitation trick , and has been referred to in various media accounts . In performing magic this effect is known as abnormal lift . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Explanations of the trick 3 History 4 Footnotes 5 Sources Description ( edit ) One participant lies flat on the floor , and then the others space themselves around him or her , each placing one or two fingertips underneath the participant 's limbs . The person closest to the head commonly begins by saying , `` She 's looking ill , '' which is repeated several times , and followed by , `` she 's looking worse , '' which is also repeated several times . The general direction of the call - and - repeat describes how the prone person is looking worse and worse , followed by saying `` she is dying , '' and , finally , `` she is dead '' . Variations of the spoken part of the game occur -- In a common , modern version , the person being lifted is told a story about his / her death and asked to imagine it happening to him / her . It serves the dual - purpose of `` freaking out '' the participants and convincing the participants that it will now be easier to lift this person than before . All versions of the game end with the phrase `` light as a feather , stiff as a board '' chanted by the entire group , ( save for the prone person , who pretends to be dead ) as they attempt to lift their companion 's body using only their fingertips . Some versions omit the story entirely and only the `` light as a feather ... '' chant is used . Allegedly , after these repetitions , the person being lifted will seem lighter or even entirely weightless . Another variation of the game takes place with one person seated in a chair . Four volunteers agree to stand around the sitter , two on the sitter 's left side and the other two on his / her right . Each of the four places two fingers under each corner of the chair 's seat and the four together will attempt to lift the chair and sitter , which generally fails . The volunteers will then perform some small ritual , usually involving rubbing their hands together or circling the chair in various direction ( counter-clockwise , walking backwards , etc . ) After this ritual , the volunteers hold their hands over the sitter 's head to `` transfer '' energy into the sitter , which will presumably make him / her weightless . The lifters then retry lifting the sitter the same way as before . Also it can be that the lifters lift the person sitting in the chair ; doing the rest of the ritual as so but holding at the four main points of the body ( Under the knees on each side and under the shoulders . ) Explanations of the trick ( edit ) In many strange versions , each of the ( in the example ) five people sitting around the other person uses only one or two of his or her fingers on each hand to do the weight lifting . It is particularly easy to lift a heavy weight when it is evenly distributed amongst a group of four people . The phenomenon of the weight seeming less on the second try around or after some sort of ritual is due to increased focus and the lifters being more in sync with one another . One explanation for such reports is that the participants are tricking their minds ( by way of chanting ) into believing that the person being lifted is `` light as a feather . '' The body still reacts to the command from the brain , but the mind perceives it differently . Five people can easily lift one person when those five people are tricking their minds into thinking that the person is light in weight . Another reason for the apparent success of the levitation is the `` self - fulfilling prophecy '' concept . The lifters `` know '' a human being is too heavy to lift with a fingertip , so subconsciously , they may not exert enough effort on the first attempt . After the `` ritual , '' the participants may believe that the body is now supposed to move , or that the ritual itself has given them power , and therefore they exert enough effort to raise the participant off the ground . History ( edit ) The oldest known account of levitation play comes from the diary of Samuel Pepys ( 1633 - 1703 ) , a British naval administrator . Pepys 's account of levitation play comes from a conversation with a friend of his , Mr. Brisband , who claimed to have seen four little girls playing light as a feather , stiff as a board in Bourdeaux , France . Pepys 's account of Mr. Brisband 's experience reads : He saw four little girls , very young ones , all kneeling , each of them , upon one knee ; and one begun the first line , whispering in the ear of the next , and the second to the third , and the third to the fourth , and she to the first . Then the first begun the second line , and so round quite through , and putting each one finger only to a boy that lay flat upon his back on the ground , as if he was dead ; at the end of the words , they did with their four fingers raise this boy high as they could reach , and he ( Mr. Brisband ) being there , and wondering at it , as also being afeared to see it , for they would have had him to have bore a part in saying the words , in the roome of one of the little girles that was so young that they could hardly make her learn to repeat the words , did , for feare there might be some sleight used in it by the boy , or that the boy might be light , call the cook of the house , a very lusty fellow , as Sir G. Carteret 's cook , who is very big , and they did raise him in just the same manner . Pepys also spoke of the chant that accompanied this performance . Voici un corps mort Raide comme un bâton , Froid comme le marbre Léger comme un esprit , Lève - toi au nom de Jésus - Christ ! ( Here is a dead body Stiff as a stick , Cold as marble Light as a spirit , Lift yourself , in the name of Jesus Christ ! ) The next recording of the game being played comes from The Magician 's Own Book ( 1857 ) . This account differs from that of Pepys , as it is a direct account of the game being played . Also , this account focuses on a different version of the game than the version played by the girls in Samuel Pepys ' account . In this account , the heaviest man at a party in Venice , Italy , sits in a chair , and is unable to be lifted by six other persons , initially . However , after coordinated hand - clapping and synchronized inhalations and exhalations , the man in the chair is able to be lifted on the forefingers of the six lifters . In modern times , the game has been shown in pop culture mediums such as YouTube video and in the 1996 film The Craft , which follows the story of four young girls as they familiarize themselves with witchcraft and various arcane experiments -- one of which is light as a feather , stiff as a board . In the movie , the girls are seen performing the version of the game described in Samuel Pepys ' diary , which involves one participant lying down , while the others kneel around her . The girls chant `` Light as a feather , stiff as a board , '' several times before lifting the prone participant into the air . In the movie , this scene involves special effects , which has the affect of the prone participant levitating above the hands of the lifters . The phenomenon has been observed into modern times , often being described as a form of spiritualism or seance and considered anathema by some religious groups . It is widely considered a simple spooky party game along the lines of Bloody Mary and the telling of ghost stories . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While not scientifically valid , and giving unproven explanations of the event , various pages are mentioned to demonstrate that the spell itself is known , and citation here does not imply that the sources are reliable to demonstrate anything beyond the fact that some people play this game . Party Levitation from Conversation for Exploration : A Talk Show hosted by Laura Lee Description of the trick at Castle of Spirits Jerry W. Decker ( 1998 - 01 - 08 ) . Gestalts and the Production of Anomalous Phenomena . KeelyNet . Jump up ^ Numen , David ( 2010 ) . `` The Abnormal Lift and other abnormalities '' . Lybrary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lift that finger '' . ABC Science . 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel , Le Gallienne , Richard ed. , The Diary of Samuel Pepys New York , The Modern Library , 2003 . Jump up ^ Arnold , George . ( 1862 ) . The Magician 's Own Handbook or The Whole Art of Conjuring . New York : Dick Fitzgerald . Jump up ^ ( ZombieSlayerz11 ) . ( 2012 , October 28 ) . Light as a feather , stiff as a board ( actually works ) . ( Video File ) . Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqtUl44ZcBk Jump up ^ ( sicknasty244 ) . ( 2011 , May 10 ). Light as a feather stiff as a board trick . ( Video file ) . Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wznkUyXvb2s Sources ( edit ) In depth explanation of levitation including tricks from Answers.com Halloween is good clean fun October 30 , 1998 Weekender Lexington Herald - Leader ( KY ) article for purchase link Pajama game : Despite dramatic changes in culture and technology , girls ' sleepovers have remained basically the same for generations by MaryEllen Fillo Hartford Courant Aug. 30 , 2005 article for purchase link Samuel Pepys ' diary highlights the experience during the London plague of 1665 as well as the Great Fire in 1666 Levitation Revisited by Elizabeth Tucker explains the origins of the game and discusses some of its occult history. \ The Magician 's Own Book contains an entry on page 341 - 42 which describes an account of the game being played at a Venetian party . The Craft ( 1996 ) Light as a feather , Stiff as a board scene . Video example 1 Video example 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_as_a_feather,_stiff_as_a_board&oldid=798925914 '' Categories : Party games Children 's games Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 16 : 31 . About Wikipedia	how do you lift someone with 2 fingers	[]	[]
6466115993887855066	Spanish–American War	Spanish -- American war - wikipedia Spanish -- American war Jump to : navigation , search Spanish -- American War Part of the Philippine Revolution and the Cuban War of Independence Explosion of the USS Maine Date April 21 , 1898 -- August 13 , 1898 ( 3 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Cuba and Puerto Rico ( Caribbean Sea ) Philippines and Guam ( Asia - Pacific ) Result American victory Treaty of Paris of 1898 Territorial changes Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba , cedes Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million Belligerents United States Cuban revolutionaries Filipino revolutionaries Spain Cuba Philippines Guam Puerto Rico Commanders and leaders William McKinley Nelson A. Miles Theodore Roosevelt William R. Shafter George Dewey William Sampson Wesley Merritt Joseph Wheeler Charles D. Sigsbee Máximo Gómez Demetrio Castillo Duany Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna Maria Christina Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes José Toral y Velázquez Diego de los Ríos Strength 72,339 troops ( total ) 53,000 rebels 40,000 rebels 206,000 troops ( Caribbean ) Unknown ( Philippines ) Casualties and losses American : 281 killed and 1,577 wounded ( Army ) 16 killed and 68 wounded ( Navy ) 2,061 dead from disease 11 prisoners 1 cargo ship sunk 1 cruiser damaged Spanish : 200 killed and 400 wounded ( Army ) 500 -- 600 killed and 300 -- 400 wounded ( Navy ) 15,000 dead from disease 40,000 + prisoners 6 small ships sunk 11 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk The higher naval losses are attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at Manila Bay and Santiago de Cuba . Spanish -- American War Atlantic Ocean Theater Cuba Puerto Rico Pacific Ocean Theater The Philippines Guam Banana Wars Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano ) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish -- American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1883 , but in the late 1890s , U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war . The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . The United States Navy armoured cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid . President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20 , 1898. . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . On April 23 , Spain stated that it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba , but due to Spain not replying soon enough , the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba . The main issue was Cuban independence ; the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . As the American agitators for war well knew , U.S. naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . American , Cuban , and Philippine forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $575,760,000 today ) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The defeat and loss of the last remnants of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain 's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ' 98 . The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Spain 's attitude towards its colonies 1.2 American interest in the Caribbean 2 Path to war 2.1 Cuban struggle for independence 2.2 Spanish attitude 2.3 U.S. response 2.4 USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss 2.5 Declaring war 2.6 Alternative historical interpretations 3 Pacific theater 3.1 Philippines 3.2 Guam 4 Caribbean Theater 4.1 Cuba 4.1. 1 Cuban sentiment 4.1. 2 Land campaign 4.1. 3 Naval operations 4.1. 4 U.S. withdrawal 4.2 Puerto Rico 5 Making peace 6 Aftermath 6.1 Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico 7 In film and television 8 Military decorations 8.1 United States 8.2 Other countries 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Source citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Media 13.2 Reference materials 13.3 Newspapers Historical background ( edit ) Spain 's attitude towards its colonies ( edit ) The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th - century Spanish American wars of independence , and three Carlist Wars ( 1832 -- 1876 ) effected a new interpretation of Spain 's remaining empire . Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of `` empire '' to dovetail with Spain 's emerging nationalism . Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882 his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- that tied Spain 's territories together . Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French . Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain 's major objective and contribution to the New World . The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba , which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years , and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation . The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain 's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . American interest in the Caribbean ( edit ) In 1823 , American fifth President James Monroe ( 1758 - 1831 , served 1817 - 1825 ) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake , expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere ; at the same time , the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies . Before the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) , Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory . The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed , and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war . After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the U.S.A. The U.S. became interested in a trans - isthmus canal across Central America , either in Nicaragua , or in Panama , where the Panama Canal would later be built ( 1903 - 1914 ) , and realized the need for naval protection . Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist ; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt , as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 -- 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of a war with Spain over Cuba . Meanwhile , the `` Cuba Libre '' movement , led by Cuban intellectual José Martí , had established offices in Florida and New York to buy and smuggle weapons . It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain . Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive , but business interests called on Washington to ignore them . Although Cuba attracted American attention , little note was made of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire , though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) with its British Empire `` on which the sun never set '' and France 's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions , now joined by the German Empire , Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan . These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Path to war ( edit ) Cuban struggle for independence ( edit ) Main article : Cuban War of Independence The first serious bid for Cuban independence , the Ten Years ' War , erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later . Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón ( February 1878 ) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence . One such revolutionary , José Martí , continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile . In early 1895 , after years of organizing , Martí launched a three - pronged invasion of the island . The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez , one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales , and another from the United States ( preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida ) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising . While their call for revolution , the grito de Baíre , was successful , the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected . With a quick victory effectively lost , the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign . Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , the architect of Spain 's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time , ordered General Arsenio Martínez - Campos , a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba , to quell the revolt . Campos 's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press . The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' . Spanish attitude ( edit ) A Spanish satirical drawing published in La Campana de Gràcia ( 1896 ) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba by Manuel Moliné . Upper text reads ( in old Catalan ) : `` Uncle Sam 's craving '' , and below : `` To keep the island so it wo n't get lost . '' An American cartoon published in Judge , Feb. 6 , 1897 : Columbia ( representing the American people ) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba ( the caption under the chained child reads `` Spain 's 16th Century methods '' ) while Uncle Sam ( representing the US government ) sits blindfolded , refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene ( cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton ) . The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony , and depended on it for prestige and trade , and as a training ground for the army . Prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that `` the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory . '' He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics . He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo , leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige . U.S. response ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of William McKinley The eruption of the Cuban revolt , Weyler 's measures , and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City , where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies . Both papers denounced Spain , but had little influence outside New York . American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba . American Catholics were divided before the war began , but supported it enthusiastically once it started . The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba . Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved . These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt . Other American business concerns , specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar , looked to the Spanish to restore order . Stability , not war , was the goal of both interests . How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically . While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government , popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States , due to the emergence of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt , seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor . Historian Louis Pérez notes that `` The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter . Such was the sense of the public mood . '' At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement . At the same time , many African Americans , facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights , wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality , service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population . President McKinley , well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict , wanted to end the revolt peacefully . In accordance with this policy , McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government , hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States , and therefore , end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain . An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office , however , the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations . In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain , who again offered to negotiate a peace . In October 1897 , the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans , but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy . However , with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November , Spain began to change their policies in Cuba . First , the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies ( the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States ) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities . This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba . The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba . This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain . The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General , Ramon Blanco , arrived in Cuba . U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba . This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba . While the Maine was docked in Havana , an explosion sank the ship . The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim . Throughout the negotiation process , the major European powers , especially Britain , France , and Russia , generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in . Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver ; American patience ran out . USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) The sunken USS Maine in Havana harbor McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests , and to underscore the urgent need for reform . Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided . As Maine left Florida , a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico . Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon , and still others were moved to Hong Kong . At 9 : 40 on the evening of February 15 , 1898 , Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion . While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion , the deaths of 250 out of 355 sailors on board focused American attention . McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense , and Congress unanimously obliged . Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown , but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war . Spain appealed to the European powers , most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war . Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action . The U.S. Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S. , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found . Declaring war ( edit ) Main article : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War United States Army Colonel Charles A. Wikoff was the most senior U.S. military officer killed in the Spanish -- American War . After the Maine was destroyed , New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame , and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers . They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of `` atrocities '' committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers , such as `` Spanish Murderers '' and `` Remember The Maine '' . Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners . The stories were based on factual accounts , but most of the time , the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers . A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba , Hearst responded : `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' This new `` yellow journalism '' was , however , uncommon outside New York City , and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood . Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action , overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community to find a negotiated solution . Wall Street , big business , high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace . After years of severe depression , the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897 . However , the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery . `` War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years , '' warned the New Jersey Trade Review . The leading railroad magazine editorialized , `` From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace . '' McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community , and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba . A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17 , 1898 , thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause . Proctor concluded that war was the only answer . Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war , switched sides , leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war . On April 11 , McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there , knowing that Congress would force a war . The American transport ship Seneca , a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba On April 19 , while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence , Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war . The amendment , disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , passed the Senate 42 to 35 ; the House concurred the same day , 311 to 6 . The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain . President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , 1898 , and the ultimatum was sent to Spain . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . Spain stated , it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory , on April 23 . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . Spanish Vessels captured up to evening of May 1 , 1898 The Navy was ready , but the Army was not well - prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies . In the spring of 1898 , the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men . The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units , even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine . Alternative Historical interpretations ( edit ) The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people : `` After its defeat in the Spanish - American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . On February 4 , 1899 , just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo , who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers . The ensuing Philippine - American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants . As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence , famine , and disease . '' In 1901 , novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines : `` We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty ; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit 's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear , not to follow ; we have debauched America 's honor and blackened her face before the world . '' In his War and Empire , Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts ( Boston ) writes : `` The Spanish - American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately , and falsely , attributed to Spanish villainy ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ' There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things . We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana , and our fleet , which overmatches anything the Spanish have , is masked at the Dry Tortugas . ' '' In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war : `` Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war . '' Pacific theater ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The Pacific theatre of the Spanish -- American War In the 333 years of Spanish rule , the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities . The Spanish - speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe . Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal , who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities . This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule . The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 , with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country . The Battle of Manila Bay The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where , on May 1 , Commodore George Dewey , commanding the U.S. Navy 's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia , in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . Dewey managed this with only nine wounded . With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897 , Dewey 's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own , and was beset with coal and ammunition problems . Despite these problems , the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila . Following Dewey 's victory , Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain , Germany , France , and Japan . The German fleet of eight ships , ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests , acted provocatively -- cutting in front of American ships , refusing to salute the United States flag ( according to customs of naval courtesy ) , taking soundings of the harbor , and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish . The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo , a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896 , from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . On June 12 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a cease - fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . This battle marked the end of Filipino -- American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War . On August 14 , 1899 , the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Guam On June 20 , a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass , consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines , entered Guam 's Apra Harbor , Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it . Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire . Two local officials , not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute , came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder . Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war . The following day , Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there . Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war . No U.S. forces were left on Guam , but the only U.S. citizen on the island , Frank Portusach , told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned . Caribbean theater ( edit ) Cuba ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle and El Caney order of battle The Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3 , 1898 Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill , July 2 , 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' . The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García . Cuban sentiment ( edit ) For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence , and even annexation was considered for a time , which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government , due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish . The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction . While the Cubans were wary of the United States ' intentions , the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind , because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence . However , with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war , as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States , Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized , with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference . Land campaign ( edit ) From June 22 to 24 , the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established an American base of operations . A contingent of Spanish troops , having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23 , had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas . An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution . They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín who effectively ambushed them , in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24 . The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago . The U.S. Army employed Civil War - era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns . Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed , including Hamilton Fish II ( grandson of Hamilton Fish , the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant ) , and Captain Allyn K. Capron , Jr. , whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met . Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian , Tom Isbell , wounded seven times , survived . The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick - thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents , and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense . Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they , too , were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans . While some troops were hit , this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire , `` Fuego '' yelled by the Spanish officers . Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing . Receiving the news of the surrender of Santiago Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger - loaded 1893 7mm Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder . The high - speed 7 × 57mm Mauser round was termed the `` Spanish Hornet '' by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead . Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in . 43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass - jacketed bullets . US regular infantry were armed with the . 30 -- 40 Krag -- Jørgensen , a bolt - action rifle with a complex rotating magazine . Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition . In later battles , state volunteers used the . 45 -- 70 Springfield a single - shot black powder rifle . On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack , '' oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle . The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege , and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines . This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo , which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege . After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney , the American advance halted . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city . During the nights , Cuban troops dug successive series of `` trenches '' ( raised parapets ) , toward the Spanish positions . Once completed , these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward . American troops , while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire , suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito - borne disease . At the western approaches to the city , Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city , causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces . Naval operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Santiago Campaign ( 1898 ) Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of Iowa in 1898 The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season ; Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen . The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10 , with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish -- American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( also known as the Flota de Ultramar ) . In May , the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor , where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack . A two - month stand - off between Spanish and American naval forces followed . When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3 , the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships . Only one Spanish vessel , the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , survived , but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her . The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured , including Admiral Cervera , were sent to Seavey 's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September . During the stand - off , U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor , Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet . The mission was a failure , and Hobson and his crew were captured . They were exchanged on July 6 , and Hobson became a national hero ; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 , retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman . U.S. withdrawal ( edit ) Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Spanish troops prior to their departure to engage the American forces at Hormigueros , Porto Rico In May 1898 , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission , sponsored by the Army 's Bureau of Military Intelligence . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion . The American offensive began on May 12 , 1898 , when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago 's capital , San Juan . Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal , the Americans were able to establish a blockade in the city 's harbor , San Juan Bay . On June 22 , the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack , but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged . The land offensive began on July 25 , when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica . The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco . This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo . The United States was able to seize control of Fajardo on August 1 , but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican - Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city , while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse . The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island 's interior . They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge , Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante . The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated . A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares . On August 9 , 1898 , American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured . They returned three days later , reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack . In the subsequent crossfire , confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured , which prompted a retreat order . All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13 , after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon , acting on behalf of the Spanish Government , signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico . Making peace ( edit ) Jules Cambon , the French Ambassador in the U.S. , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines , and both of its fleets destroyed , Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties . After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson - Walker , American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila , Édouard André , to take Rawson - Walker 's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government . Hostilities were halted on August 12 , 1898 , with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain . After over two months of difficult negotiations , the formal peace treaty , the Treaty of Paris , was signed in Paris on December 10 , 1898 , and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6 , 1899 . The United States gained all of Spain 's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty , including the Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba , which became a U.S. protectorate . The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11 , 1899 , with Cubans participating only as observers . Having been occupied since July 17 , 1898 , and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government ( USMG ) , Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20 , 1902 , with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island . However , the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government , including prohibiting alliances with other countries , and reserved the right to intervene . The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay . Aftermath ( edit ) With the end of the war , Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U.S. Army after the required 30 - day quarantine period at Montauk , Long Island , in 1898 . The war lasted ten weeks . John Hay ( the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ) , writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt , declared that it had been `` a splendid little war '' . The press showed Northerners and Southerners , blacks and whites fighting against a common foe , helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War . Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war , now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks . These officers included Matthew Butler , Fitzhugh Lee , Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler , though only the latter had seen action . Still , in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas , Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting , having supposedly called out `` Let 's go , boys ! We 've got the damn Yankees on the run again ! '' The war marked American entry into world affairs . Since then , the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world , and entered many treaties and agreements . The Panic of 1893 was over by this point , and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth , and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s . The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting . The idea of American imperialism changed in the public 's mind after the short and successful Spanish -- American War . Due to the United States ' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily , Cuba 's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions . Two major developments emerged from the Spanish -- American War : one , it greatly enforced the United States ' vision of itself as a `` defender of democracy '' and as a major world power , and two , it had severe implications for Cuban -- American relations in the future . As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , the Spanish -- American War of 1898 `` fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves : a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose '' . The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire . Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon 's invasion . The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba , which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony . Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings : Spanish West Africa ( Spanish Sahara ) , Spanish Guinea , Spanish Morocco , and the Canary Islands . The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . Culturally , a new wave called the Generation of ' 98 originated as a response to this trauma , marking a renaissance in Spanish culture . Economically , the war benefited Spain , because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain . This massive flow of capital ( equivalent to 25 % of the gross domestic product of one year ) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel , chemical , financial , mechanical , textile , shipyard , and electrical power industries . However , the political consequences were serious . The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII . The Teller Amendment , which was enacted on April 20 , 1898 , was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba , but to help it gain its independence from Spain . The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States ' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment . The cover of Puck from April 6 , 1901 . Caricatures an Easter bonnet made out of a warship that alludes to the gains of the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment prior to the war , promising Cuban independence . However , the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill , forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt . The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad ( in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule ) . The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed . In addition , the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force . The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba . Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations in 1903 . Thus , despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended , the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs . The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest . Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900 Campaign poster The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation in the U.S. military , 1898 The African - American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba , supported entry into the war , and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army . Spokesmen noted that 33 African - American seamen had died in the Maine explosion . The most influential Black leader , Booker T. Washington , argued that his race was ready to fight . War offered them a chance `` to render service to our country that no other race can '' , because , unlike Whites , they were `` accustomed '' to the `` peculiar and dangerous climate '' of Cuba . One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment . In March 1898 , Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by `` at least ten thousand loyal , brave , strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land , and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down , and the sacrifices made , that Blacks might have their freedom and rights . '' In 1904 , the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War . Today , that organization is defunct , but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish -- American War Veterans , created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans . According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict , Nathan E. Cook , died on September 10 , 1992 , at age 106 . ( If the data is to be believed , Cook , born October 10 , 1885 , would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war . ) The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ( VFW ) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two prior veterans organizations which both arose in 1899 : the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines . The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish -- American War , while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine -- American War . Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government . To pay the costs of the war , Congress passed an excise tax on long - distance phone service . At the time , it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones . However , the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later , and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until , on August 1 , 2006 , it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax . Postwar American Investment in Puerto Rico ( edit ) The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies . Prior to 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony . Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . At the same time , the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area , effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade , increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection . In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico 's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports . By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent , respectively . However , coffee was not protected , as it was not a product of the mainland . At the same time , Cuba and Spain , traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee , now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs . These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry . From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent . The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports . The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country 's agricultural sector . In film and television ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role . The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war . In addition , a few feature films have been made about the war . These include The Rough Riders , a 1927 silent film A Message to Garcia , 1936 Rough Riders , a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius , and featuring Tom Berenger ( Theodore Roosevelt ) , Gary Busey ( Joseph Wheeler ) , Sam Elliott ( Buckey O'Neill ) , Dale Dye ( Leonard Wood ) , Brian Keith ( William McKinley ) , George Hamilton ( William Randolph Hearst ) , and R. Lee Ermey ( John Hay ) The Spanish -- American War : First Intervention , a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel Baler , a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler Los últimos de Filipinas ( `` The Last Ones of the Philippines '' ) , a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román Amigo , 2010 1898 , Our Last Men in the Philippines , a well - acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler Military decorations ( edit ) U.S. Army `` War with Spain '' campaign streamer United States ( edit ) The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish -- American War were as follows : Wartime service and honors Medal of Honor Specially Meritorious Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal -- upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism . West Indies Campaign Medal Sampson Medal , West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson Dewey Medal , service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey Spanish War Service Medal , U.S. Army homeland service Postwar occupation service Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Other countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish , Cuban , and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict . See also ( edit ) Spain portal United States portal War portal Battles of the Spanish -- American War Bolton Hall ( activist ) , opposed the war Commonwealth of the Philippines Ostend Manifesto Panama Canal Zone Spain -- United States relations Timeline of the Spanish -- American War Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States List of weapons of the Spanish -- American War 1st Separate Brigade ( Philippine Expedition ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unrecognized as participants by the primary belligerents . Jump up ^ The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25 , 1898 , but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21 Jump up ^ Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898 . Jump up ^ 196,000 in Cuba and 10,000 in Puerto Rico . Source citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 254 - 255 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars : Factsheet . '' U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . Office of Public Affairs . Washington DC . Published April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Alan . `` POWs in American History : A Synoposis . '' National Park Service . 1998 . Jump up ^ See : USS Merrimac ( 1894 ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter describes the Americans capturing 30,000 prisoners ( plus 100 cannons , 19 machine guns , 25,114 rifles , and various other equipment ) in the Oriente province and around Santiago . He also states that the 10,000 - strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the Americans after only minor fighting . Jump up ^ Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands . examples : Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Benjamin R. Beede ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Thomas David Schoonover ; Walter LaFeber ( 2005 ) , Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9122 - 5 Virginia Marie Bouvier ( 2001 ) , Whose America ? : the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96794 - 9 Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 24 , 33 Stat. 738 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Paul ( 2010 ) . War and Empire . New York : Pluto Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . ISBN 978 0 7453 2764 8 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign relations since 1777 ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( November 1882 ) . `` Discurso sobre la nación '' ( in Spanish ) . cervantesvirtual.com . Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nowara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Conquest of History : Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century . Pitt Latin American series . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISBN 9780822971092 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p149 Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p138 Jump up ^ Gary R. Mormino , `` Cuba Libre , Florida , and the Spanish American War , '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal ( 2010 ) Vol. 31 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ G. Wayne King , `` Conservative Attitudes in the United States toward Cuba ( 1895 -- 1898 ) , '' Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association , ( 1973 ) pp. 94 -- 104 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Crapol , `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century . American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Hugh DeSantis , `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 ; James A. Field , Jr. , `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Krohn , `` Review of Tone , John Lawrence , War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 . `` H - War , H - Net Reviews . '' May 2008 . online Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Carr 1982 , pp. 379 -- 388 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley : First Annual Message '' . The American Presidency Project . December 6 , 1897 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes ( 2007 ) , The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897 -- 1909 , READ BOOKS , pp. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5 , citing an annual message delivered December 6 , 1897 , from French Ensor Chadwick ( 1968 ) , The relations of the United States and Spain : diplomacy , Russell & Russell Jump up ^ Quoted in Trask 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Angiolillo Died Bravely , August 22 , 1897 , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Octavio Ruiz , `` Spain on the Threshold of a New Century : Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898 , '' Mediterranean Historical Review ( June 1998 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 7 -- 27 Jump up ^ Scott Wright , `` The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish -- American War : American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the ' Splendid Little War , ' '' American Catholic Studies 116 # 4 ( 2005 ) : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ However , three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began . Benjamin Wetzel , `` A Church Divided : Roman Catholicism , Americanization , and the Spanish -- American War . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 348 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US $100 million . Offner 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment : American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere , 1865 -- 1900 ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez Jr. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Russell , Timothy Dale ( 2013 ) . African Americans and the Spanish - American War and Philliipine Insurrection . Military Participation , Recognition and Memory 1898 - 1904 ( First . Published dissertation ed . ) . California , U.S.A : University of California , Riverside . p. 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Harold ( 1963 ) . Politics , reform , and expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Tone , John ( 2006 ) . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis ( 1998 ) . The war of 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 54 -- 69 Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 86 -- 110 Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2010 ) . The War Lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the Rush to Empire , 1898 . Little , Brown and Co. p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. `` european + powers '' 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 614 . Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 57 . For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene , see Louis A. Pérez , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War , '' The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1989 ) , pp. 293 -- 322 . Jump up ^ For a summary of all the studies see Louis Fisher , `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Evan Thomas , The war lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the rush to empire , 1898 ( Little , Brown , 2010 ) pp 4 -- 5 , 209 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Vicki L. 2006 . `` Nuestra América : Latino History as United States History . '' Journal of American History P. 655 Jump up ^ Campbell , W. Joseph ( August 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : the Remington - Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smythe 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 163 -- 201 . quotes on page 168 . Page 173 states : `` an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace . '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 131 -- 35 ; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War , '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Paul T. McCartney , `` Religion , the Spanish -- American War , and the Idea of American Mission '' , Journal of Church and State 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 257 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) ch. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2016 ) . `` Evan Thomas : War Lovers and American Power '' . Military History , September 2010 , 14 World History Collection -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Department of State , United States of America , Office of the Historian . `` The Philippine - American War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( Samuel Clemens ) ( 1901 ) . `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish - American War . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Battle of Manila Bay , May 1 , 1898 , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey , The War Times Journal . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : James A. Field , Jr . ( June 1978 ) , `` American Imperialism : the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , The American Historical Review , American Historical Association , 83 ( 3 ) : 659 , doi : 10.2307 / 1861842 , JSTOR 1861842 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. x . Jump up ^ Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm ; Admiral Otto von Diederichs responded with a list of eleven . ^ Jump up to : Seekins , Donald M. ( 1991 ) , `` Historical Setting -- Outbreak of War , 1898 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , retrieved April 28 , 2013 ( LOC call Number DS655. P598 1993 ) Jump up ^ Susan K. Harris ( June 1 , 2011 ) . God 's Arbiters : Americans and the Philippines , 1898 -- 1902 . Oxford University Press , US . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978107 - 2 . Benjamin R. Beede ; Vernon L. Williams ; Wolfgang Drechsler ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . David F. Trask ( 1981 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augusto V. de Viana ( September 21 , 2006 ) , What ifs in Philippine history , Manila Times , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 ^ What ifs in Philippine history , Conclusion , Manila Times , September 22 , 2006 , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi , citing Hubatsch , Walther , Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik , Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau ( August 1944 ) , pp. 130 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Beede 1994 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Rogers 1995 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1899 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2014 ) . A People and a Nation , Volume II : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . p. 582 . Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , Scribner 's Magazine , Vol. 25 ( January -- June ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 572 Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ The Crowded Hour : The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ Parker 2003 Jump up ^ History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , John Henry Parker at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Escario 's Column , Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz . Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71 Jump up ^ McCook 1899 ^ Jump up to : Vincent J. Cirillo. 2004 . Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine . ( Rutgers University Press ) . ^ Jump up to : The American Army Moves on Puerto - Rico , Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Edgardo Pratts ( 2006 ) , De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante ( in Spanish ) ( First ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts , ISBN 0 - 9762185 - 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Wolff 1961 , p. 175 , `` When the British consul died , intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul , M. Edouard Andre ; and , as US troops poured in , everything began to fall into place . Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ... '' Jump up ^ Cooling 2007 , p. 99 , `` Fearful of what the Filipinos might do , the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City . Aided by Belgian consul Edouard Andre , Dewey , Merritt , and Augustin '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 , p. 175 , `` After Rawson - Walker 's sickness and death , Belgian consul Edouard André carried on the diplomatic exchanges between Dewey , General Wesley Merritt , * and Jaudenes . Through these diplomatic exchanges , early in August Jaudenes began to ... '' Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , U.S.A. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved October 17 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Paris , 1898 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands Breen Williams Gross , American Stories `` A History of the United States '' , Pearson , p. 536 , ISBN 9780205243617 Jump up ^ Bethell , John ( November -- December 1998 ) , `` A Splendid Little War '' ; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order , Harvard magazine , retrieved December 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Millis 1979 , p. 340 This source provides a more complete quote : It has been a splendid little war ; begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by the fortune which loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that firm good nature which is after all the distinguishing trait of our American character . Jump up ^ Montoya 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Johnson & Bongard 1992 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1961 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Richard L. 2003 . `` American Journalism Goes to War , 1898 -- 2001 : a manifesto on media and empire '' , p. 211 Jump up ^ Pérez 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Negrón - Muntaner 2004 , p. 11 , citing Julio Cervera Baviera ( 1898 ) , La defensa militar de Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II -- Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera , 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico , retrieved February 6 , 2008 ( an excerpt from Carreras & Tafunell 2004 ) Jump up ^ Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell : Historia Económica de la España contemporánea , p. 200 -- 208 , ISBN 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` MILESTONES : 1899 -- 1913 : The United States , Cuba , and the Platt Amendment , 1901 '' . Milestones . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Confederate & Federal Veterans of ' 98 : Civil War Veterans who served in the Spanish -- American War , Philippine Insurrection , and China Relief Expedition by Micah J. Jenkins . Retrieved on October 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Gatewood 1975 , pp. 23 -- 29 ; there were some opponents , ibid . p. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` VFW at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . VFW . September 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ The Spanish American War in Motion Picture , U.S. Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Early Motion Pictures , 1897 -- 1920 , U.S. Library of Congress References ( edit ) American Peace Society ( 1898 ) , The Advocate of Peace , American Peace Society , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 1961 ) , The American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Heath . Baycroft , Timothy ; Hewitson , Mark ( 2006 ) , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929575 - 3 . Beede , Benjamin R. , ed. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . An encyclopedia . Bergad , Laird W. ( 1978 ) . `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Latin American Research Review . 13 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 94 ... Botero , Rodrigo ( 2001 ) , `` Ambivalent embrace : America 's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War '' , Contributions to the study of world history , Greenwood Publishing Group , 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31570 - 1 . Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) , `` Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1607 -- 1932 '' , Volume 1 of Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations , Richard Dean Burns , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93914 - 0 ( 2 ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93915 - 7 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( 2001 ) , Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96686 - 0 . Carr , Raymond ( 1982 ) , Spain , 1808 -- 1975 , Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822128 - 2 . Carreras , Albert ; Tafunell , Xavier ( 2004 ) , Historia económica de la España Contemporánea , Crítica , ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ( 2007 ) , USS Olympia : Herald of Empire , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 126 - 6 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Johnson , Curt ; Bongard , David L. ( 1992 ) , The Harper encyclopedia of military biography Dyal , Donald H ; Carpenter , Brian B. ; Thomas , Mark A. ( 1996 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28852 - 6 . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 1975 ) , Black Americans and the White Man 's Burden , 1898 -- 1903 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 00475 - 2 Gaudreault , André ( 2009 ) , American cinema , 1890 -- 1909 : themes and variations , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4443 - 4 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Spanish -- American War , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31662 - 3 . short summary Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American & Philippine - American Wars . ABC - CLIO . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Pub . House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 . Levy , Jack S. ; Thompson , William R. ( 2010 ) , Causes of War , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7559 - 3 Millis , Walter ( 1979 ) , The martial spirit , Ayer Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11866 - 1 Montoya , Arthur ( 2011 ) , America 's Original Sin : Absolution & Penance , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4434 - 0 Negrón - Muntaner , Frances ( 2004 ) , Boricua Pop : Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture , NYU Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5818 - 2 . Offner , John L. ( 1992 ) , An Unwanted War : the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Offner , John L. ( 2004 ) , `` McKinley and the Spanish -- American War '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2004. 00034. x , ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Parker , John H. ( 2003 ) , The Gatlings at Santiago , Indypublish.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4043 - 8137 - 7 Pérez , Louis A. Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2003 . Print . Pérez , Louis A. ( 2008 ) , Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , UNC Press Books . Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) , Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam ( illustrated ed . ) , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1899 ) , `` I. RAISING THE REGIMENT '' , The Rough Riders , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Smithsonian Institution ( 2005 ) , The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War , National Museum of American History ( U.S. ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9744202 - 3 - 3 . Santamarina , Juan C. `` The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba , 1898 -- 1915 '' . The Business History Review 74.01 ( Spring 2000 ) : 41 -- 83 . Print Smith , Mark . `` The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba , 1898 -- 1923 '' . Environmental History Review 19.04 ( Winter 1995 ) : 31 -- 48 . Print Smythe , Ted Curtis ( 2003 ) , The Gilded Age press , 1865 -- 1900 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30080 - 6 . Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) online review Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , U of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2009 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) , Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy , National Historical Institute . Wolff , Leon ( 1961 ) , Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn , Wolff Productions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Spanish -- American War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barnes , Mar . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 : An Annotated Bibliography ( Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies ) ( 2010 ) Berner , Brad K . The Spanish - American War : A Historical Dictionary ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Berner , Brad K. , ed . The Spanish - American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries ( 2016 ) , 289pp ; includes primary sources Bradford , James C. ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , essays on diplomacy , naval and military operations , and historiography . Cirillo , Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine ( 2004 ) Corbitt , Duvon C. `` Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba 's Struggle for Independence , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 32 ( August 1963 ) : 395 -- 404 . in JSTOR Cosmas , Graham A. An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) , organizational issues Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Cull , N.J. , Culbert , D. , Welch , D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion : A Historical Encyclopedia , 1500 to the Present . `` Spanish -- American War '' . ( 2003 ) . 378 -- 379 . Daley , L. ( 2000 ) , `` Canosa in the Cuba of 1898 '' , in Aguirre , B.E. ; Espina , E. , Los últimos días del comienzo : Ensayos sobre la guerra , Santiago de Chile : RiL Editores , ISBN 956 - 284 - 115 - 4 DeSantis , Hugh . `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Dirks , Tim . `` War and Anti-War Films '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Dobson , John M. Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . ( 1988 ) . Feuer , A.B. The Spanish -- American War at Sea : Naval Action in the Atlantic ( 1995 ) online edition Field , Jr. , James A. `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 , past of the `` AHR Forum , '' with responses in JSTOR Freidel , Frank . The Splendid Little War ( 1958 ) , well illustrated narrative by scholar ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2342 - 8 Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review 65 ( May 1996 ) : 277 -- 303 Fry , Joseph A. `` William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish -- American War : A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image , '' Diplomatic History 3 ( Winter 1979 ) : 77 -- 97 Funston , Frederick . Memoirs of Two Wars , Cuba and Philippine Experiences . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1911 online edition Gould , Lewis . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Philip , The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism , 1895 -- 1902 ( 1972 ) Hamilton , Richard . President McKinley , War , and Empire ( 2006 ) . Harrington , Peter , and Frederic A. Sharf . `` A Splendid Little War . '' The Spanish -- American War , 1898 . The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 1998 . Harrington , Fred H. `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1935 ) , pp. 211 -- 230 in JSTOR Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) , the latest survey Hoganson , Kristin . Fighting For American Manhood : How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( 1998 ) Holbo , Paul S. ( 1967 ) , `` Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs : William McKinley and the Turpie - Foraker Amendment '' , The American Historical Review , 72 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1335 , doi : 10.2307 / 1847795 , JSTOR 1847795 . Keller , Allan . The Spanish -- American War : A Compact History ( 1969 ) Killblane , Richard E. , `` Assault on San Juan Hill , '' Military History , June 1998 , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 . LaFeber , Walter , The New Empire : An Interpretation of American Expansion , 1865 -- 1898 ( 1963 ) Leeke , Jim . Manila and Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Linderman , Gerald F. The Mirror of War : American Society and the Spanish -- American War ( 1974 ) , domestic aspects Maass , Matthias . `` When Communication Fails : Spanish -- American Crisis Diplomacy 1898 , '' Amerikastudien , 2007 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 481 -- 493 May , Ernest . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power ( 1961 ) McCartney , Paul T. American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( 2006 ) McCook , Henry Christopher ( 1899 ) , The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba , G.W. Jacobs & Co . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Miles , Nelson Appleton ( 2012 ) . Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain ; . HardPress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 290 - 02902 - 5 . Miller , Richard H. ed. , American Imperialism in 1898 : The Quest for National Fulfillment ( 1970 ) Millis , Walter . The Martial Spirit : A Study of Our War with Spain ( 1931 ) Morgan , H. Wayne. , America 's Road to Empire : The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion ( 1965 ) Muller y Tejeiro , Jose . Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba . Marques , Madrid : 1898 . 208 p . English translation by U.S. Navy Dept . O'Toole , G.J.A. The Spanish War : An American Epic -- 1898 ( 1984 ) Paterson , Thomas G. `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( May 1996 ) , pp. 341 -- 361 in JSTOR Pérez , Jr . Louis A. ( 1989 ) , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 322 , doi : 10.2307 / 3640268 , JSTOR 3640268 . Pérez Jr . Louis A . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press , 1998 Smith , Ephraim K. `` William McKinley 's Enduring Legacy : The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands , '' in James C. Bradford , ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , pp. 205 -- 49 Pratt , Julius W. ( May 1934 ) . `` American Business and the Spanish - American War '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . Duke University Press . 14 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2506353 . Pratt , Julius W . The Expansionists of 1898 ( 1936 ) Schoonover , Thomas . Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. ( 2003 ) Smith , Joseph . The Spanish -- American War : Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific ( 1994 ) Stewart , Richard W. `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , Center of Military History , United States Army . ( 2004 ) , official U.S. Army textbook Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) U.S. War Dept . Military Notes on Cuba . 2 vols . Washington , DC : GPO , 1898 . online edition US Army Center for Military History , Adjutant General 's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain ; with Losses From All Causes . US Army Center for Military History , Washington : Government Printing Office , 1899 . Wheeler , Joseph . The Santiago Campaign , 1898 . ( 1898 ) . online edition Zakaria , Fareed , From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role ( 1998 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish -- American War . The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment America 's Black Patriots -- Spanish American War Spanish -- American War Centennial Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty Individual state 's contributions to the Spanish -- American War : Illinois , Pennsylvania Sons of Spanish American War Veterans From ' Dagoes ' to ' Nervy Spaniards , ' American Soldiers ' Views of their Opponents , 1898 by Albert Nofi Excerpts from The National Museum of American history . Reenactment of Spanish -- American War ( video ) on YouTube Spanish -- American War reenactment groups The American Peril -- An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin Media ( edit ) William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence , 1898 at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 1 , 2010 ) from the state archives of Florida ( archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 01 ) Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History Spanish -- American War photographic collections , via Calisphere , California Digital Library The Spanish -- American War in Motion Pictures -- U.S. Library of Congress Wehman Collection of Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Ensminger Brothers Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Reference materials ( edit ) United States Department of State , Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5 , 1898 especially pp. 558 -- 1085 . Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19 , 1898 , point 4 is the Teller amendment Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish -- American War Emergence to World Power , 1898 -- 1902 ( an extract from Matloff 's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History ) Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks Black Jack in Cuba -- General John J. Pershing 's service in the Spanish -- American War , by Kevin Hymel The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War -- Library of Congress Hispanic Division Centennial of the Spanish -- American War 1898 -- 1998 by Lincoln Cushing History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , and other items of interest , by Edward Augustus Johnston , published 1899 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . The War of 98 ( The Spanish -- American War ) The Spanish -- American War from a Spanish perspective ( in English ) . Name Index to New York in the Spanish -- American War 1898 1898 : El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish -- American war . Spanish -- American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives . Spanish -- American War Veterans Surveys A finding aid listing photographs , diaries , personal papers held at the US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Newspapers ( edit ) Spain to Use Privateers ; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right ( Headline , NY Times , April 24 , 1898 ) Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which event led to the spanish american war	[ "The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-americana or Guerra hispano-estadounidense; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.[12]" ]	[ "the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence" ]
1835315573283186588	Jane Eyre	Jane Eyre - Wikipedia Jane Eyre This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Jane Eyre ( disambiguation ) . Jane Eyre Title page of the first Jane Eyre edition Author Charlotte Brontë Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Novel Set in Northern England , early 19th century Publisher Smith , Elder & Co . Publication date 16 October 1847 ( 1847 - 10 - 16 ) Media type Print OCLC 3163777 Dewey Decimal 823.8 Followed by Shirley Text Jane Eyre at Wikisource Jane Eyre / ɛər / ( originally published as Jane Eyre : An Autobiography ) is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë , published under the pen name `` Currer Bell '' , on 16 October 1847 , by Smith , Elder & Co. of London , England . The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York . Primarily a bildungsroman , Jane Eyre follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine , including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester , the brooding master of Thornfield Hall . The novel revolutionized prose fiction in that the focus on Jane 's moral and spiritual development is told through an intimate , first - person narrative , where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity . Charlotte Brontë has been called the ' first historian of the private consciousness ' and the literary ancestor of writers like Proust and Joyce . The book contains elements of social criticism , with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core , and is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane 's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class , sexuality , religion , and feminism . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Jane 's childhood 1.3 Lowood 1.4 Thornfield Hall 1.5 Other employment 1.6 Proposals 2 Major characters 3 Context 4 Adaptations and influence 5 Reception 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters . It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century , comprising chapters 1 to 15 , 16 to 27 , and 28 to 38 . The second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray . This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Introduction ( edit ) The novel is a first - person narrative from the perspective of the title character . The novel 's setting is somewhere in the north of England , late in the reign of George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) . It goes through five distinct stages : Jane 's childhood at Gateshead Hall , where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins ; her education at Lowood School , where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression ; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall , where she falls in love with her mysterious employer , Edward Rochester ; her time with the Rivers family , during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin , St. John Rivers , proposes to her ; and ultimately her reunion with , and marriage to , her beloved Rochester . Throughout these sections , the novel provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas , many of which are critical of the status quo . Jane 's childhood ( edit ) Young Jane argues with her guardian Mrs. Reed of Gateshead , illustration by F.H. Townsend The novel begins with the title character , Jane Eyre , aged 10 , living with her maternal uncle 's family , the Reeds , as a result of her uncle 's dying wish . It is several years after her parents died of typhus . Mr. Reed , Jane 's uncle , was the only member of the Reed family who was ever kind to Jane . Jane 's aunt , Sarah Reed , dislikes her , treats her as a burden , and discourages her children from associating with Jane . Mrs. Reed and her three children are abusive to Jane , physically , emotionally , and spiritually . The nursemaid Bessie proves to be Jane 's only ally in the household , even though Bessie sometimes scolds Jane , rather harshly . Excluded from the family activities , Jane leads a very unhappy childhood , with only a doll and books with which to entertain herself . One day , as punishment for defending herself against her cousin John Reed , after the latter knocks her down , Jane is relegated to the red room in which her late uncle had died ; there , she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost . She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall . He recommends to Mrs. Reed that Jane should be sent to school , an idea Mrs. Reed happily supports . Mrs. Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr. Brocklehurst , director of Lowood Institution , a charity school for girls . Mrs. Reed cautions Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane has a `` tendency for deceit '' , which he interprets as her being a `` liar '' . Before Jane leaves , however , she confronts Mrs. Reed and declares that she 'll never call her `` aunt '' again , that Mrs. Reed and her daughters , Georgiana and Eliza , are the ones who are deceitful , and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly Mrs. Reed treated her . Lowood ( edit ) At Lowood Institution , a school for poor and orphaned girls , Jane soon finds that life is harsh , but she attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl , Helen Burns , who is able to accept her punishment philosophically . During a school inspection by Mr. Brocklehurst , Jane accidentally breaks her slate , thereby drawing attention to herself . He then stands her on a stool , brands her a liar , and shames her before the entire assembly . Jane is later comforted by Helen . Miss Temple , the caring superintendent , facilitates Jane 's self - defence and writes to Mr. Lloyd , whose reply agrees with Jane 's . Jane is then publicly cleared of Mr. Brocklehurst 's accusations . Helen and Miss Temple are the two main role models that positively guide Jane 's development , despite the harsh treatment she has received from many others . The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms , poor meals , and thin clothing . Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes , and Jane 's friend Helen dies of consumption in her arms . When Mr. Brocklehurst 's maltreatment of the students is discovered , several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr. Brocklehurst 's harsh rule . Conditions at the school then improve dramatically . The name Lowood symbolizes the `` low '' point in Jane 's life where she was maltreated . Helen Burns is a representation of Charlotte 's elder sister Maria , who died of tuberculosis after spending time at a school where the children were mistreated . Thornfield Hall ( edit ) Further information : Thornfield Hall After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood , Jane decides to leave , like her friend and confidante Miss Temple , who recently married . She advertises her services as a governess and receives one reply , from Alice Fairfax , housekeeper at Thornfield Hall . Jane takes the position , teaching Adèle Varens , a young French girl . One night , while Jane is walking to a nearby town , a horseman passes her . The horse slips on ice and throws the rider . Despite the rider 's surliness , Jane helps him to get back onto his horse . Later , back at Thornfield , she learns that this man is Edward Rochester , master of the house . Adèle is his ward , left in his care when her mother abandoned her . It is not immediately clear whether Adèle is Rochester 's daughter or not . At Jane 's first meeting with him within Thornfield , Mr. Rochester teases her , accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall . He also talks strangely in other ways , but Jane is able to stand up to his initially arrogant manner . Mr. Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other 's company , and spend many evenings together . Odd things start to happen at the house , such as a strange laugh , a mysterious fire in Mr. Rochester 's room ( from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him and the fire ) , and an attack on a house guest named Mr. Mason . After Jane saved Mr. Rochester from the fire , he thanked her tenderly and emotionly , and that night Jane felt strange emotions of her own , towards him . Next day , however , he left unexpectedly for a distant party gathering , and several days later returned with the whole party , including the beautiful and talented Blanche Ingram . Jane sees that Blanche and Mr. Rochester favour each other , and starts to feel jealous , particularly because she also sees that Blanche is snobbish and heartless , and unworthy of `` her '' Mr. Rochester . Jane then receives word that Mrs. Reed is calling for her , because she has suffered a stroke after John Reed has died . Jane returns to Gateshead and remains there for a month , attending to her dying aunt . Mrs. Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her , giving Jane a letter from Jane 's paternal uncle , Mr. John Eyre , in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir . Mrs. Reed admits to telling Mr. Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood . Soon afterward , Mrs. Reed dies , and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield . St. John Rivers admits Jane to Moor House , illustration by F.H. Townsend Back at Thornfield , Jane broods over Mr. Rochester 's rumoured impending marriage to Blanche Ingram . However , one midsummer evening , Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married , but how she will soon forget him . The normally self - controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him . Rochester is then sure that Jane is sincerely in love with him , and he proposes marriage . Jane is at first sceptical of his sincerity , before accepting his proposal . She then writes to her Uncle John , telling him of her happy news . As she prepares for her wedding , Jane 's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips her wedding veil in two . As with the previous mysterious events , Mr. Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole , one of his servants . During the wedding ceremony , Mr. Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr. Rochester can not marry because he is already married to Mr. Mason 's sister , Bertha . Mr. Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money . Once they were united , he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness , and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield , hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her . When Grace gets drunk , Rochester 's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield . It turns out that Jane 's uncle , Mr. John Eyre , is a friend of Mr. Mason 's and was visited by him soon after Mr. Eyre received Jane 's letter about her impending marriage . After the marriage ceremony is broken off , Mr. Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France , and live with him as husband and wife , even though they can not be married . Refusing to go against her principles , and despite her love for him , Jane leaves Thornfield in the middle of the night . Other employment ( edit ) Jane travels as far from Thornfield as she can using the little money she had previously saved . She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and is forced to sleep on the moor , and unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food . Exhausted and starving , she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers , but is turned away by the housekeeper . She collapses on the doorstep , preparing for her death . St. John Rivers , Diana and Mary 's brother and a clergyman , rescues her . After she regains her health , St. John finds Jane a teaching position at a nearby village school . Jane becomes good friends with the sisters , but St. John remains aloof . The sisters leave for governess jobs , and St. John becomes somewhat closer to Jane . St. John learns Jane 's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle , John Eyre , has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds ( equivalent to just under $1.7 million in 2018 ) . When Jane questions him further , St. John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters ' uncle . They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing . Jane , overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members , insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins , and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House . Proposals ( edit ) Thinking that the pious Jane will make a suitable missionary 's wife , St. John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India , not out of love , but out of duty . Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal , suggesting they travel as brother and sister . As soon as Jane 's resolve against marriage to St. John begins to weaken , she mystically hears Mr. Rochester 's voice calling her name . Jane then returns to Thornfield to find only blackened ruins . She learns that Mr. Rochester 's wife set the house on fire and committed suicide by jumping from the roof . In his rescue attempts , Mr. Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight . Jane reunites with him , but he fears that she will be repulsed by his condition . `` Am I hideous , Jane ? '' , he asks . `` Very , sir ; you always were , you know '' , she replies . When Jane assures him of her love and tells him that she will never leave him , Mr. Rochester proposes again , and they are married . He eventually recovers sight enough to see their newborn son . Major characters ( edit ) In order of first line of dialogue : Chapter 1 Jane Eyre : The novel 's narrator and protagonist , she eventually becomes the second wife of Edward Rochester . Orphaned as a baby , Jane struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes governess at Thornfield Hall . Though facially plain , Jane is passionate and strongly principled , and values freedom and independence . She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian . She is ten at the beginning of the novel , and nineteen or twenty at the end of the main narrative . As the final chapter of the novel states that she has been married to Edward Rochester for ten years , she is approximately thirty at its completion . Mrs. Sarah Reed : ( née Gibson ) Jane 's maternal aunt by marriage , who reluctantly adopted Jane in accordance with her late husband 's wishes . According to Mrs. Reed , he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children . Mrs. Reed 's resentment leads her to abuse and neglect the girl . She lies to Mr. Brocklehurst about Jane 's tendency to lie , preparing him to be severe with Jane when she arrives at Brocklehurst 's Lowood School . John Reed : Jane 's fourteen - year - old cousin who bullies her incessantly , sometimes in his mother 's presence . John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling , and is rumoured to have committed suicide . Eliza Reed : Jane 's thirteen - year - old first cousin . Jealous of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to rigid routine , she self - righteously devotes herself to religion . She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle after her mother 's death , determined to estrange herself from her sister . Georgiana Reed : Jane 's eleven - year - old first cousin . Although beautiful and indulged , she is insolent and spiteful . Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana 's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere , when the couple is about to elope . Georgiana eventually marries a , `` wealthy worn - out man of fashion . '' Bessie Lee : The nursemaid at Gateshead . She often treats Jane kindly , telling her stories and singing her songs , but she has a quick temper . Later , she marries Robert Leaven and gives him three children . Chapter 3 Mr. Lloyd : A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school . Later , he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane 's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs. Reed 's charge of lying . Chapter 4 Mr. Brocklehurst : The clergyman , director , and treasurer of Lowood School , whose maltreatment of the students is eventually exposed . A religious traditionalist , he advocates for his charges the most harsh , plain , and disciplined possible lifestyle , but not , hypocritically , for himself and his own family . His second daughter Augusta exclaimed , `` Oh , dear papa , how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look ... they looked at my dress and mama 's , as if they had never seen a silk gown before . '' Chapter 5 Miss Maria Temple : The kind superintendent of Lowood School , who treats the students with respect and compassion . She helps clear Jane of Mr. Brocklehurst 's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days . Eventually , she marries Reverend Naysmith . Miss Scatcherd : A sour and strict teacher at Lowood . She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen 's substantial good points . Helen Burns : Jane 's best friend at Lowood School . She refuses to hate those who abuse her , trusts in God , and prays for peace one day in heaven . She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane 's arms . Elizabeth Gaskell , in her biography of the Brontë sisters , wrote that Helen Burns was ' an exact transcript ' of Maria Brontë , who died of consumption at age 11 . Chapter 11 Mrs. Alice Fairfax : The elderly , kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall ; distantly related to the Rochesters Adèle Varens : ( a. dɛl va. ʁɛ̃ ) An excitable French child to whom Jane is governess at Thornfield . Adèle 's mother was a dancer named Céline . She was Mr. Rochester 's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr. Rochester 's daughter , though he refuses to believe it due to Céline 's unfaithfulness and Adèle 's apparent lack of resemblance to him . Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead ( she tells Jane in chapter 11 , `` I lived long ago with mamma , but she is gone to the Holy Virgin '' ) , but Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and `` ran away to Italy with a musician or singer '' ( ch. 15 ) . Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another , and although Mr. Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield , Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better , less severe school for her . When Adèle is old enough to leave school , Jane describes her as `` a pleasing and obliging companion -- docile , good - tempered and well - principled '' , and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid . Grace Poole : `` ... a woman of between thirty and forty ; a set , square - made figure , red - haired , and with a hard , plain face ... '' Mr. Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep his mad wife Bertha hidden and quiet , and Grace is often used as an explanation for odd happenings . She has a weakness for drink that occasionally allows Bertha to escape . Chapter 12 Edward Fairfax Rochester : The master of Thornfield Hall . A Byronic hero , he has a face `` dark , strong , and stern . '' He was tricked into making an unfortunate marriage to Bertha Mason years before the novel begins . Leah : The housemaid at Thornfield Hall , wife of John the manservant . Chapter 17 Blanche Ingram : Young socialite whom Mr. Rochester is planning to marry . Though possessed of great beauty and talent , she treats social inferiors , Jane in particular , with undisguised contempt . Mr. Rochester exposes her and her mother 's mercenary motivations when he puts out a rumor that he is far less wealthy than they imagine . Chapter 18 Richard Mason : An Englishman whose arrival at Thornfield Hall from the West Indies unsettles Mr. Rochester . He is the brother of Rochester 's first wife , the insane woman in the attic , and still cares for his sister 's well - being . He took part in tricking Mr. Rochester into marrying Bertha , and has returned to England to expose , during the wedding ceremony itself , the bigamous nature of the marriage of Jane and Mr. Rochester . Chapter 21 Robert Leaven : The coachman at Gateshead , who brings Jane the news of the death of the dissolute John Reed , an event which has brought on Mrs. Reed 's stroke . He informs her of Mrs. Reed 's wish to see Jane before she dies . Chapter 26 Bertha Antoinetta Mason : The violent and insane first wife of Edward Rochester . Mr. Rochester has kept Bertha locked in the attic at Thornfield for years under the eye of Grace Poole , whose drinking sometimes allows Bertha to escape . After Richard Mason puts an end to Jane and Mr. Rochester 's wedding , Rochester finally introduces Jane to Bertha : `` In the deep shade , at the farther end of the room , a figure ran backwards and forwards . What it was , whether beast or human being , one could not , at first sight , tell ... it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal : but it was covered with clothing , and a quantity of dark , grizzled hair , wild as a mane , hid its head and face . '' Eventually , Bertha sets fire to Thornfield Hall and throws herself to her death from the roof . Chapter 28 Diana and Mary Rivers : Sisters in a remote house who take Jane in when she is hungry and friendless , having left Thornfield Hall without making any arrangements for herself . Financially poor but intellectually curious , the sisters are deeply engrossed in reading the evening Jane appears at their door . Eventually , they are revealed to be Jane 's cousins . They want Jane to marry their stern clergyman brother so that he will stay in England rather than journey to India as a missionary . Hannah : The kindly housekeeper at the Rivers home ; `` ... comparable with the Brontes ' well - loved servant , Tabitha Aykroyd . '' St. John ( SIN - jin ) Eyre Rivers : A handsome , though severe and serious , clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin . St. John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions , particularly his love for the beautiful and cheerful heiress Rosamond Oliver , in favour of good works . He wants Jane to marry him and serve as his assistant on his missionary journey to India . Chapter 32 Rosamond Oliver : A beautiful , kindly , wealthy , but rather simple young woman , and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches . Rosamond is in love with St. John , but he refuses to declare his love for her because she would n't be suitable as a missionary 's wife . She eventually becomes engaged to the respected and wealthy Mr. Granby . Mr. Oliver : Rosamond Oliver 's wealthy father , who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district . `` ... a tall , massive - featured , middle - aged , and gray - headed man , at whose side his lovely daughter looked like a bright flower near a hoary turret . '' He is a kind and charitable man , and is fond of St. John . Context ( edit ) The Salutation pub in Hulme , Manchester , where Brontë began to write Jane Eyre ; the pub was a lodge in the 1840s . The early sequences , in which Jane is sent to Lowood , a harsh boarding school , are derived from the author 's own experiences . Helen Burns 's death from tuberculosis ( referred to as consumption ) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë 's sisters , Elizabeth and Maria , who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school , the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge , near Tunstall , Lancashire . Mr. Brocklehurst is based on Rev. William Carus Wilson ( 1791 -- 1859 ) , the Evangelical minister who ran the school . Additionally , John Reed 's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte 's brother Branwell , who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death . Finally , like Jane , Charlotte became a governess . These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë ( 1857 ) by Charlotte 's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell . The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall , near Hathersage in the Peak District . This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845 , and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845 . It was the residence of the Eyre family , and its first owner , Agnes Ashurst , was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room . It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire , close to Haworth , provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr. Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield : there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean , Mr. Rochester 's father , and Henry Cunliffe who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818 ; one of Cunliffe 's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre ( née Cunliffe ) . The sequence in which Mr. Rochester 's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë 's The Young Men 's Magazine , Number 2 . Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester , and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane 's parents and the birthplace of Jane herself . Adaptations and influence ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of Jane Eyre A 1949 adaptation for NBC University Theatre The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms , including theatre , film , television - and at least two full - length operas , by John Joubert ( 1987 -- 97 ) and Michael Berkeley ( 2000 ) . The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and reinterpretations , notably Jean Rhys 's seminal 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) Jane Eyre 's initial reception was in stark contrast to its reputation today . In 1848 , Elizabeth Rigby ( later Elizabeth Eastlake ) , reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review , found it `` pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition , '' declaring : `` We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad , and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home , is the same which has also written Jane Eyre . '' Literary critic Jerome Beaty felt that the close first person perspective leaves the reader `` too uncritically accepting of her worldview '' , and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane , regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are . In 2003 , the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The exact time setting of the novel is impossible to determine , as several references in the text are contradictory . For example , Marmion ( pub. 1808 ) is referred to in Chapter 32 as a `` new publication '' , but Adèle mentions crossing the Channel by steamship , impossible before 1816 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The HarperCollins Timeline '' . HarperCollins Publishers . Retrieved 18 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Burt , Daniel S. ( 2008 ) . The Literature 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists , Playwrights , and Poets of All Time . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438127064 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sandra & Gubar , Susan ( 1979 ) . The Madwoman in the Attic . Yale University Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , Robert B. ( 1966 ) . Charlotte Brontë 's Novels : The Accents of Persuasion . NY : Norton . Jump up ^ Brontë , Charlotte ( 16 October 1847 ) . Jane Eyre . London , England : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 105 . Jump up ^ Brontë , Charlotte ( 2008 ) . Jane Eyre . Radford , Virginia : Wilder Publications . ISBN 160459411X . Jump up ^ calculated using the UK Retail Price Index : https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gaskell , Elizabeth ( 1857 ) . The Life of Charlotte Brontë. 1 . Smith , Elder & Co. p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Eyre : a Mancunian ? '' . BBC . 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Salutation pub in Hulme thrown a lifeline as historic building is bought by MMU '' . Manchester Evening News . 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stevie Davies , Introduction and Notes to Jane Eyre . Penguin Classics ed. , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wycoller Sheet 3 : Ferndean Manor and the Brontë Connection '' ( PDF ) . Lancashire Countryside Service Environmental Directorale. 2012 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 14 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paris museum wins Brontë bidding war '' . BBC News . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Christine , and Sara L. Pearson . Celebrating Charlotte Brontë : Transforming Life into Literature in Jane Eyre . Brontë Society , 2016 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Arnold ( Autumn 1968 ) . `` In Defense of Jane Eyre '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 8 ( 4 ) : 683 . JSTOR 449473 . Jump up ^ Beaty , Jerome . `` St. John 's Way and the Wayward Reader '' in Brontë , Charlotte ( 2001 ) ( 1847 ) . Richard J. Dunn , ed . Jane Eyre ( Norton Critical Edition , Third ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 491 -- 502 . ISBN 0393975428 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJane Eyreat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Works by Charlotte Brontë at Curlie Jane Eyre at the British Library Jane Eyre at The Victorian Web Jane Eyre at the Internet Archive Jane Eyre at Project Gutenberg Jane Eyre public domain audiobook at LibriVox Dating Jane Eyre Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë Characters Jane Eyre Bertha Mason Setting Thornfield Hall Films Jane Eyre ( 1910 ) Woman and Wife ( 1918 ) Orphan of Lowood ( 1926 ) Jane Eyre ( 1934 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) Sangdil ( 1952 ) Jane Eyre ( 1970 ) Jane Eyre ( 1996 ) Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Television Jane Eyre ( 1956 ) Jane Eyre ( 1973 ) Ardiente secreto ( 1978 ) Jane Eyre ( 1983 ) Jane Eyre ( 2006 ) Theatre The Master of Thornfield ( 1954 ) Jane Eyre ( musical ) Related works Wide Sargasso Sea ( novel ) Wide Sargasso Sea ( 1993 film ) Wide Sargasso Sea ( 2006 film ) Jucy ( 2010 ) The Eyre Affair See also Adaptations of Jane Eyre Brontë sisters Charlotte Jane Eyre ( 1847 ) Shirley ( 1849 ) Villette ( 1853 ) The Professor ( 1857 ) Emily Wuthering Heights ( 1847 ) Anne Agnes Grey ( 1847 ) The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ( 1848 ) Collaborative work Poems by Currer , Ellis , and Acton Bell ( 1846 ) List of Brontë poems Family Patrick Brontë Maria Branwell Branwell Brontë Maria Brontë Elizabeth Brontë Arthur Bell Nicholls See also Brontë Country Brontë Parsonage Museum Brontë Waterfall Brontë Way Cowan Bridge School Constantin Héger Ellen Nussey Gondal Brontë ( 2005 play ) To Walk Invisible Victorian literature Book BNF : cb120860894 ( data ) CiNii : DA12410644 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Eyre&oldid=866494016 '' Categories : Jane Eyre 1847 British novels British bildungsromans British novels adapted into films British Gothic novels Novels about orphans Victorian novels Works published under a pseudonym Novels set in the 19th century British novels adapted into plays Novels by Charlotte Brontë Novels adapted into television programs Love stories Suicide in fiction Female characters in literature Novels featuring female protagonists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2018 Articles that link to Wikisource Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles to be expanded from June 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Curlie links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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-7788747270086593512	Odisha High Court	Odisha High Court - Wikipedia Odisha High Court Jump to : navigation , search Orissa High Court ଓଡିଶା ଉଚ୍ଚ ନ୍ୟାୟାଳୟ Established 1948 Country India Location Cuttack , Odisha Composition method Presidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state . Authorized by Constitution of India Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of India Judge term length Till 62 years of age No. of positions 22 Website http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in Chief Justice Currently Vineet Saran Since 26 February 2016 View of High Court of Orissa new building from Ravenshaw Collegiate School The Orissa High Court is the High Court of the state of Odisha . Bengal Presidency was a vast province including present day Assam , Bihar , Jharkhand , Odisha , and West Bengal . It was difficult to administratively manage such a vast area , inhabited by people speaking in different languages and having different traditions . Administrative exigencies required separation of such areas which originally did not from part of Bengal . So , new province of Bihar and Orissa was formed on 22 March 1912 . However , the said new province of Bihar and Orissa was under the jurisdiction of Calcutta High Court . On 9 February 1916 , in exercise of the powers under Section 113 of the Government of India Act , 1915 , the King of England issued letters of patent constituting High Court of Patna . Odisha was placed under the jurisdiction of Patna High Court . Although , on 18 May 1916 , Circuit Court of Patna High Court for Odisha held its first sitting at Cuttack . On 1 April 1936 , Odisha was made a separate province but no separate High Court was provided for it . People raised their voice for a separate High Court in their state . After a long battle , Government of India agreed to create a new High Court , and for that purpose the Government of India issued the Orissa High Court Order , 1948 , under the Section 229 ( 1 ) of the Government of India Act , 1935 , on 30 April 1948 . This order clearly stated that `` from the 5th day of July , 1948 , there shall be a Court for the Province of Orissa , which shall be a Court of Record '' . Finally , on 26 July 1948 , Orissa High Court was formally inaugurated . The seat of the court is Cuttack . The court has a sanctioned judge strength of 27 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Chief Justice 2 Former Chief Justices 3 Odisha High Court Chief Justices serving as Judges of the Supreme Court of India 4 References 5 External links The Chief Justice ( edit ) Sri Vineet Saran , L.L.B , is the present Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court . D.H. Waghela , the previous Chief Justice , has been transferred to the Bombay High Court . Former Chief Justices ( edit ) # Chief Justice Term Bira Kishore Ray 26 July 1948 -- 30 October 1951 B. Jagannadha Das 31 October 1951 -- 3 March 1953 Lingaraj Panigrahi 4 March 1953 -- 21 March 1956 R. Laxman Narasimham 22 March 1956 -- 27 December 1964 5 Khaleel Ahmed 18 January 1965 -- 5 April 1967 6 Satya Bhusan Burman 6 April 1967 -- 30 April 1969 7 Gati Krushna Misra 1 May 1969 -- 30 October 1975 8 Siba Narayan Shankar 1 November 1975 -- 12 October 1977 9 Sukanta Kishor Ray 13 October 1977 -- 4 November 1980 10 Ranganath Misra ( acting ) 16 January 1981 -- 14 March 1983 11 Dambarudhar Pathak 11 August 1983 -- 28 February 1986 12 Harilal Agrawal 1 May 1986 -- 31 July 1989 13 Banwarilal Hansaria 22 February 1990 -- 13 December 1993 14 Girish Thakurlal Nanavati 31 January 1994 -- 27 September 1994 15 Vallabhdas Aidan Mohta 28 September 1994 -- 25 April 1995 16 Sailendu Nath Pukhan 2 August 1996 -- 27 January 1999 17 Biswanath Agrawal 18 November 1999 -- 18 October 2000 18 N.Y. Hanumanthapa 17 February 2001 -- 24 September 2001 19 P.K. Balsubramanyan 5 December 2001 -- 10 March 2003 20 Sujit Barman Roy 9 April 2003 -- 27 January 2007 21 A.K. Ganguly 2 March 2007 -- 18 May 2008 22 Balbir Singh Chauhan 16 July 2008 -- 10 May 2009 23 I.M. Quddusi 11 May 2009 -- 13 November 2009 24 Bilal Nazki 14 November 2009 -- 17 November 2009 25 Venkate Gopala Gowda 25 March 2010 -- 26 February 2013 26 C. Nagappan 27 February 2013 -- 16 September 2013 27 Adarsh Kumar Goel 10 October 2013 - July 2014 28 Amitava Roy 5 August 2014 -- 25 February 2015 29 Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela 13 April 2015 - 14 Feb 2016 acting Pradip Kumar Mohanty 14 Feb 2016 - 26 Feb 2016 30 Vineet Saran ( designate ) 26 Feb 2016 - till date Odisha High Court Chief Justices serving as Judges of the Supreme Court of India ( edit ) Hon'ble Mr. Justice A.K. Patnaik Hon'ble Mr. Justice B.S. Chauhan Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Nagappan Hon'ble Mr. Justice Dipak Misra Hon'ble Mr. Justice Venkate Gopala Gowda Hon'ble Mr. Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel Hon'ble Mr. Justice Amitava Roy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/cjohc.asp Jump up ^ `` Justice Saran to be sworn in as Chief Justice of Orissa HC '' . OdishaSunTimes.com . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts Judge strength in High Courts increased Orissa High Court website http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/from-list-of-6-sc-collegium-picks-orissa-chief-justice-for-elevation/ High courts of India Allahabad High Court Bombay High Court Calcutta High Court Chhattisgarh High Court Delhi High Court Gujarat High Court Gauhati High Court Himachal Pradesh High Court Hyderabad High Court Jammu and Kashmir High Court Jharkhand High Court Karnataka High Court Kerala High Court Madhya Pradesh High Court Madras High Court Manipur High Court Meghalaya High Court Odisha High Court Patna High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Rajasthan High Court Sikkim High Court Tripura High Court Uttarakhand High Court State of Odisha Capital : Bhubaneswar Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties Raj Bhavan High Court Police Topics Arts Cinema Cuisine Culture Economy Education Elections Flora and Fauna Geography Highest point History Historic sites Rulers Language Act Alphabet Literature Morphology People Politics Tourism GI Products Berhampur Patta Bomkai Sari Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics Ganjam Kewda Flower Ganjam Kewda Rooh Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics Habaspuri Saree & Fabrics Khandua Konark Stone Carving Kotpad Handloom fabrics Orissa Ikat Pattachitra Pipili applique work Sambalpuri saree Districts Angul Balasore Bargarh Bhadrak Balangir Boudh Cuttack Debagarh Dhenkanal Gajapati Ganjam Jagatsinghpur Jajpur Jharsuguda Kalahandi Kandhamal Kendrapara Kendujhar Khordha Koraput Malkangiri Mayurbhanj Nabarangpur Nayagarh Nuapada Puri Rayagada Sambalpur Subarnapur Sundargarh Cities Angul Balasore Barbil Bargarh Baripada Bhadrak Bhubaneswar Berhampur Cuttack Dhenkanal Jajpur Jharsuguda Puri Rourkela Sambalpur Odisha portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odisha_High_Court&oldid=801614123 '' Categories : High Courts of India Government of Odisha 1948 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 21 . 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6329812575877013487	Social Security number	Social Security number - wikipedia Social Security number Jump to : navigation , search A Social Security card issued by the Railroad Retirement Board in 1943 to a now deceased person . In the United States , a Social Security number ( SSN ) is a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary ( working ) residents under section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) of the Social Security Act , codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) . The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration , an independent agency of the United States government . Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes , the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes . A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS - 5 , Application for A Social Security Number Card . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose and use 2.1 Non-universal status 2.2 Use required for federal tax purposes 3 Types of Social Security cards 4 Identity theft 5 Replacement numbers 6 Structure 7 Historical structure 7.1 Exhaustion and re-use 7.2 Valid SSNs 8 SSNs used in advertising 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program . Within three months , 25 million numbers were issued . On November 24 , 1936 , 1,074 of the nation 's 45,000 post offices were designated `` typing centers '' to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington , D.C. On December 1 , 1936 , as part of the publicity campaign for the new program , Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney , Jr. , of New Rochelle , New York . Before 1986 , people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14 , since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes , and those under that age seldom had substantial income . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction . Before this act , parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported . During the first year of the Tax Reform Act , this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed . The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents . In 1988 , the threshold was lowered to 2 years old , and in 1990 , the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old . Today , an SSN is required regardless of the child 's age to receive an exemption . Since then , parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth ; today , it can be done on the application for a birth certificate . Purpose and use ( edit ) The original purpose of this number was to track individuals ' accounts within the Social Security program . It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States , although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist . As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA , it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again . A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and ( originally ) Post Offices . Employee , patient , student , and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number . The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1 , 1969 , the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1 , 1972 , and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1 , 1974 . Previously , the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service . Beginning in June 2011 , DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards . It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number , formerly known as the EDIPI . Non-universal status ( edit ) An old Social Security card with the `` not for identification '' message Social Security was originally a universal tax , but when Medicare was passed in 1965 , objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system . Because of this , not every American is part of the Social Security program , and not everyone has a number . However , a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes , and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs ( or alternative identifying numbers ) from their employees , as described below . The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license . Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification . Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN , it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed . Since then , Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers . Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them , it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one . While the government can not require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis , companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN . The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph , no physical description and no birth date . All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name . Instead , a driver 's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults . Use required for federal tax purposes ( edit ) Internal Revenue Code section 6109 ( d ) provides : `` The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) of the Social Security Act ( codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) ) shall , except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) , be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title ( the Internal Revenue Code , title 26 of the United States Code ) . '' The Internal Revenue Code also provides , when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) : Inclusion in returns : Any person required under the authority of this title to make a return , statement , or other document shall include in such return , statement , or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person . Furnishing number to other persons : Any person with respect to whom a return , statement , or other document is required under the authority of this title to be made by another person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of another person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing his proper identification . According to U.S. Treasury regulations , any person who , after October 31 , 1962 , works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes , Medicare taxes , or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for `` an account number '' using `` Form SS - 5 . '' A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number . Types of Social Security cards ( edit ) Three different types of Social Security cards are issued . The most common type contains the cardholder 's name and number . Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents . There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards : One reads `` not valid for employment . '' Such cards can not be used as proof of work authorization , and are not acceptable as a List C document on the I - 9 form . The other reads `` valid for work only with DHS authorization '' , or the older , `` valid for work only with INS authorization . '' These cards are issued to people who have temporary work authorization in the U.S. They can satisfy the I - 9 requirement , if they are accompanied by a work authorization card . In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number ( SSN ) Card to prevent forgery . From April 2006 through August 2007 , Social Security Administration ( SSA ) and Government Printing Office ( GPO ) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security . The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams . Identity theft ( edit ) Dog tag from World War II ( possibly Army - Air Corps ) , labeled `` P '' for Protestant . Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers . Furthermore , researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN . The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft , since it is interconnected with many other forms of identification , and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator . Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts , credit cards , and loans -- partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it . Exacerbating the problem of using the social security number as an identifier is the fact that the social security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort , making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation ( which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN ) . Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes -- e.g. , rental applications . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential . Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number ( PTIN ) to include on their client 's tax returns ( as part of signature requirements ) . Day care services have tax benefits , and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN ( employer identification number ) to use on their tax return . The Social Security Administration has suggested that , if asked to provide his or her Social Security number , a citizen should ask which law requires its use . In accordance with § 7213 of the 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( e ) ( 2 ) , the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime . Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands , and the Republic of Palau , whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine . Replacement numbers ( edit ) A person can request a new Social Security number , but only under certain conditions ; Where sequential numbers assigned to members of the same family are causing problems . In the event of duplicates having been issued . In cases where the person has been a victim of domestic violence or harassment , and there is a clear need to change their number for their personal safety . When a person has been a victim of identity theft , and their Social Security number continues to be problematic . Where a person has a demonstrable religious objection to a number ( such as certain Christians being averse to the number 666 ) . For all of these conditions , credible third - party evidence such as a restraining order or police report , is required . Structure ( edit ) The Social Security number is a nine - digit number in the format `` AAA - GG - SSSS '' . The number is divided into three parts . On June 25 , 2011 , the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to `` SSN randomization '' . SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways : It eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN , previously referred to as the Area Number , by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states . It eliminates the significance of the highest group number and , as a result , the High Group List is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date ( see section `` Valid SSNs '' ) . Previously unassigned area numbers have been introduced for assignment excluding area numbers 000 , 666 and 900 -- 999 . Note : Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( ITINs ) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , so they are not affected by this SSA change . Historical structure ( edit ) Prior to 2011 , the first three digits known as the area number were assigned by geographical region . Prior to 1973 , cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued . This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived , since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office . Since 1973 , when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore , the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card . The applicant 's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence . Thus , the area number does not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to , or after , 1973 . Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers for each state . Generally , numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward , so that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers . As the areas assigned to a locality are exhausted , new areas from the pool are assigned , so some states have noncontiguous groups of numbers . The middle two digits are the group number . The group numbers range from 01 to 99 . However , they are not assigned in consecutive order . For administrative reasons , group numbers are issued in the following order : odd numbers from 01 through 09 . even numbers from 10 through 98 . even numbers from 02 through 08 . odd numbers from 11 through 99 . As an example , group number 98 is issued before 11 . The last four digits are serial numbers . They represent a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group . Exhaustion and reuse ( edit ) The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers . It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program , and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits . However , there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number . Valid SSNs ( edit ) Prior to June 25 , 2011 , a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749 , or above 772 , the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated . Effective June 25 , 2011 , the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s . This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers ( TINs ) , which include additional area numbers . Some special numbers are never allocated : Numbers with all zeros in any digit group ( 000 - # # - # # # # , # # # - 00 - # # # # , # # # - # # - 0000 ) . Numbers with 666 or 900 - 999 ( Individual Taxpayer Identification Number ) in the first digit group . Until 2011 , the SSA published the last group number used for each area number . Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern , it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number . Now numbers are assigned randomly , and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information . Many online services , however , provide SSN validation . Unlike many similar numbers , no check digit is included . SSNs used in advertising ( edit ) The promotional Social Security card as distributed by the F.W. Woolworth Company Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid . One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E.H. Ferree Company in Lockport , New York , decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets . A sample card , used for display purposes , was placed in each wallet , which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country ; the wallet manufacturer 's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary , Hilda Schrader Whitcher . Even though the card was printed in red ( the real card is printed in blue ) and had `` Specimen '' printed across the front , many people used Whitcher 's SSN as their own . The Social Security Administration 's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card , despite a miniature card 's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher 's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph . Over time , the number that appeared ( 078 - 05 - 1120 ) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own . The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number . ( Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN . ) However , the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977 . More recently , Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company 's LifeLock identity theft protection service , which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times . See also ( edit ) Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas Death Master File Feature creep INSEE code Italian fiscal code card Kennitala National Insurance number National Registration Identity Card NHI Number NIE Number Permanent account number Personally identifiable information PESEL PPS number Social Insurance Number Tax file number Uniform civil number Unique Population Registry Code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Social Security Number '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kouri , Jim ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Social Security Cards : De Facto National Identification '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Social Security Online '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The First Social Security Number and the Lowest Number '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Applicant on Pension List '' . Ogden Standard Examiner . Ogden , Utah . December 2 , 1936 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Long , Wayne S. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Social Security Numbers Issued : A 20 - Year Review '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Journal . 56 ( 1 ) : 82 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jack ( 1993 ) . `` A strategy for assembling samples of adult twin pairs in the United States '' . Statistics in Medicine . 12 : 1693 -- 1702 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Reform Act of 1986 '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ( `` Unlike the PIN the SSN is not universally assigned , nor is it issued at birth . In the U.S. , assignment of the SSN occurs traditionally when an individual joins the workforce , usually as a teenager . The age at SSN issuance , however , has been declining for decades `` and recent changes in the tax law now require that all infants claimed as dependants must have an SSN by one year of age . '' ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey B. Liebman ( December 2000 ) . `` Who Are the Ineligible EITC Recipients ? '' . National Tax Journal . 53 : 1165 -- 1186 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Chronology '' . Social Security Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Security Numbers For Children '' . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ `` National Personnel Records Center '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` DOD removes SSAN from ID cards '' . Jump up ^ `` The Amish & Social Security '' . Amishnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Amish reject giving Social Security numbers to get licenses '' . The Chippewa Herald . August 30 , 1999 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Version History '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( July 26 , 1998 ) . `` The Nation ; Not for Identification Purposes ( Just Kidding ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Not Required '' . Scribd.com. 2008 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Mullen , Associate Commissioner ( March 18 , 1998 ) , Letter to Mr. Scott McDonald ( PDF ) , Office of Public Enquiries , Social Security Administration , retrieved July 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Can I refuse to give my Social Security number to a private business ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( d ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( a ) . Jump up ^ See 26 C.F.R. sec . 31.6011 ( b ) - 2 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( ii ) . Jump up ^ `` New algorithm guesses SSNs using date and place of birth '' . Ars Technica . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Broache , Anne . `` Congress may slap restrictions on SSN use - CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Social Security Number And Card , `` How can I protect my Social Security number ? '' `` . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bill ( August 2009 ) . `` How many Americans ' Social Security numbers were officially duplicated for Pacific islanders ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security : Frequently Asked Questions - Can I change my Social Security number ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Numbers for Domestic Violence Victims '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Social Security Administration . `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Randomization '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Q20 : Are Social Security numbers reused after a person dies ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two women : same birthday , same Social Security number , same big - data mess '' . PC World . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of valid area numbers '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( TIN ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Social Security numbers are invalid ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM 10201.035 Invalid Social Security Numbers ( SSNs ) '' . Program Operations Manual System ( POMS ) . United States Social Security Administration . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List currently allocated group numbers for each area number '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The story of the most misused number of all time ... '' Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Kim Zetter , CEO 's Identity Stolen 13 Times , Wired ( May 18 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Jaikumar Vijayan , LifeLock CEO said to be victim of identity theft 13 times , ComputerWorld ( May 19 , 2010 ) ) External links ( edit ) Social Security Administration Social Security Death Index Database listing over 85 million SSNs , all of which entered the public domain upon the death of their owners The Woolworth Card : The SSN 078 - 05 - 1120 has been claimed by thousands of people since the late 1930s Social Security Cards Issued by Woolworth : `` The story of the most misused number of all time '' Complete list of area number groups from the Social Security Administration Social Security Administration 's FAQ for Social Security Numbers Social Security card application Hearing on Removing Social Security Numbers from Medicare Cards : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means , U.S. House of Representatives , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , Second Session , August 1 , 2012 Look up public information about Social Security Numbers derived from the SSN enumeration pattern prior to 2011 Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_number&oldid=815562458 '' Categories : National identification numbers Social Security ( United States ) Taxation in the United States Unique identifiers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Română Русский ᏣᎳᎩ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did they start issuing social security numbers	[ "Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.[4]" ]	[ "November 1935" ]
8441424824931146342	Louie Anderson	Louie Anderson - wikipedia Louie Anderson For the New Zealand rugby player , see Louis Anderson . Louie Anderson Anderson in 2012 Louis Perry Anderson ( 1953 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1953 ( age 65 ) Saint Paul , Minnesota , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , game show host , author Years active 1984 -- present Website louieanderson.com Louis Perry `` Louie '' Anderson ( born March 24 , 1953 ) is an American stand - up comedian , actor and television host . Anderson created the cartoon series Life with Louie , has written four books including Hey Mom : Stories for My Mother , But You Can Read Them Too published in 2018 . He was the initial host of the third revival of the game show Family Feud from 1999 to 2002 . For his performance on the FX comedy television series Baskets , Anderson received three consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series nominations and won once in September 2016 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Stand - up style 4 Personal life 4.1 Blackmailing incident 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Anderson was born and raised in Saint Paul , Minnesota , the son of Ora Zella ( née Prouty ) and Louis William Anderson . Anderson is the second youngest of 11 children in his family . In a 2016 interview on WTF with Marc Maron , Anderson revealed that his mother actually gave birth to 16 children , but five of them -- the first baby and then two sets of twins -- died in childbirth . Anderson has described his father as `` abusive . '' Anderson went to Johnson Senior High in Saint Paul . Career ( edit ) On November 20 , 1984 , Anderson made his network debut as a stand - up comedian on The Tonight Show . In late 1985 , Anderson was cast as Lou Appleton alongside Bronson Pinchot on the pilot episode of Perfect Strangers for ABC ( which was known in this early stage as The Greenhorn ) . When the show was picked up , Anderson was replaced by Mark Linn - Baker in the role of Appleton ( whose first name was then changed from Lou to Larry ) as the producers did n't think the chemistry between Anderson and Pinchot was quite right . The show ran for eight seasons on ABC . In 1986 , Anderson had a small role in the singing - telegram scene in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . In 1987 , Anderson appeared in a comedy special on Showtime . In 1988 , Anderson played a role in John Landis ' film Coming to America , which starred Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall ; and starred in the camp comedy The Wrong Guys . In 1989 , Anderson guest - starred on the first episode of the MuppeTelevision segment of The Jim Henson Hour . In 1995 , Anderson created and produced a Saturday - morning animated series for Fox called Life with Louie . The series was based on Anderson 's childhood with 10 siblings , a sweet - hearted mother and a loud , war - crazed father . It also detailed how he was picked on for his weight , and how he used comedy to deal with the teasing . The show was a 3 - year hit on Fox , and won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program . In 1996 , Anderson created and starred in The Louie Show for CBS . The show had Anderson playing a psychotherapist in Duluth , Minnesota . The show ran six episodes and was cancelled . In 1999 , Anderson landed the role of host of the new version of Family Feud . Anderson asked former Feud host Richard Dawson to appear on the premiere show to give him his blessing , but Dawson declined . Anderson organized a 9 / 11 - themed tournament week of Family Feud between the FDNY and the NYPD , putting up $75,000 toward both organizations for recovery from the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Anderson was let go from the show in 2002 . In 2001 , Anderson appeared on an episode of Weakest Link , winning $31,000 . He has made appearances on network television in Scrubs , Grace Under Fire , Touched by an Angel ( A Song for the Soul , November 28 , 1999 ) and Chicago Hope . He guest starred on the Adult Swim cameo - filled show Tom Goes to the Mayor . Anderson played in the 2006 World Series of Poker Main Event in Las Vegas , Nevada . In 2012 , Anderson filmed a standup special entitled Louie Anderson : Big Baby Boomer . In it , Anderson poked fun at his bad habits , pesky family members , and aging body . In 2013 , Anderson appeared in the ABC reality television series Splash . After practicing several dives into a swimming pool then nearly drowning , he needed help getting out from co-star football player Ndamukong Suh . In October 2014 , Anderson signed on as the promotional spokesperson for his home state 's Land O'Lakes Sweet Cream butter brand . Anderson has since appeared in radio jingles , web ads , and television commercials promoting the product . Since January 21 , 2016 , Anderson has played the part of Christine Baskets on the FX comedy series Baskets . Anderson won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance as Christine Baskets in 2016 . On July 23 , 2017 , Anderson competed on an episode of Celebrity Family Feud ( hosted today by Steve Harvey ) ; his opponent was singer / actress Christina Milian . This makes him one of only a small number of individuals to have both hosted and been a contestant on the same game show , and also marks his first appearance on any form of Family Feud since his departure as host in 2002 . As of September , 2018 , he is a regular panelist on the TV game show Funny You Should Ask . Stand - up style ( edit ) Dennis Miller has called him `` one of the lightest on his feet comedians I know ... There 's very few guys I 'm going to leave my dressing room early ( to watch ) ... ( Louie has ) a Fred Astaire - approach . Very nimble , and he would n't hammer points home , but he would do a ' weave - back ' that was almost Pulp Fiction - like . '' Personal Life ( edit ) A 1985 marriage to his high - school sweetheart lasted four weeks . Blackmailing incident ( edit ) In 1997 , Anderson was blackmailed by a man named Richard John Gordon . Gordon demanded money from Anderson , threatening to reveal to tabloids that Anderson reportedly sexually propositioned him in a casino in 1993 . Between 1997 and 1998 , Anderson paid Gordon $100,000 in hush money , fearing the story would threaten his starring roles in two family - oriented series , but when Gordon 's demands increased to $250,000 in 2000 , Anderson 's lawyer informed federal authorities . Gordon , who was 31 at the time , was arrested after leading FBI agents on a high - speed chase along Santa Monica Boulevard . Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson has authored the following : The F Word : How to Survive Your Family , 49 family survival tips Dear Dad : Letters from an Adult Child , a collection of letters to his late father Goodbye Jumbo ... Hello Cruel World , a self - help book for those who struggle with self - esteem issues Hey Mom : Stories for My Mother , But You Can Read Them Too ( 2018 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roura , Phil ( 1999 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Playing The Heavy - For Laughs Louie Anderson Turns Childhood Abuse & Weight Into the Stuff of Standup '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Louie Anderson '' . The Grable Group . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` ' Baskets ' Emmy Nominee Louie Anderson on the Role of His Career '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Episode 715 : Louie Anderson '' . WTF with Marc Maron. 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Colbert '' . Late Show with Stephen Colbert . CBS . April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Real - Life Family Feud , Talk Show Host Repairs Family Ties '' . CBS News . 2000 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Louie Anderson '' . Dead - Frog - A Comedy Blog . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louie Anderson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John . J. ( August 17 , 1987 ) . `` Louie Anderson , Comedian '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Movies '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bubbenheim , Aaron ( March 17 , 2005 ) . `` Comedian 's visit to focus on funny '' . The Pitt News . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( February 5 , 1996 ) . `` The More the Merrier , for a Vet and a Therapist '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : E ! True Hollywood Story . Family Feud . July 28 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas , KTNV Channel 13 Action News '' . Jrn.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PokerStars.com Players Win More Than $21 Million at the 2006 World Series of Poker '' . 2006 - 08 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ley , Tom ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Louie Anderson Nearly Drowns In The Most Pathetic Way Possible , Is Saved By Ndamukong Suh '' . Deadspin . Jump up ^ Joanna Robinson . `` Louie Anderson on His Extraordinary New Role as a Woman on Baskets '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dennis ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Dennis Miller Show '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Dennis Miller . Jump up ^ `` He 's Getting Laughs All Over TV , and Louie Anderson Has Only Just Begun to Throw His Weight Around '' . People . September 7 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherford , Mike ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Neon - Laughter and Tears '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( 2000 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Louie 's Sex - Extortion Feud '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website Video from ComediansUSA Louie Anderson on IMDb Media offices Preceded by Richard Dawson Host of Family Feud 1999 -- 2002 Succeeded by Richard Karn Awards for Louie Anderson Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Ty Burrell ( 2012 ) Simon Helberg ( 2013 ) Andre Braugher ( 2014 ) T.J. Miller ( 2015 ) Andre Braugher ( 2016 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Walton Goggins ( 2017 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Lily Tomlin ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Louie Anderson ( 1997 ) Louie Anderson ( 1998 ) Rob Paulsen ( 1999 ) James Woods ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) Charles Shaughnessy ( 2002 ) Gregory Hines ( 2003 ) Joe Alaskey ( 2004 ) Henry Winkler ( 2005 ) Maile Flanagan ( 2006 ) Eartha Kitt ( 2007 ) Eartha Kitt ( 2008 ) Jim Ward ( 2009 ) Eartha Kitt ( 2010 ) Danny Jacobs ( 2011 ) June Foray ( 2012 ) David Tennant ( 2013 ) Hayley Faith Negrin ( 2014 ) Danny Jacobs ( 2015 ) Jeff Bennett ( 2016 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2017 ) Tom Kenny ( 2018 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Art Carney ( 1954 ) Art Carney ( 1955 ) Art Carney ( 1956 ) Carl Reiner ( 1957 ) Carl Reiner ( 1958 ) Tom Poston ( 1959 ) Don Knotts ( 1961 ) Don Knotts ( 1962 ) Don Knotts ( 1963 ) Don Knotts ( 1966 ) Don Knotts ( 1967 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1968 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1969 ) Michael Constantine ( 1970 ) Ed Asner ( 1971 ) Ed Asner ( 1972 ) Ted Knight ( 1973 ) Rob Reiner ( 1974 ) Ed Asner ( 1975 ) Ted Knight ( 1976 ) Gary Burghoff ( 1977 ) Rob Reiner ( 1978 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1979 ) Harry Morgan ( 1980 ) Danny DeVito ( 1981 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1982 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1983 ) Pat Harrington Jr. ( 1984 ) John Larroquette ( 1985 ) John Larroquette ( 1986 ) John Larroquette ( 1987 ) John Larroquette ( 1988 ) Woody Harrelson ( 1989 ) Alex Rocco ( 1990 ) Jonathan Winters ( 1991 ) Michael Jeter ( 1992 ) Michael Richards ( 1993 ) Michael Richards ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) Rip Torn ( 1996 ) Michael Richards ( 1997 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1998 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1999 ) Sean Hayes ( 2000 ) Peter MacNicol ( 2001 ) Brad Garrett ( 2002 ) Brad Garrett ( 2003 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2004 ) Brad Garrett ( 2005 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2008 ) Jon Cryer ( 2009 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2010 ) Ty Burrell ( 2011 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2012 ) Tony Hale ( 2013 ) Ty Burrell ( 2014 ) Tony Hale ( 2015 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2017 ) Henry Winkler ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14149801f ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 2986 3687 LCCN : n88268625 MusicBrainz : b942e1e0 - 4071 - 4b0f - 9a34 - d4fd4817f6aa SNAC : w6vn7bpw VIAF : 75421713 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louie_Anderson&oldid=864731689 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians American game show hosts American male television actors American stand - up comedians American male voice actors Daytime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Male actors from Saint Paul , Minnesota Participants in American reality television series Writers from Minnesota Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Kurdî Magyar Polski Română Русский Simple English Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the game show host in like father	[]	[]
-7349590091707602391	Moon over Parador	Moon over Parador - wikipedia Moon over Parador Jump to : navigation , search Moon Over Parador Theatrical release poster Directed by Paul Mazursky Produced by Paul Mazursky Screenplay by Leon Capetanos Paul Mazursky Based on `` Caviar for His Excellency '' by Charles G. Booth Starring Richard Dreyfuss Raúl Juliá Sônia Braga Jonathan Winters Fernando Rey Music by Maurice Jarre Cinematography Donald McAlpine Edited by Stuart H. Pappé Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 09 - 09 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $11,444,204 Moon over Parador is a 1988 romantic comedy film , starring Richard Dreyfuss , Raúl Juliá and Sonia Braga . It is a remake of the 1939 film The Magnificent Fraud , based on the unpublished short story entitled `` Caviar for His Excellency '' by Charles G. Booth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Locations 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the exploits of film actor Jack Noah ( Dreyfuss ) , who is filming in the small , fictional South American country of Parador when Paradorian President Alfonse Simms , a Pinochet - style dictator , suddenly dies of a heart attack . Not wanting to lose his position in power , the president 's right - hand man , Roberto Strausmann ( Juliá ) forces Jack to take the ' role of a lifetime ' - that of the dead president , as the two men look so much alike . Jack accepts , eventually winning over the people and even the dead president 's mistress , Madonna ( Braga ) . However , when Paradise proves to be too boring , Jack needs to find a way to get out while keeping Roberto out of the loop . Cast ( edit ) Richard Dreyfuss - Jack Noah / President Alphonse Simms Lorin Dreyfuss - the real Alphonse Simms Raúl Juliá - Roberto Strausmann Sonia Braga - Madonna Mendez Dana Delany - Jenny Jonathan Winters - Ralph Fernando Rey - Alejandro Michael Greene - Clint Polly Holliday - Midge Milton Gonçalves - Carlo Charo - Madame Lupe Marianne Sägebrecht - Magda Feldmarck Sammy Davis , Jr . - Himself Ike Pappas - Himself Edward Asner - Himself Reinhard Kolldehoff - Gunther Feldmarck Production ( edit ) In the beginning , while both the President and Jack are in the scene , the President is played by Dreyfuss ' older brother Lorin . During a scene where Jack has to address the crowd as the Paradorian President , he ad - libs his lines and uses the text for the song `` The Impossible Dream '' from Man of La Mancha . Sammy Davis Jr. 's rendition of Parador 's national anthem is sung against the music for `` Bésame Mucho '' . The previous Paradorian National Anthem ( `` O Parador '' ) is sung to the tune of `` O Christmas Tree '' . Director Paul Mazursky appears uncredited in drag , playing Simms ' mother . Mazursky 's wife Betsy appears at a buffet table and asks , `` Por favor , is it safe to eat this lettuce here ? '' His daughter , Jill , plays the assistant director of the second film crew to shoot in Parador . Locations ( edit ) New York City , New York , USA Ouro Preto , Minas Gerais , Brazil Rio de Janeiro City , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Salvador , Bahia , Brazil Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews and has a 42 % rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Despite opening at # 1 in the box office , the film was unable to cover its production costs , making it a flop . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Golden Globe Award Nominated , `` Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture '' - Raúl Juliá Nominated , `` Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture '' - Sônia Braga References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Moon Over Parador ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 1988 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Moon over Parador on IMDb Moon over Parador at Rotten Tomatoes Moon over Parador at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Paul Mazursky Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice ( 1969 ) Alex in Wonderland ( 1970 ) Blume in Love ( 1973 ) Harry and Tonto ( 1974 ) Next Stop , Greenwich Village ( 1976 ) An Unmarried Woman ( 1978 ) Willie & Phil ( 1980 ) Tempest ( 1982 ) Moscow on the Hudson ( 1984 ) Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1986 ) Moon over Parador ( 1988 ) Enemies , A Love Story ( 1989 ) Scenes from a Mall ( 1991 ) The Pickle ( 1993 ) Faithful ( 1996 ) Winchell ( 1998 ) Coast to Coast ( 2003 ) Yippee ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_over_Parador&oldid=782912200 '' Categories : English - language films 1988 films Films directed by Paul Mazursky 1980s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films about actors Films about Latin American military dictatorships American film remakes Films shot in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Films shot in Salvador , Bahia Films shot in Ouro Preto Films shot in New York City Films set in a fictional South American country Universal Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2017 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie moon over parador filmed	[ "\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n", "\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n", "\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n", "\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n" ]	[ "New York City, New York, USA", "Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil", "Rio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "Salvador, Bahia, Brazil" ]
6951686118540866488	Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament	Ice Hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- men 's tournament - wikipedia Ice Hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- men 's tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Winter Olympics Tournament details Host country South Korea Dates 14 -- 25 February Teams 12 Venue ( s ) 2 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 1st title ) Runner - up Germany Third place Canada Fourth place Czech Republic Tournament statistics Matches played 30 Goals scored 154 ( 5.13 per match ) Attendance 138,327 ( 4,611 per match ) Scoring leader ( s ) Nikita Gusev ( 12 points ) MVP Ilya Kovalchuk ← 2014 2022 → Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Tournament men women Rosters men women The men 's tournament in ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held in Gangneung , South Korea between 14 and 25 February 2018 . Twelve countries qualified for the tournament ; eight of them did so automatically by virtue of their ranking by the International Ice Hockey Federation , one , South Korea , automatically qualified as hosts , while the three others took part in a qualification tournament . After five consecutive Olympic tournaments in which the National Hockey League ( the world 's premier professional league ) allowed its players to participate in the Olympics and adjusted its schedule to accommodate the tournament , the NHL announced in 2017 that it would prohibit any player under NHL contract , including those not actually playing for an NHL team , from participating in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC ensuring that nations would not be allowed to ask NHL players to participate . Unlike the NHL , a vast majority of European leagues accommodated an Olympic break , headlined by Russia - based KHL 's 33 - day break , Sweden - based Swedish Hockey League 's 14 - day break , Switzerland - based National League 's 25 - day break , German - based Eishockey Liga 's 26 - day break , Czech Republic - based Extraliga 's 18 - day break and Slovakia - based Tipsport liga 's 14 - day break . Conversely , Finland - based SM - liiga accommodated a 10 - day - break . However , Liiga allowed its top players to leave their clubs and participate in the Olympics . The Russian national team , competing under the name of the Olympic athletes from Russia ( OAR ) , won the gold medal for the first time in 26 years , defeating the German national team with a score of 4 : 3 in overtime in the finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 1.1 Qualified teams 2 Rosters 3 Match officials 4 Preliminary round 4.1 Tiebreak criteria 4.2 Group A 4.3 Group B 4.4 Group C 4.5 Ranking after preliminary round 5 Playoff round 5.1 Bracket 5.2 Qualification playoffs 5.3 Quarterfinals 5.4 Semifinals 5.5 Bronze medal game 5.6 Gold medal game 6 Final ranking 7 Statistics 7.1 Scoring leaders 7.2 Leading goaltenders 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's qualification Canada , Russia , Sweden , Finland , United States , Czech Republic , Switzerland , and Slovakia qualified as the top eight teams in the IIHF World Ranking in 2015 . South Korea qualified as host team . To field a competitive team , the South Korean government agreed to grant one American and six Canadian hockey players that were playing in Korean leagues dual citizenship to make them eligible for the national team . The remaining three teams qualified from qualification tournaments . Qualified teams ( edit ) Event Date Location Vacancies Qualified Hosts 19 September 2014 Tenerife South Korea 2015 IIHF World Ranking 2 April 2012 -- 17 May 2015 Prague and Ostrava 8 Sweden Finland Canada Russia United States Czech Republic Switzerland Slovakia Final qualification tournament 1 -- 4 September 2016 Minsk Slovenia Final qualification tournament 1 -- 4 September 2016 Riga Germany Final qualification tournament 1 -- 4 September 2016 Oslo Norway Total 12 Notes 2015 IIHF World Ranking were comprising the following events : 2012 World Championship , 2013 World Championship , 2014 Winter Olympic Games , 2014 World Championship and 2015 World Championship Prague and Ostrava were the sites for 2015 IIHF World Championship ; at the conclusion of the tournament the ranking were finalized with regards to the qualification slots . In December 2017 , the IOC suspended Russia from competing at the Winter Olympics as part of its sanctions following state - sponsored doping allegations . Some of Russian athletes with no history of doping violations , including the men 's ice hockey squad , were permitted to compete as neutrals under the name `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' Rosters ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's team rosters Match officials ( edit ) 14 referees and 14 linesmen were selected for the tournament . Referees Oliver Gouin Brett Iverson Jan Hribik Antonín Jeřábek Aleksi Rantala Anssi Salonen Roman Gofman Konstantin Olenin Daniel Stricker Tobias Wehrli Jozef Kubuš Linus Öhlund Mark Lemelin Timothy Mayer Linesmen Nathan Vanoosten Vít Lederer Miroslav Lhotský Hannu Sormunen Sakari Suominen Lukas Kohlmüller Gleb Lazarev Alexander Otmakhov Nicolas Fluri Roman Kaderli Jimmy Dahmen Henrik Pihlblad Fraser McIntyre Judson Ritter Preliminary round ( edit ) All times are local ( UTC + 9 ) . Tiebreak criteria ( edit ) In each group , teams will be ranked according to the following criteria : Number of points ( three points for a regulation - time win , two points for an overtime or shootout win , one point for an overtime or shootout defeat , no points for a regulation - time defeat ) ; In case two teams are tied on points , the result of their head - to - head match will determine the ranking ; In case three or four teams are tied on points , the following criteria will apply ( if , after applying a criterion , only two teams remain tied , the result of their head - to - head match will determine their ranking ) : Points obtained in head - to - head matches between the teams concerned ; Goal differential in head - to - head matches between the teams concerned ; Number of goals scored in head - to - head matches between the teams concerned ; If three teams remain tied , result of head - to - head matches between each of the teams concerned and the remaining team in the group ( points , goal difference , goals scored ) ; Place in 2017 IIHF World Ranking . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Czech Republic 0 0 9 + 5 8 Quarterfinals Canada 0 0 11 + 7 7 Switzerland 0 0 10 9 + 1 Qualification playoffs South Korea ( H ) 0 0 0 14 − 13 0 Source : IIHF ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Czech Republic 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,025 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Mark Lemelin Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Henrik Pihlblad Sakari Suominen 0 -- 1 07 : 34 -- Cho M. ( Radunske , Swift ) Kovář ( Řepík , Sekáč ) ( PP ) -- 11 : 59 1 -- 1 Řepík ( Birner , Francouz ) ( SH ) -- 16 : 18 2 -- 1 8 min Penalties 6 min 40 Shots 18 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Switzerland 1 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Canada Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 2,802 ( show ) Game reference Leonardo Genoni Jonas Hiller Goalies Ben Scrivens Referees : Antonín Jeřábek Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Alexander Otmakhov 0 -- 1 02 : 57 -- Bourque ( Lee , Roy ) 0 -- 2 07 : 30 -- Noreau ( Lee , Roy ) ( PP ) 0 -- 3 25 : 00 -- Bourque ( Roy ) ( PP ) 0 -- 4 25 : 52 -- Wolski ( Noreau ) Moser ( Rüfenacht , Ambühl ) ( PP , EA ) -- 47 : 33 1 -- 4 1 -- 5 54 : 53 -- Wolski ( Kelly , Ebbett ) ( ENG ) 6 min Penalties 6 min 29 Shots 28 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Canada 2 -- 3 GWS ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 0 -- 1 ) Czech Republic Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 6,731 ( show ) Game reference Ben Scrivens Goalies Pavel Francouz Referees : Roman Gofman Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Gleb Lazarov Judson Ritter Raymond ( Vey , Gragnani ) ( PP ) -- 01 : 13 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 06 : 52 -- Kubalík Bourque ( Noreau , Brulé ) ( PP ) -- 13 : 30 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 20 : 25 -- Jordán ( Birner , Horák ) Lapierre Wolski Roy Bourque Noreau Shootout Růžička Koukal Kovář Červenka 6 min Penalties 10 min 33 Shots 21 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 16 : 40 South Korea 0 -- 8 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 5 ) Switzerland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,568 ( show ) Game reference Matt Dalton Park Sung - je Goalies Jonas Hiller Referees : Jan Hribik Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Miroslav Lhotský Fraser McIntyre 0 -- 1 10 : 23 -- Hollenstein ( Haas , Loeffel ) 0 -- 2 27 : 36 -- Du Bois 0 -- 3 35 : 55 -- Suter ( Herzog ) 0 -- 4 43 : 50 -- Rüfenacht ( Untersander , Almond ) 0 -- 5 45 : 17 -- Suter ( Ambühl , Moser ) 0 -- 6 46 : 45 -- Schäppi ( Almond , Geering ) 0 -- 7 51 : 24 -- Suter ( Geering , Ambühl ) 0 -- 8 55 : 10 -- Corvi ( Hofmann , Du Bois ) 8 min Penalties 10 min 25 Shots 34 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Czech Republic 4 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Switzerland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,137 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Jonas Hiller Referees : Brett Iverson Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Judson Ritter Nathan Vanoosten Řepík ( Erat , Horák ) ( PP ) -- 07 : 09 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 14 : 47 -- Rüfenacht ( Ambühl , Suter ) Kubalík ( Kovář , Kolář ) -- 43 : 02 2 -- 1 Červenka ( Kolář ) ( ENG ) -- 58 : 40 3 -- 1 Řepík ( Birner , Nakládal ) ( ENG ) -- 59 : 11 4 -- 1 10 min Penalties 2 min 28 Shots 29 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 6,038 ( show ) Game reference Kevin Poulin Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Jozef Kubuš Daniel Stricker Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Vít Lederer Thomas ( Genoway , Wolski ) -- 07 : 36 1 -- 0 O'Dell ( Gragnani , Klinkhammer ) -- 34 : 22 2 -- 0 Lapierre ( Roy ) -- 45 : 43 3 -- 0 Brulé ( Lee , Roy ) ( PP ) -- 58 : 02 4 -- 0 8 min Penalties 8 min 49 Shots 19 Group b ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Olympic Athletes from Russia 0 0 14 5 + 9 6 Quarterfinals Slovenia 0 0 8 12 − 4 Qualification playoffs United States 0 8 − 4 Slovakia 0 6 7 − 1 Source : IIHF Notes : ^ Jump up to : Slovenia 4 Pts ; USA 4 Pts ; Slovakia 1 Pts . Slovenia defeated USA 3 -- 2 in overtime . 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Slovakia 3 -- 2 ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,025 ( show ) Game reference Branislav Konrád Goalies Vasily Koshechkin Referees : Brett Iverson Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Vít Lederer Nathan Vanoosten 0 -- 1 02 : 54 -- Gavrikov ( Voinov , Shirokov ) 0 -- 2 04 : 08 -- Kaprizov ( Gusev , Gavrikov ) Ölvecký ( Graňák ) -- 16 : 05 1 -- 2 Bakoš -- 17 : 55 2 -- 2 Čerešňák ( Haščák , Bakoš ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 30 3 -- 2 12 min Penalties 10 min 19 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2018 v 21 : 10 United States 2 -- 3 OT ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 ) ( OT 0 -- 1 ) Slovenia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 3,348 ( show ) Game reference Ryan Zapolski Goalies Gašper Krošelj Referees : Jan Hribik Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Lukas Kohlmüller O'Neill ( Roe , Donato ) -- 17 : 44 1 -- 0 Greenway ( O'Neill , Sanguinetti ) -- 32 : 57 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 45 : 49 -- Urbas ( Gregorc , Vidmar ) 2 -- 2 58 : 23 -- Muršak ( Gregorc , Verlič ) 2 -- 3 60 : 38 -- Muršak ( Tičar , Urbas ) 6 min Penalties 6 min 36 Shots 25 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 12 : 10 United States 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Slovakia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 5,652 ( show ) Game reference Ryan Zapolski Goalies Ján Laco Referees : Olivier Gouin Tobias Wehrli Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Alexander Otmakhov Donato ( Terry , Bourque ) ( PP ) -- 07 : 10 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 07 : 35 -- Kudrna ( Surový , Čajkovský ) Donato ( Arcobello , Bourque ) ( PP ) -- 42 : 51 2 -- 1 4 min Penalties 10 min 31 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia 8 -- 2 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) Slovenia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,018 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Ilya Sorokin Goalies Luka Gračnar Referees : Mark Lemelin Daniel Stricker Linesmen : Lukas Kohlmüller Hannu Sormunen Mozyakin ( Datsyuk , Gusev ) ( PP ) -- 18 : 23 1 -- 0 Kovalchuk ( Yakovlev , Andronov ) -- 18 : 45 2 -- 0 Barabanov ( Grigorenko , Kalinin ) ( PP ) -- 26 : 00 3 -- 0 Kablukov ( Kovalchuk , Zub ) -- 28 : 48 4 -- 0 Kaprizov ( Gusev , Kiselevich ) -- 30 : 02 5 -- 0 5 -- 1 33 : 31 -- Muršak ( Verlič , Kuralt ) Kovalchuk ( Kalinin , Andronov ) -- 37 : 16 6 -- 1 Kaprizov ( Datsyuk , Kiselevich ) -- 41 : 15 7 -- 1 Kaprizov ( Zub , Gusev ) -- 47 : 12 8 -- 1 8 -- 2 59 : 27 -- Pance 8 min Penalties 6 min 34 Shots 15 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Olympic Athletes from Russia 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) United States Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,473 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Goalies Ryan Zapolski Referees : Jozef Kubuš Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Vít Lederer Nicolas Fluri Prokhorkin ( Mozyakin , Barabanov ) -- 07 : 21 1 -- 0 Prokhorkin ( Shirokov , Mozyakin ) -- 22 : 14 2 -- 0 Kovalchuk ( Andronov ) -- 39 : 59 3 -- 0 Kovalchuk ( Voynov , Andronov ) -- 40 : 28 4 -- 0 10 min Penalties 10 min 26 Shots 29 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Slovenia 3 -- 2 GWS ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 0 ) Slovakia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,085 ( show ) Game reference Branislav Konrád Goalies Gašper Krošelj Referees : Antonín Jeřábek Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Hannu Sormunen Sakari Suominen Gregorc ( Muršak , Kuralt ) ( PP ) -- 21 : 00 1 -- 0 Kuralt ( Muršak , Gregorc ) ( PP ) -- 24 : 16 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 35 : 43 -- Bubela ( Čerešňák , Graňák ) ( PP ) 2 -- 2 45 : 56 -- Haščák ( Graňák , Čerešňák ) Tičar Urbas Muršak Sabolič Jeglič Shootout Kudrna Ölvecký Bakoš Nagy Haščák 4 min Penalties 8 min 30 Shots 25 Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 0 0 8 + 7 9 Quarterfinals Finland 0 0 11 6 + 5 6 Qualification playoffs Germany 0 0 7 − 3 Norway 0 0 11 − 9 Source : IIHF 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) Germany Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,695 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Oliver Gouin Jozef Kubuš Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Miroslav Lhotský Lepistö ( Kontiola , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 03 : 13 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 08 : 44 -- Macek ( Ehrhoff , Wolf ) ( PP ) Pyörälä ( Lajunen , Manninen ) -- 15 : 30 2 -- 1 Tolvanen ( Hartikainen , Kemppainen ) ( PP ) -- 37 : 22 3 -- 1 Kukkonen ( Kontiola , Tolvanen ) -- 38 : 43 4 -- 1 4 -- 2 41 : 51 -- Hördler Kemppainen ( Tolvanen , Lepistö ) ( PP ) -- 52 : 48 5 -- 2 10 min Penalties 10 min 20 Shots 24 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Norway 0 -- 4 ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 ) Sweden Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,961 ( show ) Game reference Lars Haugen Goalies Viktor Fasth Referees : Roman Gofman Tobias Wehrli Linesmen : Gleb Lazarev Judson Ritter 0 -- 1 05 : 29 -- Lindholm ( Omark , Möller ) 0 -- 2 16 : 46 -- Lander ( Bertilsson ) 0 -- 3 48 : 42 -- Everberg ( Omark , Fransson ) 0 -- 4 49 : 04 -- Wikstrand ( Omark , Everberg ) 14 min Penalties 12 min 17 Shots 27 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Finland 5 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,180 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Lars Haugen Referees : Jan Hribik Brett Iverson Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Fraser McIntyre 0 -- 1 06 : 29 -- P. Thoresen ( Kristiansen , K.A. Olimb ) ( PP ) Tolvanen ( Lepistö ) ( PP ) -- 16 : 36 1 -- 1 Tolvanen ( Peltola ) -- 25 : 32 2 -- 1 Savinainen ( Koskiranta ) -- 42 : 59 3 -- 1 Lepistö ( Kontiola ) ( PP ) -- 47 : 54 4 -- 1 Manninen ( Kontiola ) -- 56 : 48 5 -- 1 8 min Penalties 12 min 30 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) Germany Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,077 ( show ) Game reference Jhonas Enroth Goalies Timo Pielmeier Referees : Timothy Mayer Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Nathan Vanoosten Stålberg ( Zackrisson , Bergström ) -- 02 : 00 1 -- 0 10 min Penalties 6 min 26 Shots 28 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Germany 2 -- 1 GWS ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 0 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 5,534 ( show ) Game reference Danny aus den Birken Goalies Lars Haugen Referees : Mark Lemelin Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Alexander Otmakhov Hager ( Kahun , Macek ) ( PP ) -- 32 : 53 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 45 : 19 -- Reichenberg ( Holøs , Bastiansen ) Hager Plachta Kahun Shootout Bastiansen Reichenberg M. Olimb 10 min Penalties 55 min 38 Shots 29 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Finland Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,861 ( show ) Game reference Viktor Fasth Goalies Mikko Koskinen Referees : Oliver Gouin Antonín Jeřábek Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Lukas Kohlmüller Lander ( Omark , Fasth ) -- 14 : 53 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 21 : 32 -- Kemppainen ( Koivisto , Junttila ) Zackrisson ( Fransson ) -- 48 : 53 2 -- 1 Möller ( Omark ) ( PP , ENG ) -- 59 : 55 3 -- 1 10 min Penalties 14 min 23 Shots 19 Ranking after preliminary round ( edit ) Following the completion of the preliminary round , all teams will be ranked 1D through 12D . To determine this ranking , the following criteria will be used in the order presented : higher position in the group higher number of points better goal difference higher number of goals scored for better 2017 IIHF World Ranking . Team advanced to Quarterfinals Team play in Qualification playoffs Rank Team Group Pos GP Pts GD GF IIHF Rank 01 ! 1D Sweden 9 + 7 8 02 ! 2D Czech Republic 8 + 5 9 6 03 ! 3D Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 + 9 14 04 ! 4D Canada 7 + 7 11 05 ! 5D Finland 6 + 5 11 06 ! 6D Slovenia − 4 8 15 07 ! 7D United States − 4 5 08 ! 8D Switzerland + 1 10 7 09 ! 9D Germany − 3 8 10 ! 10D Slovakia − 1 6 11 11 ! 11D Norway − 9 9 12 ! 12D South Korea 0 − 13 21 Playoff round ( edit ) Bracket ( edit ) Playoffs Quarterfinals Semifinals Gold medal game 21 February Czech Republic ( GWS ) 20 February United States United States 5 23 February Slovakia Czech Republic 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia 21 February Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 20 February Norway Slovenia 25 February Norway ( OT ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OT ) Germany 21 February Canada 20 February Finland 0 Finland 5 23 February South Korea Canada Germany Bronze medal game 21 February 24 February Sweden Czech Republic 20 February Germany ( OT ) Canada 6 Switzerland Germany ( OT ) Qualification playoffs ( edit ) The four highest - ranked teams ( 1D -- 4D ) received byes and were deemed the home team in the quarterfinals as they were seeded to advance , with the remaining eight teams ( 5D -- 12D ) playing qualification playoff games as follows . The losers of the qualification playoff games received a final ranking of 9 through 12 based on their preliminary round ranking . 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 12 : 10 United States 5 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Slovakia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,391 ( show ) Game reference Ryan Zapolski Goalies Ján Laco Referees : Aleksi Rantala Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Henrik Pihlblad Sakari Suominen Donato ( Gilroy , Terry ) -- 21 : 36 1 -- 0 Wisniewski ( Terry ) ( PP2 ) -- 22 : 20 2 -- 0 Arcobello ( Terry ) -- 33 : 30 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 36 : 54 -- Čerešňák ( Graňák , Nagy ) Roe ( Little , O'Neill ) -- 49 : 52 4 -- 1 Donato ( Wisniewski ) ( PP ) -- 56 : 46 5 -- 1 8 min Penalties 33 min 33 Shots 23 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Slovenia 1 -- 2 OT ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 1 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,312 ( show ) Game reference Gašper Krošelj Goalies Lars Haugen Referees : Daniel Stricker Tobias Wehrli Linesmen : Vít Lederer Miroslav Lhotský Urbas ( Muršak ) ( PP ) -- 06 : 38 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 43 : 06 -- Kristiansen ( Røymark , Bastiansen ) 1 -- 2 63 : 06 -- Bonsaksen ( Rosseli Olsen , P. Thoresen ) 4 min Penalties 12 min 34 Shots 26 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 5,409 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Roman Gofman Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Gleb Lazarev Kontiola ( Tolvanen , Kemppainen ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 42 1 -- 0 Kontiola ( Lepistö , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 23 : 44 2 -- 0 Heiskanen ( Tolvanen ) -- 26 : 23 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 30 : 06 -- Radunske ( Regan , Kim S . ) 3 -- 2 32 : 09 -- Ahn ( Shin S-h ) Hietanen ( Osala , Savinainen ) ( PP ) -- 47 : 20 4 -- 2 Manninen ( Hietanen , Koskiranta ) ( ENG ) -- 59 : 53 5 -- 2 2 min Penalties 8 min 36 Shots 19 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Switzerland 1 -- 2 OT ( 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 1 ) Germany Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,878 ( show ) Game reference Jonas Hiller Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Jan Hribik Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Fraser McIntyre Hannu Sormunen 0 -- 1 01 : 19 -- Pföderl ( Hördler , Hager ) ( PP ) Moser ( Ambühl , Suter ) -- 23 : 40 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 60 : 26 -- Seidenberg ( Kahun , Mauer ) 29 min Penalties 12 min 21 Shots 25 Quarterfinals ( edit ) Following the quarterfinal games , the winning teams were re-ranked F1 through F4 , with the winner of 1D vs. E4 re-ranked as F1 , the winner of 2D vs. E3 re-ranked as F2 , the winner of 3D vs. E2 re-ranked as F3 , and the winner of 4D vs. E1 re-ranked as F4 . The losers of the quarterfinal round games received a final ranking of 5 through 8 based on their preliminary round ranking . 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Czech Republic 3 -- 2 GWS ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 0 ) United States Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,948 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Ryan Zapolski Referees : Oliver Gouin Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Hannu Sormunen 0 -- 1 06 : 20 -- Donato ( Terry ) Kolář ( Kovář ) -- 15 : 12 1 -- 1 Kundrátek ( Růžička , Mozík ) -- 28 : 14 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 30 : 23 -- Slater ( O'Neill ) ( SH ) Růžička Koukal Kovář Kubalík Kundrátek Shootout Bourque Donato Arcobello Terry Butler 10 min Penalties 8 min 29 Shots 20 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 3,553 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Goalies Lars Haugen Henrik Haukeland Referees : Jan Hribik Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Lukas Kohlmüller Judson Ritter Grigorenko ( Kablukov , Telegin ) -- 08 : 54 1 -- 0 Gusev ( Mozyakin , Datsyuk ) ( PP ) -- 13 : 25 2 -- 0 Voynov ( Gusev , Kaprizov ) -- 19 : 20 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 27 : 21 -- Bonsaksen ( M. Olimb , K.A. Olimb ) Kalinin ( Kovalchuk , Voinov ) ( PP ) -- 28 : 35 4 -- 1 Nesterov ( Gusev , Datsyuk ) ( PP ) -- 33 : 06 5 -- 1 Telegin ( Grigorenko , Kablukov ) -- 53 : 15 6 -- 1 10 min Penalties 10 min 32 Shots 14 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Finland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,265 ( show ) Game reference Ben Scrivens Kevin Poulin Goalies Mikko Koskinen Referees : Antonín Jeřábek Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Gleb Lazarev Henrik Pihlblad Noreau ( O'Dell ) -- 40 : 55 1 -- 0 6 min Penalties 4 min 30 Shots 21 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 3 -- 4 OT ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 ) ( OT 0 -- 1 ) Germany Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,092 ( show ) Game reference Viktor Fasth Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Mark Lemelin Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Miroslav Lhotský Nathan Vanoosten 0 -- 1 13 : 48 -- Ehrhoff ( Hager , Schütz ) ( PP ) 0 -- 2 14 : 17 -- Noebels ( Kink ) Lander ( Dahlin , Omark ) -- 46 : 25 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 48 : 28 -- Kahun ( Mauer ) Hersley ( Omark , Wikstrand ) ( PP ) -- 49 : 35 2 -- 3 Wikstrand ( Zackrisson ) -- 51 : 37 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 61 : 30 -- Reimer ( Ehliz , Boyle ) 4 min Penalties 6 min 34 Shots 25 Semifinals ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Czech Republic 0 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,330 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Vasily Koshechkin Referees : Brett Iverson Mark Lemelin Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Sakari Suominen 0 -- 1 27 : 47 -- Gusev ( Datsyuk ) 0 -- 2 28 : 14 -- Gavrikov ( Telegin , Grigorenko ) 0 -- 3 59 : 39 -- Kovalchuk ( Zub , Zubarev ) ( ENG ) 6 min Penalties 10 min 31 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 3 -- 4 ( 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 , 2 -- 0 ) Germany Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,057 ( show ) Game reference Kevin Poulin Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Jozef Kubuš Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Fraser McIntyre Alexander Otmakhov 0 -- 1 14 : 43 -- Macek ( Kahun ) ( PP2 ) 0 -- 2 23 : 21 -- Plachta ( Hager ) 0 -- 3 26 : 49 -- Mauer ( Goc , Wolf ) Brulé ( Lee , Noreau ) ( PP ) -- 28 : 17 1 -- 3 1 -- 4 32 : 31 -- Hager ( Plachta , Schütz ) ( PP ) Robinson ( Thomas , Raymond ) -- 42 : 42 2 -- 4 Roy ( Lee , Noreau ) ( PP ) -- 49 : 42 3 -- 4 35 min Penalties 16 min 31 Shots 15 Bronze medal game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Czech Republic 4 -- 6 ( 1 -- 3 , 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 3 ) Canada 03 ! Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,807 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Kevin Poulin Referees : Timothy Mayer Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Fraser McIntyre Alexander Otmakhov 0 -- 1 08 : 57 -- Ebbett ( Robinson , Gragnani ) ( PP ) Růžička ( Červenka ) -- 09 : 13 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 09 : 28 -- Kelly ( Goloubef , Klinkhammer ) 1 -- 3 15 : 57 -- Roy ( Kozun , Bourque ) 1 -- 4 45 : 50 -- Ebbett ( Kozun , Goloubef ) Kovář ( Horák , Řepík ) ( EA ) -- 46 : 36 2 -- 4 2 -- 5 49 : 37 -- Kelly ( Klinkhammer ) 2 -- 6 55 : 23 -- Wolski ( Howden ) Červenka ( Nakládal , Mertl ) -- 56 : 26 3 -- 6 Červenka ( Horák , Mozík ) ( PP , EA ) -- 57 : 55 4 -- 6 4 min Penalties 6 min 34 Shots 26 Gold medal game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 2018 v 13 : 10 01 ! Olympic Athletes from Russia 4 -- 3 OT ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 ) ( OT 1 -- 0 ) Germany 02 ! Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 5,075 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Mark Lemelin Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Sakari Suominen Voynov ( Gusev , Kaprizov ) -- 19 : 59 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 29 : 32 -- Schütz ( Macek , Hager ) Gusev ( Kaprizov , Datsyuk ) -- 53 : 21 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 53 : 31 -- Kahun ( Mauer , Ehliz ) 2 -- 3 56 : 44 -- J. Müller ( Ehliz , Hördler ) Gusev ( Zub , Kaprizov ) ( SH , EA ) -- 59 : 04 3 -- 3 Kaprizov ( Gusev , Voynov ) ( PP ) -- 69 : 40 4 -- 3 4 min Penalties 6 min 30 Shots 25 Final ranking ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Final result Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 0 27 9 + 18 14 Champions Germany 7 17 18 − 1 10 Runners - up Canada 6 0 21 12 + 9 13 Third place Czech Republic 6 0 16 15 + 1 10 Fourth place 5 Sweden 0 0 11 5 + 6 10 Eliminated in Quarter - finals 6 Finland 5 0 0 16 9 + 7 9 7 United States 5 0 11 12 − 1 8 8 Norway 5 0 5 18 − 13 9 Slovenia 0 9 14 − 5 5 Eliminated in Qualification playoffs 10 Switzerland 0 11 11 0 11 Slovakia 0 7 12 − 5 12 South Korea ( H ) 0 0 0 19 − 16 0 Source : IIHF.com ( H ) Host . Statistics ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points , then goals . Player GP Pts + / − PIM POS Nikita Gusev 6 8 12 + 7 Kirill Kaprizov 6 5 9 + 7 Eeli Tolvanen 5 6 9 + 1 Ilya Kovalchuk 6 5 7 + 5 Patrick Hager 7 7 -- 3 Maxim Noreau 6 5 7 + 3 0 Derek Roy 6 5 7 -- 2 8 Linus Omark 0 7 7 + 6 0 Ryan Donato 5 5 6 -- 1 Jan Muršak 6 -- 1 0 GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; + / − = Plus / Minus ; PIM = Penalties in Minutes ; POS = Position Source : IIHF.com Leading goaltenders ( edit ) Only the top five goaltenders , based on save percentage , who have played at least 40 % of their team 's minutes , are included in this list . Player TOI GA GAA SA Sv % SO Jonas Hiller 211 : 19 1.14 91 95.60 Vasily Koshechkin 348 : 08 8 1.38 126 93.65 Mikko Koskinen 296 : 38 8 1.62 117 93.16 0 Gašper Krošelj 188 : 44 6 1.91 87 93.10 0 Ben Scrivens 149 : 17 1.61 56 92.86 0 TOI = Time on Ice ( minutes : seconds ) ; SA = Shots Against ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts Source : IIHF.com Awards ( edit ) Media All - Stars Goaltender : Vasily Koshechkin Defencemen : Maxim Noreau , Vyacheslav Voynov Forwards : Ilya Kovalchuk , Pavel Datsyuk , Eeli Tolvanen Most Valuable Player : Ilya Kovalchuk Best players selected by the directorate : Best Goaltender : Danny aus den Birken Best Defenceman : Vyacheslav Voynov Best Forward : Nikita Gusev Source : IIHF.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Russia 🇷 🇺 schedule '' . Pyeongchang2018.com . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada tops World Ranking '' . iihfworlds2015.com. 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet.ca . Rogers Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHL 2017 / 2018 Scores - Hockey Russia Live '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey 24 : SHL 2017 / 2018 Fixtures '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` National League 2017 / 2018 Scores - Hockey Switzerland Live '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` DEL 2017 / 2018 Scores - Hockey Live '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey 24 : Tipsport Liga 2017 / 2018 Fixtures '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey 24 : Liiga 2017 / 2018 Fixtures '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ Kwak , Donnie ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` The American Immigrant : What is Colorado - born Mike Testwuide doing playing for South Korea 's hockey team in Pyeongchang ? '' The Ringer . Jump up ^ Steiss , Adam ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Korea headed to the Olympics '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Information '' . IIHF . Jump up ^ `` Tournament Format '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kovalchuk MVP '' . IIHF. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official IIHF website Olympic champions in ice hockey -- men 's tournament 1920 : Canada ( CAN ) 1924 : Canada ( CAN ) 1928 : Canada ( CAN ) 1932 : Canada ( CAN ) 1936 : Great Britain ( GBR ) 1948 : Canada ( CAN ) 1952 : Canada ( CAN ) 1956 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1960 : United States ( USA ) 1964 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1968 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1980 : United States ( USA ) 1984 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1988 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1992 : Unified Team ( EUN ) 1994 : Sweden ( SWE ) 1998 : Czech Republic ( CZE ) 2002 : Canada ( CAN ) 2006 : Sweden ( SWE ) 2010 : Canada ( CAN ) 2014 : Canada ( CAN ) 2018 : Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Triple Gold Club Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists 2017 -- 18 in men 's ice hockey International Olympics Rosters World Championships Championship Rosters Group A Group B Playoff round Final Division I Division II Division III Under - 20 Division I Division II Division III Under - 18 Division I Division II Division III Leagues International National Hockey League AHL ECHL Kontinental Hockey League Champions Hockey League Continental Cup Austria League Asia League MOL Liga Domestic Australia ' 17 ' 18 Belarus Czech Republic 2nd tier Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany 2nd tier Norway 2nd tier Poland Slovakia Sweden 2nd tier Switzerland 2nd tier Ukraine United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_hockey_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_tournament&oldid = 835236895 '' Categories : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Interlingue Italiano Лезги Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won men's ice hockey in the olympics	[ "\n2018 Winter Olympics\n\n\n\n\nTournament details\n\n\nHost country\n South Korea\n\n\nDates\n14–25 February\n\n\nTeams\n12\n\n\nVenue(s)\n2 (in 1 host city)\n\n\nFinal positions\n\n\nChampions \n Olympic Athletes from Russia (1st title)\n\n\nRunner-up \n Germany\n\n\nThird place \n Canada\n\n\nFourth place\n Czech Republic\n\n\nTournament statistics\n\n\nMatches played\n30\n\n\nGoals scored\n154 (5.13 per match)\n\n\nAttendance\n138,327 (4,611 per match)\n\n\nScoring leader(s)\n Nikita Gusev\n(12 points)\n\n\nMVP\n Ilya Kovalchuk\n\n\n\n← 2014\n2022 →\n\n\n" ]	[ "Olympic Athletes from Russia" ]
-1111151142999754412	Bring It on Home to Me	Bring it on Home to Me - wikipedia Bring it on Home to Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Sam Cooke from the album The Best of Sam Cooke A-side `` Having a Party '' Released May 8 , 1962 Format 7 '' Recorded April 26 , 1962 RCA Studio 1 ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Rhythm and blues , soul Length 2 : 37 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke , released on May 8 , 1962 by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Having a Party '' . The song peaked at number two on Billboard 's Hot R&B Sides chart , and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has become a pop standard , covered by numerous artists of different genres . It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Original version 4.2 The Animals version 4.3 Eddie Floyd version 4.4 Lou Rawls version 4.5 Mickey Gilley version 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' , like its A-side , `` Having a Party '' , was written while Cooke was on tour for Henry Wynn . The song was initially offered to fellow singer Dee Clark , who turned it down . While in Atlanta , Cooke called co-producer Luigi Creatore and pitched both numbers ; he was sold and booked an immediate recording session in Los Angeles scheduled for two weeks later . The session 's mood `` matched the title '' of the song , according to biographer Peter Guralnick , as many friends had been invited . `` It was a very happy session , '' recalled engineer Al Schmitt . `` Everybody was just having a ball . We were getting people out there ( on the floor ) , and some of the outtakes were hilarious , there was so much ad lib that went on . '' René Hall assembled an eighteen - piece backing group , `` composed of six violins , two violas , two cellos , and a sax , plus a seven - piece rhythm section that included two percussionists , two bassists , two guitars , and a piano . '' The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown 's 1959 single `` I Want to Go Home '' , and it retains the gospel flavor and call - and - response format ; the song differs significantly in that its refrain ( `` Bring it to me , bring your sweet lovin ' , bring it on home to me '' ) is overtly secular . The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots ( `` ( He ) felt that he needed more weight , that that light shit would n't sustain him , '' said J.W. Alexander ) . The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke 's former group , the Soul Stirrers . The original , unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls , J.W. Alexander , Fred Smith ( former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records ) , and `` probably '' the Sims Twins . A second , final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice . Personnel ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' was recorded on April 26 , 1962 , at RCA Studio 1 in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Al Schmitt , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Having a Party '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- vocals Lou Rawls -- backing vocals Clifton White -- guitar Tommy Tedesco -- guitar René Hall -- guitar Adolphus Asbrook -- bass guitar Ray Pohlman -- bass guitar Ernie Freeman -- piano Frank Capp -- drums , percussion William Green -- saxophone Cecil Figelski -- cello Armand Kaproff -- cello Wilbert Nuttycombe -- viola Irving Weinper -- viola Myron Sandler -- violin Joseph Saxon -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Marshall Sosson -- violin Elliot Fisher -- violin Marvin Limonick -- violin Cover versions ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Single by The Animals from the album Animal Tracks ( American album ) B - side `` For Miss Caulker '' Released March 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 1965 Genre Rock , blues , pop , soul Length 2 : 43 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home To Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Mickey Gilley B - side `` How 's My Ex Treating You '' Released June 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded May 1976 Genre Country Length 2 : 23 Label Playboy 6075 Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Eddie Kilroy Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) The most significant cover versions of the song include versions by : The Animals ( their last single to include original organist Alan Price ) . Mickey Gilley hit number one on the country chart in 1976 with his cover . Eddie Floyd hit # 4 on the R&B charts and # 17 on the Hot 100 in 1968 . Rod Stewart released this song as part of a medley with `` You Send Me '' and charted it on the UK Singles Chart at # 7 as a double A-side with `` Farewell '' . Rita MacNeil covered the song on her 1992 album Thinking of You . It was released as the album 's first single and charted on the RPM pop and country charts . Otis Redding and Carla Thomas Dave Mason American country singer Martina McBride covered this song as a duet with Gavin DeGraw on her 2014 studio album Everlasting , which features covers of famous soul , pop , and R&B songs . Van Morrison included a cover version of the song on his 1974 live album , It 's Too Late to Stop Now , and again on his 2017 album , Roll with the Punches . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Hot R&B Sides ( Billboard ) The Animals version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1965 Pop Singles Chart # 32 1965 UK Singles Chart # 7 1965 Canada # 7 1965 Netherlands # 3 1965 Sweden # 1 Eddie Floyd version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1968 Black Singles Chart # 4 1968 Pop Singles Chart # 17 1968 Canada # 24 Lou Rawls version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1970 Black Singles Chart # 45 1970 Pop Singles Chart # 96 Mickey Gilley version ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Cultural references ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , and was further included on the film 's soundtrack album . Preceded by `` Say It Again '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 21 , 1976 Succeeded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` Rocky Mountain Music '' by Eddie Rabbitt RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 11 , 1976 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little , Brown . pp. 404 -- 406 . ISBN 9780316210973 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Classic : Bring It On Home To Me - The Adios Lounge '' . www.adioslounge.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 136 . ISBN 9780823074990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tracklist for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Awesome Mixtape Vol. 2 revealed '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Lou Rawls Albums Stormy Monday All Things in Time Unmistakably Lou When You Hear Lou , You 've Heard It All Let Me Be Good to You Sit Down and Talk to Me Singles `` Love Is a Hurtin ' Thing '' `` Your Good Thing ( Is About to End ) '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' `` Lady Love '' Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Carla Thomas Albums King & Queen Singles `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Lovey Dovey '' Songs `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Related articles Rufus and Carla Rufus Thomas Marvell Thomas Otis Redding Stax Records Book : Carla Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_on_Home_to_Me&oldid=801917197 '' Categories : 1962 singles Sam Cooke songs Rhythm and blues songs Lou Rawls songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Sam Cooke 1962 songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Song recordings produced by Eddie Kilroy Soul ballads Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Victor singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Playboy Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings with sam cooke on bring it on home to me	[ "The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown's 1959 single \"I Want to Go Home\",[3][4] and it retains the gospel flavor and call-and-response format; the song differs significantly in that its refrain (\"Bring it to me, bring your sweet lovin', bring it on home to me\") is overtly secular.[2] The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots (\"[He] felt that he needed more weight, that that light shit wouldn't sustain him,\" said J.W. Alexander).[1] The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke’s former group, the Soul Stirrers.[2] The original, unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls, J.W. Alexander, Fred Smith (former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records), and \"probably\" the Sims Twins. A second, final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice.[2]" ]	[ "Lou Rawls" ]
5308892940442769853	Market integration	Market integration - Wikipedia Market integration Market integration occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time . Groups of good often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among different markets it is said that the markets are integrated . Thus market integration is an indicator that explains how much different markets are related to each other . This economics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_integration&oldid=862470019 '' Categories : Pricing Economics and finance stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 15 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what do you mean by integration of markets	[]	[]
-614280242900408052	Indirect rule	Indirect rule - wikipedia Indirect rule Jump to : navigation , search A 20th century Yoruba ( Nigerian ) depiction of a British District Officer on tour of indirect rulers Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires , particularly in Africa and Asia , through pre-existing local power structures . These dependencies were often called `` protectorates '' or `` trucial states '' . By this system , the day - to - day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers , who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica , at the cost of losing control of their external affairs , and often of taxation , communications , and other matters , usually with a small number of European `` advisors '' effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 British Empire 1.1 In Africa 1.2 In India 2 Practical implementation of indirect rule 3 Interpretations 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources and references 6.1 Period writings British Empire ( edit ) 1895 cartoon of Frederick Lugard , considered the pioneer of indirect rule in colonial Africa Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London , while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors . In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate ( not a colony ) of Britain . Prime minister Salisbury explained his position : The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilized races , and more suitable for them than direct dominion . It is cheaper , simpler , less wounding to their self - esteem , gives them more career as public officials , and spares of unnecessary contact with white men . The Princely States of India were ruled indirectly . So too was much of the West African holdings . In Africa ( edit ) The ideological underpinnings , as well as the practical application , of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard , the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906 . In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate , conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century , Lugard instituted a system whereby external , military , and tax control was operated by the British , while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest . The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem ( a problem referred to as ' The Native Problem ' by Mahmood Mamdani in his work Citizen and Subject ) of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard 's influential work , The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa . In India ( edit ) The largest application of Indirect rule was in British Asia , in hundreds of pre-colonial states , first seen at work under the East India Company 's system of subsidiary alliances in the Indian subcontinent . The areas thus brought into the British sphere of influence became known as the Indian Princely States . Subsequently , the same principle was applied in strategic regions on the sea routes to India , especially in the Persian Gulf protected states . In the British colonies , the laws were typically made by a British Governor and legislative council , but in the protectorates and princely states local rulers retained their traditional administrative authority and ability to legislate , subject to British control of certain areas . Indirect rule was particularly effective in enabling the British to exploit natural resources and raw materials of vast subordinate nations . The establishment of naval and military bases in strategic points around the globe maintained the necessary power to underpin such control . Practical implementation of indirect rule ( edit ) Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers , and in particular it required fewer administrators , but it did have a number of problems . In many cases , European authorities empowered local traditional leaders , as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda , but if no suitable leader could be found ( in the traditional Western sense of the term ) , the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them . This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria , and the new leaders , often called `` warrant chiefs '' , were not always supported by the local population . The European ruling classes also often chose local leaders with similar traits to their own , despite these traits not being suited to native leadership . Many were conservative elders , and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative outlook among the indigenous population and marginalised the young intelligentsia . Written laws , which replaced oral laws , were less flexible to the changing social nature , old customs of retribution and justice were removed or banned , and the removal of more violent punishments in some areas led to an increase in crime . Furthermore , leaders empowered by the governments of European powers were often not familiar with their new tasks , such as recruitment and tax . Interpretations ( edit ) From the early 20th century , French and British writers helped establish a dichotomy between British Indirect rule , exemplified by the Indian princely states and by Lord Lugard 's writings on the administration of northern Nigeria , and French colonial direct rule . As with British theorists , French colonial officials like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette wrote and argued throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was centralized , uniform , and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity . French rule , sometimes labeled Jacobin , was said in these writings to be based on the twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole , with the French colonial ideology of Assimilation . Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship was based on universal values that came from the French Revolution . Mirroring French domestic citizenship law , French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French ( the `` Évolués '' ) to become equal French citizens . In French West Africa , only parts of the Senegalese `` Four Communes '' ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated African elite . This was contrasted with British Indirect Rule , which never foresaw subject Protectorates becoming legally assimilated into `` the home nations '' . While making more subtle distinctions , this model of direct versus indirect rule was dominant in academia from the 1930s until the 1970s . Academics since the 1970s have problematised the Direct versus Indirect Rule dichotomy , arguing the systems were in practice intermingled in both British and French colonial governance , and that the perception of indirect rule was sometimes promoted to justify quite direct rule structures . Mahmood Mamdani and other academics have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule , but how the `` Indirect '' strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government . Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as `` decentralised despotism '' . Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Politics portal Bussa revolt - a 1915 uprising against indirect rule in Northern Nigeria Direct colonial rule Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Historical Association . `` ENGLAND 'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES '' in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY : BIAFRA , NIGERIA , THE WEST AND THE WORLD . AHA teaching guide , historians.org , n.d. Accessed 2012 - 09 - 20 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Salisbury : Victorian Titan ( 1999 ) p 529 Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer , `` Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India : Long - term consequences . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics ( 2010 ) 92 # 4 pp : 693 - 713 online Archived 2014 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo , The Warrant Chiefs : indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria , 1891 - 1929 ( London : Longman , 1972 ) Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm , Terence O. Ranger , ' The Invention of Tradition ' ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Collins and Burns , pp. 297 - 308 Jump up ^ Robert Louis Delavignette . Freedom and Authority in French West Africa . originally published as Les vrais chefs de l'empire : 1939 . Oxford University : 1946 . Jump up ^ Georges Hardy , Histoire sociale de la colonisation française . ( Paris , 1953 ) Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts , Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory , 1890 - 1914 ( New York , 1961 ) Jump up ^ Martin D. Lewis , `` One Hundred Million Frenchmen : The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy , '' Comparative Studies in Society and History IV ( January 1962 ) , 129 - 153 . Jump up ^ Erik Bleich , ' The legacies of history ? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France . Theory and Society , Volume 34 , Number 2 , April 2005 . Jump up ^ Michael Crowder ' in Senegal : A Study in French Assimilation Policy ( London : Oxford University Press , 1962 ) Jump up ^ Mamadou Diouf , ' The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes ( Senegal ) : A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project ' in Development and Change , Volume 29 , Number 4 , October 1998 , pp. 671 -- 696 ( 26 ) Jump up ^ M.M. Knight , ' French Colonial Policy -- the Decline of `` Association '' ' in The Journal of Modern History , Vol. 5 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1933 ) , pp. 208 -- 224 Jump up ^ Michael Lambert , ' From Citizenship to Negritude : Making a difference in elite ideologies of colonized Francophone West Africa ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 35 , No. 2 . ( Apr. , 1993 ) , pp. 239 -- 262 Jump up ^ G. Wesley Johnson , Jr. , The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal : The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes , 1900 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ James F. Searing , ' Senegal : Colonial Period : Four Communes : Dakar , Saint - Louis , Gorée , and Rufisque ' , in Kevin Shillington ( editor ) , Encyclopedia of African History ( New York , 2005 ) : 3 Volumes , 3 , 1334 -- 35 Jump up ^ Ralph J. Bunche , ' French and British Imperialism in West Africa ' in The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 Jump up ^ Michael Crowder , ' Indirect Rule : French and British Style ' in Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 Jump up ^ Alec G. Hargreaves , ed . Memory , Empire , and Postcolonialism : Legacies of French Colonialism ( Lanham : Lexington Books , 2005 ; ISBN 9780739108215 ) Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler ( 1989 ) , ' Rethinking Colonial Categories : European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , 31 , pp 134 - 161 doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500015693 Jump up ^ Jonathan Derrick , ' The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa ' in African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Emily Lynn Osborn ( 2003 ) . ' CIRCLE OF IRON ' : AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA . The Journal of African History , 44 , pp 29 - 50 doi : 10.1017 / S0021853702008307 Jump up ^ Anthony I. Nwabughuogu . The Role of Propaganda in the Development of Indirect Rule in Nigeria , 1890 - 1929 . The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 - 92 Jump up ^ Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer ( 2010 ) . Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India : Long - Term Consequences . The Review of Economics and Statistics . November 2010 , Vol. 92 , No. 4 , Pages 693 - 713 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Indirect Rule , Civil Society , and Ethnicity : The African Dilemma . Social Justice Vol. 23 , No. 1 / 2 ( 63 - 64 ) , The World Today ( Spring - Summer 1996 ) , pp. 145 - 150 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Historicizing power and responses to power : indirect rule and its reform . Social Research Vol. 66 , No. 3 , PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY ( FALL 1999 ) , pp. 859 - 886 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani , Citizen and Subject : Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism ( 1996 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ John Gerring , Daniel Ziblatt , Johan Van Gorp and Julián Arévalo ( 2011 ) . An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule . World Politics , 63 , pp 377 - 433 doi : 10.1017 / S0043887111000104 This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sources and references ( edit ) Michael Crowder . Indirect Rule : French and British Style . Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 . Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Omipidan Teslim Indirect Rule in Nigeria OldNaija H.F. Morris . A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa , 1876 - 1935 . Journal of African Law , Vol. 18 , No. 1 , Criminal Law and Criminology . ( Spring , 1974 ) , pp. 6 -- 23 . Jonathan Derrick . The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa . African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Diana Wylie . Confrontation over Kenya : The Colonial Office and Its Critics 1918 - 1940 . The Journal of African History , Vol. 18 , No. 3 . ( 1977 ) , pp. 427 -- 447 . P.A. Brunt . Empires : Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism . Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 7 , No. 3 . ( Apr. , 1965 ) , pp. 267 -- 288 . R.O. Collins and J.M. Burns . A History of Sub-Saharan Africa , Cambridge , 2007 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , Chs. 4 & 5. , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Period writings ( edit ) Harold Nicolson . The Colonial Problem . International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931 - 1939 ) , Vol. 17 , No. 1 . ( Jan . - Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 32 -- 50 . W.E. Rappard . The Practical Working of the Mandates System . Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs , Vol. 4 , No. 5 . ( Sep. , 1925 ) , pp. 205 -- 226 . Jan Smuts . Native Policy in Africa . Journal of the Royal African Society , Vol. 29 , No. 115 . ( Apr. , 1930 ) , pp. 248 -- 268 . Ralph J. Bunche . French and British Imperialism in West Africa . The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 . ( hide ) Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indirect_rule&oldid=822759343 '' Categories : Governance of the British Empire History of European colonialism French colonels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 09 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	factors that led to the success of indirect rule in northern nigeria	[]	[]
785673352631868697	FIFA World Cup	FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups feature official match balls specially designed for each tournament . Each World Cup also has an official song , which have been performed by artists ranging from Shakira to Will Smith . Other songs , such as `` Nessun dorma '' , performed by The Three Tenors at four World Cup concerts , have also become identified with the tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place No. of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 22 2022 Details Qatar TBD TBD Lusail Iconic Stadium , Lusail TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 32 23 2026 Details Canada United States Mexico TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 48 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara D ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Shakira Records Official Song for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Aolradioblog . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 112 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 02 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many south america teams won world cup	[]	[]
6417269394143258216	Oliguria	Oliguria - wikipedia Oliguria Jump to : navigation , search Oliguria Classification and external resources Specialty Nephrology ICD - 10 R34 ICD - 9 - CM 788.5 DiseasesDB 23641 MedlinePlus 003147 Patient UK Oliguria MeSH D009846 ( edit on Wikidata ) Oliguria or hypouresis ( both names from roots meaning `` not enough urine '' ) is the low output of urine . In humans , it is clinically classified as an output more than 80 ml / day but less than 400ml / day . The decreased output of urine may be a sign of dehydration , kidney failure , hypovolemic shock , HHNS hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome , multiple organ dysfunction syndrome , urinary obstruction / urinary retention , DKA , pre-eclampsia , and urinary tract infections , among other conditions . Beyond oliguria is anuria , which represents an absence of urine , clinically classified as below 80 or 100 ml / day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Diagnostic approach 2.1 Postoperative oliguria 3 Oliguria in infants 4 See also 5 References Definition ( edit ) Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL / kg / h in infants , less than 0.5 mL / kg / h in children , and less than 400 mL or 500 mL per 24h in adults - this equals 17 or 21 mL / hour . For example , in an adult weighing 70 kg it equals 0.24 or 0.3 mL / hour / kg . Alternatively , however , the value of 0.5 mL / kg / h is commonly used to define oliguria in adults as well . Olig - ( or oligo - ) is a Greek prefix meaning small or few . Anuria is clinically defined as less than 50mL urine output per day . Diagnostic approach ( edit ) Perform ultrasound examination of the kidney to rule out obstructive processes . The mechanisms causing oliguria can be categorized globally in three different categories : Prerenal : in response to hypoperfusion of the kidney ( e.g. as a result of dehydration by poor oral intake , cardiogenic shock , diarrhea , G6PD deficiency , massive bleeding or sepsis ) Renal : due to kidney damage ( severe hypoperfusion , rhabdomyolysis , medication ) Postrenal : as a consequence of obstruction of the urine flow ( e.g. enlarged prostate , tumour compression urinary outflow , expanding hematoma or fluid collection ) Postoperative oliguria ( edit ) Patients usually have a decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to : fluid / blood loss -- decreased glomerular filtration rate secondary to hypovolemia and / or hypotension response of adrenal cortex to stress - increase in aldosterone ( Na and water retention ) and antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) release Oliguria in infants ( edit ) Oliguria , when defined as less than 1 mL / kg / h , in infants is not attributed to kidney failure , ,. ... See also ( edit ) Polyuria ( excessive urine production ) Anuria ( absolute lack of urine output ) Intraabdonmial hypertension ( IAH ) and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome ( ACS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` oliguria '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Boon et al , Davidson 's Principles & Practice of Medicine ( 20th Ed ) , p475 ^ Jump up to : Klahr S , Miller S ( 1998 ) . `` Acute oliguria '' . N Engl J Med. 338 ( 10 ) : 671 -- 5 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199803053381007 . PMID 9486997 . Free Full Text . ^ Jump up to : Merck manuals > Oliguria Last full review / revision March 2009 by Soumitra R. Eachempati Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Arant B ( 1987 ) . `` Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life '' . Pediatr Nephrol. 1 ( 3 ) : 308 -- 13 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00849229 . PMID 3153294 . ( hide ) Symptoms and signs : urinary system ( R30 -- R39 , 788 ) Pain Renal colic Costovertebral angle tenderness Dysuria Vesical tenesmus Control Urinary incontinence Enuresis Diurnal enuresis Giggling Nocturnal enuresis Post-void dribbling Stress Urge Overflow Urinary retention Volume Oliguria Anuria Polyuria Other Lower urinary tract symptoms Nocturia Urinary urgency Urinary frequency Extravasation of urine Extrarenal uremia Urinoma Eponymous Addis count Brewer infarcts Lloyd 's sign Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliguria&oldid=842481955 '' Categories : Symptoms and signs : Urinary system Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Македонски 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a decrease in the normal amount of urine is called oliguria	[]	[]
7646491616690425439	House of Cards (U.S. TV series)	House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1990 UK series of the same name , see House of Cards ( UK TV series ) . House of Cards Genre Political drama Created by Beau Willimon Based on House of Cards by Michael Dobbs House of Cards by Andrew Davies Starring Kevin Spacey Robin Wright Kate Mara Corey Stoll Michael Kelly Kristen Connolly Sakina Jaffrey Sandrine Holt Constance Zimmer Michel Gill Sebastian Arcelus Mahershala Ali Boris McGiver Nathan Darrow Rachel Brosnahan Molly Parker Gerald McRaney Jayne Atkinson Jimmi Simpson Mozhan Marno Elizabeth Marvel Derek Cecil Paul Sparks Kim Dickens Lars Mikkelsen Neve Campbell Joel Kinnaman Campbell Scott Patricia Clarkson Dominique McElligott Korey Jackson Damian Young James Martinez Music by Jeff Beal Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Fincher Kevin Spacey Eric Roth Joshua Donen Dana Brunetti Andrew Davies Michael Dobbs John Melfi Beau Willimon David Manson John David Coles Robin Wright Location ( s ) Baltimore , Maryland Joppa , Maryland ( sound stage ) Cinematography Eigil Bryld Tim Ives Igor Martinovic Running time 43 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Trigger Street Productions Wade / Thomas Productions Knight Takes King Productions Sony Pictures Television ( home releases ) Distributor Netflix ( digital ) Sony Pictures Television ( home releases ) Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 2 : 1 HDTV ) ( 2013 ) 4K ( 2 : 1 UHDTV ) ( 2014 -- present ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) -- present Chronology Related shows House of Cards External links Website www.netflix.com/houseofcards House of Cards is an American political drama web television series created by Beau Willimon . It is an adaptation of the BBC 's miniseries of the same name and is based on the novel by Michael Dobbs . The thirteen - episode first season premiered on February 1 , 2013 , on the streaming service Netflix . Thirteen - episode seasons followed on February 14 , 2014 ; February 27 , 2015 ; March 4 , 2016 ; and May 30 , 2017 . Willimon has stated that plans for the show 's future are decided after each season . Set in 2010s Washington , D.C. , House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood ( Kevin Spacey ) , a Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip . After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State , he initiates an elaborate plan to get himself into a position of greater power , aided by his wife , Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) . The series deals primarily with themes of ruthless pragmatism , manipulation , and power . House of Cards has received positive reviews and several award nominations . To date , it has received 33 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Lead Actor for Spacey , and Outstanding Lead Actress for Wright , for each of its first four seasons . It is the first original online - only web television series to receive major Emmy nominations . The show also earned eight Golden Globe Award nominations , with Wright winning for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 2014 and Spacey winning for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Locations 3.3. 2 Tax credits 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 5.1. 3 Season 3 5.1. 4 Season 4 5.1. 5 Season 5 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 13 February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 13 February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 13 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 5 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) Francis `` Frank '' Underwood , a power - hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip , celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker , whose campaign he assisted to get himself appointed Secretary of State . However , Underwood soon learns that he is no longer being considered for the position . Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez tells Underwood that the president wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement . Inwardly seething , Underwood quickly gains control of his anger and hides his disappointment to present himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker and his agenda . In reality , Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the president 's back , with the ultimate goal of gaining power for himself . Frank 's wife Claire runs an NGO , the Clean Water Initiative , which she uses to cultivate her own power and influence , yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown . Despite the success of the operation , Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage , often utilizing Frank 's connections to push the organization to new heights . It is clear from the outset that Claire shares both her husband 's cold - hearted , ruthless pragmatism and lust for power , and they frequently scheme together to ensure the success of each other 's ventures . They both work with Remy Danton , a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer , to secure funds for their operations and expand their influence . Underwood begins a highly intricate plan to obtain a cabinet position , acquiring pawns he can manipulate in his power play . Underwood begins a symbiotic , and ultimately sexual , relationship with Zoe Barnes , an ambitious young political reporter , secretly feeding her damaging stories about his political rivals to sway public opinion as needed . Meanwhile , he manipulates Peter Russo , a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania , into helping him undermine Walker 's pick for Secretary of State , Senator Michael Kern . Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice , Senator Catherine Durant . Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers ' strike and pass an education bill , which improves Underwood 's standing with Walker . Because the new vice president is the former governor of Pennsylvania , a special election is to be held for his successor . Underwood helps Russo get clean and props up his candidacy , but later uses call girl Rachel Posner to break his sobriety and trigger his public downfall shortly before the election . Distraught , Russo decides to make amends for his failure by coming clean to the press about his role in Underwood 's schemes . In response , Frank kills Russo by leaving him passed out in a closed garage with Russo 's car running , causing him to die of carbon monoxide poisoning . With the special election in chaos , Underwood convinces the vice president to step down and run for his old position of governor -- leaving the vice presidency open to Underwood , as was his plan all along . Walker appears to have other plans , however . Underwood ends up vetting a surprising choice for vice president : Missouri billionaire Raymond Tusk . He later finds out that Tusk has been secretly appraising Underwood for vice president and is a longtime advisor and friend of Walker ; it was Tusk who convinced Walker to break his original agreement to appoint Underwood . Tusk explains he will influence Walker to nominate Underwood if he agrees to perform one unspecified favor for him that will benefit Tusk 's financial interests . Underwood , after some thought , counter-proposes to Tusk that they work together to fulfil both their interests , which Tusk accepts . Meanwhile , after Underwood ends their affair , Zoe begins piecing together clues about Underwood 's various plots . The season ends when Underwood is offered the nomination for vice president , which he accepts . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) With Frank on the verge of being sworn in as vice president , Zoe and two colleagues , Lucas Goodwin and Janine Skorsky , continue to look into his schemes , and ultimately locate Rachel . As a protective measure , Frank 's aide Doug Stamper brings Rachel to a safe house while Frank lures Zoe to a Metro station and , unseen by witnesses or security cameras , pushes her in front of an oncoming train . Zoe 's death compels Janine to abandon the investigation , but galvanizes Lucas to continue the search alone . Lucas solicits the help of a hacker to retrieve Frank 's text history . However , the hacker , Gavin Orsay , actually works for Doug and frames Lucas for cyberterrorism . Later , Gavin uses Rachel to extort Doug . Fearing potential harm and Doug 's growing obsession with her , Rachel hits Doug with a brick and leaves him for dead . After Frank begins his vice presidential duties , Claire becomes close with the First Lady , and they support a bill to reform the military 's prosecution of sexual assault , after Claire reveals in an interview that she had an abortion after being raped in college by a man who has just been commissioned as a general . ( Claire lies by conflating two events ; a sexual assault by the college classmate and an abortion she had several years later ) . She learns Walker 's marriage is strained and offers the First Lady the aid of a spiritual advisor and marriage counselor . Though Tusk wields major influence over Walker , Frank aims to drive a wedge between them . He meets Xander Feng , a Chinese businessman and ally of Tusk 's , to engage in back - channel negotiations which Frank intentionally scuttles at the expense of Tusk 's credibility . This leads to a trade war with China and a spike in U.S. energy prices . Tusk openly opposes Walker 's efforts to deal with the crisis and begins having a tribal casino funnel money into Republican PACs in retaliation . When Frank discovers that Feng is the source of the funneled money , he gets Feng to end his partnership with Tusk in exchange for a lucrative bridge contract . The Justice Department discovers that Doug was videotaped at the casino and investigates the White House 's ties to Feng and Tusk . Seeking to establish trust with the special prosecutor , Frank manipulates Walker into volunteering his travel records , which reveal his visits to a marriage counselor and raise questions about whether the illicit donations were discussed . Wishing to avoid public disclosure of his personal issues , Walker has the White House Counsel coach the counselor , which the special prosecutor interprets as witness tampering . As the House Judiciary Committee begins drafting articles of impeachment , both Walker and Frank offer Tusk a presidential pardon in exchange for implicating each other . Tusk sides with Walker at first , leaving Frank no other option than to regain the president 's trust as a friend . Walker calls off his deal with Tusk as a sign of friendship to Frank , leading Tusk to testify that Walker knew about the deal with China . With Walker forced to resign , Frank is sworn in as president . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) Six months into his presidency , Frank begins by pushing for a new jobs program called America Works . Because funding for America Works requires cutting into social programs , Frank faces immense opposition from his own party . Determined to leave a legacy and not be a `` placeholder '' president , Underwood makes ambitious moves to run in the 2016 presidential election , where he faces off against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries . This decision is a reversal of his previous pledge not to run for the presidency . Meanwhile , Doug recovers from his injuries , but Frank refuses to reinstate him as his chief of staff . Doug appears to switch sides and begins working for Dunbar 's campaign . Gavin helps Doug track down Rachel in exchange for lifting the ban on his passport ; the findings he delivers are of a body reported as a Jane Doe but with fingerprints matching Rachel 's . Distraught by the news , Doug suffers a relapse , which Frank blames on Dunbar . When Gavin reveals that Rachel is really alive , Doug brutalizes him into divulging her location . Doug finds Rachel living under a false identity in New Mexico , drives her into the desert , and eventually kills her too . He returns to work as Frank 's Chief of Staff after Remy resigns . Meanwhile , Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley , which pits Frank against Russian president Viktor Petrov . When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia , the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release . However , Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television , leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire . Later , after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan Valley , Petrov convinces Frank to remove Claire as ambassador in exchange for a peaceful resolution . Claire resigns , giving the reason that she wants to be more active in Frank 's campaign . Throughout the season , a writer named Thomas Yates follows the Underwoods . He is hired by Frank to write a biography that Frank plans to use to promote America Works . Yates , a fiction writer with a dark past of his own , decides to put a different spin on the book and writes less about Frank and more about his marriage with Claire . Yates reads Frank a prologue that Frank does not understand at first , but agrees is a decent beginning . By the end of the season , Yates has the first chapter written and Frank , not liking the direction the book is taking , fires Yates . By the season finale , tensions between the Underwoods reach a point where Claire states her intent to leave Frank . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) Claire relocates to Dallas and runs for Congress in her home district . The incumbent , Doris Jones , plans to retire and endorse her daughter Celia as her successor . Claire offers them federal funding for a key Planned Parenthood clinic in exchange for stepping down , but they refuse the offer . Frank desperately seeks to get Claire back by his side as he loses ground in key primary states . He succeeds after promising not to sabotage her campaign in Texas , but he later blocks her congressional bid by publicly endorsing Celia Jones in his State of the Union address . Frank and Claire travel to South Carolina for the primary , but a series of scandals casts Frank in a bad light and causes him to narrowly lose the state to Dunbar . Frank discovers that Claire had been leaking information to Dunbar , and she threatens to continue unless he names her as his running mate . Frank refuses . Lucas is released from prison and seeks revenge against Frank . He approaches Dunbar and explains his story , but she turns him away . Desperate , he attempts to assassinate Frank , wounding the president in the abdomen and killing bodyguard Edward Meechum , but not before Meechum kills Lucas . While Frank remains comatose , Donald Blythe is sworn in as acting president . Blythe is indecisive during a critical military situation involving Russia , and turns to Claire for guidance on foreign policy . Claire goes against Frank 's wishes by convincing Blythe to involve China in the ensuing dispute and secure a meeting with Petrov , where she brokers an ambitious peace deal single - handedly . While Frank remains incapacitated , Doug decides to go after Dunbar by leaking information about her secret meeting with Lucas prior to the assassination attempt . Dunbar denounces the allegations as a smear campaign , in a move that is widely panned and leads to her suspending her presidential bid . Frank recovers and resumes his position as president , agreeing to put Claire on the ticket for the upcoming election . Tom Hammerschmidt , Zoe and Lucas 's former editor , digs deeper into the latter 's claims of Frank 's misdeeds . He approaches Remy and , with his help , starts to piece together Frank 's corruption . Tom also meets with Walker , convincing him to help by appealing to his anger for being forced to resign . Danton and Jackie Sharp also decide to go on the record against Frank to lend credibility to the story . An American family is kidnapped in Tennessee by two supporters of a radical Islamist group called the Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) , who agree to negotiate only with the ambitious Republican nominee , Governor Will Conway . Frank invites Conway to the White House to assist in the negotiations as a publicity stunt , and Conway helps buy critical time in locating the suspects . However , tensions between the Conways and Underwoods lead to the governor ending his role in the crisis . Frank and Claire allow the kidnappers to speak to the deposed leader of ICO , Yusuf al Ahmadi , after successfully obtaining the release of two of the hostages . Instead of defusing the situation as he agreed , al Ahmadi urges the kidnappers to kill the remaining hostage and broadcast the killing to the public . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt publishes his story and threatens to end Frank 's campaign weeks before the election . Claire urges Frank to use a heavier hand in the situation , and they decide to fight back by creating chaos . Frank addresses the public declaring that the nation is at total war , ordering the full force of the military be used to combat global terrorism regardless the cost . The season ends with Frank and Claire watching the live execution of the hostage together , and Claire breaking the fourth wall for the first time by looking into the camera along with Frank . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 5 ) In the weeks before the 2016 election , Frank uses ICO as a pretext to enacting martial law in urban areas and consolidating polling places in key states . Done mainly through back channels with Democratic governors , this is officially done in the name of safety , but is actually done to disenfranchise rural Republican voters . To keep the strategy of fear going , Doug blackmails hacker Aidan Macallan into launching a massive cyberattack on the NSA , slowing down internet traffic and wiping out hundreds of thousands of files . The Underwood Administration pins the attack on ICO . On Election Day , the result hinges on Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Ohio . Contrary to the Underwoods ' desired plans , the early returns seem to favor Conway . Underwood 's political machine stages a terrorist attack in Knoxville , which is pinned on a local suspected ICO sympathizer . With Pennsylvania secured by Conway and Ohio seeming to swing his way , Frank unofficially calls Conway directly to concede . However , this is merely a tactic to put Conway off guard , as the Underwoods contact Ohio 's governor and convince him to close the polls early on the pretense of a terrorist threat . Ohio and Tennessee refuse to certify the election , and neither candidate reaches the requisite number of electoral votes . Nine weeks after the unresolved election , the Twelfth Amendment is invoked , with the vote being put up to members of Congress . During a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus , cracks begin to appear in Conway 's facade as he loses his cool . In spite of this , Frank 's own baggage and 12 % approval rating only allows him a tie with Conway in the House , while Claire manages to secure the Senate vote , becoming acting president . In light of the tie , Claire orders a special election for Ohio and Tennessee . Meanwhile , Jane Davis , a low - ranking Commerce Department official who has a wide - ranging network of connections and influence , begins working closely with the Underwoods . As a private citizen for the time being , Frank attends a meeting of powerful men at a secret society known as Elysian Fields , in an effort to secure their influence for votes in the upcoming special election . Meanwhile , Conway has a mental breakdown on his private plane due to feeling that the election was stolen from him . Eventually , this and other leaks from his campaign are slowly dripped to the media in a manner that seems unconnected to the Underwoods . Seeing that his candidate is losing , Conway 's campaign manager , Mark Usher , switches sides to the Underwoods . The Underwood ticket wins both Ohio and Tennessee , and Frank is sworn in as president and Claire as vice president . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt continues to investigate Zoe 's death , and is given information by an unknown leaker within the White House . Major document dumps are made available to Hammerschmidt , which , among other charges , prompts an impeachment hearing against Frank . In response , the Underwoods set up extensive surveillance on all White House personnel . Eventually , the leaker makes a voice - modulated call to Hammerschmidt , implicating Doug in Zoe 's murder . The Underwoods convince Doug to take the fall for killing Zoe , and the leaker is revealed to be Frank himself . The leaks are revealed to be part of Frank 's master plan to resign the presidency to Claire , believing his thirst for power can be better achieved in the private sector , working alongside his wife 's presidency . Frank , concerned about Durant 's intention to testify at the impeachment hearing , pushes her down a short flight of stairs upon accepting her resignation , hospitalizing her . Claire poisons Yates with an overdose of Gelsemium provided to her by Jane , concerned that he knows too much . Finally , contractors working for the Underwoods eliminate LeAnn by ramming her car off the road into a guard rail . Frank resigns , and the two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him . This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO , which moves media focus away from Frank . Standing in the Oval Office , Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank , and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter . The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank 's call , then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers , `` My turn . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of House of Cards characters Kevin Spacey portrays Francis `` Frank '' Underwood . Kevin Spacey as Francis J. `` Frank '' Underwood , Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district who is House Majority Whip in season one , Vice President of the United States in season two , and the 46th President of the United States in seasons three to five . Robin Wright as Claire Underwood , Frank 's wife who runs the Clean Water Initiative , a non-governmental organization , in season one before giving it up to become Second Lady of the United States in season two . She then becomes United States Ambassador to the United Nations in season three and First Lady of the United States in seasons three to five , Acting President of the United States briefly in season five before becoming Vice President of the United States and then permanently 47th President of the United States at the end of the season . Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes , a reporter for The Washington Herald ( and later Slugline ) . She forms an intimate relationship with Frank Underwood , her political informant , who in turn uses her as a mouthpiece to leak stories to the press and irk his political rivals . Corey Stoll as Peter Russo , a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania 's 1st congressional district and recovering addict . Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper , Underwood 's unwaveringly loyal chief of staff and confidant . He is temporarily replaced by Remy Danton as Chief of Staff after his injury for most of season 3 but returns as his new chief of staff at the end of the season . Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher , a congressional staffer and personal assistant to President Walker , and lover to Peter Russo . Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez , President Walker 's White House Chief of Staff . Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole , the leader of a grass - roots organization called World Well that provides clean water to developing countries . Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky , a reporter for The Washington Herald . Michel Gill as Garrett Walker , 45th President of the United States , former Governor of Colorado . He trusts Underwood as a close adviser and lieutenant , but remains blind to his machinations . Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin , an editor at The Washington Herald and later Zoe 's boyfriend . Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton , a lawyer for Glendon Hill and lobbyist who works for natural gas company SanCorp in season one and Raymond Tusk in season two . He worked in Underwood 's congressional office as Communications Director prior to the series , and after severing ties with Tusk , serves as Underwood 's chief of staff for most of season 3 until quitting at the end of the season . Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt , editor - in - chief of The Washington Herald . He opens an investigation into the secret dealings of Frank and his inner circle in Season 4 . Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum , a member of the U.S. Capitol Police and the Underwoods ' bodyguard and driver . Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner , a prostitute trying to make a better life for herself using Stamper . Molly Parker as Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Sharp , a Democratic congresswoman from California who succeeded Frank as Majority Whip . She also briefly ran for the Democratic nomination for President in season 3 . Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk , a billionaire businessman with a wide network of influence , although he prefers to live modestly . Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant , a Democratic Senator from Louisiana and Secretary of State . Jimmi Simpson as Gavin Orsay , a computer hacker turned reluctant FBI informant , who works secretly with Doug Stamper in exchange for help escaping the country . Mozhan Marnò as Wall Street Telegraph reporter Ayla Sayyad . She is assigned to the White House and does freelance investigative reporting . Elizabeth Marvel as Heather Dunbar , a lawyer and Solicitor General of the US in the Walker Administration . She runs against Underwood for the Democratic nomination . Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson , a political operative who becomes Press Secretary for Vice President Underwood through blackmail . Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates , a successful author whom Frank asks to write a book about the America Works jobs program . He stays on as a speech writer and Claire 's lover . Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway , Republican Governor of New York and Nominee for President of the United States running against Frank . Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin , chief political reporter of the Wall Street Telegraph . She replaces Sayyad at the White House after Seth Grayson dismisses Sayyad for protocol violations . Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov , the President of Russia . Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey , a Texas - based political consultant Claire hires to run her Congressional campaign . She later becomes the Campaign Manager for the Underwoods for the 2016 Election . Campbell Scott as Mark Usher , Conway 's Campaign Manager . He later joins the Underwood 's inner circle as a `` Special Adviser '' . Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis , Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade . She is very well connected and able to successfully negotiate back channel dealings for the Underwoods . Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway , wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway . Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries , a young reporter at the Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt . Damian Young as Aidan Macallan , a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey . James Martinez as Alex Romero , a Democratic Congressman who leads the House Intelligence Committee 's investigation into Frank 's alleged abuse of power . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The world of 7 : 30 on Tuesday nights , that 's dead . A stake has been driven through its heart , its head has been cut off , and its mouth has been stuffed with garlic . The captive audience is gone . If you give people this opportunity to mainline all in one day , there 's reason to believe they will do it . `` '' -- David Fincher Independent studio Media Rights Capital , founded by Mordecai Wiczyk and Asif Satchu , producer of films such as Babel , purchased the rights to House of Cards with the intention to create a series . While finishing production on his 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , David Fincher 's agent showed him House of Cards , a BBC miniseries starring Ian Richardson . Fincher was interested in producing a potential series with Eric Roth . Fincher said that he was interested in doing television because of its long - form nature , adding that working in film does not allow for complex characterizations the way that television allows . `` I felt for the past ten years that the best writing that was happening for actors was happening in television . And so I had been looking to do something that was longer form , '' Fincher stated . MRC approached different networks about the series , including HBO , Showtime and AMC , but Netflix , hoping to launch its own original programming , outbid the other networks . Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's Chief Content Officer , looked at the data of Netflix users ' streaming habits and concluded that there was an audience for Fincher and Spacey . `` It looked incredibly promising , '' he said , `` kind of the perfect storm of material and talent . '' In finding a writer to adapt the series , Fincher stated that they needed someone who could faithfully translate parliamentary politics to Washington . '' Beau Willimon , who has served as an aide to Charles Schumer , Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton , was hired and completed the pilot script in early 2011 . Willimon saw the opportunity to create an entirely new series from the original and deepen its overall story . This is the future , streaming is the future . TV will not be TV in five years from now ... everyone will be streaming . `` '' -- Beau Willimon The project was first announced in March 2011 , with Kevin Spacey attached to star and serve as an executive producer . Fincher was announced as director for the first two episodes , from scripts by Willimon . Netflix ordered 26 episodes to air over two seasons . Spacey called Netflix 's model of publishing all episodes at once a `` new perspective . '' He added that Netflix 's commitment to two full seasons gave the series greater continuity . `` We know exactly where we are going , '' he said . In a speech at the Edinburgh International Television Festival , he also noted that while other networks were interested in the show , they all wanted a pilot , whereas Netflix -- relying solely on their statistics -- ordered the series directly . In January 2016 , show creator , executive producer and showrunner Beau Willimon 's departure following season 4 was announced . Casting ( edit ) I was lucky to get into film at a time that was very interesting for drama . But if you look now , the focus is not on the same kind of films that were made in the 90s . When I look now , the most interesting plots , the most interesting characters , they are on TV . `` '' -- Kevin Spacey Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice . In the first read through , he said `` I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice -- each actor here represents our first choice for these characters . So do not fuck this up . '' Spacey , whose last regular television role was in the series Wiseguy , which ran from 1987 until 1990 , responded positively to the script . He then played Richard III at The Old Vic , which Fincher said was `` great training . '' Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once , believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows . He said , `` When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend , they say , ' Oh , I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad or it 's two seasons of Game of Thrones . '' He was officially cast on March 18 , 2011 . Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011 . Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012 . Mara 's sister , Rooney , worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe , she `` fell in love with the character '' and asked her sister to `` put in a word for me with Fincher . '' The next month , she got a call for an audition . Filming ( edit ) Locations ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County , Maryland , on the Eastern seaboard of the United States . Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore , Maryland , which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington , D.C. Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore , but set in Washington , D.C. , are : Francis and Claire Underwood 's residence , Zoe Barnes ' apartment , Freddy 's BBQ Rib Joint , The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works , The Washington Herald offices , the Washington Opera House , the Secretary of State 's building , Hotel Cotesworth , The Georgetown Hotel , Werner 's Bar , Tio Pepe 's , the DuPont Circle Bar , as well as scenes set in other locations , including Peter Russo 's campaign rally in Pennsylvania and The Sentinel ( military academy ) 's Francis J. Underwood Library and Waldron Hall in South Carolina . Most of the interior scenes in House of Cards are filmed in a large industrial warehouse , which is located in Joppa , Maryland , also in Harford County , which is about 17 miles north east of Baltimore . The warehouse is used for the filming of some of the most iconic scenes of the series , such as the full - scale reconstruction of most of the West Wing of the White House , including the Oval Office , the Congressional offices and corridors , the large ' Slugline ' open - plan office interior , and domestic interiors such as the large townhouse rooms of the Underwood residence and a large loft apartment . Extensive filming for season 5 was also done at the Maryland Historical Society in Mount Vernon , Baltimore . The series uses green screen to augment the live action , inserting views of outdoor scenes in windows and broadcast images on TV monitors , often in post-production . The Production Designer , Steve Arnold , also describes in detail the use of a three - sided green screen to insert street scenes outside car windows , with synchronized LED screens above the car ( and out of camera shot ) , that emit the appropriate light onto the actors and parts of the car , such as window frames : `` All the driving in the show , anything inside the vehicle is done on stage , in a room that is a big three - sided green screen space . The car does not move , the actors are in the car , and the cameras are set up around them . We have very long strips of LED monitors hung above the car . We had a camera crew go to Washington , D.C. to drive around and shoot plates for what you see outside when you 're driving . And that is fed into the LED screens above the car . So as the scene is progressing , the LED screens are synched up to emit interactive light to match the light conditions you see in the scenery you 're driving past ( that will be added in post ) . All the reflections on the car windows , the window frames and door jambs is being shot while we 're shooting the actors in the car . Then in post the green screens are replaced with the synced up driving plates , and it works really well . It gives you the sense of light passing over the actors ' faces , matching the lighting that is in the image of the plate '' . In June 2014 , filming of three episodes in the UN Security Council chamber was vetoed by Russia at the last minute . However the show was able to film in other parts of the UN Building . In August 2014 , the show filmed a `` mock - motorcade scene '' in Washington , D.C. In December 2014 , the show filmed in Espanola , Santa Fe , and Las Vegas , New Mexico . Tax credits ( edit ) According to the Maryland Film Office , the state provided millions in tax credits to subsidize the production costs . For season 1 , the company received a final tax credit of $11.6 million . Production costs were $63 million , more than 1,800 Maryland businesses were involved , and nearly 2,200 Marylanders were hired with a $138 million economic impact . For season 2 , the company was reported to expect to get a tax credit of about $15 million because filming costs were more than $55 million . There were nearly 2,000 Maryland businesses benefitting from the production and more than 3,700 Marylanders were hired with a $120 million estimated economic impact . For season 3 , the company filed a letter of intent to film , and estimated costs and economic impact similar to season 2 . Under the 2014 formula , `` the show would qualify for up to $15 million in tax credits . '' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , where Netflix was not available prior to 2015 , the series was broadcast on Showcase , premiering May 7 , 2013 . Australian subscription TV provider Foxtel , and owner of Showcase , offered the entire first season to Showcase subscribers via their On Demand feature on Foxtel set top boxes connected to the internet , as well as through their Xbox 360 , Internet TV , and mobile ( Foxtel Go ) services . Although the entire season was made available , it maintained its weekly timeslot on Showcase . Season two returned to Showcase on February 15 , 2014 . As with season one , the entire season was made available on demand to Showcase subscribers while also retaining a weekly timeslot . The series has also been made available to non Foxtel subscribers through Apple 's Apple TV service . Prior to Netflix 's Australian launch on March 28 , 2015 , Netflix renounced Showcase 's rights to House of Cards , with season 3 premiering on Netfix at launch . In New Zealand , where Netflix was unavailable prior to 2015 , season 1 premiered on TV3 in early 2014 followed immediately by season 2 . Netflix launched in New Zealand on March 24 , 2015 , and unlike Australia ( which had Netflix launch on the same day ) where House of Cards season 3 was available at launch , the series was unavailable and the premiere date and network of season 3 is unknown . In India , where Netflix was unavailable prior to January 2016 , House of Cards premiered on February 20 , 2014 , on Zee Café . Seasons 1 and 2 were aired back -- to -- back . The channel aired all 13 episodes of season 3 on March 28 and 29 , 2015 . This marked the first time that an English - language general entertainment channel in India aired all episodes of the latest season of a series together . The move was intended to satisfy viewers ' urge to binge watch the season . Although Netflix launched in India in January 2016 , House of Cards was not available on the service until March 4 , 2016 . All episodes of season 4 had their television premiere on Zee Café on March 12 and 13 , 2016 . House of Cards was acquired by Canadian superstation CHCH for broadcast beginning September 13 , 2017 , making the program available throughout Canada on cable and free - to - air in CHCH 's broadcast region , which includes portions of the United States . Home media ( edit ) Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11 , 2013 , season 2 was released on June 17 , 2014 , season 3 was released on July 7 , 2015 , and season 4 was released on July 5 , 2016 . Season Volume / Chapters DVD Releases Blu - ray Releases Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season Volume One Chapters 1 -- 13 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 June 27 , 2013 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 The Complete Second Season Volume Two Chapters 14 -- 26 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 June 19 , 2014 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 The Complete Third Season Volume Three Chapters 27 -- 39 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 August 6 , 2015 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 The Complete Fourth Season Volume Four Chapters 40 -- 52 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 July 7 , 2016 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 85 % ( 34 reviews ) 76 ( 25 reviews ) 88 % ( 40 reviews ) 80 ( 25 reviews ) 77 % ( 48 reviews ) 76 ( 24 reviews ) 87 % ( 30 reviews ) 76 ( 17 reviews ) 5 72 % ( 25 reviews ) 60 ( 11 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a rating of 85 % , based on 34 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bolstered by strong performances -- especially from Kevin Spacey -- and surehanded direction , House of Cards is a slick , engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series , particularly Spacey 's and Wright 's lead performances , stating `` If you think network executives are nervous , imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys . '' Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes , calling them `` cinematically rich , full of sleek , oily pools of darkness . '' In The Denver Post , critic Joanne Ostrow said the series is `` Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition . '' She added : `` House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption . '' Writing in The New York Times , critic Alessandra Stanley noted that the writing in the series sometimes fails to match the high quality of its acting : `` Unfortunately Mr. Spacey 's lines do n't always live up to the subtle power of his performance ; the writing is n't Shakespeare , or even Aaron Sorkin , and at times , it turns strangely trite . '' Nevertheless , she lauded House of Cards as an entertainment that `` revels in the familiar but always entertaining underbelly of government . '' Andrew Davies , the writer of the original UK TV series , stated that Spacey 's character lacks the `` charm '' of Ian Richardson 's , while The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more `` menacing '' character , `` hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy . '' Randy Shaw , writing for The Huffington Post , criticized House of Cards for glorifying `` union bashing and entitlement slashing within a political landscape whose absence of activist groups or anyone remotely progressive resembles a Republican fantasy world '' . Critics such as Time television critic James Poniewozik and Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compare the series to Boss . Like the UK show and novel of the same name many critics have noted that it is heavily influenced by both Macbeth and Richard III , In addition , some critics find elements of Othello , such as Iago 's bitter ire . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 88 % , based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season , with more of the strong performances , writing , and visual design that made the first season so addictive '' . On Metacritic the season has a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . But as the season progressed , reviews became more mixed . Jen Chaney of Vulture wrote that the second season `` felt kind of empty '' and that `` the closest it came to feeling emotionally rich was when it focused on Claire . '' At the end of the second season , Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that show is a `` A ridiculous political potboiler that takes itself too seriously '' ; he gave the overall season a C - . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season received mostly positive reviews , although many critics noted it felt repetitive . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 77 % , based on 48 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Negative reviews came from Nick Gillespie of The Daily Beast who accused the writers of `` descending into prosaic moralism '' in season 3 and asserts that it deviates from the show 's original intent , and Michael Wolff of USA Today plainly asserts that `` the third season of House of Cards is no good ... not just no good , but incompetent , a shambles , lost . '' IndieWire named the season one of the most disappointing shows of 2015 . Season 4 ( edit ) The fourth season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 87 % , based on 30 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards retains its binge - worthiness by ratcheting up the drama , and deepening Robin Wright 's role even further . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Ben Travers of IndieWire had a positive response to season four , calling it an upgrade from what he perceived as a `` messy and unsatisfying melodramatic '' third season , writing that `` House of Cards is aiming at authenticity , and -- for what feels like the first time -- consistently finding it . '' Todd Van DerWerff of Vox had a mixed review to season four , criticizing the repetitive and predictable nature of the series , writing : `` There 's no such mystery with House of Cards , where you know exactly what will happen as surely as you do on NCIS . Obstacles will present themselves , but Frank ( the hammy Kevin Spacey ) and Claire ( the almost perfect Robin Wright ) Underwood will overcome . What you see is what you get . '' The choice to have Frank and Claire run as running mates was highly criticized by some reviewers . Jonathan Holmes of Radio Times wrote that `` there are limits to the stupidity viewers are willing to accept , and with season four ( House of Cards ) may have stepped over the line . Claire demanding her selection as Frank 's running mate is stupid . Moronic . It turns a canny political operator into a ham - brained fish - eyed jar - opener . '' Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote that `` in moments like this it 's good to remember that Cards really , fundamentally is a stupid TV show instead of a particularly cunning comment on political reality . '' Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 72 % based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season , though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 60 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by House of Cards Beau Willimon with cast and crew at the 73rd Annual Peabody Awards For its first season , House of Cards received nine nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013 , to become the first original online - only web television series to receive major nominations . Among House of Cards ' nine nominations , `` Chapter 1 '' received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode ( online - only episode ) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination : Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher . This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series , and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic ) . Although Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode , Spacey submitted `` Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination . At the Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation , `` Chapter 1 '' and Eigil Bryld earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Emmy - awarded webisode . At the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony , Fincher won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode `` Chapter 1 '' in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Primetime Emmy - awarded webisode . None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories . For the 71st Golden Globe Awards , House of Cards received four nominations . Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , which she won . In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series . For its second season , House of Cards received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress , while Spacey won for Best Drama Actor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards ' keeps busy Harford shooting schedule , prompting a rare complaint '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Creator Beau Willimon on the D.C. Thriller 's Second Season '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Lucia ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Underwood and a Brief History of Ruthless Pragmatism '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronk , Jordan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doing bad for the greater good ' : Kevin Spacey , Beau Willimon and Co . Look Back at ' House of Cards ' Season One '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Television Academy . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolgov , Anna ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Putin vs Petrov -- Fact and Fiction in House of Cards '' . The Moscow Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert . `` Playing With a New Deck '' . Director 's Guild of America . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' director David Fincher on making 13 hours for Netflix '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Builds a ' House of Cards ' That Could Knock Down the Networks '' . aoltv.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Show ' House of Cards ' Is A Big Gamble '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carr , David and Ashley Parker ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Debating ' House of Cards ' : What the Show Gets Right and Wrong About Journalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` MIPCOM 2012 : Kevin Spacey , Robin Wright : Why Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Is the Future of TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Spacey Set To Star in David Fincher 's Drama Series For MRC ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix To Enter Original Programming With Mega Deal For David Fincher - Kevin Spacey Series ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey urges TV channels to give control to viewers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' Renewed For Season 5 By Netflix , Creator Beau Willimon Departs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey ' House of Cards ' Q&A : ' My role is diabolical , delicious ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Robin Wright in Talks to Star in Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Finnigan Joins David E. Kelley TNT Pilot , Kate Mara in Netflix ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Why we 're watching ... Kate Mara '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Netflix to film political thriller ' House of Cards ' in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Brian ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Political Thriller House of Cards to Film in Harford County '' . The Dagger . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' House Of Cards ' Filming Locations In Baltimore : The Complete Guide '' . CBSLocal.com . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production design of `` House of Cards '' -- interview with Steve Arnold `` . Pushing-Pixels.org . December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ; Kaltenbach , Chris ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Find a little Hollywood in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' brings Hollywood to Harford County '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards barred from UN Security Council chamber '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breitman , Kendall ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' filming comes to D.C. '' . Politico . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' films season - three finale in NM '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Da , Royale ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Episode of ' House of Cards ' filmed in Santa Fe : Film insiders dish on popular Netflix show '' . KOAT . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jenna ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` How did ' House of Cards ' get millions in Maryland tax credits ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Foxtel to offer full series of House of Cards online TV Tonight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Returning : House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in Australia '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Foxtel loses House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards shifts from Foxtel to Netflix streaming '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Blacklist , Rake , House of Cards and more coming to TV3 '' . TV3 . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Chris ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in New Zealand today , in direct competition with Spark 's Lightbox and Sky TV 's Neon . Should you join ? Chris Schulz weighs up the pros and cons ... '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café brings home the biggest show of 2014 ; House Of Cards '' . IndianTelevision.com . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naidu , Vinaya ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Zee Café Launches Innovative Campaign To Promote House Of Cards TV Premiere '' . Lighthouse Insights . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to air the entire Season 3 of House of Cards in Two Days ! '' . The Times of India . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arora , Akhil . `` Netflix India Finally Gets ' House of Cards ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to premiere ' House of Cards ' season 4 on 12 -- 13 March '' . IndianTelevision.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . CHCH . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` House of Cards -- Packaging and Official Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards -- Press Release from Sony for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards -- Official Sony Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jeff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Earns Rave Reviews , CEO Reed Hastings Promises Hollywood Takeover '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' is all aces '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Randy ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Is a Republican Fantasy World '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . Time . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Richardson 's rule in House of Cards '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Things ' House Of Cards ' Took From Shakespeare '' . The Huffington Post . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , `` House of Cards '' is our Shakespeare : Comparing the show to Shakespeare is n't pretentious ; it 's appropriate `` . Salon . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blank , Paula C. ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` To figure out House of Cards , read a lot of Shakespeare '' . The Star . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Season 2 Finale Recap : The Wicked Wing of the West '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' season 2 in review : It gets weaker the more you watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Nick ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` That 's It , House of Cards . You Lost Me . '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Michael ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wolff : ' House of Cards ' shows Netflix weakness '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shannon Miller , Liz ; Travers , Ben ( 2015 ) . `` The Most Disappointing TV Shows of 2015 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' Season 4 Might Be the Best Season Yet , But It Wo n't Be Your Favorite '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van DerWerff , Todd ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 review : The Netflix drama 's latest season is a ridiculous mess -- but better than you 'd expect '' . Vox . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jonathan ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Has House of Cards outstayed its welcome ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards Season 4 , Episode 3 : The Live - Binge Review '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Episode Submissions : Lead Actor in a Drama '' . Backstage . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Makes History With Two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy ® Awards '' . The Star - Ledger . PR Newswire . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` @ HouseofCards status update '' . Twitter . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Amol ; Alexandra Cheney ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Makes Some History With Showing at Emmys '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Wins Three Emmys , ' House of Cards ' Shut Out of Major Categories '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Nabs Upset TV Comedy Wins '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Emmy Awards : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fargo ' Lead Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) . 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Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does kevin spacey play in house of cards	[ "Set in 2010s Washington, D.C., House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey), a Democrat from South Carolina's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip. After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State, he initiates an elaborate plan to get himself into a position of greater power, aided by his wife, Claire Underwood (Robin Wright). The series deals primarily with themes of ruthless pragmatism,[3] manipulation, and power.[4]" ]	[ "Congressman" ]
-1316968604100257433	All in the Family	All in the Family - wikipedia All in the Family For other uses , see All in the Family ( disambiguation ) . All in the Family Genre Sitcom Based on Till Death Us Do Part created by Johnny Speight Developed by Norman Lear Starring Carroll O'Connor Jean Stapleton Sally Struthers Rob Reiner Danielle Brisebois Theme music composer Lee Adams ( lyrics ) , Charles Strouse ( music ) , Roger Kellaway ( ending theme ) Opening theme `` Those Were the Days '' Performed by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton Ending theme `` Remembering You '' by Roger Kellaway , ( music ) and Carroll O'Connor ( additional lyrics added in 1971 ; instrumental version ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 205 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor Viacom Enterprises ( 1979 -- 1991 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Color Original release January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) -- April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) Chronology Followed by Archie Bunker 's Place 704 Hauser Related shows Maude The Jeffersons Gloria Good Times Checking In All in the Family is an American sitcom TV - series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons , from January 1971 to April 1979 . The following September , it was continued with the spin - off series Archie Bunker 's Place , which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons . All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . It starred Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Sally Struthers , and Rob Reiner . The show revolves around the life of a working - class bigot and his family . The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy , such as racism , antisemitism , infidelity , homosexuality , women 's liberation , rape , religion , miscarriages , abortion , breast cancer , the Vietnam War , menopause , and impotence . Through depicting these controversial issues , the series became arguably one of television 's most influential comedic programs , as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic , topical conflicts . Based on the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part ( with Archie Bunker modeled after Alf Garnett ) , All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time . Following a lackluster first season , the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976 . It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years . The episode `` Sammy 's Visit '' was ranked number 13 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four . Bravo also named the show 's protagonist , Archie Bunker , TV 's greatest character of all time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth - best written TV series ever , and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth - greatest show of all time . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Recurring characters 3 History and production 3.1 Theme song 3.2 Setting and location 4 Episodes 4.1 Syndication 5 Ratings 6 Spin - offs 7 Specials 8 Home media 9 Cultural impact 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy awards and nominations 10.2 Golden Globe Awards and Nominations 10.3 TCA Heritage Award 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Premise ( edit ) All in the Family is about a typical white working - class family living in Queens , New York . Its patriarch is Archie Bunker ( O'Connor ) , an outspoken , narrow - minded man , seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be . Archie 's wife Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) is sweet and understanding , though somewhat naïve and uneducated ; her husband sometimes disparagingly calls her `` dingbat '' . Their one child , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) , is generally kind and good - natured like her mother , but displays traces of her father 's stubbornness ; unlike them , however , she is a feminist . Gloria is married to college student Michael Stivic ( Reiner ) -- referred to as `` Meathead '' by Archie -- whose values are likewise influenced and shaped by the counterculture of the 1960s . The two couples represent the real - life clash of values between the Greatest Generation and Baby Boomers . For much of the series , the Stivics live in the Bunkers ' home to save money , providing abundant opportunity for them to irritate each other . The show is set in the Astoria section of Queens , with the vast majority of scenes taking place in the Bunkers ' home at 704 Hauser Street . Occasional scenes take place in other locations , especially during later seasons , such as Kelsey 's Bar , a neighborhood tavern where Archie spends a good deal of time and which he eventually buys , and the Stivics ' home after Mike and Gloria move to the house next door . The house seen in the opening is at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue near the junction of the Glendale , Middle Village , and Rego Park sections of Queens . Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood , especially the African American Jeffersons , who live in the house next door in the early seasons . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) The Bunkers and the Stivics : standing , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) and Michael ( Rob Reiner ) ; seated , Archie ( Carroll O'Connor ) and Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) with baby Joey Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker : Frequently called a `` lovable bigot '' , Archie was an assertively prejudiced blue - collar worker . A World War II veteran , Archie longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge , as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song `` Those Were the Days '' ( also the show 's original title ) . Despite his bigotry , he is portrayed as loving and decent , as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world , rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice . His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism - filled arguments to self - destruct . He often rejects uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry . Former child actor Mickey Rooney was Lear 's first choice to play Archie , but Rooney declined the offer because of the strong potential for controversy , and in Rooney 's opinion , a poor chance for success . Scott Brady , formerly of the Western series Shotgun Slade , also declined the role of Archie Bunker , but appeared four times on the series in 1976 in the role of Joe Foley . O'Connor appears in all but seven episodes of the series ' run . Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker , née Baines : Edith is Archie 's ditzy but kind - hearted wife . Archie often tells her to `` stifle '' herself and calls her a `` dingbat '' , and although Edith generally defers to her husband 's authority and endures his insults , on the rare occasions when Edith takes a stand , she proves to have a simple but profound wisdom . Despite their different personalities , they love each other deeply . Stapleton developed Edith 's distinctive voice . Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run , but decided to leave at that time . During the first season of Archie Bunker 's Place , Edith was seen in five of the first 14 episodes in guest appearances . After that point , Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off - camera , leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved `` dingbat '' . Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family . In the series ' first episode , Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as `` Mr. Religion , here ... '' after they come home from church , something her character would not be expected to say later . Sally Struthers as Gloria Stivic , née Bunker : The Bunkers ' college - aged daughter who is married to Michael Stivic . She has the generally kind nature of her mother , but the stubbornness of her father , which early in the series manifests as childishness , later as a more mature feminism . Gloria frequently attempts to mediate between her father and husband , generally siding with the latter . The roles of the Bunkers ' daughter and son - in - law ( then named `` Dickie '' ) initially went to Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver . However , after seeing the show 's pilot , ABC requested a second pilot expressing dissatisfaction with both actors . Lear later recast the roles of Gloria and Dickie with Struthers and Reiner . Penny Marshall ( Reiner 's wife , whom he married in April 1971 , shortly after the program began ) was also considered for the role of Gloria . During the earlier seasons of the show , Struthers was known to be discontented with how static her part was and , in 1974 , sued to get out of her contract . But the character became more developed , satisfying her . Struthers appeared in 157 of the 202 episodes during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . She later reprised the role in the spin - off series Gloria , which lasted for a single season in 1982 -- 1983 . Rob Reiner as Michael `` the Meathead '' Stivic : Gloria 's Polish - American hippie husband is part of the counterculture of the 1960s . While good - hearted and well - meaning , he constantly spars with Archie , and is equally stubborn , although his moral views are generally presented as being more ethical and his logic somewhat sounder . He is the most - educated person in the household , a fact which gives him a self - assured arrogance , and despite his intellectual belief in progressive social values , he tends to expect Gloria to defer to him as her husband . As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives , Richard Dreyfuss sought the part , but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner . Harrison Ford turned down the role , citing Archie Bunker 's bigotry . Reiner appeared in 174 of the 202 episodes of the series during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . Reiner is also credited with writing three of the series ' episodes . Danielle Brisebois as the cute nine - year - old daughter of one of Edith 's cousins , Stephanie Mills , who is a regular throughout the ninth season . Despite being cute and having a sweet side , she is smart , clever , and does give her own few remarks at Archie from time to time . The Bunkers take her in after the child 's father , Floyd Mills , abandons her on their doorstep in 1978 ( he later extorts money from them to let them keep her ) . She remained with the show through its transition to Archie Bunker 's Place , and appeared in all four seasons of the latter show . Supporting characters ( edit ) When Archie visits a local blood bank to make a donation , he meets his neighbor , Lionel Jefferson , who is there to do the same thing . Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson , Isabel Sanford as his wife Louise , and Mike Evans as their son Lionel , Archie 's black neighbors : George is Archie 's combative black counterpart , while Louise is a smarter , more assertive version of Edith . Lionel first appeared in the series ' premiere episode `` Meet the Bunkers '' , with Louise appearing later in the first season . Although George had been mentioned many times , he was not seen until 1973 . Hemsley , who was Norman Lear 's first choice to play George , was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show . However , Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical . Plots frequently find Archie and George at odds with one another , while Edith and Louise attempt to join forces to bring about a resolution . They later moved to an apartment in Manhattan in their own show , The Jeffersons . Mel Stewart , as George 's brother Henry Jefferson : The two appeared together only once , in the 1973 episode in which the Bunkers host Henry 's going - away party , marking Stewart 's final episode and Hemsley 's first . After the Jeffersons were spun off into their own show in 1975 , Stewart 's character was rarely referred to again and was never seen . In the closing credits of `` The First and Last Supper '' episode , Mel Stewart is incorrectly credited as playing George Jefferson . Stewart was actually playing George 's brother , Henry Jefferson , who was pretending to be George for most of the episode . ( Season 1 - 4 , 8 episodes ) Bea Arthur as Edith 's cousin Maude : Maude was white - collared and ultra-liberal , the perfect foil to Archie , and one of his main antagonists . She appeared in only two episodes , `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , where she took care of the Bunker household when all four were sick , and `` Maude '' from the show 's second season , which was basically a backdoor pilot . Her spin - off series , Maude , began in fall 1972 . ( Season 2 , 2 episodes ) Betty Garrett and Vincent Gardenia as the liberal and Roman Catholic next - door neighbors Irene and Frank Lorenzo : Both first appeared as a married couple as Irene was trying to use the Bunker 's phone . During an argument earlier in the episode , Archie and Mike had broken the phone wire . Irene being a ' handyman ' of sorts with her own tools , which she carried in her purse , fixed it . Irene fixed many things at the Bunker house during her time on the show . She also had a sister who was a nun and appeared in one episode . `` Edith 's Christmas Story '' reveals that Irene has had a mastectomy . Archie got her a job as a forklift operator at the plant where he worked . Irene was a strong - willed woman of Irish heritage , and Frank was a jovial Italian househusband who loved cooking and singing . He also was a salesman , but what he sold was never said . Gardenia , who also appeared as Jim Bowman in episode eight of season one ( as the man who sold his house to the Jeffersons ) and as Curtis Rempley in episode seven of season three ( as a swinger opposite Rue McClanahan ) , became a semiregular along with Garrett in 1973 . Gardenia only stayed for one season as Frank Lorenzo , but Garrett remained until her character was phased out in late 1975 . ( Season 4 - 6 ) Allan Melvin as Archie 's neighbor and good friend Barney Hefner : Barney started appearing in 1972 as a recurring character . Over time , he appeared progressively more often until he became a regular . He appeared as a regular in all four seasons of Archie Bunker 's Place . He also appeared in the first season as a desk sergeant at a police precinct . Recurring characters ( edit ) James Cromwell as Jerome `` Stretch '' Cunningham ( 1973 -- 1976 ) `` The Funniest Man in The World '' , Archie 's friend and co-worker from the loading dock ( Archie claims that he is known as the `` Bob Hope '' of the loading platform ) : What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish , evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral . Archie 's eulogy ( or `` urology '' as he called it ) for his friend is often referred to as a rare occasion when he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide . In the episode titled `` Archie in the Cellar '' , Billy Sands is referred to as Stretch Cunningham , the voice on the tape recorder telling jokes . Sands also appeared as other characters on the show during its run , in Kelsey 's Bar as a patron . ( Season 5 , 3 episodes ) Liz Torres as Theresa Betancourt ( 1976 -- 1977 ) : A Puerto Rican nursing student who meets Archie when he is admitted to the hospital for surgery . She later rents Mike and Gloria 's former room at the Bunker house . She called Archie `` Papi '' . Torres had just completed the first season of the CBS sitcom Phyllis in the spring of 1976 before being dropped from the cast . ( She had replaced the late actress Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine . ) Torres joined All in the Family in the fall of 1976 , but her character was not popular with viewers , and the role was phased out before the end of the season . ( Season 7 , 7 episodes ) Billy Halop as Mr. Munson ( 1971 -- 74 ) , the cab driver who lets Archie use his cab to make extra money . ( Season 1 - 3 & 5 - 6 , 10 episodes ) Bob Hastings as Kelcy or Tommy Kelsey , who owns the bar Archie frequents and later buys : Kelcy was also played by Frank Maxwell in the episode `` Archie Gets The Business '' . The name of the establishment is Kelcy 's Bar ( as seen in the bar window in various episodes ) . However , due to a continuity error , the end credits of episodes involving the bar owner spell the name `` Kelcy '' for the first two seasons and `` Kelsey '' thereafter , although the end credits show `` Kelcy '' in the `` Archie Gets the Business '' episode . Jason Wingreen as Harry Snowden , a bartender at Kelcy 's Bar who continues to work there after Archie purchases it as his business partner : Harry had tried to buy the bar from Kelcy , but Archie was able to come up with the money first , by taking a mortgage out on his house , which the Bunkers owned outright . Gloria LeRoy as Mildred `` Boom - Boom '' Turner , a buxom , middle - aged secretary at the plant where Archie works : Her first appearance was when Archie is lost on his way to a convention and Mike and Gloria suspect he and she could be having an affair . Archie gave her that moniker as she was walking by the loading dock . He said when she walked , `` Boom - Boom '' . She is not fond of Archie because he and Stretch leer at her and because of their sexist behavior , but later becomes friendly with him , occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie 's Place . Gloria LeRoy also appeared in a third - season episode as `` Bobbi Jo '' Loomis , the wife of Archie 's old war buddy `` Duke '' . Barnard Hughes as Father Majeskie , a local Catholic priest who was suspected by Archie one time of trying to convert Edith : He appeared in multiple episodes . The first time was when Edith accidentally hit Majeskie 's car near the local supermarket with a can of cling peaches in heavy syrup . ( Season 2 , 3 & 4 , 3 episodes ) Eugene Roche appeared as practical jokester friend and fellow lodge member `` Pinky Peterson '' , one of Archie Bunker 's buddies , in three episodes , first in the episode `` Beverly Rides Again '' , then the memorable Christmas Day episode called `` The Draft Dodger '' ( episode 146 , 1976 ) , and finally the episode `` Archie 's Other Wife '' . ( Season 7 & 9 , 3 episodes ) Sorrell Booke as Lyle Sanders , personnel manager at Archie Bunker 's workplace , Prendergast Tool and Die Company : He had appeared on the series as Lyle Bennett , the manager of a local television station , in the episode `` Archie and the Editorial '' in season three . Lori Shannon played Beverly La Salle , a transvestite entertainer , who appeared in three episodes : `` Archie the Hero '' , `` Beverly Rides Again '' , and `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' . In that third episode , Mike and Beverly are attacked , and he dies in a hospital from injuries suffered during the fight . Estelle Parsons as Blanche Hefner ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , Barney 's second wife : Blanche and Archie are not fond of one another , though Edith likes her very much . The character is mentioned throughout much of the series after Barney 's first wife , Mabel , had died , though she only appeared in a handful of episodes during the last few seasons . Estelle Parsons also appeared in the season - seven episode `` Archie 's Secret Passion '' as Dolores Fencel . ( Season 7 & 9 ) Bill Quinn as Mr. Edgar van Ranseleer ( Mr. van R ) , a blind patron and regular at the bar : He was almost never referred to by his first name . In a running joke , Archie usually waves his hand in front of Mr. van R 's face when he speaks to him . His role was later expanded on Archie Bunker 's Place , where he appeared in all four seasons . Burt Mustin as Justin Quigley , a feisty octogenarian / nonagenarian : Mr. Quigley first appeared in the episode : `` Edith Finds an Old Man '' ( season four , episode three , Sept 23 , 1973 ) where he runs away from an old age home . He temporarily moves in with the Bunkers but quickly leaves to share an apartment with his friend Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson , played by Ruth McDevitt . He appeared in several other episodes , including `` Archie 's Weighty Problem '' . Mr. Mustin previously appeared in a first - season episode as Harry Feeney , the night watchman at Archie 's workplace . ( 1 , 4 - 6 , 5 episodes ) Nedra Volz as Aunt Iola : Edith 's aunt , she was mentioned several times in the eighth season and stayed with the Bunkers for two weeks . Edith wanted her to move in , but Archie would not allow it , though when he thought Iola did not have any place to go , he told her privately that she could always stay with them . Francine Beers and Jane Connell as Sybil Gooley , who worked at Ferguson 's Market : Frequently mentioned , usually by Edith , Sybil predicted that Gloria and Mike were having a baby boy by performing a ring on a string `` swing test '' over Gloria 's abdomen . Sybil also appeared in the episode `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' and spilled the beans on her surprise party because she had not been invited . Archie and she did not get along , and he referred to her as a `` Big Mouth '' . Rae Allen and Elizabeth Wilson as Cousin Amelia : Archie detested Amelia and her husband , Russ , who were both wealthy . Once , she sent Edith a mink and Archie wanted to send it back , until he found out how much it was worth . In another episode , Amelia and her husband visit the Bunkers to bring them gifts from a recent trip to Hawaii , but in a private moment , Amelia shares with Edith that , despite appearances , she and Russ are considering a divorce . The character was played by two different actresses in three episodes of the show . Richard Dysart and George S. Irving as Russ DeKuyper , Amelia 's husband . He is a plumbing contractor who continued the business started by Amelia 's father and uncles . He constantly flaunts his monetary wealth in front of Archie and looks askance at the way Archie lives , forgetting that he walked into a profitable plumbing business . He appeared in two of the episodes that featured Amelia Clyde Kusatsu as Reverend Chong appeared in three episodes . He refused to baptize little Joey in season six , and then remarried Archie and Edith , and Mike and Gloria in season eight , and gave counsel to Stephanie in season nine as it was learned that she was Jewish . ( Season 6 , 8 & 9 , 3 episodes ) Ruth McDevitt as Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson : She played the girlfriend of Justin Quigley , the older man Edith found walking around the supermarket . She appeared in three episodes from seasons four through six . Gloria and Mike adopted them as their godgrandparents . Of most of the characters , Archie took a liking to Justin and Jo. She died following the end of the sixth season . ( Season 4 & 5 , 3 episodes ) William Benedict as Jimmy McNabb : The Bunkers ' neighbor , he appeared in two episodes during the first and second seasons , and was referred to many times during the first few seasons . Jack Grimes as Mr. Whitehead : A member of Archie 's lodge , he was the local funeral director . The death of Archie 's cousin Oscar in a season - two episode of All in the Family brings the very short , white - haired , and silver - tongued Whitehead with his catalog of caskets . ( Season 2 & 4 , 2 episodes ) History and production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in Variety magazine on Till Death Us Do Part and its success in the United Kingdom . He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and him . Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show . Lear 's father would tell Lear 's mother to `` stifle herself '' and she would tell Lear 's father `` you are the laziest white man I ever saw '' ( two `` Archieisms '' that found their way onto the show ) . The original pilot was titled Justice for All and was developed for ABC . Tom Bosley , Jack Warden , and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker . In fact , CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason , who was under contract to them , but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC . In the pilot , Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and Edith Justice . Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband , Richard . It was taped in October 1968 in New York City . After screening the first pilot , ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot , titled Those Were the Days , which was taped in February 1969 in Hollywood . Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard . D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots . After stations ' and viewers ' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn - On after only one episode in February 1969 , the network became uneasy about airing a show with a `` foul - mouthed , bigoted lead '' character , and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael . Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular `` rural '' programming ( Mayberry R.F.D. , The Beverly Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , and Green Acres ) with more `` urban '' , contemporary series and was interested in Lear 's project . CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family . The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series ' first episode . Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as Till Death Us Do Part had been . While CBS insisted on color , Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones , keeping everything relatively devoid of color . As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview , Lear 's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones , in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album . All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience . In the 1960s , most sitcoms had been filmed in the single - camera format without audiences , with a laugh track simulating an audience response . Lear employed the multiple - camera format of shooting in front of an audience , but used tape , whereas previous multiple - camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film . Due to the success of All in the Family , videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s , ' 80s , and ' 90s . The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television , including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners , to which All in the Family is sometimes compared . For the show 's final season , the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track . Thus , the voice - over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner 's `` All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience '' to Carroll O'Connor's `` All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses '' . ( Typically , the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time , and got to see All In the Family as a bonus . ) Throughout its run , Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used ( mentioning this on many occasions ) ; the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine . Theme song ( edit ) The series ' opening theme song `` Those Were The Days '' , was written by Lee Adams ( lyrics ) and Charles Strouse ( music ) . It was presented in a way that was unique for a 1970s series : Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton were seated at a console or spinet piano ( played by Stapleton ) and sang the tune together on - camera at the start of every episode , concluding with live - audience applause . ( The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot , although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off - camera and at a faster tempo than the series version . ) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series , including one version that includes additional lyrics . The song is a simple , pentatonic melody ( that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano ) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear . A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records , reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972 ; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness , and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s . Those Were The Days Boy , the way Glenn Miller played Songs that made the hit parade Guys like us , we had it made Those were the days ! And you knew where you were then Girls were girls , and men were men Mister , we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again Did n't need no welfare state Everybody pulled his weight Gee , our old LaSalle ran great Those were the days ! In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung : Had my twelve - tube radio Loved The Eddie Cantor Show Oh where did all that beauty go ? Those were the days ! A few perceptible drifts can be observed when listening to each version chronologically . In the original version , the lyric `` Those Were The Days '' was sung over the tonic ( root chord of the song 's key ) , and the piano strikes a dominant 7th passing chord in transition to the next part , which is absent from subsequent versions . Jean Stapleton 's screeching high note on the line `` And you knew who you WEEERRE then '' became louder , longer , and more comical , although only in the original version did the line draw a laugh from the audience . Carroll O'Connor's pronunciation of `` welfare state '' gained more of Archie 's trademark whining enunciation , and the closing lyrics ( especially `` Gee , our old LaSalle ran great '' ) were sung with increasingly deliberate articulation , as viewers had complained that they could not understand the words . Also in the original version , the camera angle was shot slightly from the right side of the talent as opposed to the straight on angle of the next version . Jean Stapleton performed the theme song without glasses beginning in season 6 . In addition to O'Connor and Stapleton singing , footage is also shown beginning with aerial shots of Manhattan , and continuing to Queens , progressively zooming in , culminating with a still shot of a lower middle - class semidetached home , presumably representing the Bunkers ' house in Astoria . The house shown in the opening credits , however , is actually located at 89 -- 70 Cooper Avenue in the Glendale section of Queens , New York . A notable difference exists , however , between the Cooper Avenue house and the All in the Family set : the Cooper Avenue house has no porch , while the Bunkers ' home featured a front porch . The footage for the opening had been shot back in 1968 for the series ' first pilot , thus the establishing shot of the Manhattan skyline was completely devoid of the World Trade Center towers , which had not yet been built . When the series aired two years later , the Trade Center towers , although under construction , had still not yet risen high enough to become a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline ( this did not happen until the end of 1971 ) . Despite this change in the Manhattan skyline , the original 1968 footage continued to be used for the series opening until the series transitioned into Archie Bunker 's Place in 1979 . At that time , a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits . This opening format -- showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set -- became the standard for most of Norman Lear 's sitcoms , including Maude , Good Times , and The Jeffersons . At the end of the opening , the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton , as they finish the song . At the end of the original version , Edith smiles at Archie and Archie smiles off at a slight distance . In the longest running version ( from season 2 to season 5 ) , Edith smiles blissfully at Archie , and Archie puts a cigar in his mouth and returns a rather cynical , sheepish look to Edith . From season 6 through the season 8 , Edith smiles and rests her chin on Archie 's shoulder . In the final season , Edith hugs Archie at the conclusion . Additionally , in the first three versions of the opening , Archie is seen wearing his classic trademark white shirt . In the last version of the opening for the series ' ninth season , Archie is seen wearing a grey sweater - jacket over his white shirt . In all versions of the opening , the song 's conclusion is accompanied by applause from the studio audience . In interviews , Norman Lear stated that the idea for the piano song introduction was a cost - cutting measure . After completion of the pilot episode , the budget would not allow an elaborate scene to serve as the sequence played during the show 's opening credits . Lear decided to have a simple scene of Archie and Edith singing at the piano . The closing theme ( an instrumental ) was `` Remembering You '' played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor . It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening ( but moving in the opposite direction down the street ) , and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan , suggesting the visit to the Bunkers ' home has concluded . O'Connor recorded a vocal version of `` Remembering You '' for a record album , but though he performed it several times on TV appearances , the lyrics ( about the end of a romance ) were never heard in the actual series . Except for some brief instances in the first season , no background or transitional music was used . Setting and location ( edit ) The house featured in the opening credits sequence , as it appeared in late 2013 Lear and his writers set the series in the Queens neighborhood of Astoria . The location of the Bunkers ' house at 704 Hauser Street is fictitious ( no Hauser Street exists in Queens ) . The address is not presented the way addresses are given in Queens : most address numbers are hyphenated , containing the number of the nearest cross street . Nevertheless , many episodes reveal that the Bunkers live near the major thoroughfare Northern Boulevard , which was the location of Kelsey 's Bar and later Archie Bunker 's Place . The façade of the house shown at the show opening is a home located at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue , Glendale , Queens , New York , across from St. John Cemetery ( 40 ° 42 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 51 ′ 39 '' W / 40.712492 ° N 73.860784 ° W / 40.712492 ; - 73.860784 ) . Many real Queens institutions are mentioned throughout the series . Carroll O'Connor , a Queens native from Forest Hills , said in an interview with the Archive of American Television that he suggested to the writers many of the locations to give the series authenticity . For example , Archie is revealed to have attended Flushing High School , a real high school located in Flushing , Queens ( although in the `` Man Of The Year '' episode of Archie Bunker 's Place , Archie attended Bryant High School in nearby Long Island City , graduating in 1940 ) . As another example , the 1976 episode `` The Baby Contest '' deals with Archie entering baby Joey in a cutest baby contest sponsored by the Long Island Daily Press , a then - operating local newspaper in Queens and Long Island . The writers of All in the Family continued throughout the series to have the Bunkers and other characters use telephone exchange names when giving a telephone number ( most other series at the time , such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show , were using the standard fake 555 telephone number ) at a time when AT&T was trying to discontinue them . At different times throughout the series , the telephone exchanges Ravenswood and Bayside were used for the Bunkers ' telephone number . Both exchanges were and still are applicable names for phone numbers in the neighborhoods of Astoria and Bayside . This may have had to do with the fact that at the time many major cities in the United States , such as New York , were resisting the dropping of telephone exchange names in favor of all - number calling , and were still printing their telephone books with exchange names . Actual residents of the Bunkers ' age continued using exchange names into the early 1980s . This fact is referred to in the 1979 episode `` The Appendectomy '' , when Edith , while dialing a telephone number , uses the Parkview exchange name only to correct herself by saying that she keeps forgetting that it is all - number dialing now . However , she comes to the conclusion that the number is exactly the same either way . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of All in the Family episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Pilots 1968 1969 N / A N / A 13 January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) April 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 06 ) N / A N / A 24 September 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 18 ) March 11 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 11 ) 34.0 24 September 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 24 ) 33.3 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 16 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 16 ) 31.2 5 23 September 14 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 08 ) 30.2 6 24 September 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 08 ) March 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 08 ) 30.1 7 25 September 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 22 ) March 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 12 ) 12 22.9 8 24 October 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 02 ) March 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 19 ) 24.4 9 24 September 24 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) 9 24.9 Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels Jump up ^ Tied with Taxi `` Sammy 's Visit , '' first broadcast in February 1972 , is a particularly notable episode , whose famous episode - ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show . Guest star Sammy Davis , Jr. plays himself in the episode . Davis leaves a briefcase behind in Archie 's taxi ( Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver ) and goes to the Bunker home to pick it up . After hearing Archie 's racist remarks , Davis asks for a photograph with him . At the moment the picture is taken , Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek . The ensuing laughter went on for so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast , as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ( `` Well , what the hell -- he said it was in his contract ! '' ) to deliver after the kiss . ( The line is usually cut in syndication . ) Syndication ( edit ) During the show 's sixth season , starting on December 1 , 1975 , CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm ( EST ) , replacing long - running soap opera The Edge of Night , which had been purchased by ABC . It would later move to 3 : 30 pm and in September 1978 , 10 am . This lasted until September 1979 , when the reruns entered off - network syndication by Viacom . The show was picked up in most television markets as such . In 1991 , the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then . Since the late 1980s , All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS ( although they had the rights locally in Atlanta , as well ) , TV Land , and Nick at Nite . From January 3 , 2011 to December 31 , 2017 , the show aired on Antenna TV . As of January 1 , 2018 , the show now airs on GetTV . The cast settled their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run . Ratings ( edit ) All in the Family is one of three television shows ( The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others ) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons . The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons . Season Time Nielsen Ratings Rank Rating 1 ( 1970 -- 71 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 - 10 : 00 pm on CBS # 34 18.9 2 ( 1971 -- 72 ) Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS # 1 34.0 3 ( 1972 -- 73 ) 33.3 4 ( 1973 -- 74 ) 31.2 5 ( 1974 -- 75 ) 30.2 6 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Monday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS 30.1 7 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 22 -- October 27 , 1976 ) Saturday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( November 6 , 1976 -- March 12 , 1977 ) # 12 22.9 8 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS # 4 24.4 ( Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels ) 9 ( 1978 -- 79 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 24 -- October 1 , 1978 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS ( October 8 , 1978 -- April 8 , 1979 ) # 9 24.9 ( Tied with Taxi ) The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers . Spin - offs ( edit ) According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present , All in the Family has the most spin - offs for a prime - time television series , spawning five other shows , three of which were very successful and two of which are spin - offs from spin - offs . The first spin - off was Maude , which debuted in September 1972 . It features Edith 's acerbic cousin Maude Findlay ( Bea Arthur ) , who first appeared on All in the Family in the December 1971 episode `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , visiting to take care of the influenza - suffering Bunkers . In March 1972 , at the end of the series ' second season , the character was again featured in the episode `` Maude '' . In this episode , a `` back door pilot '' for a new series , Archie and Edith visit her home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of her daughter Carol . Bill Macy played Maude 's husband Walter and Marcia Rodd played Carol ; Rodd was replaced by Adrienne Barbeau for the series . The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes , airing its final episode in April 1978 . Good Times is considered by some to be a spin off of Maude , as the show 's focus was Florida Evans , a character first appearing on Maude during its initial seasons as the Findlays maid . But the character 's history and situation were changed for the new show . According to producer Allan Manings , `` It was n't really a spin - off . '' The show features no reference to Maude , changes the name of Florida 's husband from Henry to James , and sets the show in a Chicago housing project . It ran for six seasons from February 1974 to August 1979 . The second and longest - lasting spin - off of All in the Family was The Jeffersons . Debuting on CBS in January 1975 , The Jeffersons lasted 11 seasons and 253 episodes ( more than All in the Family 's nine seasons and 208 episodes ) . The main characters were the Bunkers ' former next - door neighbors George and Louise Jefferson ( Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford ) . George was the owner of seven successful dry - cleaning stores , and the series featured their life after moving from the Bunkers ' working - class neighborhood to a luxury high - rise apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Checking In was spun off from The Jeffersons , focusing on the Jeffersons ' maid Florence Johnston , working as an executive housekeeper at the St. Frederick Hotel in Manhattan . It only lasted four weeks in April 1981 , and the character returned to her old job as the Jeffersons ' maid . Gloria was the third spin - off of All in the Family , focusing on now - divorced Gloria , starting a new life as an assistant trainee to a couple of veterinarians in Foxridge , New York . It premiered in September 1982 , and ran for one season . Archie Bunker 's Place was technically a spin - off , but was essentially a renamed continuation of the series , beginning in September 1979 following the final season of the original . It was primarily set in the titular neighborhood tavern which Archie Bunker purchased in the eighth - season of All in the Family . It aired for four seasons , until April 1983 . 704 Hauser features the Bunkers ' house with a new family . It was an inversion of the formula of the original , featuring a liberal African - American couple with a conservative son , who is dating a white Jewish woman . Gloria and Mike 's son Joey Stivic , now in his twenties , makes a brief appearance in the first episode . Five episodes aired in April and May 1994 . Specials ( edit ) At the height of the show 's popularity , Henry Fonda hosted a special one - hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television . Included were clips from the show 's most memorable episodes up to that time . It was titled The Best of `` All in the Family '' , and aired on December 21 , 1974 . A 90 - minute retrospective , All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special , was produced to commemorate the show 's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16 , 1991 . It was hosted by Norman Lear , and featured a compilation of clips from the show 's best moments , and interviews with the four main cast members . The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991 , garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it , Norman Lear 's sitcom Sunday Dinner . The latter was Lear 's return to TV series producing after a seven - year absence , and was cancelled after the six - week tryout run . Home media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment ( formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment ) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007 . No further seasons were released , because the sales figures did not match Sony 's expectations . On June 23 , 2010 , Shout ! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and has since released the remaining three seasons . On October 30 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 28 - disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series , as well as bonus features . On February 6 , 2018 , Sony released All in the Family - Seasons 1 - 5 on DVD in Region 1 . The 15 - disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons . Vincent Gardenia ( before becoming a regular cast member as Frank Lorenzo ) and Rue McClanahan played a `` wife - swapping '' couple who meet the unsuspecting Bunkers in a 1972 episode . L-R : McClanahan , Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , and Gardenia . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 13 March 26 , 2002 The Complete Second Season 24 February 4 , 2003 The Complete Third Season 24 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Fourth Season 24 April 12 , 2005 The Complete Fifth Season 25 January 3 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 24 February 13 , 2007 The Complete Seventh Season 25 October 5 , 2010 The Complete Eighth Season 24 January 11 , 2011 The Complete Ninth Season 24 May 17 , 2011 The Complete Series 208 October 30 , 2012 Cultural impact ( edit ) Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History As one of US television 's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs , All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media . References on other sitcoms include That ' 70s Show and The Simpsons . The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values , and also paid tribute to the show 's closing credits sequence at the end of the season 5 episode `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Popular T - shirts , buttons , and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically promoting `` Archie Bunker for President '' appeared around the time of the 1972 presidential election . In 1998 , All in the Family was honored on a 33 - cent stamp by the USPS . Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs are on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History . The originals had been purchased by the show 's set designer for a few dollars at a local Goodwill thrift store , and were given to the Smithsonian ( for an exhibit on American television history ) in 1978 . It cost producers thousands of dollars to create replicas to replace the originals . Then - US President Richard Nixon can be heard discussing the show ( specifically the 1971 episodes `` Writing the President '' and `` Judging Books by Covers '' ) on one of the infamous Watergate tapes . Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs , specifically his smoking of large cigars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors ( O'Connor , Stapleton , Struthers , and Reiner ) won Primetime Emmy Awards . The other three are The Golden Girls , The Simpsons , and Will and Grace . Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1971 Outstanding New Series ( Won ) Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Gloria 's Pregnant '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Norman Lear for `` Meet the Bunkers '' ( Nominated ) Stanley Ralph Ross for `` Oh , My Aching Back '' ( Nominated ) 1972 Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Single Program - Drama or Comedy for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Achievement in Live or Tape Sound Mixing : Norman Dewes for `` The Elevator Story '' ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Burt Styler for `` Edith 's Problem '' ( Won ) Alan J. Levitt and Philip Mishkin for `` Mike 's Problem '' ( Nominated ) Norman Lear and Burt Styler for `` The Saga of Cousin Oscar '' ( Nominated ) 1973 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : Bob LaHendro and John Rich for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Lee Kalcheim & Michael Ross & Bernie West for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Won ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1976 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) 1977 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` The Draft Dodger '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Art Direction or Scenic Design for a Comedy Series : Don Roberts for `` The Unemployment Story '' ( Nominated ) 1978 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series : Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Nominated ) Larry Rhine & Erik Tarloff & Mel Tolkin for `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' ( Nominated ) Harve Brosten & Barry Harman & Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskopf for `` Cousin Liz '' ( Won ) 1979 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Paul Bogart for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Milt Josefsberg & Bob Schiller & Phil Sharp & Bob Weiskopf for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series : Harvey W. Berger and Hal Collins for `` The 200th Episode Celebration of ' All in the Family ' '' ( Nominated ) Golden Globe Awards and Nominations ( edit ) 1972 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1973 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Betty Garrett ( Won ) 1976 Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1977 Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1978 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1979 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1980 Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) TCA Heritage Award ( edit ) In 2013 , the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society . See also ( edit ) All in a Family List of American television shows based on foreign shows List of All in the Family writers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ All in the Family TV Show - Videos , Actors , Photos and Episodes from the Classic Television Show Archived November 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Geoffrey ( 28 March 1980 ) . `` See No Evil '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Leonard , David J. ; Guerrero , Lisa ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` African Americans on Television : Race - ing for Ratings '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest TV Characters at Bravo.com Archived January 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . wga.org . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` USPS.com ® - ZIP Code Lookup '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ This is an allusion to an early 20th - century comic strip , The Dingbat Family , by cartoonist George Herriman . Jump up ^ Lear , Norman ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Norman Lear Pens New Personal Tribute to Jean Stapleton '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Gloria Bunker - Stivic '' . ShareTV.org . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Reiner '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Revealed in `` Stretch Cunningham , Goodbye '' episode . Jump up ^ Source : The end credits of season three episodes , and onward , mention Tommy Kelsey as the character playing the bar owner . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family 08 13 Edith 's Crisis of Faith 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Great Divide : Norman Lear , Archie Bunker , and the Rise of the Bad Fan '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear credits the British TV sitcom Till Death Do Us Part as being the inspiration for All in the Family '' . Jump up ^ Justice for All ( unaired pilot # 1 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Those Were the Days ( unaired pilot # 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2006 ) . They 'll never put that on the air : an oral history of taboo - breaking TV comedy . Allworth Communications , Inc . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 417 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd ( 2000 ) . Inside Prime Time . University of California Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : All in the Family # Theme song ^ Jump up to : Yee , Vivian ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stifled by Time 's Passage , Fewer Fans Visit the Bunkers ' TV Home '' . New York Times . p . A16 . Jump up ^ 89 - 70 Cooper Ave ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Location of the target house as per Google Maps '' . Maps.google.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1686 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Sales - All in the Family '' . Atari Fun . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' All in the Family ' star Jean Stapleton dead at 90 '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-RATINGS-1970-79-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1971 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1972 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1973 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1974 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1975 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1976 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1977 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1978 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Quotenmeter.de - Das Online - Fernsehmagazin ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Die erfolgreichsten Serien - Finale '' . Quotenmeter.de . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows : 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1707 -- 1709 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony '' . Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Will Someone Please Fix the Emmy Awards ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : DVD Plans for All in the Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 7th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 8th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sony to Release a ' Seasons 1 - 5 ' DVD Set Jump up ^ All in the Family , episode `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( 1972 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ All in the Family stamp at National Postal Museum , Smithsonian Institution Arago.si.edu Jump up ^ `` NMAH , The Bunker 's Chairs '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Richard Nixon discusses homosexuality '' . Retrieved 15 May 2017 -- via YouTube . In a clip from the 1970s , Richard Nixon is heard complaining that the sitcom `` All in the Family '' glorifies homosexuality . Jump up ^ James Warren ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Nixon on Tape Expounds on Welfare and Homosexuality '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Redman - How To Roll A Blunt Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : All in the Family - Awards & Nominations at IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2013 TCA Awards Winners '' . Television Critics Association . August 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Richard P. , ed. ( 1979 ) . All in the Family : A Critical Appraisal . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0275903265 . OCLC 5853047 . Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City , Mo. : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . OCLC 60671579 . McCrohan , Donna ( 1988 ) . Archie & Edith , Mike & Gloria : The Tumultuous History of All in the Family . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 527 - 4 . OCLC 759882713 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : All in the Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to All in the Family . Encyclopedia of Television entry on All in the Family All in the Family on IMDb All in the Family on emmys.com All in the Family on TVLand.com All in the Family on TV.Com All in the Family sit.com website All in the Family at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Preceded by The Wonderful World of Disney 1977 All in the Family Super Bowl lead - out program 1978 Succeeded by Brothers and Sisters 1979 All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Till Death Us Do Part Characters Alf Garnett Episodes List of episodes Films Till Death Us Do Part The Alf Garnett Saga Sequels Till Death ... In Sickness and in Health Adaptations Ein Herz und eine Seele All in the Family Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Works by Johnny Speight TV Sykes and a ... ( 1960 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( 1966 -- 75 ) Justice For All ( US , 1968 ) Curry and Chips ( 1969 ) Those Were The Days ( US , 1969 ) All in the Family ( US , 1971 -- 79 ) Ein Herz und eine Seele ( Germany , 1973 -- 76 ) For Richer ... For Poorer ( 1975 ) Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 1982 ) ( With Ray Galton ) Till Death ... ( 1981 ) The Lady Is a Tramp ( 1983 - 84 ) In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 92 ) Films Privilege ( 1967 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( film ) ( 1969 ) The Alf Garnett Saga ( 1972 ) Awards for All in the Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Friends ( 2018 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_in_the_Family&oldid=855184320 '' Categories : All in the Family characters 1970s American sitcoms 1971 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American television series based on British television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Social realism Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series created by Norman Lear Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series about dysfunctional families Television shows set in New York City Till Death Us Do Part ( British TV series ) Queens , New York in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles using Template : The Interviews title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 14 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons are there of all in the family	[ "All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 1971 to April 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series Archie Bunker's Place, which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons.\n" ]	[ "nine" ]
-1915279037061163818	Post-glacial rebound	Postglacial rebound - wikipedia Postglacial rebound Jump to : navigation , search This layered beach at Bathurst Inlet , Nunavut is an example of post-glacial rebound after the last Ice Age . Little to no tide helped to form its layer - cake look . Isostatic rebound is still underway here . A model of present - day mass change due to post-glacial rebound and the reloading of the ocean basins with seawater . Blue and purple areas indicate rising due to the removal of the ice sheets . Yellow and red areas indicate falling as mantle material moved away from these areas in order to supply the rising areas , and because of the collapse of the forebulges around the ice sheets . Post-glacial rebound ( also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound ) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period , through a process known as isostatic depression . Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy , glacial isostatic adjustment , or glacioisostasy . Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution . The most obvious and direct effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia , Northern America , Patagonia , and Antarctica . However , through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering , the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Effects 2.1 Vertical crustal motion 2.2 Global sea levels 2.3 Horizontal crustal motion 2.4 Tilt 2.5 Gravity field 2.6 Vertical datum 2.7 State of stress , intraplate earthquakes and volcanism 2.8 Recent global warming 3 Applications 4 Discovery 5 Legal implications 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Changes in the elevation of Lake Superior due to glaciation and post-glacial rebound During the last glacial period , much of northern Europe , Asia , North America , Greenland and Antarctica was covered by ice sheets . The ice was as thick as three kilometres during the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago . The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth 's crust to deform and warp downward , forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region . At the end of each glacial period when the glaciers retreated , the removal of the weight from the depressed land led to slow ( and still ongoing ) uplift or rebound of the land and the return flow of mantle material back under the deglaciated area . Due to the extreme viscosity of the mantle , it will take many thousands of years for the land to reach an equilibrium level . The uplift has taken place in two distinct stages . The initial uplift following deglaciation was almost immediate due to the elastic response of the crust as the ice load was removed . After this elastic phase , uplift proceeded by slow viscous flow so the rate of uplift decreased exponentially after that . Today , typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm / year or less . In northern Europe , this is clearly shown by the GPS data obtained by the BIFROST GPS network . Studies suggest that rebound will continue for about at least another 10,000 years . The total uplift from the end of deglaciation depends on the local ice load and could be several hundred metres near the centre of rebound . Recently , the term post-glacial rebound is gradually being replaced by the term glacial isostatic adjustment . This is in recognition that the response of the Earth to glacial loading and unloading is not limited to the upward rebound movement , but also involves downward land movement , horizontal crustal motion , changes in global sea levels and the Earth 's gravity field , induced earthquakes , and changes in the rotational motion . An alternate term that is sometimes used is glacial isostasy , because the uplift near the centre of rebound is due to the tendency towards the restoration of isostatic equilibrium ( as in the case of isostasy of mountains ) . Unfortunately , that term gives the wrong impression that isostatic equilibrium is somehow reached , so by appending `` adjustment '' at the end , the motion of restoration is emphasized . Effects ( edit ) Post-glacial rebound produces measurable effects on vertical crustal motion , global sea levels , horizontal crustal motion , gravity field , Earth 's rotational motion and state of stress and earthquakes . Studies of glacial rebound give us information about the flow law of mantle rocks and also past ice sheet history . The former is important to the study of mantle convection , plate tectonics and the thermal evolution of the Earth . The latter is important to glaciology , paleoclimate and changes in global sea level . Understanding postglacial rebound is also important to our ability to monitor recent global change . Vertical crustal motion ( edit ) Much of modern Finland is former seabed or archipelago : illustrated are sea levels immediately after the last ice age . Erratic boulders , U-shaped valleys , drumlins , eskers , kettle lakes , bedrock striations are among the common signatures of the Ice Age . In addition , post-glacial rebound has caused numerous significant changes to coastlines and landscapes over the last several thousand years , and the effects continue to be significant . In Sweden , Lake Mälaren was formerly an arm of the Baltic Sea , but uplift eventually cut it off and led to its becoming a freshwater lake in about the 12th century , at the time when Stockholm was founded at its outlet . Marine seashells found in Lake Ontario sediments imply a similar event in prehistoric times . Other pronounced effects can be seen on the island of Öland , Sweden , which has little topographic relief due to the presence of the very level Stora Alvaret . The rising land has caused the Iron Age settlement area to recede from the Baltic Sea , making the present day villages on the west coast set back unexpectedly far from the shore . These effects are quite dramatic at the village of Alby , for example , where the Iron Age inhabitants were known to subsist on substantial coastal fishing . As a result of post-glacial rebound , the Gulf of Bothnia is predicted to eventually close up at Kvarken . The Kvarken is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site , selected as a `` type area '' illustrating the effects of post-glacial rebound and the holocene glacial retreat . In several other Nordic ports , like Tornio and Pori ( formerly at Ulvila ) , the harbour has had to be relocated several times . Place names in the coastal regions also illustrate the rising land : there are inland places named ' island ' , ' skerry ' , ' rock ' , ' point ' and ' sound ' . For example , Oulunsalo `` island of Oulujoki '' is a peninsula , with inland names such as Koivukari `` Birch Rock '' , Santaniemi `` Sandy Cape '' , and Salmioja `` the brook of the Sound '' . ( Compare ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . ) Map of Post Glacial Rebound effects upon the land - level on the British Isles . In Great Britain , glaciation affected Scotland but not southern England , and the post-glacial rebound of northern Great Britain ( up to 10 cm per century ) is causing a corresponding downward movement of the southern half of the island ( up to 5 cm per century ) . This will eventually lead to an increased risk of floods in southern England and south - western Ireland . Since the glacial isostatic adjustment process causes the land to move relative to the sea , ancient shorelines are found to lie above present day sea level in areas that were once glaciated . On the other hand , places in the peripheral bulge area which was uplifted during glaciation now begins to subside . Therefore , ancient beaches are found below present day sea level in the bulge area . The `` relative sea level data '' , which consists of height and age measurements of the ancient beaches around the world , tells us that glacial isostatic adjustment proceeded at a higher rate near the end of deglaciation than today . The present - day uplift motion in northern Europe is also monitored by a GPS network called BIFROST . Results of GPS data show a peak rate of about 11 mm / year in the north part of the Gulf of Bothnia , but this uplift rate decreases away and becomes negative outside the former ice margin . In the near field outside the former ice margin , the land sinks relative to the sea . This is the case along the east coast of the United States , where ancient beaches are found submerged below present day sea level and Florida is expected to be submerged in the future . GPS data in North America also confirms that land uplift becomes subsidence outside the former ice margin . Global sea levels ( edit ) To form the ice sheets of the last Ice Age , water from the oceans evaporated , condensed as snow and was deposited as ice in high latitudes . Thus global sea level fell during glaciation . The ice sheets at the last glacial maximum were so massive that global sea level fell by about 120 metres . Thus continental shelves were exposed and many islands became connected with the continents through dry land . This was the case between the British Isles and Europe ( Doggerland ) , or between Taiwan , the Indonesian islands and Asia ( Sundaland ) . A sub-continent also existed between Siberia and Alaska that allowed the migration of people and animals during the last glacial maximum . The fall in sea level also affects the circulation of ocean currents and thus has important impact on climate during the glacial maximum . During deglaciation , the melted ice water returns to the oceans , thus sea level in the ocean increases again . However , geological records of sea level changes show that the redistribution of the melted ice water is not the same everywhere in the oceans . In other words , depending upon the location , the rise in sea level at a certain site may be more than that at another site . This is due to the gravitational attraction between the mass of the melted water and the other masses , such as remaining ice sheets , glaciers , water masses and mantle rocks and the changes in centrifugal potential due to Earth 's variable rotation . Horizontal crustal motion ( edit ) Accompanying vertical motion is the horizontal motion of the crust . The BIFROST GPS network shows that the motion diverges from the centre of rebound . However , the largest horizontal velocity is found near the former ice margin . The situation in North America is less certain ; this is due to the sparse distribution of GPS stations in northern Canada , which is rather inaccessible . Tilt ( edit ) The combination of horizontal and vertical motion changes the tilt of the surface . That is , locations farther north rise faster , an effect that becomes apparent in lakes . The bottoms of the lakes gradually tilt away from the direction of the former ice maximum , such that lake shores on the side of the maximum ( typically north ) recede and the opposite ( southern ) shores sink . This causes the formation of new rapids and rivers . For example , Lake Pielinen , which is large ( 90 x 30 km ) and oriented perpendicularly to the former ice margin , originally drained through an outlet in the middle of the lake near Nunnanlahti to Lake Höytiäinen . The change of tilt caused Pielinen to burst through the Uimaharju esker at the southwestern end of the lake , creating a new river ( Pielisjoki ) that runs to the sea via Lake Pyhäselkä to Lake Saimaa . The effects are similar to that concerning seashores , but occur above sea level . Tilting of land will also affect the flow of water in lakes and rivers in the future , and thus important for water resource management planning . Gravity field ( edit ) Ice , water and mantle rocks have mass , and as they move around , they exert a gravitational pull on other masses towards them . Thus , the gravity field , which is sensitive to all mass on the surface and within the Earth , is affected by the redistribution of ice / melted water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks within . Today , more than 6000 years after the last deglaciation terminated , the flow of mantle material back to the glaciated area causes the overall shape of the Earth to become less oblate . This change in the topography of Earth 's surface affects the long - wavelength components of the gravity field . The changing gravity field can be detected by repeated land measurements with absolute gravimeters and recently by the GRACE satellite mission . The change in long - wavelength components of Earth 's gravity field also perturbs the orbital motion of satellites and has been detected by LAGEOS satellite motion . Vertical datum ( edit ) The vertical datum is a theoretical reference surface for altitude measurement and plays vital roles in many human activities , including land surveying and construction of buildings and bridges . Since postglacial rebound continuously deforms the crustal surface and the gravitational field , the vertical datum needs to be redefined repeatedly through time . State of stress , intraplate earthquakes and volcanism ( edit ) According to the theory of plate tectonics , plate - plate interaction results in earthquakes near plate boundaries . However , large earthquakes are found in intraplate environment like eastern Canada ( up to M7 ) and northern Europe ( up to M5 ) which are far away from present - day plate boundaries . An important intraplate earthquake was the magnitude 8 New Madrid earthquake that occurred in mid-continental US in the year 1811 . Glacial loads provided more than 30 MPa of vertical stress in northern Canada and more than 20 MPa in northern Europe during glacial maximum . This vertical stress is supported by the mantle and the flexure of the lithosphere . Since the mantle and the lithosphere continuously respond to the changing ice and water loads , the state of stress at any location continuously changes in time . The changes in the orientation of the state of stress is recorded in the postglacial faults in southeastern Canada . When the postglacial faults formed at the end of deglaciation 9000 years ago , the horizontal principal stress orientation was almost perpendicular to the former ice margin , but today the orientation is in the northeast - southwest , along the direction of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . This shows that the stress due to postglacial rebound had played an important role at deglacial time , but has gradually relaxed so that tectonic stress has become more dominant today . According to the Mohr -- Coulomb theory of rock failure , large glacial loads generally suppress earthquakes , but rapid deglaciation promotes earthquakes . According to Wu & Hasagawa , the rebound stress that is available to trigger earthquakes today is of the order of 1 MPa . This stress level is not large enough to rupture intact rocks but is large enough to reactivate pre-existing faults that are close to failure . Thus , both postglacial rebound and past tectonics play important roles in today 's intraplate earthquakes in eastern Canada and southeast US . Generally postglacial rebound stress could have triggered the intraplate earthquakes in eastern Canada and may have played some role in triggering earthquakes in the eastern US including the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 . The situation in northern Europe today is complicated by the current tectonic activities nearby and by coastal loading and weakening . Increasing pressure due to the weight of the ice during glaciation may have suppressed melt generation and volcanic activities below Iceland and Greenland . On the other hand , decreasing pressure due to deglaciation can increase the melt production and volcanic activities by 20 - 30 times . Recent global warming ( edit ) Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise . Therefore , monitoring sea level rise and the mass balance of ice sheets and glaciers allows people to understand more about global warming . Recent rise in sea levels has been monitored by tide gauges and satellite altimetry ( e.g. TOPEX / Poseidon ) . As well as the addition of melted ice water from glaciers and ice sheets , recent sea level changes are affected by the thermal expansion of sea water due to global warming , sea level change due to deglaciation of the last glacial maximum ( postglacial sea level change ) , deformation of the land and ocean floor and other factors . Thus , to understand global warming from sea level change , one must be able to separate all these factors , especially postglacial rebound , since it is one of the leading factors . Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height , the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet . Thus ICESat , GPS and GRACE satellite mission are useful for such purpose . However , glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today . Thus understanding glacial isostatic adjustment is important in monitoring recent global warming . One of the possible impacts of global warming - triggered rebound may be more volcanic activity in previously ice - capped areas such as Iceland and Greenland . It may also trigger intraplate earthquakes near the ice margins of Greenland and Antarctica . Applications ( edit ) The speed and amount of postglacial rebound is determined by two factors : the viscosity or rheology ( i.e. , the flow ) of the mantle , and the ice loading and unloading histories on the surface of Earth . The viscosity of the mantle is important in understanding mantle convection , plate tectonics , dynamical processes in Earth , the thermal state and thermal evolution of Earth . However viscosity is difficult to observe because creep experiments of mantle rocks take thousands of years to observe and the ambient temperature and pressure conditions are not easy to attain for a long enough time . Thus , the observations of postglacial rebound provide a natural experiment to measure mantle rheology . Modelling of glacial isostatic adjustment addresses the question of how viscosity changes in the radial and lateral directions and whether the flow law is linear , nonlinear , or composite rheology . Ice thickness histories are useful in the study of paleoclimatology , glaciology and paleo - oceanography . Ice thickness histories are traditionally deduced from the three types of information : First , the sea level data at stable sites far away from the centers of deglaciation give an eastimate of how much water entered the oceans or equivalently how much ice was locked up at glacial maximum . Secondly , the location and dates of terminal moraines tell us the areal extent and retreat of past ice sheets . Physics of glaciers gives us the theoretical profile of ice sheets at equilibrium , it also says that the thickness and horizontal extent of equilibrium ice sheets are closely related to the basal condition of the ice sheets . Thus the volume of ice locked up is proportional to their instantaneous area . Finally , the heights of ancient beaches in the sea level data and observed land uplift rates ( e.g. from GPS or VLBI ) can be used to constrain local ice thickness . A popular ice model deduced this way is the ICE5G model . Because the response of the Earth to changes in ice height is slow , it can not record rapid fluctuation or surges of ice sheets , thus the ice sheet profiles deduced this way only gives the `` average height '' over a thousand years or so . Glacial isostatic adjustment also plays an important role in understanding recent global warming and climate change . Discovery ( edit ) Before the eighteenth century , it was thought , in Sweden , that sea levels were falling . On the initiative of Anders Celsius a number of marks were made in rock on different locations along the Swedish coast . In 1765 it was possible to conclude that it was not a lowering of sea levels but an uneven rise of land . In 1865 Thomas Jamieson came up with a theory that the rise of land was connected with the ice age that had been first discovered in 1837 . The theory was accepted after investigations by Gerard De Geer of old shorelines in Scandinavia published in 1890 . Legal implications ( edit ) In areas where the rising of land is seen , it is necessary to define the exact limits of property . In Finland , the `` new land '' is legally the property of the owner of the water area , not any land owners on the shore . Therefore , if the owner of the land wishes to build a pier over the `` new land '' , they need the permission of the owner of the ( former ) water area . The landowner of the shore may redeem the new land at market price . Usually the owner of the water area is the partition unit of the landowners of the shores , a collective holding corporation . See also ( edit ) Holocene glacial retreat Marine terrace Physical impacts of climate change Stress ( mechanics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Milne , G. ; Shennan , I. ( 2013 ) . `` Isostasy : Glaciation - Induced Sea - Level Change '' . In Elias , Scott A. ; Mock , Cary J. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science . 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 452 -- 459 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 444 - 53643 - 3.00135 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53643 - 3 . Jump up ^ Milne , G.A. , and J.X. Mitrovica ( 2008 ) Searching for eustasy in deglacial sea - level histories . Quaternary Science Reviews . 27 : 2292 -- 2302 . ^ Jump up to : Johansson , J.M. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Continuous GPS measurements of postglacial adjustment in Fennoscandia. 1 . Geodetic results '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 107 : 2157 . Bibcode : 2002JGRB ... 107.2157 J . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JB000400 . ^ Jump up to : Sella , G.F. ; Stein , S. ; Dixon , T.H. ; Craymer , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in `` stable '' North America with GPS `` . Geophysical Research Letters. 34 ( 2 ) : L02306 . Bibcode : 2007GeoRL ... 3402306S . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027081 . ^ Jump up to : Peltier , W.R. ( 1998 ) . `` Postglacial variations in the level of the sea : implications for climate dynamics and solid - earth geophysics '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 36 ( 4 ) : 603 -- 689 . Bibcode : 1998RvGeo ... 36 ... 603P . doi : 10.1029 / 98RG02638 . Jump up ^ Mitrovica , J.X. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1993 ) . `` Present - day secular variations in zonal harmonics of the Earth 's geopotential '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 98 : 4509 -- 4526 . Bibcode : 1993JGR ... 98.4509 M . doi : 10.1029 / 92JB02700 . ^ Jump up to : Wu , P. ; P. Johnston ( 2000 ) . `` Can deglaciation trigger earthquakes in N. America ? '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 27 ( 9 ) : 1323 -- 1326 . Bibcode : 2000GeoRL ... 27.1323 W . doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL011070 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1984 ) . `` Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth 's rotation : a new analysis '' . Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 76 : 753 -- 792 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1984. tb01920. x . Jump up ^ `` Oulunsalon kirkon seudun paikannimistö '' ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gray , Louise ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` England is sinking while Scotland rises above sea levels , according to new study '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Observed Radial Rates from GPS '' . BIFROST Associated GPS Networks . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIFROST '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mitrovica , J.X. ; G.A. Milne & J.L. Davis ( 2001 ) . `` Glacial isostatic adjustment on a rotating earth '' . Geophysical Journal International . 147 ( 3 ) : 562 -- 578 . Bibcode : 2001GeoJI. 147 ... 562M . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246x. 2001.01550. x . Jump up ^ Seppä , H. ; M. Tikkanen & J. - P. Mäkiaho ( 2012 ) . `` Tilting of Lake Pielinen , eastern Finland -- an example of extreme transgressions and regressions caused by differential post-glacial isostatic uplift '' . Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences . 61 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 161 . doi : 10.3176 / earth. 2012.3. 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.joensuu.fi/jaakausi-paattyy-pielinen-syntyy Jump up ^ Ice sheet in peril ? Gravity to the rescue Jump up ^ `` GFZ Potsdam , Department 1 : The GRACE Mission '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Yoder , C.F. ; et al. ( 1983 ) . `` J2 - dot from Lageos and the non-tidal acceleration of earth rotation '' . Nature . 303 ( 5920 ) : 757 -- 762 . Bibcode : 1983Natur. 303 ... 757Y . doi : 10.1038 / 303757a0 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ( 1996 ) . `` Changes in orientation of near - surface stress field as constraints to mantle viscosity and horizontal stress differences in Eastern Canada '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 23 ( 17 ) : 2263 -- 2266 . Bibcode : 1996GeoRL ... 23.2263 W . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL02149 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; H.S. Hasegawa ( 1996 ) . `` Induced stresses and fault potential in Eastern Canada due to a realistic load : a preliminary analysis '' . Geophysical Journal International . 127 : 215 -- 229 . Bibcode : 1996GeoJI. 127 ... 215W . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1996. tb01546. x . Jump up ^ Jull , M. ; D. McKenzie ( 1996 ) . `` The effect of deglaciation on mantle melting beneath Iceland '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 101 : 21,815 -- 21,828 . Bibcode : 1996JGR ... 10121815J . doi : 10.1029 / 96jb01308 . Jump up ^ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets Jump up ^ https://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/411.htm Jump up ^ Wahr , J. ; D. Wingham & C. Bentley ( 2000 ) . `` A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 105 ( B7 ) : 16279 -- 16294 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 10516279W . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JB900113 . Jump up ^ Global warming may trigger more volcanoes Jump up ^ Vermeersen , L.L.A. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Mantle viscosity inferences from joint inversion of Pleistocene deglaciation - induced changes in geopotential with a new SLR analysis and Polar Wander '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 25 ( 23 ) : 4261 -- 4264 . Bibcode : 1998GeoRL ... 25.4261 V . doi : 10.1029 / 1998GL900150 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , G. ; K. Lambeck ( 2002 ) . `` Glacial isostatic adjustment and the radial viscosity profile from inverse modeling '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 107 ( B11 ) : 2280 . Bibcode : 2002JGRB ... 107.2280 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JB000941 . Jump up ^ Wang , H.S. ; P. Wu ( 2006 ) . `` Effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity on glacially induced relative sea levels and long wavelength gravity field in a spherical , self - gravitating Maxwell Earth '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 249 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 368 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2006E&PSL. 249 ... 368W . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2006.07. 011 . Jump up ^ Karato , S. , S ; P. Wu ( 1993 ) . `` Rheology of the upper mantle : a synthesis '' . Science . 260 ( 5109 ) : 771 -- 778 . Bibcode : 1993Sci ... 260 ... 771K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 260.5109. 771 . PMID 17746109 . Jump up ^ van der Wal , W. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Sea levels and uplift rate from composite rheology in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling '' . Journal of Geodynamics. 50 : 38 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2010JGeo ... 50 ... 38V . doi : 10.1016 / j. jog. 2010.01. 006 . Jump up ^ Peltier , W.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice age earth : the ICE - 5G ( VM2 ) Model and GRACE '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 32 : 111 -- 149 . Bibcode : 2004AREPS ... 32 ... 111P . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 32.082503. 144359 . Jump up ^ Hughes , T. ( 1998 ) . `` Tutorial on Strategies for using isostatic adjustments in models that reconstruct ice sheets during the last deglaciation '' . In Wu , P. Dynamics of the Ice Age Earth : A Modern Perspective . Switzerland : Trans Tech Publ . pp. 271 -- 322 . Jump up ^ `` Alluvion comes as a surprise '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Lambeck , K. ; C. Smither ; P. Johnston ( July 1998 ) . `` Sea - level change , glacial rebound and mantle viscosity for northern Europe '' . Geophysical Journal International . 134 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 144 . Bibcode : 1998GeoJI. 134 ... 102L . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246x. 1998.00541. x . Garai , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Post glacial rebounds measure the viscosity of the lithosphere '' . arXiv : physics / 0308002 . King Huber , N. ( 1973 ) . `` Glacial and Postglacial Geologic History of Isle Royale National Park , Michigan '' . Geological Survey Professional Paper 754 - A. National Park Service . The Coordinating Committee On Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data ( November 2001 ) . `` Apparent Vertical Movement Over the Great Lakes -- Revisited '' ( PDF ) . Geodetic Survey Division of Natural Resources Canada . Further reading ( edit ) As Alaska Glaciers Melt , It 's Land That 's Rising May 17 , 2009 New York Times External links ( edit ) Glacial Rebound NASA BIFROST GPS System GRACE Gravity Mission from GPZ , Potsdam BIFROST GPS results from Harvard University Continental glaciations General Canadian Shield Glacial history of Minnesota Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Last Glacial Maximum Laurentide Ice Sheet List of prehistoric lakes Post-glacial rebound Proglacial lake Teays River Timeline of glaciation Landforms Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Depositional Drumlin Drumlin field Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur North American places Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock ( glacial erratic ) , Alberta Cypress Hills ( Canada ) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion 's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil 's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho , Oregon & Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota & Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Eurasian and Antarctic places Antarctica Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Lambert Glacier Monte Rosa Ross Ice Shelf Svalbard Time periods Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Last glacial period Little Ice Age Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Younger Dryas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-glacial_rebound&oldid=798923424 '' Categories : Glaciology Geomorphology Geodynamics Geological history of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	if an area experiences glacial rebound it means that	[ "Post-glacial rebound (also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution.[1] The most obvious and direct effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia, Northern America, Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.[2]" ]	[ "Post-glacial rebound (also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period" ]
5117169926458730502	Tyronn Lue	Tyronn Lue - wikipedia Tyronn Lue Tyronn Lue Lue with the Cavaliers in 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers Position Head coach League NBA ( 1977 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1977 ( age 41 ) Mexico , Missouri Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Listed weight 175 lb ( 79 kg ) Career information High school Raytown ( Raytown , Missouri ) College Nebraska ( 1995 -- 1998 ) NBA draft 1998 / Round : 1 / Pick : 23rd overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 1998 -- 2009 Position Point guard Number 10 Coaching career 2009 -- present Career history As player : 1998 -- 2001 Los Angeles Lakers 2001 -- 2003 Washington Wizards 2003 -- 2004 Orlando Magic Houston Rockets 2004 -- 2008 Atlanta Hawks 2008 Dallas Mavericks 2008 -- 2009 Milwaukee Bucks 2009 Orlando Magic As coach : 2011 -- 2013 Boston Celtics ( assistant ) 2013 -- 2014 Los Angeles Clippers ( assistant ) 2014 -- 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers ( associate HC ) 2016 -- present Cleveland Cavaliers Career highlights and awards As player : 2 × NBA champion ( 2000 , 2001 ) First - team All - Big 12 ( 1998 ) Second - team All - Big 12 ( 1997 ) No. 10 retired by the University of Nebraska As coach : NBA champion ( 2016 ) All - Star Game head coach ( 2016 ) Career NBA statistics Points 4,710 ( 8.5 ppg ) Rebounds 943 ( 1.7 rpg ) Assists 1,727 ( 3.1 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Tyronn Jamar Lue ( / tɪˈrɒn ˈljuː / , born May 3 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former player . He is the current head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) , 175 lb ( 79 kg ) point guard was selected out of the University of Nebraska by the Denver Nuggets with the 23rd overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft and was traded shortly thereafter to the Los Angeles Lakers , where he won two NBA Championships in his first three seasons . After his playing career ended in 2009 , Lue became Director of Basketball Development for the Boston Celtics . In 2014 , he was hired by the Cavaliers as associate head coach and was promoted to head coach midseason in 2015 -- 16 , replacing the fired David Blatt . That same season , Lue led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship and became one of the few rookie coaches in the NBA to ever lead his team to a title . Contents 1 Playing career 1.1 High school and college career 1.2 NBA career 2 NBA career statistics 2.1 Regular season 2.2 Playoffs 3 Coaching career 4 Coaching record 5 Awards and honors 6 References 7 External links Playing career ( edit ) High School and college career ( edit ) Lue attended Raytown Senior High School in Raytown , Missouri . He later went to University of Nebraska . He played basketball and studied sociology . He was a key member of the 1995 - 96 team that won the NIT , defeating St. Joseph 's in the finals . He finished his Nebraska career ranked third all - time in assists ( 432 ) , fourth in three - pointers made ( 145 ) and attempted ( 407 ) , fifth in steals ( 154 ) and seventh in scoring ( 1,577 ) . Declaring for the NBA draft after his junior season , he led the Cornhuskers in assists in each of his three seasons and finished his career tied with Dave Hoppen for most games with 30 or more points ( 7 ) . NBA career ( edit ) Lue opted for early entry into the 1998 NBA draft . He was selected 23rd overall by the Denver Nuggets but was traded on draft night to the Los Angeles Lakers with Tony Battie in exchange for Nick Van Exel . His first three years with the Lakers were disappointing . His playing time was limited and he suffered from injuries in 2000 . But Lue excelled in the 2001 playoffs . Due to his quickness , he was specifically used to guard Allen Iverson during Game 1 of the Finals . The Lakers lost Game 1 , but swept the next four games , giving them the second of three consecutive titles . In the off - season of 2001 , Lue signed with the Washington Wizards , where he got considerably more playing time and subsequently became a better point guard . He played with the Orlando Magic in 2003 -- 04 and had a lot of minutes alongside Tracy McGrady , but the team had the worst record in the NBA that season : 21 -- 61 . After the season Lue , Juwan Howard and McGrady were traded to the Houston Rockets for Steve Francis , Cuttino Mobley and Kelvin Cato . In Houston , Lue did not get much playing time because of the number of point guards the Rockets had on their roster . He was traded mid-season to the Atlanta Hawks for Jon Barry . Lue starred in Atlanta , although again his team had the worst record in the NBA and their worst record in franchise history : 13 -- 69 . On February 16 , 2008 , Lue was acquired by the Sacramento Kings in a trade with the Hawks . He was waived by the Kings on February 28 , 2008 . After clearing waivers , Lue signed a contract with the Dallas Mavericks on March 4 . On July 17 , 2008 , Lue was signed by the Milwaukee Bucks . On February 5 , 2009 , Lue was traded back to the Magic in exchange for Keith Bogans and cash considerations . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) † Denotes seasons in which Lue won an NBA championship Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 15 0 12.5 . 431 . 438 . 571 . 4 1.7 . 3 . 0 5.0 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 8 0 18.3 . 487 . 500 . 750 1.5 2.1 . 4 . 0 6.0 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 38 12.3 . 427 . 324 . 792 . 8 1.2 . 5 . 0 3.4 2001 -- 02 Washington 71 0 20.5 . 427 . 447 . 762 1.7 3.5 . 7 . 0 7.8 2002 -- 03 Washington 75 24 26.5 . 433 . 341 . 875 2.0 3.5 . 6 . 0 8.6 2003 -- 04 Orlando 76 69 30.7 . 433 . 383 . 771 2.5 4.2 . 8 . 1 10.5 2004 -- 05 Houston 21 22.8 . 393 . 333 . 778 1.9 2.8 . 4 . 0 6.0 2004 -- 05 Atlanta 49 46 31.2 . 464 . 364 . 871 2.2 5.4 . 5 . 0 13.5 2005 -- 06 Atlanta 51 10 24.2 . 459 . 457 . 855 1.6 3.1 . 5 . 1 11.0 2006 -- 07 Atlanta 56 17 26.6 . 416 . 348 . 883 1.9 3.6 . 4 . 0 11.4 2007 -- 08 Atlanta 33 17.1 . 439 . 435 . 857 1.2 1.8 . 3 . 0 6.8 2007 -- 08 Dallas 17 0 10.1 . 474 . 529 . 250 . 8 . 9 . 0 . 1 3.8 2008 -- 09 Milwaukee 30 0 13.1 . 454 . 467 . 750 1.2 1.5 . 2 . 0 4.7 2008 -- 09 Orlando 14 0 9.2 . 395 . 353 . 667 . 8 1.0 . 1 . 0 3.0 Career 554 173 22.7 . 437 . 391 . 829 1.7 3.1 . 5 . 0 8.5 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1999 L.A. Lakers 0 11.0 . 412 . 000 . 000 . 7 2.0 . 7 . 0 4.7 2001 † L.A. Lakers 15 0 8.7 . 345 . 385 . 800 . 7 . 7 . 8 . 1 1.9 2008 Dallas 0 1.0 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 5 . 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 2009 Orlando 0 4.0 1.000 1.000 . 000 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 5.0 Career 21 0 8.1 . 388 . 375 . 800 . 6 . 8 . 7 . 0 2.3 Coaching career ( edit ) On October 23 , 2009 , Boston named Lue director of basketball development . In July 2013 , he joined the Los Angeles Clippers ' coaching staff . On June 23 , 2014 , Lue joined the Cleveland Cavaliers as associate head coach , making him the highest - paid assistant coach in the NBA in the process . Lue had been a top candidate for the Cavs ' head coaching job , which eventually went to David Blatt . On January 22 , 2016 , Lue was named head coach of the Cavaliers immediately following the mid-season firing of Blatt . The contract was for three years . On May 19 , 2016 , the Cavaliers defeated the Toronto Raptors in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals , continuing their unbeaten streak in the 2016 playoffs and making Lue the first coach in NBA history to win his first 10 postseason games . Eight days later , Lue led the Cavaliers to the NBA Finals in his first year of coaching , becoming one of the few coaches to make it to the Finals after replacing a head coach during the regular season . On June 19 , 2016 , the Cavaliers won their first NBA Championship , with Lue becoming the second rookie coach in consecutive seasons to win it all , the third person to become champion as a mid-season replacement coach ( after Paul Westhead in 1979 -- 80 , and Pat Riley in 1981 -- 82 , also his rookie coaching season ) , and the 14th person to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player . In the 2016 -- 17 NBA season , Lue coached the Cavaliers to a 51 -- 31 record . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers went 12 -- 1 heading into the 2017 NBA Finals before losing to the Golden State Warriors in five games . On March 19 , 2018 , Lue announced that he would take a leave of absence from coaching the Cavaliers , citing chest pain as one of the recurring problems . Lue returned to coach before the regular season ended and helped the Cavaliers reach the 2018 NBA Finals where they lost to the Warriors in four games . Lue 's coaching style relies on flexibility and James 's consistency while shuffling players around him to adjust to matchups . In the 2015 Finals as an assistant to David Blatt , the Cavaliers used a large front court and a slow pace to win surprise victories in games 2 and 3 . In 2016 , his finals team followed the Warriors ' own blueprint to beat them . His style has been described as undisciplined and unprepared in the regular season , but in the playoffs he has been praised for his ability to `` think several moves ahead and create matchup advantages . '' At the 2016 ESPY Awards , Lue was named Best Coach / Manager , and the Cavs were named Best Team . In honor of his achievements , a portion of Walnut Street in Lue 's hometown of Mexico , Missouri , was renamed Tyronn Lue Boulevard . Coaching record ( edit ) Legend Regular season Games coached Games won Games lost W -- L % Win -- loss % Post season PG Playoff games PW Playoff wins PL Playoff losses PW -- L % Playoff win -- loss % hide Team Year W -- L % Finish PG PW PL PW -- L % Result Cleveland 2015 -- 16 41 27 14 . 659 1st in Central 21 16 5 . 762 Won NBA Championship Cleveland 2016 -- 17 82 51 31 . 622 1st in Central 18 13 5 . 722 Lost in NBA Finals Cleveland 2017 -- 18 82 50 32 . 610 1st in Central 22 12 10 . 545 Lost in NBA Finals Career 205 128 77 . 624 61 41 20 . 672 Awards and honors ( edit ) As player : 2 × NBA champion ( 2000 , 2001 ) First - team All - Big 12 ( 1998 ) Number 10 retired by the Nebraska Cornhuskers Street named `` Tyronn Lue Boulevard '' in his hometown of Mexico , MO . As coach : NBA champion ( 2016 ) All - Star Game head coach ( 2016 ) 2016 ESPY Award Best Coach / Manager 2016 ESPY Award for Best Team ( as coach of the Cavaliers ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Celtics Name Tyronn Lue Director of Basketball Development ^ Jump up to : `` David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach ; Tyronn Lue to take over team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.huskers.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID=22&SPID=24&DB_OEM_ID=100&Q_SEASON=1995 Jump up ^ Mavs sign free agent Lue to be backup point guard Jump up ^ Bucks sign Tyronn Lue and Malik Allen Jump up ^ ORLANDO ACQUIRES TYRONN LUE FROM MILWAUKEE Jump up ^ CLIPPERS NAME ALVIN GENTRY ASSOCIATE HEAD COACH AND ADD ARMOND HILL , KEVIN EASTMAN AND TYRONN LUE AS ASSISTANT COACHES Jump up ^ Cavs hire Lue -- 92.3 The Fan.com Jump up ^ Fedor , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers ; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthey , James ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron James and co racked up some crazy stats in their game two win over the Raptors '' . news.com.au . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Brandon ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Reads : Tryonn '' . Hail Varsity . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthey , James ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers defeat Warriors 93 - 89 , clinch first NBA title '' . MEREDITHAZ . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Cavaliers ' Tyronn Lue takes leave of absence with just 13 games left , citing health issues '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tjarks , Jonathan . Tyronn Lue Is Running Circles Around Dwane Casey , The Ringer , May 4 , 2018 Jump up ^ Tyronn Lue Blvd . - Mexico Ledger.com External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Cleveland Cavaliers current roster 0 Love 1 Hood 2 Sexton 3 Hill 5 Smith 8 Clarkson 9 Frye 10 Holland ( TW ) 13 Thompson 15 Dekker 16 Osman 20 Preston ( TW ) 22 Nance 26 Korver 41 Žižić Head coach : Lue Assistant coaches : Drew Geriot Jones Longabardi Posey Current head coaches of the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) Kenny Atkinson ( Brooklyn Nets ) David Fizdale ( New York Knicks ) Brett Brown ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Nick Nurse ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Fred Hoiberg ( Chicago Bulls ) Tyronn Lue ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Dwane Casey ( Detroit Pistons ) Nate McMillan ( Indiana Pacers ) Mike Budenholzer ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Lloyd Pierce ( Atlanta Hawks ) James Borrego ( Charlotte Hornets ) Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) Steve Clifford ( Orlando Magic ) Scott Brooks ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Northwest Michael Malone ( Denver Nuggets ) Tom Thibodeau ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Billy Donovan ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Terry Stotts ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Quin Snyder ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) Doc Rivers ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Luke Walton ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Igor Kokoškov ( Phoenix Suns ) Dave Joerger ( Sacramento Kings ) Southwest Rick Carlisle ( Dallas Mavericks ) Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) J.B. Bickerstaff ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Alvin Gentry ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Gregg Popovich ( San Antonio Spurs ) Links to related articles Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches Bill Fitch ( 1970 -- 1979 ) Stan Albeck ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Bill Musselman ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Don Delaney # ( 1981 ) Bob Kloppenburg # ( 1981 ) Chuck Daly ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Bill Musselman ( 1982 ) Tom Nissalke ( 1982 -- 1984 ) George Karl ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Gene Littles # ( 1986 ) Lenny Wilkens ( 1986 -- 1993 ) Mike Fratello ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Randy Wittman ( 1999 -- 2001 ) John Lucas II ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Keith Smart # ( 2003 ) Paul Silas ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Brendan Malone # ( 2005 ) Mike Brown ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Byron Scott ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Mike Brown ( 2013 -- 2014 ) David Blatt ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Tyronn Lue ( 2016 -- ) ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 2000 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 8 Bryant 10 Lue 11 Celestand 16 Salley 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 40 Knight 41 Rice 45 Green Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Bertka Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2000 -- 01 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 7 Rider 8 Bryant 10 Lue 12 Penberthy 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 40 Foster 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs 1998 NBA draft First round Michael Olowokandi Mike Bibby Raef LaFrentz Antawn Jamison Vince Carter Robert Traylor Jason Williams Larry Hughes Dirk Nowitzki Paul Pierce Bonzi Wells Michael Doleac Keon Clark Michael Dickerson Matt Harpring Bryce Drew Radoslav Nesterović Mirsad Türkcan Pat Garrity Roshown McLeod Ricky Davis Brian Skinner Tyronn Lue Felipe López Al Harrington Sam Jacobson Vladimir Stepania Corey Benjamin Nazr Mohammed Second round Ansu Sesay Ruben Patterson Rashard Lewis Jelani McCoy Shammond Williams Bruno Šundov Jerome James Casey Shaw DeMarco Johnson Rafer Alston Korleone Young Cuttino Mobley Miles Simon Jahidi White Sean Marks Toby Bailey Andrae Patterson Tyson Wheeler Ryan Stack Cory Carr Andrew Betts Corey Brewer Derrick Dial Greg Buckner Tremaine Fowlkes Ryan Bowen J.R. Henderson Torraye Braggs Maceo Baston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyronn_Lue&oldid=851338150 '' Categories : 1977 births Living people African - American basketball coaches African - American basketball players American men 's basketball coaches Atlanta Hawks players Basketball coaches from Missouri Basketball players from Missouri Boston Celtics assistant coaches Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches Dallas Mavericks players Denver Nuggets draft picks Houston Rockets players Los Angeles Clippers assistant coaches Los Angeles Lakers players Milwaukee Bucks players Nebraska Cornhuskers men 's basketball players Orlando Magic players People from Mexico , Missouri People from Raytown , Missouri Point guards Washington Wizards players National Basketball Association championship - winning head coaches Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Монгол 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 16 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's the coach of the cleveland cavaliers	[ "Tyronn Jamar Lue (/tɪˈrɒn ˈljuː/, born May 3, 1977) is an American professional basketball coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).\n" ]	[ "Tyronn Jamar Lue" ]
-9072344466453860338	Air Jordan	Air Jordan - wikipedia Air Jordan Jump to : navigation , search For the basketball player , see Michael Jordan . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The silhouette of Michael Jordan served as inspiration to create the `` Jumpman '' logo . Product type Footwear , clothing Country United States Introduced November 17 , 1984 ; 32 years ago ( 1984 - 11 - 17 ) Markets Worldwide Website Air Jordan at Nike Air Jordan is a brand of basketball footwear and athletic clothing produced by Nike . It was created for former professional basketball player , Michael Jordan . The original Air Jordan I sneaker , produced for Jordan in 1984 , were released to the public in 1985 . The shoes were designed for Nike by Peter Moore , Tinker Hatfield , and Bruce Kilgore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Product history 2 Other shoes from the Air Jordan line 2.1 The Jordan Packages 2.1. 1 `` Spizike '' 2.1. 2 `` Defining Moments III '' 2.1. 3 `` Defining Moments IV '' 2.1. 4 Retro 6 Infrared Pack 2.1. 5 `` Old Love New Love '' 2.2 `` Air Jordan Sixty Plus '' 2.3 `` Jordan Son of Mars edition '' 2.4 `` Air Jordan Collezione / Countdown packages '' 2.4. 1 `` Air Jordan X / XIII '' 2.4. 2 `` Air Jordan IX / XIV '' 2.4. 3 `` Air Jordan XXI / II '' 2.4. 4 `` Air Jordan XVII / VI '' 2.4. 5 `` Air Jordan XII / XI '' 2.5 Jordan Fusions 2.5. 1 Air Jordan XII Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 2 Air Jordan III Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 3 Air Jordan V Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 4 Air Jordan VI Air Force One 2.5. 5 Air Jordan XX Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 6 Air Jordan IV Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 7 Air Jordan VIII Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 8 Air Jordan IX Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 9 Air Jordan X Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 10 Air Jordan XIII Air Force One Fusion 2.6 Jordan `` 6 Rings '' shoe 3 Controversy 3.1 Manufacturing 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Product History ( edit ) Since its introduction into the sports shoe market , the Air Jordan evolved from the original basketball shoes to models for different uses , including I - XXXII . The Jordan brand sponsors 21 active NBA players , including Jimmy Butler ( basketball ) , Chris Paul , Blake Griffin , Kawhi Leonard , Russell Westbrook and Carmelo Anthony . They also endorse Nike Air Jordan products . Also they sponsor other leagues such as the MLB , NFL , NASCAR and the WNBA . AJ I : Air Jordan I , ( Royal Blue Colorway ) The Air Jordan 1 was first produced for Michael Jordan in 1984 . It was designed by Peter C. Moore . The red and black colorway of the Nike Air Ship , the prototype for the Jordan 1 , was later outlawed by NBA Commissioner David Stern for having very little white on them . It is a common misconception that the Jordan 1 was banned however , it was indeed the Nike Air Ship . After the Nike Air Ship was banned , Michael Jordan and Nike introduced the Jordan 1 in color ways with more white such as the `` Chicago '' color way and the `` Black Toe '' color way . They used the Nike Air Ship 's banning as a promotional tool in advertisements hinting that the shoes gave an unfair competitive advantage for the Jordan 1 and that whoever wore them had a certain edginess associated with outlaw activities . The Air Jordan I was originally released on the market from 1985 to 1986 . Then retro - ed in 1994 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2007 -- 2017 . AJ II : Nike Air Jordan II , ( White / Red Colorway ) The success of the Air Jordan 1 encouraged Nike to release the New Air Jordan in 1986 for the new basketball season . Designed by Peter Moore and Bruce Kilgore , the original Air Jordan II was unique in that it was made in Italy giving the shoe a luxury feel . The Air Jordan 2 also retailed with a full length encapsulated Nike air bubble for maximum comfort . The Air Jordan 2 was the first Jordan not to have the Nike swoosh on the upper . The Air Jordan II was originally retailed at $100 . The Air Jordan was originally released from 1986 to 1987 . The model was revived from obscurity when Air Jordan collaborated with Just Don to create the Just Don x Air Jordan 2 . The shoe featured premium blue quilted leather inspired by a Chanel handbag and released in very limited numbers on January 31 , 2015 for $275 . The shoe was released again in a Beach colourway bundled with a premium snapback and gold pin for $650 on January 30 , 2016 . Then retro - ed in 1994 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2014 -- 2017 . AJ III : Nike Air Jordan III , ( White Cement Colorway ) The Air Jordan III was designed by Tinker Hatfield who works for Nike as a designer for stores and offices . By that time Michael Jordan was ready to leave Nike , but the Jordan III changed his mind . It was the first Air Jordan to feature a visible air unit on the heel , the new Jumpman logo , an elephant print trim and tumble leather to give it a luxury look . The Air Jordan III was also famous for the humorous ads depicting Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon , the character he played in his film ' She 's Gotta Have It ' . This campaign was known as the `` Mars and Mike '' ad campaign , which was one of Nike 's most successful advertisement campaigns . These were the first Jordan 's to feature the `` NIKE AIR '' logo on the back , but later replaced by the Jumpman logo , with the words `` AIR '' underneath it , similar to the Air Jordan VI . These were said to be Michael Jordan 's favorite shoes , he wore them during the 1988 Dunk Championship and many other events in his basketball career . The Air Jordan III 's had poor sales when first reintroduced in 1994 . On their second reintroduction in 2001 , they sold well . The `` Fire Red '' Air Jordan III was released in March 2007 , and late again in 2013 . In 2007 , Jordan Brand collaborated with director Spike Lee to release a limited pair of Air Jordan III 's the Do The Right Thing movie poster . The same year also saw the reintroduced versions of the Air Jordan III 's in two monotone colorways , all black and all white , nicknamed the `` Black Cats '' and the `` Pure Moneys '' respectively . 2007 also had the `` Flips '' which moved the elephant print from the trim to the entire shoe and replacing it with white leather , indeed `` Flipping '' the original design of white leather with elephant print trim . In 2009 , the Jordan Brand reintroduced the highly sought after Air Jordan III in the True Blue colorway . It was an international - only release , meaning they were not sold in the US . In 2011 , the brand released a Black History Month ( BHM ) Air Jordan III colorway in commemoration of the 35th anniversary of Black History Month . The sneaker is black with gold trim and stitching as well as laser print around the toe and heel . The BHM III was a very limited release and there was said to have been no more than 3,000 pairs made . Also , the same year saw the release of the `` True Blue '' III on June 4 . The Stealth colorway of the III was released in September and the Black Cements were released in November . The `` Black Flips '' were released on December 3 , 2011 . In 2013 , Jordan released a special edition of the Jordan III this shoe was deemed the Air Jordan III `` Retro ' 88 '' White Cement and were released in February . The Air Jordan III was originally released in 1988 . The multiple retros and new colorways have been released in 1994 , 2001 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 and 2016 . AJ IV : Nike Air Jordan IV , ( White Cement Colorway ) In 1989 , Nike released the Air Jordan IV to the public . Designed by Tinker Hatfield , it was the first Air Jordan released on the global market . It had four colorways : White / Black - Cement Grey , Black / Cement Grey , White / Fire Red - Black , and Off White / Military Blue . Nike featured director and actor Spike Lee in ads for AJ IV . Lee had featured the shoe in his movie Do The Right Thing . The Air Jordan Bordeaux `` Spiz'ike IV '' was made to commemorate Lee 's friendship with Michael Jordan . The Air Jordan IV was on Jordan 's feet when he made `` The Shot , '' a series winner in Game 5 of the 1989 NBA First Round between the Chicago Bulls and the Cleveland Cavaliers . In 2012 a Cavalier colorway dubbed the `` Cavs '' was released to honor `` The Shot . '' The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 -- 2013 and 2015 -- 2017 . Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 `` Legend Blue '' , `` Oreo '' in early 2015 , and the Retro 4 OG `` Cement '' that released on February 13 , 2016 . AJ V : Nike Air Jordan V , ( Fire Red Colorway ) The Air Jordan V was released in February 1990 , designed by Tinker Hatfield again . Some elements were carried over from the Air Jordan IV , but overall they were a completely new look . Some of its new features were a reflective tongue , translucent rubber soles and lace locks . The soles gave them a new look , but it yellowed over time when exposed to moisture and were the source of many complaints early on due to the slippery nature of the soles when collecting dust . Hatfield is believed to have drawn inspiration for the Air Jordan V from World War II fighter planes , which was most notably visible in the shark teeth shapes on the midsole . The Air Jordan V was reintroduced in 2000 , including a new color way featuring Michael Jordan 's high school ( Laney High ) colors . In 2006 several V 's were reintroduced , including the LS `` Grape '' V 's , the LS `` burgundy '' V 's , the `` Fire - Red '' V 's , the `` Green Bean '' V 's , and `` Stealth Blue V 's . Along with the latter , a very limited laser design and the black / metallic / fire red colorways were released in early 2007 . In the month of May 2009 , Air Jordan confirmed the release of an `` DMP II '' consisting of two Air Jordan V 's . The second color way features a 3M material base with black laces and midsole . The retail price was $310 . The Air Jordan V was originally released in 1990 . It was retroed in 2000 , 2006 -- 2009 , 2011 and 2013 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan V saw a lot of use in popular sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . During many episodes you can see Will Smith wearing the ' metallic silver ' , ' grape ' , and ' fire red ' colorway . To pay tribute to his character , Jordan released the Air Jordan 5 Bel Air in 2013 . AJ VI : Air Jordan VI - 2010 Retro ( Black / Varsity Red Colorway ) The Air Jordan VI had a new design by Tinker Hatfield and released in 1991 . The Original 5 colorways were : Black / Infrared , White / Infrared , White / Carmine - Black , White / Sport Blue , and Off White / Maroon . The Air Jordan VI introduced a reinforcement around the toe , It had two holes in the tongue , and a molded heel tab on the back of the sneaker ( demanded by Jordan so it would n't hit his Achilles tendon ) . Like the Air Jordan V this sneaker also had Clear rubber / `` Icy '' Soles . The Air Jordan VI was the last Air Jordan to feature the Nike Air logo on it . Later that year the Bulls defeated the Lakers in the 1991 NBA Finals , with Jordan ( wearing the Black / Infrared ) named as the most valuable player . That was also the first NBA Championship won by Jordan and the Bulls . The Jordan VI was also seen in the film White Men Ca n't Jump , which was produced in 1991 and released one year later . The Air Jordan VI has been retro - ed many times since its original release in 1991 , Notable releases were in 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 and 2014 with the Black Infrared Colorway . In addition to a Porsche - inspired rear pull tab and visible air the Air Jordan VI was the first Jordan with an inner bootie . The Air Jordan VI was originally released in 1991 . It was retro - ed in 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 and 2014 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan VI saw much of screen time in 2015 's Creed . Adonis Johnson ( Michael B. Jordan ) can be seen sporting the black / infrared and the white / varsity red - black colorway through most of the movie , most notably during the training montage before the big fight that Rocky films are known for . The VI was the first shoe used by the protagonist of Slam Dunk , Hanamichi Sakuragi . Nike released special versions of both the VI and the Jordan Super. Fly 3 featuring artwork from the series in 2014 . The VI also had Sakuragi 's number 10 embroidered on the side of the heels . Various other models in the Air Jordan line are featured in the series , including the original ( which Sakuragi eventually switched to ) , the V , and the XII ( both worn by Sakuragi 's rival , Kaede Rukawa ) . AJ VII Air Jordan VII sneakers specially released for 1992 Barcelona Olympics . The Air Jordan VII was released in 1992 with a new design by Tinker Hatfield . This shoe introduced the huarache technology which allowed the shoes to better conform to the user 's foot . A few things were no longer featured on the new model , such as the visible air sole , the Nike Air logo , and the translucent soles . This was the first Air - Jordan in the line that did not have any distinctive `` Nike Air '' on the outer portions of the shoe . The `` Nike Air '' branding was still on the in - soles , which Air Jordans VIII - XI also had . The VIIs were also known for a successful ad campaign in which Bugs Bunny appeared alongside Michael Jordan to market the shoes . When Jordan went to compete at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics to play for the US Men 's Basketball Team ( also known as the `` Dream Team '' ) , Nike released a special Olympic color combo of the Air Jordan VII model which had Jordan 's Olympic jersey number 9 , instead of the usual `` 23 '' found on other colorways . Various models of the Air Jordan VII were re-released in 2002 , again in 2004 , and again with different colors in 2006 . Also in 2008 Nike released a black and blue pair owned only by Cheikh Mbacké , ordered for $600 . In 2011 the Air Jordan VII saw releases in the `` Orion '' and `` Bordeaux '' colorways . Other colorways are confirmed for a 2011 release as well , such as the `` Cardinals '' which is a re-release and `` Year of the Rabbits '' . The `` Olympic '' and `` Charcoal '' ( commonly referred to as Raptors ) were re-released in 2012 . The Air Jordan VII was originally released in 1992 . It was retro - ed in 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 . AJ VIII : Nike Air Jordan VIII , ( Playoffs Colorway ) The Air Jordan VIII was released to coincide with the 1992 -- 1993 NBA season . The eighth model of the Air Jordan was noticeably heavier than its predecessors . This shoe had a lot more detail than most of the earlier Air Jordan 's such as two crossover straps on each shoe and a Jumpman . Thus the Air Jordan VIII model became known as the `` Punisher '' because of the advanced basketball ankle support and enhanced traction . This shoe contains a full length air sole , polyurethane midsole , polycarbonate shank plate , and two crossover straps ( for added support and more custom fit ) . The Air Jordan VIII was originally released in 1993 . It was retro - ed in 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2013 and 2015 -- 2017 . AJ IX : Nike Air Jordan IX , ( Bulls Colorway ) Originally released in November 1993 , the Air Jordan IX model was the first model released after Michael Jordan 's retirement . Jordan never played an NBA season wearing these shoes . This model was inspired by baseball cleats that Jordan wore when playing minor - league baseball . Like the VII and VIII models , the Air Jordan IX featured an inner sock sleeve and nubuck accents . The sole featured different symbols and languages of different countries . The Air Jordan IX has been the shoe chosen to adorn Jordan 's feet for his statue outside of the United Center in Chicago . In popular culture , in the children 's movie The Little Rascals one of the bullies , Butch is wearing a pair of these shoes . American rap icon Tupac Shakur also wore Air Jordans in a popular `` Thug Life '' photo set in 1993 . The Air Jordan IX was originally released from 1993 to 1994 . It was retro - ed in 2002 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2017 . AJ X : Nike Air Jordan X , ( Steel Colorway ) This was released in 1995 in 8 different colors , Black / grey , varsity - black , off - white / black / varsity red * , Powder Blue ( worn by UNC 's Men 's and Women 's basketball teams ) , Orlando Magic * , New York Knicks * , Seattle SuperSonics * , and Sacramento Kings * . It was the first Air Jordan to feature a lightweight phylon midsole . The shoe also featured all of Michael Jordan 's accomplishments on the outsole of the shoe . In 2012 , the Air Jordan X was re-released . They are dubbed the `` Chicago Bulls '' , as they are part of a regional pack ( City Pack ) , representing five teams . The lacing and tongue are completely black , and the red inner lining contrasts with the red inserts on the outsole . The outsole 's design features a striped ( wavy ) design , which list many of Jordan 's accomplishments . They retailed at $160 . The Air Jordan X was released again in an OVO collaboration in 2015 and 2016 , releasing in white and black colorways respectively with stingray detailing . The Air Jordan X was originally released from 1994 to 1995 . It was retro - ed in 2005 , 2008 and 2012 -- 2016 . AJ XI : Nike Air Jordan XI , ( Bred Colorway ) This model was designed by Tinker Hatfield . When the shoe launched , Michael Jordan ( retired from basketball by then ) was trying in minor baseball leagues . Hatfield designed the sneaker waiting for Jordan to come back and hoping he would play in them . The ballistic mesh upper of the sneaker was meant to make the Air Jordan XI lighter and more durable than the past sneakers . Further changes came with the use of a carbon fiber spring plate in the clear out sole , giving the shoe better torque when turning on the court . The highlight and arguably most well - known aspect of the shoe is the patent leather mudguard . Patent leather was lightweight , when compared to genuine leather , and also tended not to stretch as much -- a property to help keep the foot within the bounds of the shoe bed during direction changes on the court . The patent leather gave the XI a `` formal '' look . When this shoe released , some wore this model with business suits instead of dress shoes . The sneakers were only samples in 1995 when Jordan decided to come back in the NBA . Hatfield and Nike discouraged Michael Jordan playing in them , but when produced he wore them . Also noteworthy , Jordan violated league dress code by wearing the shoes , as his teammates wore all black shoe . He was fined $5,000 for not following the Bulls colorway policy . After the fining , Nike made him a pair of the shoes in a black / white / concord colorway for the series against Orlando . A similar black / white / royal blue colorway was released to the public at the end of 2000 . The colorway was changed for the public release because the concord purple had looked like royal blue on TV . Jordan wore the Air Jordan XI model to help the Chicago Bulls claim the 1995 -- 96 NBA Championship , he also wore the Air Jordan XI white Columbia colorway in the 1996 NBA All - Star Game and was selected MVP of the game . The shoes received more media exposure when Michael Jordan wore the Air Jordan XI model in the 1996 animated movie Space Jam . These shoes were eventually released in 2000 and re-released in 2009 with the nickname Space Jams . The concord purple was changed to royal blue for the released versions of the shoe . The Air Jordan XI was originally released from 1995 to 1996 . It was retro - ed in 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , and 2006 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan XI is the most popular Air Jordan 's in the series , and has released almost ritualistically every December since 2008 and sells out within minutes , also it is Tinker Hatfield 's favorite . With the Air Jordan XI being the most popular Jordan , supply used to be very limited and would cause fans to line up outside of store fronts before releases . AJ XII : Main article : Air Jordan Retro XII Nike Air Jordan XII , ( Playoffs Colorway ) The Air Jordan XII was inspired by Nisshoki ( the Japanese flag ) , and a 19th - century women dress boot . However , featuring gold - plated steel lace loops , embossed lizard skin pattern and a full length zoom air unit with a carbon fiber shank plate , this model set a new direction in style and technology in shoe design . Though not as light weight as previous models , the construction and firmness of the shoe is widely considered to be the most durable and sturdy shoes from the Air Jordan line . The first model released after the creation of subsidiary Jordan Brand , the Air Jordan XII has no Nike branding on it of any kind , while all the models before it have Nike Air or other Nike branding outwardly ( Air Jordans I - VI ) or just simply on the insoles ( Air Jordans VII - XI ) . This shoe came in 5 colorways and was released on March 13 . The shoe was re-released on December 25 , 2008 with the Eleven as the final countdown pack . In addition , the Twelve was combined with the Thirteen numbered Jordan to produce the 12.5 . As of today , the 11 / 12 countdown package ( retro ) retails for US $ 750 -- US $800 , well above the starting price of US $310 . The Air Jordan 12 has been subject to many highly limited colorways recently such as the Air Jordan 12 x PSNY collaboration , the Wings colorway that was limited to 12,000 pairs , and the OVO collaboration . The Air Jordan XII was originally released from 1996 to 1997 . It was retro - ed in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 -- 2013 , and 2015 -- 2017 . AJ XIII : Nike Air Jordan XIII , ( White / black - varsity red Colorway ) In 1997 , Air Jordan XIII 's were released to the public . This model was known for its cushioning along the feet , designed by Hatfield . The Black Panther was the inspiration for the Air Jordan XIII , the sole resembles the pads on a panther 's paw . But also the panther is the hologram on the back of the shoe which imitates a panther 's eyes in the dark when light is shined at them . They were re-released in 2005 , which coincided with the release of the Air Jordan 8s shoe . In the movie He Got Game , the Air Jordan XIII was worn by Jake Shuttlesworth ( Denzel Washington ) . Ray Allen , who played Jake 's son Jesus in the film , wore them when he broke Reggie Miller 's all - time record for made three - point shots during a game against the Lakers in Boston during the 2011 season . The Jordan Brand re-released the Air Jordan XIII at the end of 2010 , which included the French Blue / Flint Grey , White / Red - Black , `` Playoff '' color way and the Black / Altitude Green color way . In 2017 , Jordan Brand released the `` History of Flight '' colorway . This colorway is from the 2009 World Basketball Festival , where the `` History of Flight '' collection was revealed to celebrate Jordan 's 25th anniversary . The Air Jordan XIII was originally released from 1997 to 1998 . It was retro - ed in 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 -- 2017 . AJ XIV : Nike Air Jordan XIV , ( Black Toe Colorway ) Inspired by the Ferrari 550 M which Michael Jordan owned , the Air Jordan XIV was originally released from 1997 to 1999 . It was re-released in 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan XIV co-styled by the famous Tinker Hatfield and Mark Smith was made race ready and equipped with the Jordan Jumpman insignia on a Ferrari shaped badge . In addition , these shoes include breathable air ducts on the outer sole . The color scheme of predominant black accentuated with red was nicknamed `` The Last Shot '' because Michael Jordan wore them as he hit the game winning shot over Bryon Russell , of the Utah Jazz , in his final game with the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 NBA Finals . There are 14 Jumpman logos on Air Jordan XIV 's -- 7 on each shoe -- corresponding the shoes ' number in the series . They can be found in the following places : Near the toebox x 1 Shield Logo near the achilles heel x 1 Above the number `` 23 '' at the heel x 1 At the bottom sole ( middle part ) x 1 Steel Lacetips x 2 Insoles x 1 AJ XV : Nike Air Jordan XV , ( Stealth Colorway ) The Air Jordan XVs were released in 1999 -- 2000 . Reggie Miller wore it during the 2000 NBA Finals . This was the first shoe after Jordan 's retirement . The design of the XV 's originated from the aircraft prototype X-15 , which was developed by NASA during the 1950s . The sides of the XV were made from woven kevlar fibre . The Jordan XV 's were the first Air Jordan 's to be negatively received in a while ( the last being the Air Jordan 2 's ) , because the quality on the Jordan shoes was bad . The Air Jordan XV was originally released from 1999 to 2000 . It was retro - ed in 2007 , 2008 and 2017 . AJ XVI : Nike Air Jordan XVI , ( Bulls Colorway ) Air Jordan XVIs , designed by Nike 's Senior Footwear Designer Wilson Smith , were released in 2001 . This meaning it was the first design since the II 's that Tinker Hatfield was not behind . Smith decided to bring in a few design elements / fabrics from earlier releases . The shoe featured the return of the clear rubber sole ( V , VI , XI ) and patent leather ( XI ) . Unique to the Air Jordan XVI was a gaiter / shroud that covered the shoe and could be removed to give the shoe a new look . Not only was this for fashion purposes , it also had a thermal functionality . The shoe was said to be stiff and that the shroud / gaiter could easily fall off when playing basketball . The black / red and white / midnight navy versions of the shoe both featured patent leather which very easily creased and cracked . The Air Jordan XVI was originally released in 2001 . It was retro - ed in 2008 , 2014 and 2016 . AJ XVII : Nike Air Jordan XVII , ( Wizards Colorway ) This pair of Jordan 's come equipped with Keefer , which held the shoes and a compact disc containing the Air Jordan XVII song . The retail price of the shoe was US $200 . The defining functional design element of the Air Jordan XVII model , which was later replicated on the Air Jordan XXIII model , was the reinforced mid-sole which provided a sturdy and stable chassis for the shoe . They were made in four mid top colors and three low - top colors . The Air Jordan XVII was originally released in 2002 . It was retro - ed in 2008 and 2016 . AJ XVIII : Nike Air Jordan XVIII , ( Wizards Away Colorway ) The Air Jordan XVIII shoe was released in 2003 , and was the shoe for Jordan 's last season , in which he played for the Washington Wizards . The shoe was designed by Air Jordan Senior Footwear Designer , Tate Kuerbis , a person that had been part of the Jordan footwear design team since 1999 and with Nike since 1995 . The inspiration for the design came from a number of things ; sleek racing lines of the auto world , carbon fibre - based monocoque of F1 race cars , race car driving shoes ( rubber heel wrap ) and Fine Italian dress shoes ( bold stitching on the soles ) . The Air Jordan XVIII was originally released from 2003 to 2004 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XIX : Nike Air Jordan XIX , ( Black Mamba Colorway ) Released in 2004 , this is the first Jordan release after his third , and final , retirement which came after the 2002 -- 03 NBA season . The design was inspired by the Black Mamba snake , and two original colorways where released : white / flint grey and black / red . Three regional colorways and three special edition colorways were released . They consisted of the East , West , and Midwest edition for regular and West , East , and Olympic for the SE ( special edition ) . The Air Jordan XIX used innovative materials . The upper section of shoe was developed in collaboration with the global materials consultancy Material ConneXion , who sourced Nike a sleeving normally used in architectural applications for protecting PVC pipes from bursting . In theory , this allowed for a shoe without laces , because the sleeving does not stretch . Nonetheless , the Air Jordan XIX model did include a set of laces behind the sleeve to better secure the shoe . They are the lightest Air Jordans ever made . The Air Jordan XIX was originally released in 2004 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XX : Nike Air Jordan XX , ( Bulls Colorway ) The Air Jordan XX was also inspired by bicycling shoes . The strap was placed in the center of the shoe over the laces . It also helped to create a tighter fit and increased support . The Air Jordan XX was originally released in 2005 . It was retro - ed in 2008 and 2015 . AJ XXI : Nike Air Jordan XX1 , ( Bulls Colorway ) The Air Jordan XXI model of shoes was designed by D'Wayne Edwards and inspired by sport touring vehicles . The shoe features lower - foot air grilles , double - overlasted Phylon midsole , a carbon fibre shank plate and a seamless diamond - quilted booty . It also has a tenable I.P.S. suspension system that lets the wearer choose between Zoom and Encapsulated air . The Air Jordan XXI was introduced on television by the `` Second Generation '' advertisement . The Air Jordan XXI was originally released in 2006 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XX2 : Nike Air Jordan XX2 , ( Bulls Colorway ) The Air Jordan XX2 / XXII shoe model , designed by D'Wayne Edwards , was released on March 24 , 2007 . The original retail price of the model was US $175 . The aggressive and sharp design was inspired by the F - 22 Raptor fighter jet . Some technical features of the shoe include an updated visible and interchangeable I.P.S. suspension system , a new metallic mesh for ventilation , the Air Jordan camouflage pattern printed in reflective 3M material , and an updated traction system , based on an army general 's stripes . Two special editions of the Air Jordan XX2 model were released . The first edition was released for Jordan 's birthday on February 17 . This edition featured authentic Jordan Brand basketball leather . The second edition was the Omega model , part of the Alpha - Omega package . This model featured a laser - etched image of Jordan after he won his sixth NBA championship in 1998 . An entirely new line of Air Jordan XX2 / XXII shoes called the released , with these shoes worn by NBA players from the Atlanta Hawks , Denver Nuggets , Detroit Pistons , and Dallas Mavericks . This Air Jordan model featured a new strap around the heel and ankle . The promo commercial for the XX2 was directed by Mark Romanek . The Air Jordan XX2 was originally released in 2007 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XX3 : Nike Air Jordan XX3 , ( Wizards Colorway ) The Air Jordan XX3 was designed by Tinker Hatfield . It was a unique model , being the first basketball shoe to be included in the `` Nike Considered '' category , for using materials from not more than 200 miles from a Nike Factory . It features a hand - stitched exterior , full - length bootie , carbon fiber shank plate , the last to feature interchangeable IPS pillars , and an articulated chassis . The shoe was released on January 25 , 2008 , and was the last Air Jordan until the XX8 to have Roman numeral identification . The Air Jordan XX3 was originally released in 2008 . It was retro - ed in 2015 -- 2016 . AJ 2009 : Air Jordan 2009 The Air Jordan 2009 was designed by Jason Mayden and was the first Air Jordan model named after the year of its release rather than its numbered system . Inspired by Jordan 's defensive focus , the shoe incorporates Articulated Propulsion Technology used by Paralympian runners . It also features a durable pleated silk upper , protective TPU chassis , carbon fiber arch plate and Zoom Air structure . The shoe was released on January 31 , 2009 . The Air Jordan 2009 was originally released in 2009 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ 2010 : Air Jordan 2010 , `` Welcome Home '' Colorway This is the 25th anniversary of the Air Jordan brand , and although commonly called the Jordan 2010s , is also referred to as Air Jordan XX5 / XXV . This model of shoe was announced on November 12 , 2009 , for a release date of February 13 , 2010 , retailing for US $170 . Dwyane Wade is endorsing the AJ 2010 . The base of the each mid-sole has stylized text that when combined reads : `` I 've failed over and over and over again in my life . And that is why I succeed . '' This quote was originally attributed to Michael Jordan , and is a reference to an advertising campaign that aired in 1997 with Jordan detailing his failures that led to his success in his career . The Air Jordan 2010 was originally released in 2010 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ 2011 : Air Jordan 2011 , year of the rabbit colorway . The Air Jordan 2011 was endorsed by Dwyane Wade in 2011 , Jordan Brand decided to keep the fans happy with the release of the Air Jordan 2011 . The shoe has inter-changeable insoles - The Red , `` Explosive '' one is claimed to symbolize power , and a Blue , `` Quick '' one , supposedly for quickness . Four colorways of the shoe were released on February 19 , 2011 in correspondence with the 2011 All Star Game . The first colorway was White / Black . There were also White / Red and White / Blue colorways that coincided with the East / West Jersey Colors . The `` Year of the Rabbit '' colorway was a limited release that celebrated of Michael Jordan 's Chinese zodiac sign , coinciding with the current zodiac sign , the Year of the Rabbit . The 2011 has a unique design along both sides of the shoe . It is a star - constellation pattern that also serves as breathing holes for the shoe to keep it well ventilated . It uses patent leather wrapped around the shoe . The shoes are hand burnished and crafted . A dress shoe that feels similar to the XI was reported to be the goal . o The Air Jordan 2011 was originally released in 2011 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ 2012 : Air Jordan 2012 offers six customization configurations . Two interchangeable sleeves and three insoles adapt to different playing styles . The Deluxe model was launched on February 8 , while the customization Flight models were released on February 25 , 2012 . It was the final Air Jordan model to be named after the year it was released as the numbered system returned in 2013 with the Air Jordan XX8 . The Air Jordan 2012 was originally released in 2012 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ XX8 : The Air Jordan XX8 , designed by Tinker Hatfield , was released on February 16 , 2013 . This premiere model featuring a mostly black upper and volt Dynamic Fit bootie . A heel and forefoot Nike Zoom unit in combination with the new Jordan Flight Plate , Dynamic Fit straps for increased support , a carbon fiber heel counter for additional support , and its most notable feature , the mesh upper for flexibility and ventilation . Jordan Brand has decided for 2013 to returning to the Air Jordan numbered order after having stopped at XX3 . The Air Jordan 2012 featured different technology which including interchangeable insoles for various styles of play , a concept introduced with the Kobe System . The exterior shroud gives the shoe a sleeker look than any other and is 8 inches high on the ankle but unzips and folds down revealing the bright volt green interior . AJ XX9 : The Air Jordan XX9 , also designed by Hatfield , released in September 2014 in both an elephant print and a knit edition . The shoe has already been debuted in the NBA by Russell Westbrook and Kawhi Leonard . The shoe has Flight Web for superior lockdown , a performance woven upper for comfort , support , strength , and protection , and a re-engineered Flight Plate . The XX9 also released in a pack alongside the iconic Air Jordan XI on December 23 , 2014 called the `` Ultimate Gift of Flight '' pack . AJ XXX : The Air Jordan XXX ( 30 ) debuted on January 14 , 2016 at an exclusive media event in Chicago . It was again designed by Tinker Hatfield . The first colorway of the shoe released on February 16 . The shoe consists of an upper and outsole very similar to that of the XX9 of the previous year . The upper is a combination of performance woven and flyknit that is new for the brand in 2016 , and also has a flyknit - constructed ankle collar that extends slightly past where the collar of the shoe would normally be . Jordan brand has also brought back functional Dynamic Fit in the lacing system . The outsole / midsole is almost identical to the XX9 , with very minor technical tweaks . The outsole boasts a more noticeable change , with a different traction pattern unique to this shoe , while the midsole remains almost entirely the same . The only difference in the midlsole cushioning setup from the Jordan XX9 is a material change in the FlightPlate setup , which is now named FlightSpeed and is constructed of a plastic rather than carbon fiber for more flexibility while remaining structural integrity . AJ XXXI The Air Jordan XXXI ( 31 ) was unveiled on July 20 , 2016 . The sneaker is heavily influenced by the Air Jordan 1 's having a leather upper and both a Nike swoosh and a Jumpman plus a Jordan `` Wings '' logo . Its first retail debut was on September 3 , 2016 in the `` banned '' colorway for $185 alongside its air Jordan 1 counterpart . Notable appearances of the AJ 31 include the `` USA '' colorway worn during the 2016 Olympic basketball tournament by members of team USA. Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics -- Men 's team rosters . Other shoes from the Air Jordan line ( edit ) The Jordan packages ( edit ) `` Spizike '' ( edit ) Michael Jordan and Spike Lee released the Jordan Spiz'ike shoes on October 21 , 2006 , as a tribute to their historic relationship . The relationship began when Mars Blackmon ( a character from Spike Lee 's film , She 's Gotta Have It ) became the primary pitchman in Nike commercials for Air Jordans . The Spiz'ike is a mash - up of the Jordan III , IV , V , VI , Air Jordan IX and XX shoes . Only 4,567 pairs were made of the original release , with all of the proceeds going to Morehouse College . The number 40 represents Spike Lee 's film company , 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks , and the number 23 represents Michael Jordan 's jersey number . Each future release of the shoes varied the colors used . `` Defining Moments '' Released in 2006 retailing at $295 containing the sneakers Michael Jordan wore during his first championship of his two three - peats . The retro 11 concord contains a gold Jumpman on the side , but originally was meant to also have gold eyelets spelling out Jordan was changed because of color bleeding . The retro 6 black infrared replaces its infrared for gold as well . Both shoes contained dog tags to reference the title won and a booklet showcasing a slam dunk highlight of the game and concept art of the shoe . Some of the original DMP retro 11 concords have surfaced and are considered some of the rarest air Jordan 's . `` Defining Moments II '' The `` raging bull pack '' retailed for $310 and drew inspiration from the running of the bull that takes place every year in Spain . The pack contains two air Jordan 5s the toro bravo and the 3m . The toro bravo is a red suede sneaker one of the first of its kind , it takes inspiration from the red bandanas worn by the runners . The second pair is the 3m named after its reflective coating . Both shoes come in a wood gate exterior graphic box with double sided slide out , originally released in 2009 . `` Defining Moments III '' ( edit ) The Jordan Brand released a third `` Defining Moments '' package on July 11 , 2009 . The 60 + Air Jordan Retro 1 Package is inspired by Jordan scoring 63 points on the Celtics in a double overtime playoff game during his second year . The Air Jordan Retro 1 60 + Package features a re-release of the sneakers that Jordan wore during that game , and a Retro Air Jordan 1 inspired by the Celtics colors and the parquet floors from the old Boston Garden . `` Defining Moments IV '' ( edit ) The Jordan Brand released a fourth `` Defining Moments '' package on August 15 , 2009 . This package , also known as the Orlando 60 + pack , consists of the Jordan 7 black and red . Also included is a second pair of Air Jordan ' s . The `` Orlando '' pair features a white leather upper with black and blue accents . The blue accents featured a cracked print . The black tongue had black pinstripes which represented the black pinstriped Orlando jersey of the 1990s . Retro 6 Infrared Pack ( edit ) The Jordan 6 white / infrared and black / infrared was released February 14 , 2013 , at a retail price of US $170 . This is the second of the same colorway retro in Jordan Brand history . The first time retro on both colorways were in 2000 , they were retro separately . This time , the retro distinguished with the previous release . The heel logo are using Jumpman logo instead of Nike Air logo , this is the most significant difference between these two re-releases . Jordan Brand started using Jumpman logo `` Old Love new Love '' ( edit ) The Jordan Brand released their second two - pair package named the `` Old Love New Love '' ( OLNL ) , which consisted of the Air Jordan I Retro model in Mid White / Black - Varsity Red ( Black Toes ) and Black / Varsity - Maize / White . It was released on April 21 , 2007 . The Old Love New Love package was sold for $200.00 . The pack represented Jordan 's passions , the old love being basketball the new love being motorcycle racing . Air Jordan Brand released 5 new colorways including one that is themed after another Spike Lee 's `` Do The Right Thing . '' There will be more colors of the Air Jordan Spizikes released than of the recent Air Jordan 3 retro re-release . The Air Jordan `` Spiz'ikes '' take pieces from the following Air Jordans : Air Jordan 3 -- sole , midsole , and `` Spike '' / elephant print Air Jordan 4 -- `` wings '' on the sides of the shoes that hold lace loops to place `` Air Jordan Sixty Plus '' ( edit ) The first Jordan Sixty Plus was released in August 2009 . The Jordan 6ixty Plus ( 60 + ) is a hybrid sneaker from Jordan Brand that combines the various sneakers Michael Jordan wore when he scored 60 or more points in an NBA Game . In these games , MJ was wearing the Jordan I , II , V and VII . Inspiration came from the Air Jordan 5 because he was wearing those when he scored his career high of 69 points . Air Jordan 1 -- Toebox shape and perforations Air Jordan 2 -- Snakeskin accents , rear TPU , lower Eyelets , Jordan `` Wings '' logo on tongue Air Jordan 5 -- Midsole / Outsole , shape of tongue , Lacelock , mold of upper near ankle , higher eyelets , `` Air Jordan '' tag inside of tongue Air Jordan 7 -- Perforations on side panel , `` gap '' between ankle area and body of shoe , graphics on tongue , heel tab , 23 on rear TPU `` Jordan Son of Mars edition '' ( edit ) The `` Jordan Son of Mars '' is an Air Jordan hybrid shoe , that released in the Summer of 2012 . It borrows prominent design elements from the Air Jordan III , IV , V , VI , and XX . It also retains a strap across the shoe laces , that is a custom modification with a design that seems to be elephant print but is instead a series of relevant icons , etc . The Jordan Son Of Mars was birthed from the Spizike , which was originally inspired by all the Jordan shoes made in collaboration with famous urban director Spike Lee . Son of Mars is a sneaker directly influenced by Spike Lee 's longtime involvement with the brand , as the shoe pieces together models in which Spike ( or Mars Blackmon rather ) had a hand in launching . The shoe breakdown begins with elements from the first Tinker Hatfield years , Mars Blackmon ; Lee 's loudmouthed character first appeared alongside Michael Jordan for the release of the Air Jordan III , a sneaker whose immediately recognizable elephant print bookends the Jordan Son of Mars , with sectioning on the back end and towards the toe . Next the Air Jordan IV , which is pretty conspicuous in this hybrid release , shows up only in the form of the netting running below the laces . The sole gottem ion is all Air Jordan V , as the coveted icy treatment splashes across the bottom and the angular ' teeth ' of the midsole rear up towards the toe . The V actually extends its reach to the top end too , with the textured Jumpman tongue bursting out from the familiar see - through lacelocks . Building up the ankle area is the higher - hitting support of the Air Jordan VI , complete with the attached loop on back and the perforated paneling reaching up the side of the shoe . The midsection which completes the sneaker is a major fast - forward , leaping ahead to the Air Jordan XX in the form of the lasered strap . The Jordan Son of Mars takes on one of the favorite color schemes in the Jordan Brand line . `` Air Jordan collezione / Countdown packages '' ( edit ) This package consisted of two variations of Retro Air Jordan , in which each model number equaled 23 . So the Retro I was released in a package with the Retro XXII , the Retro II with the Retro XXI , etc . `` Air Jordan x / XIII `` ( edit ) The first Countdown package consisted of the reintroduced Air Jordan XIII model in white / black - true red . The package also included a pair of the shadow grey Air Jordan X model with the number 23 stitched on the side of the shoes . The package cost US $400.00 and was released January 19 , 2008 . `` Air Jordan IX / XIV '' ( edit ) The second Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro XIV model in Black / Varsity Red which was similar to the Air Jordan `` Last Shot '' XIV model though it consisted of a white stitching on the sides , a different color outer arch , and a different colored Jumpman logo on the side . The other Air Jordan was the Air Jordan Retro IX model in a White / Black / True Red colorway . The package retailed for US $310.00 and was released March 15 , 2008 . `` Air Jordan XXI / II '' ( edit ) The third Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro II model in White / Varsity Red . The other Air Jordan in this package was the Air Jordan Retro XXI model in Black / Varsity Red . The package retailed US $310.00 and was released April 26 , 2009 . `` Air Jordan XVII / VI '' ( edit ) The fourth Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro VI model in White / Carmine . The other Air Jordan in this package would be Air Jordan Retro XVII model in Black / Metallic Silver . The package cost US $310.00 and was released May 24 , 2008 . `` Air Jordan XII / XI '' ( edit ) The final Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro XI model in Varsity Red / Black . The other Air Jordan in this package was the Air Jordan Retro XII model in Black / White . The package retailed for US $310.00 . Jordan fusions ( edit ) This line of sneakers consist of a fusion of several Air Jordan and Air Force One Models . Air Jordan XII Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan XII model and the Midtop Air Force One model . Air Jordan III Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan III model and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan V Air Force One fusion ( edit ) This package is the only original colorway of the Air Jordan V model that was not released in the last round of re-releases . Like the Air Jordan V model , the outsole is a mix of black and clear rubber ; there is no visible air sole unit in these shoes . The shoe a rubber loop in the back , middle upright cotton jumpman , rubber tongue , and the lace lock first was brought in an infrared colorway . It is said Michael Jordan wears these shoes in his practice games . Air Jordan VI Air Force One ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan VI and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan XX Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan XX and the Air Force One model . These feature the same laser upper as the original XX but replace the ankle strap and sole with that of the Air Force One . Has the numbers one through till six on the heel to represent Jordan 's 6 championships ever . Air Jordan IV Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan IV and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan VIII Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan VIII and the Midtop Air Force One model . Air Jordan IX Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan IX and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan x Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan X and the Midtop Air Force One model . Air Jordan XIII Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan XIII and the Midtop Air Force One model . Jordan `` 6 Rings '' shoe ( edit ) Air Jordan `` 6 rings '' in two colorways The Jordan 6 Rings ( aka Jordan Six Rings ) is a combination of the seven Air Jordan shoes that Michael Jordan wore during his 6 Championship seasons . That includes the Air Jordan 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 and 14 . The Jordan Brand company released the `` 6 Rings '' shoes starting in September 2008 . The Jordan Brand released colorways representative of each team that the Chicago Bulls defeated in each of their six championship seasons during the 1990s . The colorways include colors borrowed from the following teams : the L.A. Lakers , Portland Trail Blazers , Phoenix Suns , the former Seattle SuperSonics , and Utah Jazz , each shoe of which includes laser - etched graphics detailing specific aspects about that particular championship series , the city of the competing team and so forth . Many other colorways exist and Jordan Brand continues to release additional colors that pay tribute to different Jordan and Nike shoes along with new colorways specific to 6 Rings shoes . There even exists a `` winterized 6 rings '' which are a modified 6 Rings shoe turned into a durable boot designed for the outdoors which changes some of the design and placement of the inspired pieces and parts from the Air Jordans the shoe pays tribute . Of particular note , there is an Olympic colorway , a Nelly version apparently inspired by the rap artist Nelly and a shoe that combines the colors of all the teams that the Bulls defeated in the NBA Finals , acting as the ' sixth shoe ' since only five separate teams were defeated for the Bulls to win six championships ; the Utah Jazz was defeated twice , in 1997 and 1998 . Air Jordan 6 : Heel tab `` spoiler '' , Jumpman on heel from retro 6 models , and lace locks Air Jordan 7 : Nike Huarache style inner sock and perforated air holes in the mudguard of the upper Air Jordan 8 : Chenille carpet - style sections on the tongue surrounding the Jumpman logo , dual velcro straps , the shape of the `` 23 '' printed on the lace locks and the colors on the midfoot arch plate on the sole Air Jordan 11 : Silhouette of upper , lace eyestays on certain models and patent leather mudguard Air Jordan 12 : TWO 3 embroidered on the tongue and metal lace loops at top of the ankle Air Jordan 13 : Midsole `` pods '' and panther paw - shaped outsole Air Jordan 14 : Small Jumpman logo embroidered at the top Controversy ( edit ) The Air Jordan line has been associated with many riots , assaults , robberies , and murders , such as the murder of a 15 - year - old high school student named Michael Eugene Thomas who was choked to death by one of his peers for a pair of Air Jordan sneakers in 1989 . In 1988 , the then - principal of Mumford High School mentioned that clothing - related violence had reached a point where he felt it was necessary to ban certain items of clothing , including the Air Jordan sneaker , from the school grounds . This ban was the first of many dress codes implemented in schools after the wave of robberies , beatings , and shootings over possession of Air Jordan sneakers and other items of clothing . Manufacturing ( edit ) Nike owns none of the factories where Air Jordans are produced and contracts the work to various factory owners . Company officials say that they only advertise and market the shoes . However , Nike dictates production terms and standards to the contractor , often without questioning labor or safety practices . In April 1997 , 10,000 Indonesian workers went on strike over wage violations at an Air Jordan factory . The same month in Vietnam 1,300 workers went on strike demanding a 1 - cent - per - hour raise , and a year later in 1998 , 3,000 workers in China went on strike to protest hazardous working conditions and low wages cause . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The date the `` Air Jordan I '' was released . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIKE , Inc. -- Inspiration and Innovation for Every Athlete in the World '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Sneaker Designers You Should Know '' . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The True Story Behind the Banned Air Jordan '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sneakerfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/air-jordan-3-black-cement-retro.jpg Jump up ^ `` Release dates -- Sneaker News '' . Sneaker News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Raging Bull Air Jordan V ( 5 ) -- Red Suede -- Release Date May 2009 '' . Sneaker Files. 2009 - 03 - 14 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 5 Bel Air KicksOnFire.com '' . KicksOnFire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaker Theater : Creed -- The Drop Champs Sports '' . 2016 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Floss Cov ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) , Creed 2015 Training Montage 720 HD , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 Jump up ^ http://jansbasketball.blogspot.com/2012/07/air-jordan-shoes-that-used-in-slam-dunk.html Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/jordan-brand-slam-dunk-collection-official-images Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/best-sneakers-slam-dunk-manga-anime-series/ Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen Stats , Bio and Game Logs '' . NBA.com. 1975 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Store . Mens Jordan Shoes , Clothing and Gear '' . Air-jordans.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Store . Men 's Jordan Shoes , Clothing and Gear '' . Air-jordans.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Brand Marketing Campaign Comes Through in the Clutch '' . Oregon : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 29 Basketball Shoe -- Tailored for Flight '' . Nike.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 30 Bugs Bunny Teaser SneakerNews.com '' . Sneaker News . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan Brand Officially Unveils The Air Jordan 31 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ JustFreshKicks ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Air Jordan XXX1 `` USA '' 31 Olympic 2016 - JustFreshKicks `` . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 17 , 2009 Archives '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Context : Air Jordan Defining ' Moments Pack ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan V ( 5 ) 2009 DMP Retro - Toro Bravo - Raging Bull - SneakerNews.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 1 - Beginning Moments / Old Love New Love Pack - 2007 - SneakerNews.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan to Blame for Riots Over Shoes : What Isiah Thomas Said and 5 Things He Could Do With Nike Profits '' . Rollingout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Marc ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Air Jordans Stolen from Teens in Mall Robbery -- Owings Mills - Reisterstown , MD Patch '' . Owingsmills.patch.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Police use pepper spray to end fights over Air Jordans '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Joe ( 2012 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Air Jordan Heist : House Robbed for $10,000 Worth of Sneakers '' . Theroot.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Two suspects charged with capital murder in Air Jordans robbery khou.com Houston '' . Khou.com. 2012 - 12 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rick Telander ( 1990 - 05 - 14 ) . `` In America 's cities , kids are killing kids over sneakers -- 05.14. 90 -- SI Vault '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brito , Chris ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn teen tries to steal Air Jordans , loses arm in Craigslist robbery gone wrong : police '' . Pix 11 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Hundley ( 1988 - 04 - 03 ) . `` School Puts ` In ` Clothes On Notice '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural meaning and hip - hop fashion in the African - American male youth subculture of New Orleans '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nike FAQs - Global Exchange '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) `` History of the Air Jordan franchise '' at SneakerNews.com `` Every Jordan Ever Made '' at Nike External links ( edit ) `` Jumpman '' official site Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Links to related articles Nike , Inc . Corporate directors Jill Ker Conway Tim Cook Phil Knight Travis Knight Mark Parker Orin C. Smith John Thompson Phyllis Wise Subsidiaries Converse Hurley Former : Cole Haan Umbro Bauer Hockey Assets and products Air Jordan Air Melo Line Air Max Nike Considered Nike CTR360 Maestri Nike Flywire Nike Free Nike Mercurial Vapor Nike Shox Nike+ Nike Blazers Nike SB Swoosh Air Force 1 Nike Tiempo Nike Total 90 Nike Multi-Turf Nike Air Yeezy Nike Ordem Miscellaneous List of Nike sponsorships Nike Academy Nike Sport Research Lab Nike Oregon Project Nike ONE Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture and lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN9 ( through WGN Sports ) WGN America Chicago 's CW 50 NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio 89 WLS Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Jordan&oldid=808737601 '' Categories : Sportswear brands Nike brands Michael Jordan Products introduced in 1984 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion 1980s fads and trends Basketball culture Eponymous clothing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the air jordan retro 4 come out	[ "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]", "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]", "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]", "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]", "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]", "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]", "The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]" ]	[ "Air", "2000", "2004", "2006", "2008", "2010–2013", "2015–2017" ]
-1399929522838170330	Agriculture in India	Agriculture in India - Wikipedia Agriculture in India Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Farming systems in India be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 . Major crops by regions of India . Agriculture has a significant role in the socio - economic fabric of India . Here Sikh farmers are deploying a tractor and cane crusher to produce and distribute free cane juice at a festival . Several festivals relate to agriculture in India . Holi -- the festival of colours is celebrated across north India as the coming of spring . It is celebrated with bonfires , meeting friends and strangers , playful painting each other with colours . Farms in rural India . Most farms in India are small plots such as in this image . A vegetable farm in Himachal Pradesh state . The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India . Today , India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7 % of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) in 2013 , about 50 % of the workforce . The economic contribution of agriculture to India 's GDP is steadily declining with the country 's broad - based economic growth . Still , agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio - economic fabric of India . India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter . Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations . Indian agricultural / horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries , primarily in the Middle East , Southeast Asia , SAARC countries , the EU and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Agriculture and colonialism 2.2 Indian agriculture after independence 3 Irrigation 4 Output 4.1 Major crops and yields 4.2 Horticulture 4.3 Organic Agriculture 5 Problems 5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Productivity 5.3 Farmer suicides 5.4 Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose 6 Initiatives 7 Maps 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Rice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics , India is the world 's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables , milk , major spices , select fibrous crops such as jute , staples such as millets and castor oil seed . India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice , the world 's major food staples . India is the world 's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits , agriculture - based textile raw materials , roots and tuber crops , pulses , farmed fish , eggs , coconut , sugarcane and numerous vegetables . India ranked in the world 's five largest producers of over 80 % of agricultural produce items , including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton , in 2010 . India is one of the world 's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat , with one of the fastest growth rates , as of 2011 . One report from 2008 claimed India 's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat . Other recent studies claim India can easily feed its growing population , plus produce wheat and rice for global exports , if it can reduce food staple spoilage , improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity to those achieved by other developing countries such as Brazil and China . In fiscal year ending June 2011 , with a normal monsoon season , Indian agriculture accomplished an all - time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat , a 6.4 % increase from a year earlier . Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes , a 7 % increase from the year earlier . Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year . Indian farmers , thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member of Indian population in 2011 . The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan . India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide , and the sixth largest net exporter . This represents explosive growth , as in 2004 net export were about $5 billion . India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products over a 10 - year period , its $39 billion of net exports is more than double the combined exports of the European Union ( EU - 28 ) . It has become one of the world 's largest supplier of rice , cotton , sugar and wheat . India exported around 2 million metric tonnes of wheat and 2.1 million metric tonnes of rice in 2011 to Africa , Nepal , Bangladesh and other regions around the world . Aquaculture and catch fishery is amongst the fastest growing industries in India . Between 1990 and 2010 , the Indian fish capture harvest doubled , while aquaculture harvest tripled . In 2008 , India was the world 's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer . India exported 600,000 metric tonnes of fish products to nearly half of the world 's countries . India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the kilograms produced per hectare for some agricultural items , over the last 60 years . These gains have come mainly from India 's green revolution , improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge of gains and reforms . Despite these recent accomplishments , agriculture has the potential for major productivity and total output gains , because crop yields in India are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing countries . Additionally , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganized retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world . A new concept of digital agriculture , to make anyone an eFarmer , is being introduced by myKheti that delivers fresh vegetables and fruits direct from Khet / Farm to the door step . History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of agriculture in India Vedic literature provides some of the earliest written record of agriculture in India . Rigveda hymns , for example , describes plowing , fallowing , irrigation , fruit and vegetable cultivation . Other historical evidence suggests rice and cotton were cultivated in the Indus Valley , and plowing patterns from the Bronze Age have been excavated at Kalibangan in Rajasthan . Bhumivargaha , an Indian Sanskrit text , suggested to be 2500 years old , classifies agricultural land into 12 categories : urvara ( fertile ) , ushara ( barren ) , maru ( desert ) , aprahata ( fallow ) , shadvala ( grassy ) , pankikala ( muddy ) , jalaprayah ( watery ) , kachchaha ( contiguous to water ) , sharkara ( full of pebbles and pieces of limestone ) , sharkaravati ( sandy ) , nadimatruka ( watered from a river ) , and devamatruka ( rainfed ) . Some archaeologists believe that rice was a domesticated crop along the banks of the river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC . So were species of winter cereals ( barley , oats , and wheat ) and legumes ( lentil and chickpea ) grown in northwest India before the sixth millennium BC . Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago , include sesame , linseed , safflower , mustards , castor , mung bean , black gram , horse gram , pigeonpea , field pea , grass pea ( khesari ) , fenugreek , cotton , jujube , grapes , dates , jackfruit , mango , mulberry , and black plum . Indian peasants had also domesticated cattle , buffaloes , sheep , goats , pigs and horses thousands of years ago . According to some scientists agriculture was widespread in the Indian peninsula , some 5000 -- 3000 years ago , well beyond the fertile plains of the north . For example , one study reports 12 sites in the southern Indian states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses ( Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum ) , millet - grasses ( Brachiaria ramosa and Setaria verticillata ) , wheats ( Triticum dicoccum , Triticum durum / aestivum ) , barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus ) , pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) , finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) , cotton ( Gossypium sp . ) , linseed ( Linum sp . ) , as well as gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae . Some claim Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants , and domestication of crops and animals . Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture . Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year . Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign crops were introduced . Plants and animals -- considered essential to survival by the Indians -- came to be worshiped and venerated . The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication , and Indian crops affected the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic patronage . Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth . Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme . Agriculture and colonialism ( edit ) Over 2500 years ago , Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices and sugarcane . It was in India , between the sixth and four BC , that the Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the famous `` reeds that produce honey without bees '' being grown . These were locally called साखर , ( Sākhara ) . On their return journey , the Macedonian soldiers carried the `` honey bearing reeds , '' thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture . People in India had invented , by about 500 BC , the process to produce sugar crystals . In the local language , these crystals were called khanda ( खण्ड ) , which is the source of the word candy . Before the 18th century , cultivation of sugarcane was largely confined to India . A few merchants began to trade in sugar -- a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century . Sugar became widely popular in 18th - century Europe , then graduated to become a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Sugarcane does not grow in cold , frost - prone climate ; therefore , tropical and semitropical colonies were sought . Sugarcane plantations , just like cotton farms , became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early 20th century -- of people from Africa and from India , both in millions -- influencing the ethnic mix , political conflicts and cultural evolution of Caribbean , South American , Indian Ocean and Pacific Island nations . The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced , in part , colonialism , slavery and slavery - like indentured labor practices in the new world , Caribbean wars and world history in 18th and 19th centuries . Indian agriculture after independence ( edit ) Cotton flower in India . This is a cash crop in central India . In the years since its independence , India has made immense progress towards food security . Indian population has tripled , and food - grain production more than quadrupled . There has been a substantial increase in available food - grain per capita . Before the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements . However , two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security . India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self - sufficiency . This ushered in India 's Green Revolution . It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding , disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity . The state of Punjab led India 's green revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the states of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh . With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer , India 's total foodgrain production soared . A hectare of Indian wheat farm that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948 , produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land . Such rapid growth in farm productivity enabled India to become self - sufficient by the 1970s . It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare . By 2000 , Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare . Men and women at work in rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu With agricultural policy success in wheat , India 's Green Revolution technology spread to rice . However , since irrigation infrastructure was very poor , Indian farmer innovated with tube - wells , to harvest ground water . When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption , the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India -- Bihar , Odisha and West Bengal . The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one - third of the harvested crop area . In the 1980s , Indian agriculture policy shifted to `` evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern '' leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed , fruit and vegetables . Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying , fisheries and livestock , and meeting the diversified food needs of a growing population . As with rice , the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network , flood control systems , reliable electricity production capacity , all - season rural and urban highways , cold storage to prevent spoilage , modern retail , and competitive buyers of produce from Indian farmers . This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy . India 's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes . Between 1970 and 2011 , the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43 % to 16 % . This is n't because of reduced importance of agriculture or a consequence of agricultural policy . This is largely because of the rapid economic growth in services , industrial output , and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 and 2010 . Agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan has played a vital role in the green revolution . In 2013 NDTV awarded him as 25 living legend of India for outstanding contribution to agriculture and making India a food sovereign country . An irrigation canal in Gujarat . Irrigation contributes significantly to agriculture in India . Two states , Sikkim and Kerala have planned to shift fully to organic farming by 2015 and 2016 respectively . Irrigation ( edit ) Main article : Irrigation in India Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from rivers , groundwater well - based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these , the groundwater system is the largest . Of the 160 million hectares of cultivated land in India , about 39 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 22 million hectares by irrigation canals . In 2010 , only about 35 % of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in the last 50 years have helped India improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects have helped provide drinking water to a growing rural population , control flood and prevent drought - related damage to agriculture . Output ( edit ) Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . The changing face of Indian agriculture : formation of larger farms and adoption of wind power generation technologies . A panoramic view of a rice , cassava and banana farm in Kerala state . A mustard farm in Rajasthan state . Amul : an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat state . India has some of the world 's best agricultural yields in its tea plantations . A tea estate in Kerala state . As of 2011 , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector , accounting , on average , for about 16 % of GDP and 10 % of export earnings . India 's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares ( 394.6 million acres ) is the second largest in the world , after the United States . Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares ( 215.6 million acres ) is the largest in the world . India is among the top three global producers of many crops , including wheat , rice , pulses , cotton , peanuts , fruits and vegetables . Worldwide , as of 2011 , India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle , is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries . Major crops and yields ( edit ) The following table presents the 20 most important agricultural products in India , by economic value , in 2009 . Included in the table is the average productivity of India 's farms for each produce . For context and comparison , included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010 . The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases , in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes . Largest agricultural products in India by value Rank Commodity Value ( US $ , 2013 ) Unit price ( US $ / kilogram , 2009 ) Average yield ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) Most productive country ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) Rice $42.57 billion 0.27 3.99 12.03 Australia Buffalo milk $27.92 billion 0.4 0.63 23.7 India Cow milk $18.91 billion 0.31 10.3 Israel Wheat $13.98 billion 0.15 2.8 8.9 Netherlands 5 Mangoes , guavas $10.79 billion 0.6 6.3 40.6 Cape Verde 6 Sugar cane $10.42 billion 0.03 66 125 Peru 7 Cotton $8.65 billion 1.43 1.6 4.6 Israel 8 Bananas $7.77 billion 0.28 37.8 59.3 Indonesia 9 Potatoes $7.11 billion 0.15 19.9 44.3 United States 10 Tomatoes $6.74 billion 0.37 19.3 524.9 Belgium 11 Fresh vegetables $6.27 billion 0.19 13.4 76.8 United States 12 Buffalo meat $4.33 billion 2.69 0.138 0.424 Thailand 13 Groundnuts $4.11 billion 1.96 1.8 17.0 China 14 Okra $4.06 billion 0.35 7.6 23.9 Israel 15 Onions $4.05 billion 0.21 16.6 67.3 Ireland 16 Chick peas $3.43 billion 0.4 0.9 2.8 China 17 Chicken meat $3.32 billion 0.64 10.6 20.2 Cyprus 18 Fresh fruits $3.25 billion 0.42 1.1 5.5 Nicaragua 19 Hen eggs $3.18 billion 2.7 0.1 0.42 Japan 20 Soybeans $3.09 billion 0.26 1.1 3.7 Turkey The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organisation reported that , per final numbers for 2009 , India had grown to become the world 's largest producer of the following agricultural products : Fresh Fruit Lemons and limes Buffalo milk , whole , fresh Castor oil seeds Sunflower seeds Sorghum Millet Spices Okra Jute Beeswax Bananas Mangoes , mangosteens , guavas Pulses Indigenous buffalo meat Fruit , tropical Ginger Chick peas Areca nuts Other bastfibres Pigeon peas Papayas Chillies and peppers , dry Anise , badian , fennel , coriander Goat milk , whole , fresh Per final numbers for 2009 , India is the world 's second largest producer of the following agricultural products : Wheat Rice Fresh vegetables Sugar cane Groundnuts , with shell Lentils Garlic Cauliflowers and broccoli Peas , green Sesame seed Cashew nuts , with shell Silk - worm cocoons , reelable Cow milk , whole , fresh Tea Potatoes Onions Cotton lint Cotton seed Eggplants ( aubergines ) Nutmeg , mace and cardamoms Indigenous goat meat Cabbages and other brassicas Pumpkins , squash and gourds In 2009 , India was the world 's third largest producer of eggs , oranges , coconuts , tomatoes , peas and beans . In addition to growth in total output , agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years . The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops . Improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40 % to 500 % over 40 years . India 's recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive , are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries . Additionally , despite these gains in farm productivity , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world . Agriculture productivity in India , growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010 Crop Average YIELD , 1970 - 1971 Average YIELD , 1990 - 1991 Average YIELD , 2010 -- 2011 kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Rice 1123 1740 2240 Wheat 1307 2281 2938 Pulses 524 578 689 Oilseeds 579 771 1325 Sugarcane 48322 65395 68596 Tea 1182 1652 1669 Cotton 106 225 510 India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields . Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot . In 2011 , this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer , Sumant Kumar , with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar , also in a demonstration plot . These farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and system of rice intensification ( SRI ) , a recent innovation in farming . The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm . Horticulture ( edit ) The total production and economic value of horticultural produce , such as fruits , vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10 - year period from 2002 to 2012 . In 2012 , the production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time . The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013 , making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China . Of this , India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits , 162 million tonnes of vegetables , 5.7 million tonnes of spices , 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products ( cashew , cacao , coconut , etc . ) , 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers ( 7.6 billion cut flowers ) . Horticultural productivity in India , 2013 Country Area under fruits production ( million hectares ) Average Fruits Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) Area under vegetable production ( million hectares ) Average Vegetable Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) India 7.0 11.6 9.2 52.36 China 11.8 11.6 24.6 23.4 Spain 1.54 9.1 0.32 39.3 United States 1.14 23.3 1.1 32.5 World 57.3 11.3 60.0 19.7 During the 2013 fiscal year , India exported horticulture products worth ₹ 14,365 crore ( US $2.2 billion ) , nearly double the value of its 2010 exports . Along with these farm - level gains , the losses between farm and consumer increased and are estimated to range between 51 and 82 million metric tonnes a year . Organic agriculture ( edit ) Organic agriculture has fed India for centuries and it is again a growing sector in India . Organic production offers clean and green production methods without the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides and it achieves a premium price in the market place . India has 6 , 50,000 organic producers , which is more that any other country . India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture , which is third in the world ( after Finland and Zambia ) . Problems ( edit ) A rural market in India -- farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce India lacks cold storage , food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport system . This causes one of the world 's highest food spoilage rates , particularly during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions . Food travels to the Indian consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders . Consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets known as ' sabzi mandi ' such as one shown or from roadside vendors . Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques . In some parts of India , traditional use of cattle to plough remains in use . Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes . Since 2002 , India has become the world 's largest manufacturer of tractors with 29 % of world 's output in 2013 ; it is also the world 's largest tractor market . Above a tractor in use in north India . `` Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two - thirds of India 's people depend on rural employment for a living . Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India 's yields for many agricultural commodities are low . Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible . Farmers ' access to markets is hampered by poor roads , rudimentary market infrastructure , and excessive regulation . '' -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2008 '' `` With a population of just over 1.2 billion , India is the world 's largest democracy . In the past decade , the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth , emerged as a global player with the world 's fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms , and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals . India 's integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country . Nevertheless , disparities in income and human development are on the rise . Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009 - 10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004 - 05 . Going forward , it will be essential for India to build a productive , competitive , and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural , non-farm entrepreneurship and employment . Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices . '' -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2011 '' A 2003 analysis of India 's agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture . For food staples , the annual growth rate in production during the six - year segments 1970 - 76 , 1976 -- 82 , 1982 -- 88 , 1988 -- 1994 , 1994 - 2000 were found to be respectively 2.5 , 2.5 , 3.0 , 2.6 , and 1.8 % per annum . Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern , with the growth rate for 1994 - 2000 attaining only 1.5 % per annum . Infrastructure ( edit ) India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms . Irrigation systems are inadequate , leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water . In other areas regional floods , poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices , lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30 % of farmer 's produce going to waste , lack of organised retail and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer 's ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops . The Indian farmer receives just 10 % to 23 % of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce , the difference going to losses , inefficiencies and middlemen . Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States receive 64 % to 81 % . Productivity ( edit ) Although India has attained self - sufficiency in food staples , the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil , the United States , France and other nations . Indian wheat farms , for example , produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France . Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China . Other staples productivity in India is similarly low . Indian total factor productivity growth remains below 2 % per annum ; in contrast , China 's total factor productivity growths is about 6 % per annum , even though China also has smallholding farmers . Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries . By contrast , Indian farms in some regions post the best yields , for sugarcane , cassava and tea crops . Crop yields vary significantly between Indian states . Some states produce two to three times more grain per acre than others . The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops in India , for 2001 - 2002 . Crop Average farm yield in Bihar Average farm yield in Karnataka Average farm yield in Punjab kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Wheat 2020 unknown 3880 Rice 1370 2380 3130 Pulses 610 470 820 Oil seeds 620 680 1200 Sugarcane 45510 79560 65300 Crop yields for some farms in India are within 90 % of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union . No single state of India is best in every crop . Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane , Haryana in wheat and coarse grains , Karnataka in cotton , Bihar in pulses , while other states do well in horticulture , aquaculture , flower and fruit plantations . These differences in agricultural productivity are a function of local infrastructure , soil quality , micro-climates , local resources , farmer knowledge and innovations . The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient . Movement of agricultural produce is heavily regulated , with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods . One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure , knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds . Additionally , cold storage , hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes . The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors : The average size of land holdings is very small ( less than 2 hectares ) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts , and in some cases , family disputes . Such small holdings are often over-manned , resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour . Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor productivity , since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97 % of its farming population . A Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers , China 's organised retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity . Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate , hampered by ignorance of such practices , high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings . According to the World Bank , Indian branch 's Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development , India 's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty . Government intervenes in labour , land , and credit markets . India has inadequate infrastructure and services . The World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient , unsustainable and inequitable . The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating . The overuse of water is being covered by over-pumping aquifers but , as these are falling by one foot of groundwater each year , this is a limited resource . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a report that food security may be a big problem in the region post 2030 . Illiteracy , general socio - economic backwardness , slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce . Inconsistent government policy . Agricultural subsidies and taxes are often changed without notice for short term political ends . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 52.6 % of the land was irrigated in 2003 -- 04 , which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season . A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy , while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth . Farm credit is regulated by NABARD , which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent . At the same time , over-pumping made possible by subsidised electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels . A third of all food that is produced rots due to inefficient supply chains and the use of the `` Walmart model '' to improve efficiency is blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector . Farmer suicides ( edit ) Main article : Farmers ' suicides in India In 2012 , the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides . Farmer suicides account for 11.2 % of all suicides in India . Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides , such as monsoon failure , high debt burdens , genetically modified crops , government policies , public mental health , personal issues and family problems . Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose ( edit ) Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007 stated that `` prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances , provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere '' . The policy suggested that , as far as possible , land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction , industrial parks and other commercial development . Amartya Sen offered a counter viewpoint , stating that `` prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self - defeating . '' He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture . Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere , wherever there are advantages of production , market needs and the locational preferences of managers , engineers , technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education , healthcare and other infrastructure . He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics , the market economy should determine productive allocation of land . Initiatives ( edit ) Viticulture farms in Maharashtra . Coffee farms in Tamil Nadu . The required level of investment for the development of marketing , storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge . The government has not been able to implement schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure . Among these schemes are ' Construction of Rural Godowns ' , ' Market Research and Information Network ' , and ' Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure , Grading and Standardisation ' . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , established in 1905 , was responsible for the search leading to the `` Indian Green Revolution '' of the 1970s . The ICAR is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields , including research and education . The Union Minister of Agriculture is the president of the ICAR . The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments , analyses data in agriculture , and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding . Recently the government of India has set up the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme . Its recommendations have had a mixed reception . In November 2011 , India announced major reforms in organised retail . These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce . The announcement led to major political controversy . The reforms were placed on hold by the government in December 2011 . In the summer of 2012 , the subsidised electricity for pumping , which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels , put additional strain on the country 's electrical grid due to a 19 % drop in monsoon rains and may have contributed to a blackout across much of the country . In response the state of Bihar offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps . In 2015 , Narendra Modi announced to double farmer 's income by 2022 . Startups with niche technology and new business models are working to solve problems in Indian agriculture and its marketing . Kandawale is one of such e-commerce website which sells Indian Red Onions to bulk users direct from farmers , reducing unnecessary cost escalations ! Maps ( edit ) Minor crop Areas in India : P pulses , S sugarcane , J jute , Cn coconut , C cotton , and T tea Natural vegetation zones in India See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Animal husbandry in India Beekeeping in India Rice production in India Retailing in India Farming Systems in India Fishing in India Women in agriculture in India Forestry in India Rural roads and infrastructure in India Irrigation in India Biotechnology in India eFarming by myKheti in India Bibliography ( edit ) George A. Grierson ( 1885 ) . 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( 2013 ) , Shadow space : suicides and the predicament of rural India , Journal of Peasant Studies , 40 ( 3 ) , 597 -- 601 Jump up ^ Das , A. ( 2011 ) , Farmers ' suicide in India : implications for public mental health , International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 57 ( 1 ) , 21 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : National Policy for Farmers , 2007 Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Telegraph . July 23 , 2007 ' Prohibiting the use of agricultural land for industries is ultimately self - defeating ' Jump up ^ Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on February 2008 Jump up ^ Objectives Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Indian agricultural research institute , Retrieved on December 2007 Jump up ^ Farmers Commission Jump up ^ `` Drought fears loom in India as monsoon stalls . '' al Jazeera , 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi : Target to double farmers ' income by 2022 '' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia 's startup ecosystem '' . www.techinasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Sharma , Shalendra D. ( 1999 ) , Development and Democracy in India , Lynne Rienner Publishers , pp. 125 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 810 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in India . Agarwal , Ankit ( 2011 ) , `` Theory of Optimum Utilisation of Resources in agriculture during the Gupta Period '' , History Today 12 , New Delhi , ISSN 2249 - 748X . State of Indian Agriculture 2011 - 12 . New Delhi : Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture and Cooperation , March 2012 Indian Agriculture . U.S. Library of Congress . Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture & Cooperation website Indian Council for Agricultural Research Home Page . Website of The Indian Farmers Association Commodity Research , Food and Agribusiness , Commodity News and Analysis ( in English ) ( based in India ) Agriculture Commodity Market News - Agri Commodity News , Rates , Daily Trading Prices , The Trade News Agency NNS - Daily commodity prices of Agricultural and Agri based Commodities from different Markets of India . Indian Agriculture Industry business - to - business ( b2b ) News and Directory ( in English ) ( based in India ) Principal crops of India and problems with Indian agriculture A collection of statistics ( from India Statistical Report , 2011 ) along with sections of this Wikipedia article and YouTube videos . Brighter Green Policy Paper : Veg or NonVeg , India at a Crossroads A December 2011 policy paper analysing the forces behind the rising consumption and production of meat , eggs , and dairy products in India , and the effects on India 's people , environment , animals , and the global climate . `` India 's farmers start to mechanize amid a labor shortage , increasing productivity . - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . 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-8420579278871481401	J	J - wikipedia J Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the letter J of the alphabet . For other uses , see J ( disambiguation ) . For technical reasons , `` J# '' redirects here . For the programming language , see J Sharp . ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Writing cursive forms of J J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet . Its normal name in English is jay / dʒ eɪ / or , now uncommonly , jy / dʒ aɪ / . When used for the palatal approximant , it may be called yod ( / jɒd / or / joʊd / ) or yot ( / jɒt / or / joʊt / ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Use in writing systems 2.1 English 2.2 Other languages 2.2. 1 Germanic and Eastern - European languages 2.2. 2 Romance languages 2.2. 3 Basque 2.2. 4 Non-European languages 3 Related characters 4 Computing codes 4.1 Wingdings smiley issue 5 Other representations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The letter J originated as a swash letter I , used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I , as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23 . A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German . Gian Giorgio Trissino ( 1478 -- 1550 ) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds , in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ( `` Trissino 's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language '' ) of 1524 . Originally , ' I ' and ' J ' were different shapes for the same letter , both equally representing / i / , / iː / , and / j / ; but , Romance languages developed new sounds ( from former / j / and / ɡ / ) that came to be represented as ' I ' and ' J ' ; therefore , English J , acquired from the French J , has a sound value quite different from / j / ( which represents the initial sound in the English word `` yet '' ) . Use in writing systems ( edit ) English ( edit ) In English , ⟨ j ⟩ most commonly represents the affricate / dʒ / . In Old English , the phoneme / dʒ / was represented orthographically with ⟨ cg ⟩ and ⟨ cȝ ⟩ . Under the influence of Old French , which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin / j / , English scribes began to use ⟨ i ⟩ ( later ⟨ j ⟩ ) to represent word - initial / dʒ / in Old English ( for example , iest and , later jest ) , while using ⟨ dg ⟩ elsewhere ( for example , hedge ) . Later , many other uses of ⟨ i ⟩ ( later ⟨ j ⟩ ) were added in loanwords from French and other languages ( e.g. adjoin , junta ) . The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨ i ⟩ and ⟨ j ⟩ was published in 1633 . In loan words such as raj , ⟨ j ⟩ may represent / ʒ / . In some of these , including raj , Azerbaijan , Taj Mahal , and Beijing , the regular pronunciation / dʒ / is actually closer to the native pronunciation , making the use of / ʒ / an instance of a hyperforeignism . Occasionally , ⟨ j ⟩ represents the original / j / sound , as in Hallelujah and fjord ( see Yodh for details ) . In words of Spanish origin , where ⟨ j ⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative ( x ) ( such as jalapeño ) , English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative / h / . In English , ⟨ j ⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words , being more frequent only than ⟨ z ⟩ , ⟨ q ⟩ , and ⟨ x ⟩ . It is , however , quite common in proper nouns , especially personal names . Other languages ( edit ) Germanic and eastern - european languages ( edit ) Pronunciation of written < j > in European languages The great majority of Germanic languages , such as German , Dutch , Icelandic , Swedish , Danish and Norwegian , use ⟨ j ⟩ for the palatal approximant / j / , which is usually represented by the letter ⟨ y ⟩ in English . Notable exceptions are English , Scots and ( to a lesser degree ) Luxembourgish . ⟨ j ⟩ also represents / j / in Albanian , and those Uralic , Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet , such as Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian , Polish , Czech , Serbo - Croatian , Slovak , Latvian and Lithuanian . Some related languages , such as Serbo - Croatian and Macedonian , also adopted ⟨ j ⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose . Because of this standard , the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound . Romance languages ( edit ) In the Romance languages , ⟨ j ⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative . In French , Portuguese , Catalan , and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative / ʒ / ( like ⟨ s ⟩ in English measure ) . In Spanish , by contrast , it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier / ʝ / to a present - day / x ~ h / , with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker 's dialect / s . In modern standard Italian spelling , only Latin words , proper nouns ( such as Jesi , Letojanni , Juventus etc . ) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨ j ⟩ . Until the 19th century , ⟨ j ⟩ was used instead of ⟨ i ⟩ in diphthongs , as a replacement for final - ii , and in vowel groups ( as in Savoja ) ; this rule was quite strict for official writing . ⟨ j ⟩ is also used to render / j / in dialect , e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio ( -- / ʎ / -- ) ( garlic ) . The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨ j ⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian ; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language , which still uses the letter ⟨ j ⟩ to represent / j / ( and sometimes also ( dʒ ) or ( gj ) , depending on its environment ) . Basque ( edit ) In Basque , the diaphoneme represented by ⟨ j ⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect : ( gh , kh , j , ʝ , ɟ , ʒ , ʃ , x ) ( the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa ) . Non-European languages ( edit ) Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script , ⟨ j ⟩ stands for / ʒ / in Turkish and Azerbaijani , for / ʐ / in Tatar . ⟨ j ⟩ stands for / dʒ / in Indonesian , Somali , Malay , Igbo , Shona , Oromo , Turkmen , and Zulu . It represents a voiced palatal plosive / ɟ / in Konkani , Yoruba , and Swahili . In Kiowa , ⟨ j ⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive , / t / . In Chinese Pinyin , ⟨ j ⟩ stands for / tɕ / , the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨ q ⟩ . The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨ j ⟩ , although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ ( tɕ ) or ช ( tɕh ) ( the latter following Pali / Sanskrit root equivalents ) . In romanized Pashto , ⟨ j ⟩ represents ځ , pronounced ( dz ) . Related characters ( edit ) 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh , from which the following symbols originally derive I i : Latin letter I , from which J derives ȷ : Dotless j ɟ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke ʝ : Modifier letter small j with crossed - tail IPA - specific symbols related to J : ʝ ɟ ʄ j Uralic Phonetic Alphabet - specific symbols related to J : U + 1D0A ᴊ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J , U + 1D36 J MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J , and U + 2C7C j LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J J with diacritics : Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃ Computing codes ( edit ) Character J j ȷ Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex Unicode 74 U + 004A 106 U + 006A 567 U + 0237 UTF - 8 74 4A 106 6A 200 183 C8 B7 Numeric character reference & # 74 ; & # x4A ; & # 106 ; & # x6A ; & # 567 ; & # x237 ; EBCDIC family 209 D1 145 91 ASCII 74 4A 106 6A Also for encodings based on ASCII , including the DOS , Windows , ISO - 8859 and Macintosh families of encodings . Unicode also has a dotless variant , ȷ ( U + 0237 ) . It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics . It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode ( that is , the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above ; Unicode further states that , for example i+ _̈ ≠ ı + _̈ and the same holds true for j and ȷ ) . In Unicode , a duplicate of ' J ' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ ( Unicode U + 03F3 ) . It is used to denote the palatal glide / j / in the context of Greek script . It is called `` Yot '' in the Unicode standard , after the German name of the letter J. An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U + 037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014 . Wingdings smiley issue ( edit ) In the Wingdings font by Microsoft , the letter `` J '' is rendered as a smiley face ( note this is distinct from the Unicode code point U + 263A , which renders as ☺ ) . In Microsoft applications , `` : ) '' is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email . This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley . Other representations ( edit ) NATO phonetic Morse code Juliet -- -- -- Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet ( ASL fingerspelling ) Braille dots - 245 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` J '' , Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ `` J '' and `` jay '' , Merriam - Webster 's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Wörterbuchnetz '' . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Richard M. ; Norman Francis Blake ; Roger Lass ; Suzanne Romaine ; R.W. Burchfield ; John Algeo ( 1992 ) . The Cambridge History of the English Language . Cambridge University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26476 - 6 . Jump up ^ English Grammar , Charles Butler , 1633 Jump up ^ Wells , John ( 1982 ) . Accents of English 1 : An Introduction . Cambridge , UN : Cambridge University Press . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Penny , Ralph John ( 2002 ) . A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01184 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cipolla , Gaetano ( 2007 ) . The Sounds of Sicilian : A Pronunciation Guide . Mineola , NY : Legas . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Constable , Peter ( 2004 - 04 - 19 ) . `` L2 / 04 - 132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Everson , Michael ; et al. ( 2002 - 03 - 20 ) . `` L2 / 02 - 141 : Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ruppel , Klaas ; Rueter , Jack ; Kolehmainen , Erkki I. ( 2006 - 04 - 07 ) . `` L2 / 06 - 215 : Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard , Version 8.0 , p. 293 ( at the very bottom ) Jump up ^ Nick Nicholas , `` Yot '' Archived 2012 - 08 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Unicode Character ' GREEK LETTER YOT ' ( U + 03F3 ) '' . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode : Greek and Coptic '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode 7.0. 0 '' . Unicode Consortium . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pirillo , Chris ( 26 June 2010 ) . `` J Smiley Outlook Email : Problem and Fix ! '' . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Raymond ( 23 May 2006 ) . `` That mysterious J '' . The Old New Thing . MSDN Blogs . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to J . The dictionary definition of J at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of j at Wiktionary `` J '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA spelling alphabets Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letter J with diacritics Ĵĵ Ɉɉ J̌ǰ ȷ Ʝʝ J̃ j̇̃ ɟ ʄ Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J&oldid=800799629 '' Categories : ISO basic Latin letters Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles containing Thai - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sámegiella Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 19 : 01 . 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-2267306233595808316	Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)	Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 78 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 99 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 15 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 81 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 89 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 82 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 91 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 80 , 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 88 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 89 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 83 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 97 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 16 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11 , 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 95 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 99 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 89 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 95 ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 84 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 94 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions , Inc . Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network NBC ( 1975 -- 89 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 91 ) Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website www.wheeloffortune.com Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel premiered as a daytime series on NBC on January 6 , 1975 , and continued to air on the network until June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series returned on July 17 , 1989 as part of CBS 's daytime lineup . On January 14 , 1991 , Wheel moved back to NBC and aired on that network until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed ; that series premiered on September 19 , 1983 and continues to air to this day . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 , Woolery in 1981 , and Stafford in 1982 ; they were replaced , respectively , by Jack Clark , Pat Sajak , and Vanna White . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 35th season premiered on September 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one in the syndicated version 's 32nd season ( 2014 -- 15 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams ; each contestant / team is positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue ; which contestant / team occupies which position is determined by a random selection . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the player to spin again or buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of , the sponsoring company , and the 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round , with the exception of the Wild Card ; once this is picked up , it is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 ; respectively , these are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon this wedge offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter ; if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared ; the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts , with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ; a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) ; and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( on the episode that aired October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . When the contestant fails to land on the $1,000,000 wedge , Sajak will reveal where it was on the prize wheel . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate ; alternatively , he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round , but at the risk of losing any `` on account '' money to a Bankrupt , or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it ; to claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In later years , the top three winners from the week 's first four shows would return to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' ; when the jackpot wedge was introduced , its value was affected as well , beginning at $10,000 instead of $5,000 . The rules allowing champions to return after their initial appearances were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 ; as was the case before season 7 , contestants appear only on a single episode . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically ; the contestant was asked for five consonants and a vowel , and had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly ; any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 in 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister would play Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience ; she suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun by Woolery rather than by the contestants ; this wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant would play a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers ; they were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith and Schwartz 's old post . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television ; the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme ; as a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . With these older boards , in segments where more than one puzzle was present , while the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , what actually happened was a stop - down of the taping ; during the old stop - downs , the board would be wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . The former board was subsequently sent to the Smithsonian Institution for storage . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 ; his initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke ; themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract ; Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed ; for example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect ; the sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song ; however , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards ( to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show ; the prizes ranged in value from $100 to $3,000 ) . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari , Sony Online Entertainment , and THQ . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE BEGINS 35TH SEASON CELEBRATION '' . WheelOfFortune.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C . '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N . '' . Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Merv Griffin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ planecrashinfo.com Famous People Who Died in Aviation Accidents : 2000s Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=807874717 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American television series 1991 American television series endings 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 16 : 09 . 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-1091474491602971037	Cerna (surname)	Cerna ( surname ) - wikipedia Cerna ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Czech surname `` Černá '' , see Černý . Cerna is a surname . Notable people with the surname include : Panait Cerna ( 1881 -- 1913 ) , Romanian writer J.D. Cerna , American actor Ismael Cerna ( 1856 -- 1901 ) , Guatemalan poet Ricardo Alfonso Cerna ( 1956 -- 2003 ) , Guatemalan national Vicente Cerna y Cerna ( 1815 -- 1885 ) , president of Guatemala See also ( edit ) Cernea ( surname ) Surname list This page lists people with the surname Cerna . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerna_(surname)&oldid=825563138 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 03 : 13 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name cerna come from	[]	[]
-2065587664416740378	List of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results	List of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results - wikipedia List of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results since the club 's inception in 1869 . Contents ( hide ) 1 VFA premierships 2 Under 19 premierships 3 Reserve premierships 4 Night and pre-season premierships 5 VFL / AFL premierships 6 Champions of Australia 7 References Vfa premierships ( edit ) 1903 VFA premiership side . 1903 VFA Challenge Final Total North Melbourne 7 6 48 Richmond 9 27 Venue : East Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 20,000 1904 VFA Challenge Final Total North Melbourne - - Forfeit Richmond - - - Venue : None Crowd : 0 1910 VFA Challenge Final Total North Melbourne 9 14 68 Brunswick 5 9 39 Venue : Arden St Oval Crowd : 28,000 1914 VFA Final Total North Melbourne 12 14 86 Footscray 7 9 51 Venue : East Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 12,000 1915 VFA Final Total North Melbourne 11 10 76 Brunswick 10 28 Venue : Arden St Oval Crowd : 8,000 1918 VFA Final Total North Melbourne 18 13 121 Prahran 10 28 Venue : Arden St Oval Crowd : 7,000 The Challenge Final was scratched and North Melbourne were awarded the premiership after Richmond objected to the umpire chosen for the match and refused to play . Under 19 premierships ( edit ) 1946 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 11 9 75 Carlton 5 12 42 Venue : Warringal Park Crowd : ? 1976 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 16 13 109 Richmond 15 16 106 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1984 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 17 19 121 Richmond 7 11 53 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1987 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 13 16 94 Richmond 13 11 89 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1988 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 18 16 124 Essendon 6 5 41 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1990 AFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 16 12 108 Melbourne 5 14 44 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1991 AFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 15 99 Collingwood 8 13 61 Venue : VFL Park Crowd : ? Note : Prior to the establishment of the U-19s comp in 1946 , North Melbourne fielded a successful Colts side in a local fixture which was responsible for developing junior stars like Dally O'Brien , Les Foote , Don Condon , Kevin Dynon and Keith McKenzie Reserve premierships ( edit ) 1947 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 16 13 109 Richmond 14 10 94 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1957 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 13 97 Fitzroy 13 15 93 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1967 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 15 13 103 Richmond 10 19 79 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1978 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 17 29 131 Hawthorn 11 13 79 Venue : ? Crowd : ? 1979 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 13 14 92 Collingwood 9 13 67 Venue : VFL Park Crowd : 6047 1995 AFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 13 16 94 Sydney 11 14 80 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1996 AFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 23 18 156 Essendon 7 10 52 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? Night and pre-season premierships ( edit ) 1965 VFL Night Series Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 13 97 Carlton 9 57 Venue : Lake Oval Crowd : 37,750 1966 VFL Night Series Grand Final Total North Melbourne 20 12 132 Hawthorn 12 7 79 Venue : Lake Oval Crowd : 22,800 1980 VFL Night Series Grand Final Total North Melbourne 8 9 57 Collingwood 7 12 54 Venue : Waverley Park Crowd : 50,478 1995 AFL Pre-season Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 9 93 Adelaide 8 15 63 Venue : Waverley Park Crowd : 39,393 1998 AFL Pre-season Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 13 97 St Kilda 12 11 83 Venue : Waverley Park Crowd : 49,874 VFL / AFL premierships ( edit ) 1975 VFL Grand Final Total North Melbourne 19 8 122 Hawthorn 9 13 67 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 110,551 1977 VFL Grand Final Replay Total North Melbourne 21 25 151 Collingwood 19 10 124 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 98,366 1996 AFL Grand Final Total North Melbourne 19 17 131 Sydney 13 10 88 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 93,102 1999 AFL Grand Final Total North Melbourne 19 10 124 Carlton 12 17 89 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 94,228 Champions of Australia ( edit ) 1975 Championship of Australia Total North Melbourne 17 15 117 Norwood 5 11 41 Venue : Football Park Crowd : 17,576 Note : The Champions of Australia series was discontinued after 1975 . As a result , North Melbourne retains both the Winfield Cup as a permanent memento of the victory , and retains the perpetual Australia Cup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/kangaroos.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/night_series_grand_finals.htm Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1975.html#fin Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1977.html#fin Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1996.html#fin Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1999.html#fin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_Melbourne_Football_Club_premiership_results&oldid=794472518 '' Categories : North Melbourne Football Club Melbourne sport - related lists Australian rules football - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 07 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did north melbourne last win a premiership	[ "\n\n\n\n\n1999 AFL Grand Final\nG\nB\nTotal\n\n\nNorth Melbourne\n19\n10\n124\n\n\nCarlton\n12\n17\n89\n\n\nVenue: Melbourne Cricket Ground\nCrowd: 94,228[6]\n\n" ]	[ "1999" ]
4503890803067191908	History of the United States	History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Internet Pornography Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However , it grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . Women obtained the right to vote in 1920 , with Native Americans obtaining citizenship and the right to vote in 1924 . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , followed by wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal Contents 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 President George Washington 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal 7.7 World War II 7.8 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.8. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.8. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.8. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.8. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.9 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 Textbooks 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . A human head effigy pot from the Nodena Site . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely the U.S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th - century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between the 1st and 10th centuries . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . The Letter of Christopher Columbus on the Discovery of America to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas Excerpt of a Description of New England by English explorer John Smith , published in 1616 . The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Reading of The Declaration of Independence originally written by Thomas Jefferson , presented on July 4th 1776 . Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of the colonies by adopting the resolution from Richard Henry Lee , that stated : That these United Colonies are , and of right out to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved ; that measures should be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers , and a Confederation be formed to bind the colonies more closely together . On July 4 , 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence and this date is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . On September 9 , 1776 , Congress officially changed the nation 's name to the United States of America . Until this point , the nation was known as the `` United Colonies of America '' The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Reading of the United States Constitution of 1787 Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . President George Washington ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . Reading of the Farewell address of President George Washington , 1796 George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . The Trail of Tears resulted in approximately 2,000 -- 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . Recording of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave by Frederick Douglass , Chapter 7 After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . Modern recording of Gettysburg Address originally spoken by U.S President Abraham Lincoln The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) Modern reading of President Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 giving freedom to all African Americans who resided within the Confederacy but not those within the Union . The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main articles : Gilded Age and American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi ( 1811 -- 1924 ) The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Roaring 20s and Causes of the Great Depression Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . Great Depression and New Deal ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . President Franklin Roosevelt engaged in radio Fireside chats as means with regularly communicating with the public , this was innovative for the time . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The result was a series of permanent reform programs including Relief for the unemployed , assistance for the elderly , jobs for young men , social security , unemployment insurance , public housing , bankruptcy insurance , farm subsidies , and regulation of financial securities . State governments added new programs as well , and introduced the sales tax to pay for them . Ideologically the revolution established modern liberalism in the United States and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for Three decades thanks to the New Deal Coalition of ethnic Whites , Blacks , blue - collar workers , labor unions , and white Southerners . It provided relief to the long - term unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps . Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . The Second New Deal was a turn to the left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Roosevelt seriously weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court , which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs . Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . The economy basically recovered by 1936 , but had a sharp , short recession in 1937 - 38 ; long - term unemployment , however , remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . President Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech in aftermath of Pearl Harbor Attack . Congress consequently declared war on the Empire of Japan . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack . This Dorothea Lange photograph was taken in March 1942 , just prior to the man 's internment . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese Americans . This was taken under the directive of President Roosevelt , who signed Executive Order 9066 . The terms of this executive order resulted in some 120,000 people of Japanese descent living in the US removed from their homes and placed in internment camps . Two - thirds of those interned were American citizens and half of them were children . Those who were as little as 1 / 16 Japanese and orphaned infants with `` one drop of Japanese blood '' were placed in internment camps . The US Supreme Court held the Japanese American internment camps to be constitutional in a 6 -- 3 decision in Korematsu v. United States Supreme Court case . The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon , which lead Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , notably being : `` I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds '' . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion - type bomb at the Trinity test , conducted at New Mexico 's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945 . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Excerpt of U.S President Harry Truman 's speech regarding the nuclear attack on Hiroshima , Japan. Captions provided Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine on May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . President John F Kennedy Address on the Cuban Missile Crisis Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam and toppled left - wing governments in the third world to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Sound of Apollo 11 and its landing on the Moon Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . President Lyndon Johnson 's speech on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . President Regan 's Bradenburg Gate speech , famous for the phrase ' Tear down this wall ' Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . President Bush 's address in reaction to the 9 / 11 attacks The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 12 , 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the United States and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . First African American President Barack Obama 's inauguration speech , January 2009 The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of United States foreign policy History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States Gullah portal African American portal United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Joseph Patrick Byrne ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues . ABC - CLIO . pp. 415 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Eric Hinderaker and Rebecca Horn , `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Greenberger , Juan Ponce de León : the exploration of Florida and the search for the Fountain of Youth ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . How the Canyon Became Grand . New York City : Penguin Books . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88110 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : A. Grove Day , Coronado 's Quest : The Discovery of the Southwestern States ( 1940 ) online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , New Spain 's Far Northern Frontier : Essays on Spain in the American West , 1540 -- 1821 ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) online Jump up ^ Brebner , John Bartlet . New England 's Outpost : Acadia before the Conquest of Canada . Archon Books Hamden , Conn. 1927 Jump up ^ Dean Jobb , The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven . `` Death in Early America '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ( 2007 ) . `` History of Colonial America '' . Encarta Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-renames-the-nation-united-states-of-america Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/articles/met-the-enemy-4.htm Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Stannard 1993 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Short History of Amache Japanese Internment Camp '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ogawa , Dennis M. and Fox , Jr. , Evarts C. Japanese Americans , from Relocation to Redress. 1991 , page 135 . Jump up ^ Richey , Warren ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` Key Guantánamo cases hit Supreme Court '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Smith 's eyewitness account of the Trinity trip to watch blast '' . White Sands Missile Range , Public Affairs Office . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . p. 92 . ISBN 0415686172 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hopkins , A.G. American Empire : A Global History ( 2018 ) excerpt Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of American Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of American Studies , sophisticated short articles on a wide range of topics . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the united states government system begin	[ "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.\n" ]	[ "1789" ]
4290897079688256143	Battle of Britain	Battle of Britain - wikipedia Battle of Britain Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Second World War battle . For other uses , see Battle of Britain ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London . Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 ( 3 months and 3 weeks ) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - Jürgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from ( show ) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft . Casualties and losses 544 aircrew ( RAF Fighter Command ) , 718 ( RAF Bomber Command ) , 280 ( RAF Coastal Command ) killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 2,585 aircrew killed and missing , 925 captured , 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed , 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties , 40,000 of them fatal . Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic The Battle of Britain ( German : Luftschlacht um England , literally `` the air battle for England '' ) was a military campaign of the Second World War , in which the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) defended the United Kingdom ( UK ) against large - scale attacks by the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) . It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces . The British officially recognise the battle 's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940 , which overlaps the period of large - scale night attacks known as the Blitz , that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941 . German historians do not accept this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941 , including the Blitz . The primary objective of the Nazi German forces was to compel Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement . In July 1940 the air and sea blockade began , with the Luftwaffe mainly targeting coastal - shipping convoys , ports and shipping centres , such as Portsmouth . On 1 August , the Luftwaffe was directed to achieve air superiority over the RAF with the aim of incapacitating RAF Fighter Command ; 12 days later , it shifted the attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure . As the battle progressed , the Luftwaffe also targeted factories involved in aircraft production and strategic infrastructure . Eventually it employed terror bombing on areas of political significance and on civilians . The Germans had swiftly overwhelmed continental countries , and Britain now appeared to face a threat of invasion by sea , but the German high command knew the difficulties of an unprecedented seaborne attack and its impracticality while the Royal Navy commanded the seas . In early July 1940 the German High Command began planning the invasion of the Soviet Union . On 16 July Hitler ordered the preparation of Operation Sea Lion as a potential amphibious and airborne assault on Britain , to follow once the Luftwaffe had air superiority over the UK . In September RAF Bomber Command night raids disrupted the German preparation of converted barges , and the Luftwaffe failure to overwhelm the RAF forced Hitler to postpone and eventually cancel Operation Sea Lion . Nazi Germany proved unable to sustain daylight raids , but their continued night - bombing operations on Britain became known as the Blitz . Steven Bungay regards the German failure to destroy Britain 's air defences to force an armistice ( or even outright surrender ) as the first major defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II and a crucial turning point in the conflict . The Battle of Britain takes its name from a speech by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on 18 June : `` What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over . The Battle of Britain is about to begin . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Developing air strategies 1.2 First stages of World War II 1.3 German aims and directives 1.3. 1 Negotiated peace or neutrality 1.3. 2 Blockade and siege 1.3. 3 Invasion plans 1.3. 4 Independent air attack 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Fighters 2.2 Bombers 2.3 Pilots 2.4 International participation 2.4. 1 Allies 2.4. 2 Axis 3 Luftwaffe strategy 3.1 Regrouping of Luftwaffe in Luftflotten 3.2 Tactics 3.2. 1 Fighter formations 3.2. 2 Higher - level dispositions 3.3 Intelligence 3.4 Navigational aids 3.5 Air - sea rescue 4 RAF strategy 4.1 The Dowding system 4.2 Intelligence 4.3 Air - sea rescue 4.4 Tactics 4.4. 1 Fighter formations 4.4. 2 Squadron - and higher - level deployment 4.5 Bomber and Coastal Command contributions 5 Phases of the battle 5.1 Small scale raids 5.2 Channel battles 5.3 Main assault 5.3. 1 Assault on RAF : radar and airfields 5.3. 2 Raids on British cities 5.3. 3 Attacks on airfields from 24 August 5.3. 4 Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF 5.4 Day and night attacks on London : start of the Blitz 5.5 Night time Blitz , fighter - bomber day raids 5.5. 1 Royal family 6 Attrition statistics 7 Propaganda War 8 Aftermath 9 Battle of Britain Day 10 Memorials and museums 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media adaptations 11.2 Miscellaneous 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 General 15.2 Autobiographies and biographies 15.3 Aircraft 15.4 Additional references Background ( edit ) Strategic bombing during World War I introduced air attacks intended to panic civilian targets and led in 1918 to the amalgamation of British army and navy air services into the Royal Air Force . Its first Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard was among the military strategists in the 1920s like Giulio Douhet who saw air warfare as a new way to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare . Interception was nearly impossible with fighter planes no faster than bombers . Their view ( expressed vividly in 1932 ) was that the bomber will always get through , and the only defence was a deterrent bomber force capable of matching retaliation . Predictions were made that a bomber offensive would quickly cause thousands of deaths and civilian hysteria leading to capitulation , but widespread pacifism contributed to a reluctance to provide resources . Developing air strategies ( edit ) Germany was forbidden to have a military air force by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , but developed air crew training in civilian and sport flying . Following a 1923 memorandum , the Deutsche Luft Hansa airline developed designs which were claimed to be for passengers and freight , but which could in fact be readily adapted into bombers , including the Junkers Ju 52 . In 1926 the secret Lipetsk fighter - pilot school began operating . Erhard Milch organised rapid expansion , and following the 1933 Nazi seizure of power his subordinate Robert Knauss formulated a deterrence theory incorporating Douhet 's ideas and Tirpitz 's `` risk theory '' , which proposed a fleet of heavy bombers to deter a preventive attack by France and Poland before Germany could fully rearm . A winter 1933 -- 34 war game indicated a need for fighters and anti-aircraft protection as well as bombers . On 1 March 1935 the Luftwaffe was formally announced , with Walther Wever as Chief of Staff . The 1935 Luftwaffe doctrine for `` Conduct of the Air War '' ( Die Luftkriegführung ) set air power within the overall military strategy , with critical tasks of attaining ( local and temporary ) air superiority and providing battlefield support for army and naval forces . Strategic bombing of industries and transport could be decisive longer term options , dependent on opportunity or preparations by the army and navy , to overcome a stalemate or used when only destruction of the enemy 's economy would be conclusive . The list excluded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale , as that was considered a waste of strategic effort , but the doctrine allowed revenge attacks if German civilians were bombed . A revised edition was issued in 1940 , and the continuing central principle of Luftwaffe doctrine was that destruction of enemy armed forces was of primary importance . The RAF responded to Luftwaffe developments with its 1934 Expansion Plan A rearmament scheme , and in 1936 it was restructured into Bomber Command , Coastal Command , Training Command and Fighter Command . The latter was under Hugh Dowding , who opposed the doctrine that bombers were unstoppable : the invention of radar at that time could allow early detection , and prototype monoplane fighters were significantly faster . Priorities were disputed , but in December 1937 the Minister in charge of defence coordination Sir Thomas Inskip decided in Dowding 's favour , that `` The role of our air force is not an early knock - out blow '' but rather was `` to prevent the Germans from knocking us out '' and fighter squadrons were just as necessary as bomber squadrons . In the Spanish Civil War , the Luftwaffe in the Condor Legion tried out air fighting tactics and their new aeroplanes . Wolfram von Richthofen become an exponent of air power providing ground support to other services . The difficulty of accurately hitting targets prompted Ernst Udet to require that all new bombers had to be dive bombers , and led to the development of the Knickebein system for night time navigation . Priority was given to producing large numbers of smaller aeroplanes , and plans for a long range four engined strategic bomber were delayed . First stages of World War II ( edit ) British Prime Minister Winston Churchill The early stages of World War II saw successful German invasions on the continent aided decisively by the air power of the Luftwaffe , which was able to establish tactical air superiority with great efficiency . The speed with which German forces defeated most of the defending armies in Norway in early 1940 created a significant political crisis in Britain . In early May 1940 , the Norway Debate questioned the fitness for office of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . On 10 May , the same day Winston Churchill became British Prime Minister , the Germans initiated the Battle of France with an aggressive invasion of French territory . RAF Fighter Command was desperately short of trained pilots and aircraft , but despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that the diversion of his forces would leave home defences under - strength , Churchill sent fighter squadrons , the Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force , to support operations in France , where the RAF suffered heavy losses . After the evacuation of British and French soldiers from Dunkirk and the French surrender on 22 June 1940 , Hitler mainly focused his energies on the possibility of invading the Soviet Union in the belief that the British , defeated on the continent and without European allies , would quickly come to terms . The Germans were so convinced of an imminent armistice that they began constructing street decorations for the homecoming parades of victorious troops . Although the British Foreign Secretary , Lord Halifax , and certain elements of the British public favoured a negotiated peace with an ascendant Germany , Churchill and a majority of his Cabinet refused to consider an armistice . Instead , Churchill used his skilful rhetoric to harden public opinion against capitulation and to prepare the British for a long war . The Battle of Britain has the unusual distinction that it gained its name before being fought . The name is derived from the This was their finest hour speech delivered by Winston Churchill in the House of Commons on 18 June , more than three weeks prior to the generally accepted date for the start of the battle : ... What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over . The battle of Britain is about to begin . Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation . Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire . The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us . Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war . If we can stand up to him , all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad , sunlit uplands . But if we fail , then the whole world , including the United States , including all that we have known and cared for , will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister , and perhaps more protracted , by the lights of a perverted science . Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties , and so bear ourselves that , if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years , men will still say , `` This was their finest hour '' . -- Winston Churchill German aims and directives ( edit ) German Chancellor Adolf Hitler From the outset of his rise to power , Hitler expressed admiration for Britain , and throughout the Battle period he sought neutrality or a peace treaty with Britain . In a secret conference on 23 May 1939 , Hitler set out his rather contradictory strategy that an attack on Poland was essential and `` will only be successful if the Western Powers keep out of it . If this is impossible , then it will be better to attack in the West and to settle Poland at the same time '' with a surprise attack . `` If Holland and Belgium are successfully occupied and held , and if France is also defeated , the fundamental conditions for a successful war against England will have been secured . England can then be blockaded from Western France at close quarters by the Air Force , while the Navy with its submarines extend the range of the blockade . '' When war commenced , Hitler and the OKW ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or `` High Command of the Armed Forces '' ) issued a series of Directives ordering planning and stating strategic objectives . `` Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War '' dated 31 August 1939 instructed the invasion of Poland on 1 September as planned . Potentially , Luftwaffe `` operations against England '' were to `` dislocate English imports , the armaments industry , and the transport of troops to France . Any favourable opportunity of an effective attack on concentrated units of the English Navy , particularly on battleships or aircraft carriers , will be exploited . The decision regarding attacks on London is reserved to me . Attacks on the English homeland are to be prepared , bearing in mind that inconclusive results with insufficient forces are to be avoided in all circumstances . '' Both France and the UK declared war on Germany ; on 9 October Hitler 's `` Directive No. 6 '' planned the offensive to defeat these allies and `` win as much territory as possible in Holland , Belgium , and northern France to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war against England '' . On 29 November OKW `` Directive No. 9 -- Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy '' stated that once this coastline had been secured , the Lufwaffe together with the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) was to blockade UK ports with sea mines , attack shipping and warships , and make air attacks on shore installations and industrial production . This directive remained in force in the first phase of the Battle of Britain . It was reinforced on 24 May during the Battle of France by `` Directive No. 13 '' which authorised the Luftwaffe `` to attack the English homeland in the fullest manner , as soon as sufficient forces are available . This attack will be opened by an annihilating reprisal for English attacks on the Ruhr Basin . '' By the end of June 1940 , Germany had defeated Britain 's allies on the continent , and on 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his review of options to increase pressure on Britain to agree to a negotiated peace . The first priority was to eliminate the RAF and gain air supremacy . Intensified air attacks against shipping and the economy could affect food supplies and civilian morale in the long term . Reprisal attacks of terror bombing had the potential to cause quicker capitulation , but the effect on morale was uncertain . Once the Luftwaffe had control of the air , and the UK economy had been weakened , an invasion would be a last resort or a final strike ( `` Todesstoss '' ) after England had already been conquered , but could have a quick result . On the same day , the Luftwaffe Commander - in - Chief Hermann Göring issued his operational directive ; to destroy the RAF , thus protecting German industry , and also to block overseas supplies to Britain . The German Supreme Command argued over the practicality of these options . In `` Directive No. 16 -- On preparations for a landing operation against England '' on 16 July , Hitler required readiness by mid-August for the possibility of an invasion he called Operation Sea Lion , unless the British agreed to negotiations . The Luftwaffe reported that it would be ready to launch its major attack early in August . The Kriegsmarine Commander - in - Chief , Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , continued to highlight the impracticality of these plans , and said sea invasion could not take place before the Spring of 1941 . Hitler now argued that Britain was holding out in hope of assistance from Russia , and the Soviet Union was to be invaded by mid 1941 . Göring met his air fleet commanders , and on 24 July issued `` Tasks and Goals '' of firstly gaining air supremacy , secondly protecting invasion forces and attacking the Royal Navy 's ships . Thirdly , they were to blockade imports , bombing harbours and stores of supplies . Hitler 's `` Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England '' issued on 1 August attempted to keep all the options open . The Luftwaffe 's Adlertag campaign was to start around 5 August , subject to weather , with the aim of gaining air superiority over southern England as a necessary precondition of invasion , to give credibility to the threat and give Hitler the option of ordering the invasion . The intention was to incapacitate the RAF so much that the UK would feel open to air attack , and would begin peace negotiations . It was also to isolate the UK and damage war production , beginning an effective blockade . Following severe Luftwaffe losses , Hitler agreed at a 14 September OKW conference that the air campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans . On 16 September , Göring gave the order for this change in strategy , to the first independent strategic bombing campaign . Negotiated peace or neutrality ( edit ) Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf of 1923 mostly set out his hatreds : he only admired ordinary German World War I soldiers and Britain , which he saw as an ally against communism . In 1935 Hermann Göring welcomed news that Britain as a potential ally was rearming . In 1936 he promised assistance to defend the British Empire , asking only a free hand in Eastern Europe , and repeated this to Lord Halifax in 1937 . That year , von Ribbentrop met Churchill with a similar proposal ; when rebuffed , he told Churchill that interference with German domination would mean war . To Hitler 's great annoyance , all his diplomacy failed to stop Britain from declaring war when he invaded Poland . During the fall of France , he repeatedly discussed peace efforts with his generals . When Churchill came to power , there was still wide support for Halifax , who as Foreign Secretary openly argued for peace negotiations in the tradition of British diplomacy , to secure British independence without war . On 20 May , Halifax secretly requested a Swedish businessman to make contact with Göring to open negotiations . Shortly afterwards , in the May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis , Halifax argued for negotiations involving the Italians , but this was rejected by Churchill with majority support . An approach made through the Swedish ambassador on 22 June was reported to Hitler , making peace negotiations seem feasible . Throughout July , as the battle started , the Germans made wider attempts to find a diplomatic solution . On 2 July , the day the armed forces were asked to start preliminary planning for an invasion , Hitler got von Ribbentrop to draft a speech offering peace negotiations . On 19 July Hitler made this speech to the German Parliament in Berlin , appealing `` to reason and common sense '' , and said he could `` see no reason why this war should go on '' . His sombre conclusion was received in silence , but he did not suggest negotiations and this was effectively an ultimatum which was rejected by the British government . Halifax kept trying to arrange peace until he was sent to Washington in December as ambassador , and in January 1941 Hitler expressed continued interest in negotiating peace with Britain . Blockade and siege ( edit ) A May 1939 planning exercise by Luftflotte 3 found that the Luftwaffe lacked the means to do much damage to Britain 's war economy beyond laying naval mines . The Head of Luftwaffe intelligence Joseph `` Beppo '' Schmid presented a report on 22 November 1939 , stating that `` Of all Germany 's possible enemies , Britain is the most dangerous . '' This `` Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare '' argued for a counter to the British blockade and said `` Key is to paralyse the British trade '' . Instead of the Wehrmacht attacking the French , the Luftwaffe with naval assistance was to block imports to Britain and attack seaports . `` Should the enemy resort to terror measures -- for example , to attack our towns in western Germany '' they could retaliate by bombing industrial centres and London . Parts of this appeared on 29 November in `` Directive No. 9 '' as future actions once the coast had been conquered . On 24 May 1940 `` Directive No. 13 '' authorised attacks on the blockade targets , as well as retaliation for RAF bombing of industrial targets in the Ruhr . After the defeat of France the High Command ( OKW ) felt they had won the war , and some more pressure would persuade Britain . On 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his paper setting out options : the first was to increase attacks on shipping , economic targets and the RAF : air attacks and food shortages were expected to break morale and lead to capitulation . Destruction of the RAF was the first priority , and invasion would be a last resort . Hermann Göring 's operational directive issued the same day ordered destruction of the RAF to clear the way for attacks cutting off seaborne supplies to Britain . It made no mention of invasion . Invasion plans ( edit ) Main article : Operation Sea Lion In November 1939 , the OKW reviewed the potential for an air - and seaborne invasion of Britain : the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) was faced with the threat the Royal Navy 's larger Home Fleet posed to a crossing of the English Channel , and together with the German Army viewed control of airspace as a necessary precondition . The Luftwaffe said invasion could only be `` the final act in an already victorious war . '' Hitler first discussed the idea at a 21 May 1940 meeting with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , who stressed the difficulties and his own preference for a blockade . OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl 's 30 June report described invasion as a last resort once the British economy had been damaged and the Luftwaffe had full air superiority . On 2 July , OKW requested preliminary plans . In Britain , Churchill described `` the great invasion scare '' as `` serving a very useful purpose '' by `` keeping every man and woman tuned to a high pitch of readiness '' . On 10 July , he advised the War Cabinet that invasion could be ignored , as it `` would be a most hazardous and suicidal operation '' . On 11 July , Hitler agreed with Raeder that invasion would be a last resort , and the Luftwaffe advised that gaining air superiority would take 14 to 28 days . Hitler met his army chiefs , von Brauchitsch and Halder , who presented detailed plans on the assumption that the navy would provide safe transport . Hitler showed no interest in the details , but on 16 July he issued Directive No. 16 ordering preparations for Operation Sea Lion . The navy insisted on a narrow beachhead and an extended period for landing troops ; the army rejected these plans : the Luftwaffe could begin an air attack in August . Hitler held a meeting of his army and navy chiefs on 31 July . The navy said 22 September was the earliest possible date , and proposed postponement until the spring , but Hitler preferred September . He then told von Brauchitsch and Halder that he would decide on the landing operation eight to fourteen days after the air attack began . On 1 August he issued Directive No. 17 for intensified air and sea warfare , to begin with Adlertag on or after 5 August subject to weather , keeping options open for negotiated peace or blockade and siege . Independent air attack ( edit ) Under the continuing influence of the 1935 `` Conduct of the Air War '' doctrine , the main focus of the Luftwaffe command ( including Göring ) was in concentrating attacks to destroy enemy armed forces on the battlefield , and `` blitzkrieg '' close air support of the army succeeded brilliantly . They reserved strategic bombing for a stalemate situation or revenge attacks , but doubted if this could be decisive on its own and regarded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale as a waste of strategic effort . The defeat of France in June 1940 introduced the prospect for the first time of independent air action against Britain . A July Fliegercorps I paper asserted that Germany was by definition an air power : `` Its chief weapon against England is the Air Force , then the Navy , followed by the landing forces and the Army . '' In 1940 , the Luftwaffe would undertake a `` strategic offensive ... on its own and independent of the other services '' , according to an April 1944 German account of their military mission . Göring was convinced that strategic bombing could win objectives which were beyond the army and navy , and gain political advantages in the Third Reich for the Luftwaffe and himself . He expected air warfare to decisively force Britain to negotiate , as all in the OKW hoped , and the Luftwaffe took little interest to planning to support an invasion . Opposing forces ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft of the Battle of Britain Further information : RAF Fighter Command Order of Battle 1940 and Luftwaffe Order of Battle August 1940 Further information : List of officially accredited Battle of Britain squadrons The Luftwaffe faced a more capable opponent than any it had previously met : a sizeable , highly coordinated , well - supplied , modern air force . Fighters ( edit ) The Luftwaffe 's Messerschmitt Bf 109E and Bf 110C fought against the RAF 's workhorse Hurricane Mk I and the less numerous Spitfire Mk I ; Hurricanes outnumbered Spitfires in RAF Fighter Command by about 2 : 1 when war broke out . The Bf 109E had a better climb rate and was up to 40 mph faster in level flight than the Rotol ( constant speed propeller ) equipped Hurricane Mk I , depending on altitude . The speed and climb disparity with the original non-Rotol Hurricane was even greater . By the end of spring 1940 , all RAF Spitfire and Hurricane fighter squadrons converted to 100 octane aviation fuel , which allowed their Merlin engines to generate significantly more power and an approximately 30 mph increase in speed at low altitudes through the use of an Emergency Boost Override . In September 1940 , the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricanes started entering service in small numbers . This version was capable of a maximum speed of 342 mph ( 550 km / h ) , some 20 mph more than the original ( non-Rotol ) Mk I , though it was still 15 to 20 mph slower than a Bf 109 ( depending on altitude ) . Hawker Hurricane R4118 fought in the Battle of Britain . Here it arrives at the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo , England . X4382 , a late production Spitfire Mk I of 602 Squadron flown by P / O Osgood Hanbury , Westhampnett , September 1940 The performance of the Spitfire over Dunkirk came as a surprise to the Jagdwaffe , although the German pilots retained a strong belief that the 109 was the superior fighter . The British fighters were equipped with eight Browning . 303 ( 7.7 mm ) machine guns , while most Bf 109Es had two 7.92 mm machine guns supplemented by two 20mm cannons . The latter was much more effective than the . 303 ; during the Battle it was not unknown for damaged German bombers to limp home with up to two hundred . 303 hits . At some altitudes , the Bf 109 could outclimb the British fighter . It could also engage in vertical - plane negative - g manoeuvres without the engine cutting out because its DB 601 engine used fuel injection ; this allowed the 109 to dive away from attackers more readily than the carburettor - equipped Merlin . On the other hand , the Bf 109E had a much larger turning circle than its two foes . In general , though , as Alfred Price noted in The Spitfire Story : ... the differences between the Spitfire and the Me 109 in performance and handling were only marginal , and in a combat they were almost always surmounted by tactical considerations of which side had seen the other first , which had the advantage of sun , altitude , numbers , pilot ability , tactical situation , tactical co-ordination , amount of fuel remaining , etc . Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-4 The Bf 109E was also used as a Jabo ( jagdbomber , fighter - bomber ) -- the E-4 / B and E-7 models could carry a 250 kg bomb underneath the fuselage , the later model arriving during the battle . The Bf 109 , unlike the Stuka , could fight on equal terms with RAF fighters after releasing its ordnance . At the start of the battle , the twin - engined Messerschmitt Bf 110C long range Zerstörer ( `` Destroyer '' ) was also expected to engage in air - to - air combat while escorting the Luftwaffe bomber fleet . Although the 110 was faster than the Hurricane and almost as fast as the Spitfire , its lack of manoeuvrability and acceleration meant that it was a failure as a long - range escort fighter . On 13 and 15 August , thirteen and thirty aircraft were lost , the equivalent of an entire Gruppe , and the type 's worst losses during the campaign . This trend continued with a further eight and fifteen lost on 16 and 17 August . Göring ordered the Bf 110 units to operate `` where the range of the single - engined machines were not sufficient '' . The most successful role of the Bf 110 during the battle was as a Schnellbomber ( fast bomber ) . The Bf 110 usually used a shallow dive to bomb the target and escape at high speed . One unit , Erprobungsgruppe 210 -- initially formed as the service test unit ( Erprobungskommando ) for the emerging successor to the 110 , the Me 210 -- proved that the Bf 110 could still be used to good effect in attacking small or `` pinpoint '' targets . Four 264 Squadron Defiants ( PS - V was shot down on 28 August 1940 over Kent by Bf 109s . ) The RAF 's Boulton Paul Defiant had some initial success over Dunkirk because of its resemblance to the Hurricane ; Luftwaffe fighters attacking from the rear were surprised by its unusual gun turret . However , during the Battle of Britain , this single - engined two - seater proved hopelessly outclassed . For various reasons , the Defiant lacked any form of forward - firing armament , and the heavy turret and second crewman meant it could not outrun or outmanoeuvre either the Bf 109 or Bf 110 . By the end of August , after disastrous losses , the aircraft was withdrawn from daylight service . Bombers ( edit ) Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain The Luftwaffe 's primary bombers were the Heinkel He 111 , Dornier Do 17 , and Junkers Ju 88 for level bombing at medium to high altitudes , and the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka for dive bombing tactics . The He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict , and was better known , partly due to its distinctive wing shape . Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions accompanying them that were used during the battle . Although it was successful in previous Luftwaffe engagements , the Stuka suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain , particularly on 18 August , due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after dive bombing a target . As the losses went up along with their limited payload and range , Stuka units were largely removed from operations over England and diverted to concentrate on shipping instead until they were eventually re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941 . However , for some raids , they were called back , such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield . The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities ; the Heinkel 111 was the slowest ; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped ; and the Do 17 had the smallest bomb load . All three bomber types suffered heavy losses from the home - based British fighters , but the Ju 88 disproportionately so . The German bombers required constant protection by the Luftwaffe 's fighter force . German escorts , however , were not sufficiently numerous . Bf 109Es were ordered to support more than 300 -- 400 bombers on any given day . Later in the conflict , when night bombing became more frequent , all three were used . However , due to its reduced bomb load , the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose . German propaganda photo purporting to show a Spitfire I flying very close to a Dornier 17Z On the British side , three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories , invasion ports and railway centres ; the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley , the Handley - Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF , although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111 . The twin - engined Bristol Blenheim and the obsolescent single - engined Fairey Battle were both light bombers ; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping , ports , airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night . The Fairey Battle squadrons , which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks during the Battle of France , were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports , until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940 . Pilots ( edit ) Before the war , the RAF 's processes for selecting potential candidates were opened to men of all social classes through the creation in 1936 of the RAF Volunteer Reserve , which `` ... was designed to appeal , to ... young men ... without any class distinctions ... '' The older squadrons of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force did retain some of their upper - class exclusiveness , but their numbers were soon swamped by the newcomers of the RAFVR ; by 1 September 1939 , 6,646 pilots had been trained through the RAFVR . A Spitfire pilot recounts how he shot down a Messerschmitt , Biggin Hill , September 1940 By summer 1940 , there were about 9,000 pilots in the RAF to man about 5,000 aircraft , most of which were bombers . Fighter Command was never short of pilots , but the problem of finding sufficient numbers of fully trained fighter pilots became acute by mid-August 1940 . With aircraft production running at 300 planes each week , only 200 pilots were trained in the same period . In addition , more pilots were allocated to squadrons than there were aircraft , as this allowed squadrons to maintain operational strength despite casualties and still provide for pilot leave . Another factor was that only about 30 % of the 9,000 pilots were assigned to operational squadrons ; 20 % of the pilots were involved in conducting pilot training , and a further 20 % were undergoing further instruction , like those offered in Canada and in Southern Rhodesia to the Commonwealth trainees , although already qualified . The rest were assigned to staff positions , since RAF policy dictated that only pilots could make many staff and operational command decisions , even in engineering matters . At the height of fighting , and despite Churchill 's insistence , only 30 pilots were released to the front line from administrative duties . For these reasons , and the permanent loss of 435 pilots during the Battle of France alone along with many more wounded , and others lost in Norway , the RAF had fewer experienced pilots at the start of the initial defence of their home . It was the lack of trained pilots in the fighting squadrons , rather than the lack of aircraft , that became the greatest concern for Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding , Commander of Fighter Command . Drawing from regular RAF forces , the Auxiliary Air Force and the Volunteer Reserve , the British were able to muster some 1,103 fighter pilots on 1 July . Replacement pilots , with little flight training and often no gunnery training , suffered high casualty rates , thus exacerbating the problem . The Luftwaffe , on the other hand , were able to muster a larger number ( 1,450 ) of more experienced fighter pilots . Drawing from a cadre of Spanish Civil War veterans , these pilots already had comprehensive courses in aerial gunnery and instructions in tactics suited for fighter - versus - fighter combat . Training manuals discouraged heroism , stressing the importance of attacking only when the odds were in the pilot 's favour . Despite the high levels of experience , German fighter formations did not provide a sufficient reserve of pilots to allow for losses and leave , and the Luftwaffe was unable to produce enough pilots to prevent a decline in operational strength as the battle progressed . International participation ( edit ) Allies ( edit ) 126 German aircraft or `` Adolfs '' were claimed by Polish pilots of 303 Squadron during the Battle Main article : Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain The Royal Air Force roll of honour for the Battle of Britain recognises 595 non-British pilots ( out of 2,936 ) as flying at least one authorised operational sortie with an eligible unit of the RAF or Fleet Air Arm between 10 July and 31 October 1940 . These included 145 Poles , 127 New Zealanders , 112 Canadians , 88 Czechoslovaks , 10 Irish , 32 Australians , 28 Belgians , 25 South Africans , 13 French , 9 Americans , 3 Southern Rhodesians and one each from Jamaica and Mandatory Palestine . `` Altogether in the fighter battles , the bombing raids , and the various patrols flown between 10 July and 31 October 1940 by the Royal Air Force , 1495 aircrew were killed , of whom 449 were fighter pilots , 718 aircrew from Bomber Command , and 280 from Coastal Command . Among those killed were 47 airmen from Canada , 24 from Australia , 17 from South Africa , 35 from Poland , 20 from Czechoslovakia and six from Belgium . Forty - seven New Zealanders lost their lives , including 15 fighter pilots , 24 bomber and eight coastal aircrew . The names of these Allied and Commonwealth airmen are inscribed in a memorial book which rests in the Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey . In the chapel is a stained glass window which contains the badges of the fighter squadrons which operated during the battle and the flags of the nations to which the pilots and aircrew belonged . '' Axis ( edit ) Main article : Corpo Aereo Italiano An element of the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) called the Italian Air Corps ( Corpo Aereo Italiano or CAI ) first saw action in late October 1940 . It took part in the latter stages of the battle , but achieved limited success . The unit was redeployed in early 1941 . Luftwaffe strategy ( edit ) Hermann Göring , the commander of the Luftwaffe Hugo Sperrle , the commander of Luftflotte 3 The high command 's indecision over which aim to pursue was reflected in shifts in Luftwaffe strategy . Their Air War doctrine of concentrated close air support of the army at the battlefront succeeded in the blitzkrieg offensives against Poland , Denmark and Norway , the Low Countries and France , but incurred significant losses . The Luftwaffe now had to establish or restore bases in the conquered territories , and rebuild their strength . In June 1940 they began regular armed reconnaissance flights and sporadic Störangriffe , nuisance raids of one or a few bombers , both day and night . These gave crews practice in navigation and avoiding air defences , and set off air raid alarms which disturbed civilian morale . Similar nuisance raids continued throughout the battle , into the winter months of 1940 . Scattered naval mine -- laying sorties began at the outset , and increased gradually over the battle period . Göring 's operational directive of 30 June ordered destruction of the RAF as a whole , including the aircraft industry , with the aims of ending RAF bombing raids on Germany and facilitating attacks on ports and storage in the Luftwaffe blockade of Britain . Attacks on Channel shipping in the Kanalkampf began on 4 July , and were formalised on 11 July in an order by Hans Jeschonnek which added the arms industry as a target . On 16 July Directive No. 16 ordered preparations for Operation Sea Lion , and on the next day the luftwaffe was ordered to stand by in full readiness . Göring met his air fleet commanders , and on 24 July issued `` Tasks and Goals '' of gaining air supremacy , protecting the army and navy if invasion went ahead , and attacking the Royal Navy 's ships as well as continuing the blockade . Once the RAF had been defeated , Luftwaffe bombers were to move forward beyond London without the need for fighter escort , destroying military and economic targets . At a meeting on 1 August the command reviewed plans produced by each Fliegerkorps with differing proposals for targets including whether to bomb airfields , but failed to focus priorities . Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated : the intent was that raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down . On 6 August he finalised plans for this `` Operation Eagle Attack '' with Kesselring , Sperle and Stumpff : destruction of RAF Fighter Command across the south of England was to take four days , with lightly escorted small bomber raids leaving the main fighter force free to attack RAF fighters . Bombing of military and economic targets was then to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain . Bombing of London was to be held back while these night time `` destroyer '' attacks proceeded over other urban areas , then in culmination of the campaign a major attack on the capital was intended to cause a crisis when refugees fled London just as the Operation Sea Lion invasion was to begin . With hopes fading for the possibility of invasion , on 4 September Hitler authorised a main focus on day and night attacks on tactical targets with London as the main target , in what the British called the Blitz . With increasing difficulty in defending bombers in day raids , the Lufwaffe shifted to a strategic bombing campaign of night raids aiming to overcome British resistance by damaging infrastructure and food stocks , though intentional terror bombing of civilians was not sanctioned . Regrouping of Luftwaffe in Luftflotten ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was forced to regroup after the Battle of France into three Luftflotten ( Air Fleets ) on Britain 's southern and northern flanks . Luftflotte 2 , commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , was responsible for the bombing of southeast England and the London area . Luftflotte 3 , under Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle , targeted the West Country , Wales , the Midlands , and northwest England . Luftflotte 5 , led by Generaloberst Hans - Jürgen Stumpff from his headquarters in Norway , targeted the north of England and Scotland . As the battle progressed , command responsibility shifted , with Luftflotte 3 taking more responsibility for the night - time Blitz attacks while the main daylight operations fell upon Luftflotte 2 's shoulders . Initial Luftwaffe estimates were that it would take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England . This would be followed by a four - week offensive during which the bombers and long - range fighters would destroy all military installations throughout the country and wreck the British aircraft industry . The campaign was planned to begin with attacks on airfields near the coast , gradually moving inland to attack the ring of sector airfields defending London . Later reassessments gave the Luftwaffe five weeks , from 8 August to 15 September , to establish temporary air superiority over England . To achieve this goal , Fighter Command had to be destroyed , either on the ground or in the air , yet the Luftwaffe had to be able to preserve its own strength to be able to support the invasion ; this meant that the Luftwaffe had to maintain a high `` kill ratio '' over the RAF fighters . The only alternative to the goal of air superiority was a terror bombing campaign aimed at the civilian population , but this was considered a last resort and it was ( at this stage of the battle ) expressly forbidden by Hitler . The Luftwaffe kept broadly to this scheme , but its commanders had differences of opinion on strategy . Sperrle wanted to eradicate the air defence infrastructure by bombing it . His counterpart , Kesselring , championed attacking London directly -- either to bombard the British government into submission , or to draw RAF fighters into a decisive battle . Göring did nothing to resolve this disagreement between his commanders , and only vague directives were set down during the initial stages of the battle , with Göring seemingly unable to decide upon which strategy to pursue . He seemed at times obsessed with maintaining his own power base in the Luftwaffe and indulging his outdated beliefs on air fighting , which would later lead to tactical and strategic errors . Tactics ( edit ) Fighter formations ( edit ) Luftwaffe formations employed a loose section of two ( nicknamed the Rotte ( pack ) ) , based on a leader ( Rottenführer ) followed at a distance of about 200 metres by his wingman ( nicknamed the Rottenhund ( pack dog ) or Katschmarek ) , who also flew slightly higher and was trained always to stay with his leader . With more room between them , both pilots could spend less time maintaining formation and more time looking around and covering each other 's blind spots . Attacking aircraft could be sandwiched between the two 109s . The Rotte allowed the Rottenführer to concentrate on getting kills , but few wingmen had the chance , leading to some resentment in the lower ranks where it was felt that the high scores came at their expense . Two sections were usually teamed up into a Schwarm , where all the pilots could watch what was happening around them . Each Schwarm in a Staffel flew at staggered heights and with about 200 metres of room between them , making the formation difficult to spot at longer ranges and allowing for a great deal of flexibility . By using a tight `` cross-over '' turn , a Schwarm could quickly change direction . The Bf 110s adopted the same Schwarm formation as the 109s , but were seldom able to use this to the same advantage . The Bf 110 's most successful method of attack was the `` bounce '' from above . When attacked , Zerstörergruppen increasingly resorted to forming large `` defensive circles '' , where each Bf 110 guarded the tail of the aircraft ahead of it . Göring ordered that they be renamed `` offensive circles '' in a vain bid to improve rapidly declining morale . These conspicuous formations were often successful in attracting RAF fighters that were sometimes `` bounced '' by high - flying Bf 109s . This led to the often repeated misconception that the Bf 110s were escorted by Bf 109s . Higher - level dispositions ( edit ) Luftwaffe tactics were influenced by their fighters . The Bf 110 proved too vulnerable to the nimble single - engined RAF fighters . This meant the bulk of fighter escort duties fell on the Bf 109 . Fighter tactics were then complicated by bomber crews who demanded closer protection . After the hard - fought battles of 15 and 18 August , Göring met with his unit leaders . During this conference , the need for the fighters to meet up on time with the bombers was stressed . It was also decided that one bomber Gruppe could only be properly protected by several Gruppen of 109s . In addition , Göring stipulated that as many fighters as possible were to be left free for Freie Jagd ( `` Free Hunts '' : a free - roving fighter sweep preceded a raid to try to sweep defenders out of the raid 's path ) . The Ju 87 units , which had suffered heavy casualties , were only to be used under favourable circumstances . In early September , due to increasing complaints from the bomber crews about RAF fighters seemingly able to get through the escort screen , Göring ordered an increase in close escort duties . This decision shackled many of the Bf 109s to the bombers and , although they were more successful at protecting the bomber forces , casualties amongst the fighters mounted primarily because they were forced to fly and manoeuvre at reduced speeds . The Luftwaffe consistently varied its tactics in its attempts to break through the RAF defences . It launched many Freie Jagd to draw up RAF fighters . RAF fighter controllers , however , were often able to detect these and position squadrons to avoid them , keeping to Dowding 's plan to preserve fighter strength for the bomber formations . The Luftwaffe also tried using small formations of bombers as bait , covering them with large numbers of escorts . This was more successful , but escort duty tied the fighters to the bombers ' slow speed and made them more vulnerable . Pattern of condensation trails left by British and German aircraft after a dogfight . By September , standard tactics for raids had become an amalgam of techniques . A Freie Jagd would precede the main attack formations . The bombers would fly in at altitudes between 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) and 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) , closely escorted by fighters . Escorts were divided into two parts ( usually Gruppen ) , some operating in close contact with the bombers , and others a few hundred yards away and a little above . If the formation was attacked from the starboard , the starboard section engaged the attackers , the top section moving to starboard and the port section to the top position . If the attack came from the port side the system was reversed . British fighters coming from the rear were engaged by the rear section and the two outside sections similarly moving to the rear . If the threat came from above , the top section went into action while the side sections gained height to be able to follow RAF fighters down as they broke away . If attacked , all sections flew in defensive circles . These tactics were skilfully evolved and carried out , and were difficult to counter . Adolf Galland , the successful leader of III. / JG 26 , became Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 on 22 August Adolf Galland noted : We had the impression that , whatever we did , we were bound to be wrong . Fighter protection for bombers created many problems which had to be solved in action . Bomber pilots preferred close screening in which their formation was surrounded by pairs of fighters pursuing a zigzag course . Obviously , the visible presence of the protective fighters gave the bomber pilots a greater sense of security . However , this was a faulty conclusion , because a fighter can only carry out this purely defensive task by taking the initiative in the offensive . He must never wait until attacked because he then loses the chance of acting . We fighter pilots certainly preferred the free chase during the approach and over the target area . This gives the greatest relief and the best protection for the bomber force . The biggest disadvantage faced by Bf 109 pilots was that without the benefit of long - range drop tanks ( which were introduced in limited numbers in the late stages of the battle ) , usually of 300 litres ( 66 imp gal ; 79 US gal ) capacity , the 109s had an endurance of just over an hour and , for the 109E , a 600 km ( 370 mi ) range . Once over Britain , a 109 pilot had to keep an eye on a red `` low fuel '' light on the instrument panel : once this was illuminated , he was forced to turn back and head for France . With the prospect of two long flights over water , and knowing their range was substantially reduced when escorting bombers or during combat , the Jagdflieger coined the term Kanalkrankheit or `` Channel sickness '' . Intelligence ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was ill - served by its lack of military intelligence about the British defences . The German intelligence services were fractured and plagued by rivalries ; their performance was `` amateurish '' . By 1940 , there were few German agents operating in Great Britain and a handful of bungled attempts to insert spies into the country were foiled . As a result of intercepted radio transmissions , the Germans began to realise that the RAF fighters were being controlled from ground facilities ; in July and August 1939 , for example , the airship Graf Zeppelin , which was packed with equipment for listening in on RAF radio and RDF transmissions , flew around the coasts of Britain . Although the Luftwaffe correctly interpreted these new ground control procedures , they were incorrectly assessed as being rigid and ineffectual . A British radar system was well known to the Luftwaffe from intelligence gathered before the war , but the highly developed `` Dowding system '' linked with fighter control had been a well - kept secret . Even when good information existed , such as a November 1939 Abwehr assessment of Fighter Command strengths and capabilities by Abteilung V , it was ignored if it did not match conventional preconceptions . On 16 July 1940 , Abteilung V , commanded by Oberstleutnant `` Beppo '' Schmid , produced a report on the RAF and on Britain 's defensive capabilities which was adopted by the frontline commanders as a basis for their operational plans . One of the most conspicuous failures of the report was the lack of information on the RAF 's RDF network and control systems capabilities ; it was assumed that the system was rigid and inflexible , with the RAF fighters being `` tied '' to their home bases . An optimistic and , as it turned out , erroneous conclusion reached was : D. Supply Situation ... At present the British aircraft industry produces about 180 to 300 first line fighters and 140 first line bombers a month . In view of the present conditions relating to production ( the appearance of raw material difficulties , the disruption or breakdown of production at factories owing to air attacks , the increased vulnerability to air attack owing to the fundamental reorganisation of the aircraft industry now in progress ) , it is believed that for the time being output will decrease rather than increase . In the event of an intensification of air warfare it is expected that the present strength of the RAF will fall , and this decline will be aggravated by the continued decrease in production . Because of this statement , reinforced by another more detailed report , issued on 10 August , there was a mindset in the ranks of the Luftwaffe that the RAF would run out of frontline fighters . The Luftwaffe believed it was weakening Fighter Command at three times the actual attrition rate . Many times , the leadership believed Fighter Command 's strength had collapsed , only to discover that the RAF were able to send up defensive formations at will . Throughout the battle , the Luftwaffe had to use numerous reconnaissance sorties to make up for the poor intelligence . Reconnaissance aircraft ( initially mostly Dornier Do 17s , but increasingly Bf 110s ) proved easy prey for British fighters , as it was seldom possible for them to be escorted by Bf 109s . Thus , the Luftwaffe operated `` blind '' for much of the battle , unsure of its enemy 's true strengths , capabilities , and deployments . Many of the Fighter Command airfields were never attacked , while raids against supposed fighter airfields fell instead on bomber or coastal defence stations . The results of bombing and air fighting were consistently exaggerated , due to inaccurate claims , over-enthusiastic reports and the difficulty of confirmation over enemy territory . In the euphoric atmosphere of perceived victory , the Luftwaffe leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality . This lack of leadership and solid intelligence meant the Germans did not adopt consistent strategy , even when the RAF had its back to the wall . Moreover , there was never a systematic focus on one type of target ( such as airbases , radar stations , or aircraft factories ) ; consequently , the already haphazard effort was further diluted . Navigational aids ( edit ) While the British were using radar for air defence more effectively than the Germans realised , the Luftwaffe attempted to press its own offensive with advanced radio navigation systems of which the British were initially not aware . One of these was Knickebein ( `` bent leg '' ) ; this system was used at night and for raids where precision was required . It was rarely used during the Battle of Britain . Air - sea rescue ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was much better prepared for the task of air - sea rescue than the RAF , specifically tasking the Seenotdienst unit , equipped with about 30 Heinkel He 59 floatplanes , with picking up downed aircrew from the North Sea , English Channel and the Dover Straits . In addition , Luftwaffe aircraft were equipped with life rafts and the aircrew were provided with sachets of a chemical called fluorescein which , on reacting with water , created a large , easy - to - see , bright green patch . In accordance with the Geneva Convention , the He 59s were unarmed and painted white with civilian registration markings and red crosses . Nevertheless , RAF aircraft attacked these aircraft , as some were escorted by Bf 109s . After single He 59s were forced to land on the sea by RAF fighters , on 1 and 9 July respectively , a controversial order was issued to the RAF on 13 July ; this stated that from 20 July , Seenotdienst aircraft were to be shot down . One of the reasons given by Churchill was : We did not recognise this means of rescuing enemy pilots so they could come and bomb our civil population again ... all German air ambulances were forced down or shot down by our fighters on definite orders approved by the War Cabinet . The British also believed that their crews would report on convoys , the Air Ministry issuing a communiqué to the German government on 14 July that Britain was unable , however , to grant immunity to such aircraft flying over areas in which operations are in progress on land or at sea , or approaching British or Allied territory , or territory in British occupation , or British or Allied ships . Ambulance aircraft which do not comply with the above will do so at their own risk and peril The white He 59s were soon repainted in camouflage colours and armed with defensive machine guns . Although another four He 59s were shot down by RAF aircraft , the Seenotdienst continued to pick up downed Luftwaffe and Allied aircrew throughout the battle , earning praise from Adolf Galland for their bravery . RAF strategy ( edit ) Commander - in - Chief , Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding 10 Group Commander , Sir Quintin Brand 11 Group Commander , Keith Park 12 Group Commander , Trafford Leigh - Mallory 13 Group Commander , Richard Saul The Dowding system ( edit ) Main article : Dowding system Chain Home radar cover During early tests of the Chain Home system , the slow flow of information from the CH radars and observers to the aircraft often caused them to miss their `` bandits '' . The solution , today known as the `` Dowding system '' , was to create a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters . It was named after its chief architect , `` Stuffy '' Dowding . Reports from CH radars and the Observer Corps were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters ( FCHQ ) at Bentley Priory where they were `` filtered '' to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks . Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters , where the map would be re-created . This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level , covering a much smaller area . Looking over their maps , Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets . From that point the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception , as well as return them to base . Sector stations also controlled the anti-aircraft batteries in their area ; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire . The Dowding system dramatically improved the speed and accuracy of the information that flowed to the pilots . During the early war period it was expected that an average interception mission might have a 30 % chance of ever seeing their target . During the battle , the Dowding system maintained an average rate over 75 % , with several examples of 100 % rates -- every fighter dispatched found and intercepted its target . In contrast , Luftwaffe fighters attempting to intercept raids had to randomly seek their targets and often returned home having never seen enemy aircraft . The result is what is now known as an example of `` force multiplication '' ; RAF fighters were as effective as two or more Luftwaffe fighters , greatly offsetting , or overturning , the disparity in actual numbers . Intelligence ( edit ) RAF and Luftwaffe bases , group and Luftflotte boundaries , and range of Luftwaffe Bf 109 fighters . Southern part of British radar coverage : radar in North of Scotland not shown . While Luftwaffe intelligence reports underestimated British fighter forces and aircraft production , the British intelligence estimates went the other way : they overestimated German aircraft production , numbers and range of aircraft available , and numbers of Luftwaffe pilots . In action , the Luftwaffe believed from their pilot claims and the impression given by aerial reconnaissance that the RAF was close to defeat , and the British made strenuous efforts to overcome the perceived advantages held by their opponents . It is unclear how much the British intercepts of the Enigma cipher , used for high - security German radio communications , affected the battle . Ultra , the information obtained from Enigma intercepts , gave the highest echelons of the British command a view of German intentions . According to F.W. Winterbotham , who was the senior Air Staff representative in the Secret Intelligence Service , Ultra helped establish the strength and composition of the Luftwaffe 's formations , the aims of the commanders and provided early warning of some raids . In early August it was decided that a small unit would be set up at FCHQ , which would process the flow of information from Bletchley and provide Dowding only with the most essential Ultra material ; thus the Air Ministry did not have to send a continual flow of information to FCHQ , preserving secrecy , and Dowding was not inundated with non-essential information . Keith Park and his controllers were also told about Ultra . In a further attempt to camouflage the existence of Ultra , Dowding created a unit named No. 421 ( Reconnaissance ) Flight RAF . This unit ( which later became No. 91 Squadron RAF ) , was equipped with Hurricanes and Spitfires and sent out aircraft to search for and report Luftwaffe formations approaching England . In addition the radio listening service ( known as Y Service ) , monitoring the patterns of Luftwaffe radio traffic contributed considerably to the early warning of raids . Air - sea rescue ( edit ) Main article : Royal Air Force Marine Branch One of the biggest oversights of the entire system was the lack of adequate air - sea rescue organisation . The RAF had started organising a system in 1940 with High Speed Launches ( HSLs ) based on flying boat bases and at a number of overseas locations , but it was still believed that the amount of cross-Channel traffic meant that there was no need for a rescue service to cover these areas . Downed pilots and aircrew , it was hoped , would be picked up by any boats or ships which happened to be passing by . Otherwise the local life boat would be alerted , assuming someone had seen the pilot going into the water . RAF aircrew were issued with a life jacket , nicknamed the `` Mae West , '' but in 1940 it still required manual inflation , which was almost impossible for someone who was injured or in shock . The waters of the English Channel and Dover Straits are cold , even in the middle of summer , and clothing issued to RAF aircrew did little to insulate them against these freezing conditions . The RAF also imitated the German practice of issuing fluorescein . A conference in 1939 had placed air - sea rescue under Coastal Command . Because a number of pilots had been lost at sea during the `` Channel Battle '' , on 22 August , control of RAF rescue launches was passed to the local naval authorities and 12 Lysanders were given to Fighter Command to help look for pilots at sea . In all some 200 pilots and aircrew were lost at sea during the battle . No proper air - sea rescue service was formed until 1941 . Tactics ( edit ) X4474 , a late production Mk I Spitfire of 19 Squadron , September 1940 . During the battle 19 Squadron was part of the Duxford Wing Fighter formations ( edit ) In the late 1930s , Fighter Command expected to face only bombers over Britain , not single - engined fighters . A series of `` Fighting Area Tactics '' were formulated and rigidly adhered to , involving a series of manoeuvres designed to concentrate a squadron 's firepower to bring down bombers . RAF fighters flew in tight , v - shaped sections ( `` vics '' ) of three aircraft , with four such `` sections '' in tight formation . Only the squadron leader at the front was free to watch for the enemy ; the other pilots had to concentrate on keeping station . Training also emphasised by - the - book attacks by sections breaking away in sequence . Fighter Command recognised the weaknesses of this structure early in the battle , but it was felt too risky to change tactics during the battle , because replacement pilots -- often with only minimal flying time -- could not be readily retrained , and inexperienced pilots needed firm leadership in the air only rigid formations could provide . German pilots dubbed the RAF formations Idiotenreihen ( `` rows of idiots '' ) because they left squadrons vulnerable to attack . Front line RAF pilots were acutely aware of the inherent deficiencies of their own tactics . A compromise was adopted whereby squadron formations used much looser formations with one or two `` weavers '' flying independently above and behind to provide increased observation and rear protection ; these tended to be the least experienced men and were often the first to be shot down without the other pilots even noticing that they were under attack . During the battle , 74 Squadron under Squadron Leader Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan adopted a variation of the German formation called the `` fours in line astern '' , which was a vast improvement on the old three aircraft `` vic '' . Malan 's formation was later generally used by Fighter Command . Squadron - and higher - level deployment ( edit ) The weight of the battle fell upon 11 Group . Keith Park 's tactics were to dispatch individual squadrons to intercept raids . The intention was to subject incoming bombers to continual attacks by relatively small numbers of fighters and try to break up the tight German formations . Once formations had fallen apart , stragglers could be picked off one by one . Where multiple squadrons reached a raid the procedure was for the slower Hurricanes to tackle the bombers while the more agile Spitfires held up the fighter escort . This ideal was not always achieved , resulting in occasions when Spitfires and Hurricanes reversed roles . Park also issued instructions to his units to engage in frontal attacks against the bombers , which were more vulnerable to such attacks . Again , in the environment of fast moving , three - dimensional air battles , few RAF fighter units were able to attack the bombers from head - on . During the battle , some commanders , notably Leigh - Mallory , proposed squadrons be formed into `` Big Wings , '' consisting of at least three squadrons , to attack the enemy en masse , a method pioneered by Douglas Bader . Douglas Bader commanded 242 Squadron during the battle . He also led the Duxford Wing . Proponents of this tactic claimed interceptions in large numbers caused greater enemy losses while reducing their own casualties . Opponents pointed out the big wings would take too long to form up , and the strategy ran a greater risk of fighters being caught on the ground refuelling . The big wing idea also caused pilots to overclaim their kills , due to the confusion of a more intense battle zone . This led to the belief big wings were far more effective than they were . The issue caused intense friction between Park and Leigh - Mallory , as 12 Group was tasked with protecting 11 Group 's airfields whilst Park 's squadrons intercepted incoming raids . However , the delay in forming up Big Wings meant the formations often did not arrive at all or until after German bombers had hit 11 Group 's airfields . Dowding , to highlight the problem of the Big Wing 's performance , submitted a report compiled by Park to the Air Ministry on 15 November . In the report , he highlighted that during the period of 11 September -- 31 October , the extensive use of the Big Wing had resulted in just 10 interceptions and one German aircraft destroyed , but his report was ignored . Post-war analysis agrees Dowding and Park 's approach was best for 11 Group . Dowding 's removal from his post in November 1940 has been blamed on this struggle between Park and Leigh - Mallory 's daylight strategy . However , the intensive raids and destruction wrought during the Blitz damaged both Dowding and Park in particular , for the failure to produce an effective night - fighter defence system , something for which the influential Leigh - Mallory had long criticised them . Bomber and Coastal Command contributions ( edit ) A Bristol Blenheim Mk IV of 21 Squadron . The Blenheim bomber units of Bomber and Coastal Commands bore heavy casualties while undertaking a number of tasks during the battle . Bomber Command and Coastal Command aircraft flew offensive sorties against targets in Germany and France during the battle . An hour after the declaration of war , Bomber Command launched raids on warships and naval ports by day , and in night raids dropped leaflets as it was considered illegal to bomb targets which could affect civilians . After the initial disasters of the war , with Vickers Wellington bombers shot down in large numbers attacking Wilhelmshaven and the slaughter of the Fairey Battle squadrons sent to France , it became clear that they would have to operate mainly at night to avoid incurring very high losses . Churchill came to power on 10 May 1940 , and night raids on German towns began with the bombing of Mönchen - Gladbach on the night of 11 May . The War Cabinet on 12 May agreed that German actions justified `` unrestricted warfare '' , and on 14 May they authorised an attack on the night of 14 / 15 May against oil and rail targets in Germany . At the urging of Clement Attlee , the Cabinet on 15 May authorised a full bombing strategy against `` suitable military objectives '' , even where there could be civilian casualties . That evening , a night time bomber campaign began against the German oil industry , communications , and forests / crops , mainly in the Ruhr area . The RAF lacked accurate night navigation , and carried small bomb loads . As the threat mounted , Bomber Command changed targeting priority on 3 June 1940 to attack the German aircraft industry . On 4 July , the Air Ministry gave Bomber Command orders to attack ports and shipping . By September , the build - up of invasion barges in the Channel ports had become a top priority target . On 7 September , the government issued a warning that the invasion could be expected within the next few days and , that night , Bomber Command attacked the Channel ports and supply dumps . On 13 September , they carried out another large raid on the Channel ports , sinking 80 large barges in the port of Ostend. 84 barges were sunk in Dunkirk after another raid on 17 September and by 19 September , almost 200 barges had been sunk . The loss of these barges may have contributed to Hitler 's decision to postpone Operation Sea Lion indefinitely . The success of these raids was in part because the Germans had few Freya radar stations set up in France , so that air defences of the French harbours were not nearly as good as the air defences over Germany ; Bomber Command had directed some 60 % of its strength against the Channel ports . Wellington crews studying maps at a briefing with the station commander , September 1940 The Bristol Blenheim units also raided German - occupied airfields throughout July to December 1940 , both during daylight hours and at night . Although most of these raids were unproductive , there were some successes ; on 1 August , five out of twelve Blenheims sent to attack Haamstede and Evere ( Brussels ) were able to bomb , destroying or heavily damaging three Bf 109s of II. / JG 27 and apparently killing a Staffelkapitän identified as a Hauptmann Albrecht von Ankum - Frank . Two other 109s were claimed by Blenheim gunners . Another successful raid on Haamstede was made by a single Blenheim on 7 August which destroyed one 109 of 4. / JG 54 , heavily damaged another and caused lighter damage to four more . German invasion barges waiting at Boulogne Harbour , France during the Battle of Britain There were some missions which produced an almost 100 % casualty rate amongst the Blenheims ; one such operation was mounted on 13 August 1940 against a Luftwaffe airfield near Aalborg in north - eastern Denmark by 12 aircraft of 82 Squadron . One Blenheim returned early ( the pilot was later charged and due to appear before a court martial , but was killed on another operation ) ; the other eleven , which reached Denmark , were shot down , five by flak and six by Bf 109s . Of the 33 crewmen who took part in the attack , 20 were killed and 13 captured . As well as the bombing operations , Blenheim - equipped units had been formed to carry out long - range strategic reconnaissance missions over Germany and German - occupied territories . In this role , the Blenheims again proved to be too slow and vulnerable against Luftwaffe fighters , and they took constant casualties . Coastal Command directed its attention towards the protection of British shipping , and the destruction of enemy shipping . As invasion became more likely , it participated in the strikes on French harbours and airfields , laying mines , and mounting numerous reconnaissance missions over the enemy - held coast . In all , some 9,180 sorties were flown by bombers from July to October 1940 . Although this was much less than the 80,000 sorties flown by fighters , bomber crews suffered about half the total number of casualties borne by their fighter colleagues . The bomber contribution was , therefore , much more dangerous on a loss - per - sortie comparison . Bomber , reconnaissance , and antisubmarine patrol operations continued throughout these months with little respite and none of the publicity accorded to Fighter Command . In his famous 20 August speech about `` The Few '' , praising Fighter Command , Churchill also made a point of mentioning Bomber Command 's contribution , adding that bombers were even then striking back at Germany ; this part of the speech is often overlooked , even today . The Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey lists in a roll of honour , 718 Bomber Command crew members , and 280 from Coastal Command who were killed between 10 July and 31 October . Bomber and Coastal Command attacks against invasion barge concentrations in Channel ports were widely reported by the British media during September and October 1940 . In what became known as ' the Battle of the Barges ' RAF attacks were claimed in British propaganda to have sunk large numbers of barges , and to have created widespread chaos and disruption to German invasion preparations . Given the volume of British propaganda interest in these bomber attacks during September and earlier October , it is striking how quickly this was overlooked once the Battle of Britain had been concluded . Even by mid-war the bomber pilots ' efforts had been largely eclipsed by a continuing focus on the Few , this a result of the Air Ministry 's continuing valorisation of the '' fighter boys '' , beginning with the March 1941 Battle of Britain propaganda pamphlet . Phases of the Battle ( edit ) German Heinkel He 111 bombers over the English Channel 1940 The battle covered a shifting geographical area , and there have been differing opinions on significant dates : when the Air Ministry proposed 8 August as the start , Dowding responded that operations `` merged into one another almost insensibly '' , and proposed 10 July as the onset of increased attacks . With the caution that phases drifted into each other and dates are not firm , the Royal Air Force Museum states that five main phases can be identified : 26 June -- 16 July : Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) , scattered small scale probing attacks both day and night , armed reconnaissance and mine - laying sorties . From 4 July , daylight Kanalkampf ( `` the Channel battles '' ) against shipping . 17 July -- 12 August : daylight Kanalkampf attacks on shipping intensify through this period , increased attacks on ports and coastal airfields , night raids on RAF and aircraft manufacturing . 13 August -- 6 September : Adlerangriff ( `` Eagle Attack '' ) , the main assault ; attempt to destroy the RAF in southern England , including massive daylight attacks on RAF airfields , followed from 19 August by heavy night bombing of ports and industrial cities , including suburbs of London . 7 September -- 2 October : the Blitz commences , main focus day and night attacks on London . 3 -- 31 October : large scale night bombing raids , mostly on London ; daylight attacks now confined to small scale fighter - bomber Störangriffe raids luring RAF fighters into dogfights . Small scale raids ( edit ) The RAF night bombing campaign against military objectives in German towns began on 11 May . The small forces available were given ambitious objectives , but lacked night navigation capability and their isolated inaccurate attacks were thought by the Germans to be intended to terrorise civilians . From 4 July the RAF achieved some successes with raids on Channel ports , anticipating the build up for an invasion . Following Germany 's rapid territorial gains in the Battle of France , the Luftwaffe had to reorganise its forces , set up bases along the coast , and rebuild after heavy losses . It began small scale bombing raids on Britain on the night of 5 / 6 June , and continued sporadic attacks throughout June and July . The first large - scale attack was at night , on 18 / 19 June , when small raids scattered between Yorkshire and Kent involved in total 100 bombers . These Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) which involved only a few aeroplanes , sometimes just one , were used to train bomber crews in both day and night attacks , to test defences and try out methods , with most flights at night . They found that , rather than carrying small numbers of large high explosive bombs , it was more effective to use more small bombs , similarly incendiaries had to cover a large area to set effective fires . These training flights continued through August and into the first week of September . Against this , the raids also gave the British time to assess the German tactics , and invaluable time for the RAF fighters and anti-aircraft defences to prepare and gain practice . Interior of RAF Fighter Command 's Sector ' G ' Operations Room at Duxford , 1940 The attacks were widespread : over the night of 30 June alarms were set off in 20 counties by just 20 bombers , then next day the first daylight raids occurred during 1 July , on both Hull in Yorkshire and Wick , Caithness . On 3 July most flights were reconnaissance sorties , but 15 civilians were killed when bombs hit Guildford in Surrey . Numerous small Störangriffe raids , both day and night , were made daily through August , September and into the winter , with aims including bringing RAF fighters up to battle , destruction of specific military and economic targets , and setting off air - raid warnings to affect civilian morale : four major air - raids in August involved hundreds of bombers , in the same month 1,062 small raids were made , spread across the whole of Britain . Channel battles ( edit ) The Kanalkampf comprised a series of running fights over convoys in the English Channel . It was launched partly because Kesselring and Sperrle were not sure about what else to do , and partly because it gave German aircrews some training and a chance to probe the British defences . Dowding could provide only minimal shipping protection , and these battles off the coast tended to favour the Germans , whose bomber escorts had the advantage of altitude and outnumbered the RAF fighters . From 9 July reconnaissance probing by Dornier Do 17 bombers put a severe strain on RAF pilots and machines , with high RAF losses to Bf 109s . When nine 141 Squadron Defiants went into action on 19 July six were lost to Bf 109s before a squadron of Hurricanes intervened . On 25 July a coal convoy and escorting destroyers suffered such heavy losses to attacks by Stuka dive bombers that the Admiralty decided convoys should travel at night : the RAF shot down 16 raiders but lost 7 aircraft . By 8 August 18 coal ships and 4 destroyers had been sunk , but the Navy was determined to send a convoy of 20 ships through rather than move the coal by railway . After repeated Stuka attacks that day , six ships were badly damaged , four were sunk and only four reached their destination . The RAF lost 19 fighters and shot down 31 German aircraft . The Navy now cancelled all further convoys through the Channel and sent the cargo by rail . Even so , these early combat encounters provided both sides with experience . Main assault ( edit ) The main attack upon the RAF 's defences was code - named Adlerangriff ( `` Eagle Attack '' ) . Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated , and raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down . The strategy agreed on 6 August was to destroy RAF Fighter Command across the south of England in four days , then bombing of military and economic targets was to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain , culminating in a major bombing attack on London . Assault on RAF : radar and airfields ( edit ) East Coast Chain Home radar station Poor weather delayed Adlertag ( `` Eagle Day '' ) until 13 August 1940 . On 12 August , the first attempt was made to blind the Dowding system , when aircraft from the specialist fighter - bomber unit Erprobungsgruppe 210 attacked four radar stations . Three were briefly taken off the air but were back working within six hours . The raids appeared to show that British radars were difficult to knock out . The failure to mount follow - up attacks allowed the RAF to get the stations back on the air , and the Luftwaffe neglected strikes on the supporting infrastructure , such as phone lines and power stations , which could have rendered the radars useless , even if the towers themselves ( which were very difficult to destroy ) remained intact . Adlertag opened with a series of attacks , led again by Epro 210 , on coastal airfields used as forward landing grounds for the RAF fighters , as well as ' satellite airfields ' ( including Manston and Hawkinge ) . As the week drew on , the airfield attacks moved further inland , and repeated raids were made on the radar chain . 15 August was `` The Greatest Day '' when the Luftwaffe mounted the largest number of sorties of the campaign . Luftflotte 5 attacked the north of England . Believing Fighter Command strength to be concentrated in the south , raiding forces from Denmark and Norway ran into unexpectedly strong resistance . Inadequately escorted by Bf 110s , bombers were shot down in large numbers . North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt 110s , and RAF Great Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers 88s . Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent , 75 planes were destroyed and many others damaged beyond repair . Furthermore , due to early engagement by RAF fighters many of the bombers dropped their payloads ineffectively early . As a result of these casualties , Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign . Czechoslovak fighter pilots of No. 310 Squadron RAF at RAF Duxford in 1940 18 August , which had the greatest number of casualties to both sides , has been dubbed `` The Hardest Day '' . Following this grinding battle , exhaustion and the weather reduced operations for most of a week , allowing the Luftwaffe to review their performance . `` The Hardest Day '' had sounded the end for the Ju 87 in the campaign . This veteran of Blitzkrieg was too vulnerable to fighters to operate over Britain . So as to preserve the Stuka force , Göring withdrew them from the fighting . This removed the main Luftwaffe precision - bombing weapon and shifted the burden of pinpoint attacks on the already - stretched Erpro 210 . The Bf 110 proved too clumsy for dogfighting with single - engined fighters , and its participation was scaled back . It would only be used when range required it or when sufficient single - engined escort could not be provided for the bombers . Pilots of No. 19 Squadron RAF relax in the crew room at RAF Fowlmere , 1940 Göring made yet another fateful decision : to order more bomber escorts at the expense of free - hunting sweeps . To achieve this , the weight of the attack now fell on Luftflotte 2 , and the bulk of the Bf 109s in Luftflotte 3 were transferred to Kesselring 's command , reinforcing the fighter bases in the Pas - de-Calais . Stripped of its fighters , Luftflotte 3 would concentrate on the night bombing campaign . Göring , expressing disappointment with the fighter performance thus far in the campaign , also made sweeping changes in the command structure of the fighter units , replacing many Geschwaderkommodore with younger , more aggressive pilots like Adolf Galland and Werner Mölders . Finally , Göring stopped the attacks on the radar chain . These were seen as unsuccessful , and neither the Reichsmarschall nor his subordinates realised how vital the Chain Home stations were to the defence systems . It was known that radar provided some early warning of raids , but the belief among German fighter pilots was that anything bringing up the `` Tommies '' to fight was to be encouraged . Raids on British cities ( edit ) On the afternoon of 15 August , Hauptmann Walter Rubensdörffer leading Erprobungsgruppe 210 mistakenly bombed Croydon airfield ( on the outskirts of London ) instead of the intended target , RAF Kenley . German intelligence reports made the Luftwaffe optimistic that the RAF , thought to be dependent on local air control , was struggling with supply problems and pilot losses . After a major raid attacking Biggin Hill on 18 August , Luftwaffe aircrew said they had been unopposed , the airfield was `` completely destroyed '' , and asked `` Is England already finished ? '' In accordance with the strategy agreed on 6 August , defeat of the RAF was to be followed by bombing military and economic targets , systematically extending up to the Midlands . Göring ordered attacks on aircraft factories on 19 August 1940 . Sixty raids on the night of 19 / 20 August targeted the aircraft industry and harbours , and bombs fell on suburban areas around London : Croydon , Wimbledon and the Maldens . Night raids were made on 21 / 22 August on Aberdeen , Bristol and South Wales . That morning , bombs were dropped on Harrow and Wealdstone , on the outskirts of London . Overnight on 22 / 23 August , the output of an aircraft factory at Filton near Bristol was drastically affected by a raid in which Ju88 bombers released over 16 tons of high explosive bombs . On the night of 23 / 24 August over 200 bombers attacked the Fort Dunlop tyre factory in Birmingham , with a significant effect on production . A sustained bombing campaign began on 24 August with the largest raid so far , killing 100 in Portsmouth , and that night , several areas of London were bombed ; the East End was set ablaze and bombs landed on central London . Some historians believe that these bombs were dropped accidentally by a group of Heinkel He 111s which had failed to find their target ; this account has been contested . More night raids were made around London on 24 / 25 August , when bombs fell on Croydon , Banstead , Lewisham , Uxbridge , Harrow and Hayes . London was on red alert over the night of 28 / 29 August , with bombs reported in Finchley , St Pancras , Wembley , Wood Green , Southgate , Old Kent Road , Mill Hill , Ilford , Chigwell and Hendon . Attacks on airfields from 24 August ( edit ) Polish 303 squadron pilots , 1940 . Left to right : P / O Ferić , Flt Lt Kent , F / O Grzeszczak , P / O Radomski , P / O Zumbach , P / O Łokuciewski , F / O Henneberg , Sgt . Rogowski , Sgt . Szaposznikow . Göring 's directive issued on 23 August 1940 ordered ceaseless attacks on the aircraft industry and on RAF ground organisation to force the RAF to use its fighters , continuing the tactic of luring them up to be destroyed , and added that focussed attacks were to be made on RAF airfields . From 24 August onwards , the battle was a fight between Kesselring 's Luftflotte 2 and Park 's 11 Group . The Luftwaffe concentrated all their strength on knocking out Fighter Command and made repeated attacks on the airfields . Of the 33 heavy attacks in the following two weeks , 24 were against airfields . The key sector stations were hit repeatedly : Biggin Hill and Hornchurch four times each ; Debden and North Weald twice each . Croydon , Gravesend , Rochford , Hawkinge and Manston were also attacked in strength . Coastal Command 's Eastchurch was bombed at least seven times because it was believed to be a Fighter Command aerodrome . At times these raids caused some damage to the sector stations , threatening the integrity of the Dowding system . To offset some losses , some 58 Fleet Air Arm fighter pilot volunteers were seconded to RAF squadrons , and a similar number of former Fairey Battle pilots were used . Most replacements from Operational Training Units ( OTUs ) had as little as nine hours flying time and no gunnery or air - to - air combat training . At this point , the multinational nature of Fighter Command came to the fore . Many squadrons and personnel from the air forces of the Dominions were already attached to the RAF , including top level commanders -- Australians , Canadians , New Zealanders , Rhodesians and South Africans . In addition , there were other nationalities represented , including Free French , Belgian and a Jewish pilot from the British mandate of Palestine . They were bolstered by the arrival of fresh Czechoslovak and Polish squadrons . These had been held back by Dowding , who mistakenly thought non-English speaking aircrew would have trouble working within his control system : Polish and Czech fliers proved to be especially effective . The pre-war Polish Air Force had lengthy and extensive training , and high standards ; with Poland conquered and under brutal German occupation , the pilots of No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron , the highest - scoring Allied unit , were strongly motivated . Josef František , a Czech regular airman who had flown from the occupation of his own country to join the Polish and then French air forces before arriving in Britain , flew as a guest of 303 Squadron and was ultimately credited with the highest `` RAF score '' in the Battle of Britain . The RAF had the advantage of fighting over home territory . Pilots who bailed out of their downed aircraft could be back at their airfields within hours , while if low on fuel and / or ammunition they could be immediately rearmed . One RAF pilot interviewed in late 1940 had been shot down five times during the Battle of Britain , but was able to crash land in Britain or bail out each time . For Luftwaffe aircrews , a bailout over England meant capture -- in the critical August period , almost exactly as many Luftwaffe pilots were taken prisoner as were killed -- while parachuting into the English Channel often meant drowning or death from exposure . Morale began to suffer , and ( Kanalkrankheit ) ( `` Channel sickness '' ) -- a form of combat fatigue -- began to appear among the German pilots . Their replacement problem became even worse than the British . Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF ( edit ) The effect of the German attacks on airfields is unclear . According to Stephen Bungay , Dowding , in a letter to Hugh Trenchard accompanying Park 's report on the period 8 August -- 10 September 1940 , states that the Luftwaffe `` achieved very little '' in the last week of August and the first week of September . The only Sector Station to be shut down operationally was Biggin Hill , and it was non-operational for just two hours . Dowding admitted 11 Group 's efficiency was impaired but , despite serious damage to some airfields , only two out of 13 heavily attacked airfields were down for more than a few hours . The German refocus on London was not critical . Retired air marshal Peter Dye , head of the RAF Museum , discussed the logistics of the battle in 2000 and 2010 , dealing specifically with the single - seat fighters . Dye contends that not only was British aircraft production replacing aircraft , but replacement pilots were keeping pace with losses . The number of pilots in RAF Fighter Command increased during July , August and September . The figures indicate the number of pilots available never decreased : from July 1,200 were available , and from 1 August , 1,400 were available . Just over that number were in the field by September . In October the figure was nearly 1,600 . By 1 November 1,800 were available . Throughout the battle , the RAF had more fighter pilots available than the Luftwaffe . Although the RAF 's reserves of single seat fighters fell during July , the wastage was made up for by an efficient Civilian Repair Organisation ( CRO ) , which by December had repaired and put back into service some 4,955 aircraft , and by aircraft held at Air Servicing Unit ( ASU ) airfields . Pilots of No. 66 Squadron at Gravesend , September 1940 Richard Overy agrees with Dye and Bungay . Overy asserts only one airfield was temporarily put out of action and `` only '' 103 pilots were lost . British fighter production produced 496 new aircraft in July and 467 in August , and another 467 in September ( not counting repaired aircraft ) , covering the losses of August and September . Overy indicates the number of serviceable and total strength returns reveal an increase in fighters from 3 August to 7 September , 1,061 on strength and 708 serviceable to 1,161 on strength and 746 serviceable . Moreover , Overy points out that the number of RAF fighter pilots grew by one - third between June and August 1940 . Personnel records show a constant supply of around 1,400 pilots in the crucial weeks of the battle . In the second half of September it reached 1,500 . The shortfall of pilots was never above 10 % . The Germans never had more than between 1,100 and 1,200 pilots , a deficiency of up to one - third . `` If Fighter Command were ' the few ' , the German fighter pilots were fewer '' . Other scholars assert that this period was the most dangerous of all . In The Narrow Margin , published in 1961 , historians Derek Wood and Derek Dempster believed that the two weeks from 24 August to 6 September represented a real danger . According to them , from 24 August to 6 September 295 fighters had been totally destroyed and 171 badly damaged , against a total output of 269 new and repaired Spitfires and Hurricanes . They assert that 103 pilots were killed or missing and 128 were wounded , which represented a total wastage of 120 pilots per week out of a fighting strength of just fewer than 1,000 . They conclude that during August no more than 260 fighter pilots were turned out by OTUs and casualties in the same month were just over 300 . A full squadron establishment was 26 pilots whereas the average in August was 16 . In their assessment , the RAF was losing the battle . Denis Richards , in his 1953 contribution to the official British account History of the Second World War , agreed that lack of pilots , especially experienced ones , was the RAF 's greatest problem . He states that between 8 and 18 August 154 RAF pilots were killed , severely wounded , or missing , while only 63 new pilots were trained . Availability of aircraft was also a serious issue . While its reserves during the Battle of Britain never declined to a half dozen planes as some later claimed , Richards describes 24 August to 6 September as the critical period because during these two weeks Germany destroyed far more aircraft through its attacks on 11 Group 's southeast bases than Britain was producing . Three more weeks of such a pace would indeed have exhausted aircraft reserves . Germany had seen heavy losses of pilots and aircraft as well however , thus its shift to night - time attacks in September . On 7 September RAF aircraft losses fell below British production and remained so until the end of the war . Day and night attacks on London : start of the Blitz ( edit ) Main articles : The Blitz and Battle of Britain Day Calais , September 1940 . Göring giving a speech to pilots about the change in tactics : to bomb London instead of the airfields Hitler 's `` Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England '' issued on 1 August 1940 , reserved to himself the right to decide on terror attacks as measures of reprisal . Hitler issued a directive that London was not to be bombed save on his sole instruction . In preparation , detailed target plans under the code name Operation Loge for raids on communications , power stations , armaments works and docks in the Port of London were distributed to the Fliegerkorps in July . The port areas were crowded next to residential housing and civilian casualties would be expected , but this would combine military and economic targets with indirect effects on morale . The strategy agreed on 6 August was for raids on military and economic targets in towns and cities to culminate in a major attack on London . In mid August raids were made on targets on the outskirts of London . Luftwaffe doctrine included the possibility of retaliatory attacks on cities , and since 11 May small scale night raids by RAF Bomber Command had frequently bombed residential areas . The Germans assumed this was deliberate , and as the raids increased in frequency and scale the population grew impatient for measures of revenge . On 25 August 1940 , 81 bombers of Bomber Command were sent out to raid industrial and commercial targets in Berlin . Clouds prevented accurate identification and the bombs fell across the city , causing some casualties among the civilian population as well as damage to residential areas . Continuing RAF raids on Berlin led to Hitler withdrawing his directive on 30 August , and giving the go - ahead to the planned bombing offensive . On 3 September Göring planned to bomb London daily , with General Albert Kesselring 's enthusiastic support , having received reports the average strength of RAF squadrons was down to five or seven fighters out of twelve and their airfields in the area were out of action . Hitler issued a directive on 5 September to attack cities including London . In his widely publicised speech delivered on 4 September 1940 , Hitler condemned the bombing of Berlin and presented the planned attacks on London as reprisals . The first daylight raid was titled Vergeltungsangriff ( revenge attack ) . On 7 September , a massive series of raids involving nearly four hundred bombers and more than six hundred fighters targeted docks in the East End of London , day and night . The RAF anticipated attacks on airfields and 11 Group rose to meet them , in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected . The first official deployment of 12 Group 's Leigh - Mallory 's Big Wing took twenty minutes to form up , missing its intended target , but encountering another formation of bombers while still climbing . They returned , apologetic about their limited success , and blamed the delay on being scrambled too late . Air - raid shelter in London , 1940 The German press jubilantly announced that `` one great cloud of smoke stretches tonight from the middle of London to the mouth of the Thames . '' Reports reflected the briefings given to crews before the raids -- `` Everyone knew about the last cowardly attacks on German cities , and thought about wives , mothers and children . And then came that word ' Vengeance ! ' '' Pilots reported seeing ruined airfields as they flew towards London , appearances which gave intelligence reports the impression of devastated defences . Göring maintained that the RAF was close to defeat , making invasion feasible . Fighter Command had been at its lowest ebb , short of men and machines , and the break from airfield attacks allowed them to recover . 11 Group had considerable success in breaking up daytime raids. 12 Group repeatedly disobeyed orders and failed to meet requests to protect 11 Group airfields , but their experiments with increasingly large Big Wings had some success . The Luftwaffe began to abandon their morning raids , with attacks on London starting late in the afternoon for fifty - seven consecutive nights . Members of the London Auxiliary Firefighting Service The most damaging aspect to the Luftwaffe of targeting London was the increase in range . The Bf 109E escorts had a limited fuel capacity resulting in only a 660 km ( 410 mile ) maximum range solely on internal fuel , and when they arrived had only 10 minutes of flying time before turning for home , leaving the bombers undefended by fighter escorts . Its eventual stablemate , the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A , was flying only in prototype form in the summer of 1940 ; the first 28 Fw 190s were not delivered until November 1940 . The Fw 190A - 1 had a maximum range of 940 km ( 584 miles ) on internal fuel , 40 % greater than the Bf 109E . The Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-7 corrected this deficiency by adding a ventral centre - line ordnance rack to take either an SC 250 bomb or a standard 300 litre Luftwaffe drop tank to double the range to 1,325 km ( 820 mi ) . The ordnance rack was not retrofitted to earlier Bf 109Es until October 1940 . On 14 September , Hitler chaired a meeting with the OKW staff . Göring was in France directing the decisive battle , so Erhard Milch deputised for him . Hitler asked `` Should we call it off altogether ? '' . General Hans Jeschonnek , Luftwaffe Chief of Staff , begged for a last chance to defeat the RAF and for permission to launch attacks on civilian residential areas to cause mass panic . Hitler refused the latter , perhaps unaware of how much damage had already been done to civilian targets . He reserved for himself the power to unleash the terror weapon . Instead political will was to be broken by destroying the material infrastructure , the weapons industry , and stocks of fuel and food . Zehbe 's Dornier falling on Victoria Station after being rammed by Ray Holmes , 15 September 1940 On 15 September , two massive waves of German attacks were decisively repulsed by the RAF by deploying every aircraft in 11 Group . Sixty German and 26 RAF aircraft were shot down . Two days after the German defeat Hitler postponed preparations for the invasion of Britain . Henceforth , in the face of mounting losses in men , aircraft and the lack of adequate replacements , the Luftwaffe completed their gradual shift from daylight bomber raids and continued with nighttime bombing . 15 September is commemorated as Battle of Britain Day . Night time Blitz , fighter - bomber day raids ( edit ) Main article : The Blitz At the 14 September OKW conference , Hitler acknowledged that the Luftwaffe had still not gained the air superiority needed for the Operation Sealion invasion . In agreement with Raeder 's written recommendation , Hitler said the campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans : `` The decisive thing is the ceaseless continuation of air attacks . '' Jeschonnek proposed attacking residential areas to cause `` mass panic '' , but Hitler turned this down : he reserved to himself the option of terror bombing . British morale was to be broken by destroying infrastructure , armaments manufacturing , fuel and food stocks . On 16 September , Göring gave the order for this change in strategy . This new phase was to be the first independent strategic bombing campaign , in hopes of a political success forcing the British to give up . Hitler hoped it might result in `` eight million going mad '' ( referring to the population of London in 1940 ) , which would `` cause a catastrophe '' for the British . In those circumstances , Hitler said , `` even a small invasion might go a long way '' . Hitler was against cancelling the invasion as `` the cancellation would reach the ears of the enemy and strengthen his resolve '' . On 19 September , Hitler ordered a reduction in work on Sealion . He doubted if strategic bombing could achieve its aims , but ending the air war would be an open admission of defeat . He had to maintain the appearance of concentration on defeating Britain , to conceal from Joseph Stalin his covert aim to invade the Soviet Union . Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of 609 Squadron , flown by Flight Lieutenant JHG McArthur , hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter . These aircraft were part of a large formation from KG 53 and 55 which attacked the Bristol Aeroplane Company 's works at Filton , Bristol , just before midday on 25 September 1940 . Throughout the battle , most Luftwaffe bombing raids had been at night . They increasingly suffered unsustainable losses in daylight raids , and the last massive daytime attacks were on 15 September . A raid of 70 bombers on 18 September also suffered badly , and day raids were gradually phased out leaving the main attacks at night . Fighter command still lacked any successful way of intercepting night - time raiders , the night fighter force was mostly Blenheims and Beaufighters , and lacked airborne radar so had no way of finding the bombers . Anti-aircraft guns were diverted to London 's defences , but had a much reduced success rate against night attacks . From mid September , Luftwaffe daylight bombing was gradually taken over by a Bf 109 fighters , adapted to take one 250 kg bomb . Small groups of fighter - bombers would carry out Störangriffe raids escorted by large escort formations of about 200 to 300 combat fighters . They flew at altitudes over 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) where the Bf109 had an advantage over RAF fighters , except the Spitfire . The raids disturbed civilians , and continued the war of attrition against Fighter Command . The raids were intended to carry out precision bombing on military or economic targets , but it was hard to achieve sufficient accuracy with the single bomb . Sometimes , when attacked , the fighter - bombers had to jettison the bomb to function as fighters . The RAF was at a disadvantage , and changed defensive tactics by introducing standing patrols of Spitfires at high altitude to monitor incoming raids . On a sighting , other patrols at lower altitude would fly up to join the battle . A Junkers Ju 88 returning from a raid on London was shot down in Kent on 27 September resulting in the Battle of Graveney Marsh , the last action between British and foreign military forces on British mainland soil . German bombing of Britain reached its peak in October and November 1940 . In post war interrogation , Wilhelm Keitel described the aims as economic blockade , in conjunction with submarine warfare , and attrition of Britain 's military and economic resources . The Luftwaffe wanted to achieve victory on its own , and was reluctant to cooperate with the navy . Their strategy for blockade was to destroy ports and storage facilities in towns and cities . Priorities were based on the pattern of trade and distribution , so for these months London was the main target . In November their attention turned to other ports and industrial targets around Britain . Hitler postponed the Sealion invasion on 13 October `` until the spring of 1941 '' . It was not until Hitler 's Directive 21 was issued , on 18 December 1940 , that the threat to Britain of invasion finally ended . Royal family ( edit ) During the battle , and for the rest of the war , an important factor in keeping public morale high was the continued presence in London of King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth . When war broke out in 1939 , the King and Queen decided to stay in London and not flee to Canada , as had been suggested . George VI and Elizabeth officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war , although they often spent weekends at Windsor Castle to visit their daughters , Elizabeth ( the future queen ) and Margaret . Buckingham Palace was damaged by bombs which landed in the grounds on 10 September and , on 13 September , more serious damage was caused by two bombs which destroyed the Royal Chapel . The royal couple were in a small sitting room about 80 yards from where the bombs exploded . On 24 September , in recognition of the bravery of civilians , King George VI inaugurated the award of the George Cross . Attrition statistics ( edit ) See also : Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories Overall , by 2 November , the RAF fielded 1,796 pilots , an increase of over 40 % from July 1940 's count of 1,259 pilots . Based on German sources ( from a Luftwaffe intelligence officer Otto Bechtle attached to KG 2 in February 1944 ) translated by the Air Historical Branch , Stephen Bungay asserts German fighter and bomber `` strength '' declined without recovery , and that from August -- December 1940 , the German fighter and bomber strength declined by 30 and 25 percent . In contrast , Williamson Murray , argues ( using translations by the Air Historical Branch ) that 1,380 German bombers were on strength on 29 June 1940 , 1,420 bombers on 28 September , 1,423 level bombers on 2 November and 1,393 bombers on 30 November 1940 . In July -- September the number of Luftwaffe pilots available fell by 136 , but the number of operational pilots had shrunk by 171 by September . The training organisation of the Luftwaffe was failing to replace losses . German fighter pilots , in contrast to popular perception , were not afforded training or rest rotations unlike their British counterparts . The first week of September accounted for 25 % of the Fighter Command , and 24 % of the Luftwaffe 's overall losses . Between the dates 26 August -- 6 September , on only one day ( 1 September ) did the Germans destroy more aircraft than they lost . Losses were 325 German and 248 British . Luftwaffe losses for August numbered 774 aircraft to all causes , representing 18.5 % of all combat aircraft at the beginning of the month . Fighter Command 's losses in August were 426 fighters destroyed , amounting to 40 per cent of 1,061 fighters available on 3 August . In addition , 99 German bombers and 27 other types were destroyed between 1 and 29 August . From July to September , the Luftwaffe 's loss records indicate the loss of 1,636 aircraft , 1,184 to enemy action . This represented 47 % of the initial strength of single - engined fighters , 66 % of twin - engined fighters , and 45 % of bombers . This indicates the Germans were running out of aircrew as well as aircraft . Throughout the battle , the Germans greatly underestimated the size of the RAF and the scale of British aircraft production . Across the Channel , the Air Intelligence division of the Air Ministry consistently overestimated the size of the German air enemy and the productive capacity of the German aviation industry . As the battle was fought , both sides exaggerated the losses inflicted on the other by an equally large margin . However , the intelligence picture formed before the battle encouraged the Luftwaffe to believe that such losses pushed Fighter Command to the very edge of defeat , while the exaggerated picture of German air strength persuaded the RAF that the threat it faced was larger and more dangerous than was the case . This led the British to the conclusion that another fortnight of attacks on airfields might force Fighter Command to withdraw their squadrons from the south of England . The German misconception , on the other hand , encouraged first complacency , then strategic misjudgement . The shift of targets from air bases to industry and communications was taken because it was assumed that Fighter Command was virtually eliminated . Between 24 August and 4 September , German serviceability rates , which were acceptable at Stuka units , were running at 75 % with Bf 109s , 70 % with bombers and 65 % with Bf 110s , indicating a shortage of spare parts . All units were well below established strength . The attrition was beginning to affect the fighters in particular . '' By 14 September , the Luftwaffe 's Bf 109 Geschwader possessed only 67 % of their operational crews against authorised aircraft . For Bf 110 units it was 46 per cent ; and for bombers it was 59 per cent . A week later the figures had dropped to 64 per cent , 52 % and 52 per cent . Serviceability rates in Fighter Command 's fighter squadrons , between 24 August and 7 September , were listed as : 64.8 % on 24 August ; 64.7 % on 31 August and 64.25 % on 7 September 1940 . Due to the failure of the Luftwaffe to establish air supremacy , a conference assembled on 14 September at Hitler 's headquarters . Hitler concluded that air superiority had not yet been established and `` promised to review the situation on 17 September for possible landings on 27 September or 8 October . Three days later , when the evidence was clear that the German Air Force had greatly exaggerated the extent of their successes against the RAF , Hitler postponed Sea Lion indefinitely . '' Propaganda War ( edit ) Propaganda was an important element of the air war which began to develop over Britain from 18 June 1940 onwards , when the Luftwaffe began small , probing daylight raids to test RAF defences . One of many examples of these small - scale raids was the destruction of a school at Polruan in Cornwall , by a single raider . Into early July , the British media 's focus on the air battles increased steadily , the press , magazines , BBC radio and newsreels daily conveying the contents of Air Ministry communiques . The German OKW communiques matched Britain 's efforts in claiming for the upper hand . Central to the propaganda war on both sides of the Channel were aircraft claims , this discussed under ' Attrition statistics ' . These daily claims were important both for sustaining British home front morale and persuading America to support Britain , and were produced by the Air Ministry 's Air Intelligence branch . Under pressure from American journalists and broadcasters to prove that the RAF 's claims were genuine , RAF intelligence compared pilots ' claims with actual aircraft wrecks and those seen to crash into the sea . It was soon realised that there was a discrepancy between the two , but the Air Ministry decided not to reveal this . In fact , it was not until May 1947 that the actual figures were released to the public , by which time it was of far less importance . Many though refused to believe the revised figures , including Douglas Bader . The place of the Battle of Britain in British popular memory is due in no small part to the successful propaganda campaign waged by the Air Ministry , between July -- October 1940 , but also in valorising the Few from March 1941 onwards . The publication of the immensely successful 3d pamphlet , The Battle of Britain , saw huge international sales , leading even Goebbels to admire its propaganda value . Focusing only upon the Few , with no mention of RAF bomber attacks against invasion barges , the Battle of Britain was soon established as a major victory for Fighter Command . This in turn inspired a wide range of feature films , books , magazines , works of art , poetry , radio plays and MOI short films . It is notable that this most impressive of British victories had , in essence , been proclaimed within only five months of the cessation of large - scale daylight air battles , and without reference to Hitler and the OKW 's reasoning for not proceeding with Operation Sea Lion . The continuing post-war popularity of the Battle of Britain is in fact directly attributable to the Air Ministry 's latter - 1940 air communiques , the media in turn broadcasting or publishing RAF aircraft claims . Noted above , this in turn led to the March 1941 pamphlet , which inspired a wide range of cultural responses to the Few , and the Battle of Britain . The Air Ministry built upon this with the development of the Battle of Britain Sunday commemoration , also supported the Battle of Britain clasp for issue to the Few in 1945 , and from 1945 Battle of Britain Week . The Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey was also encouraged by the Air Ministry , Lords Trenchard and Dowding on its committee . By July 1947 when the window was unveiled , the Battle of Britain had already attained central prominence as Fighter Command 's most notable victory , the Few alone credited with preventing invasion in 1940 . Although given widespread media coverage in September and October 1940 , RAF Bomber and Coastal Command raids against invasion barge concentrations had already been forgotten by war 's end . Aftermath ( edit ) The Battle of Britain marked the first major defeat of Hitler 's military forces , with air superiority seen as the key to victory . Pre-war theories had led to exaggerated fears of strategic bombing , and UK public opinion was buoyed by coming through the ordeal . For the RAF , Fighter Command had achieved a great victory in successfully carrying out Sir Thomas Inskip 's 1937 air policy of preventing the Germans from knocking Britain out of the war . Churchill concluded his famous 18 June ' Battle of Britain ' speech in the House of Commons by referring to pilots and aircrew who fought the Battle : `` ... if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years , men will still say , ' This was their finest hour . ' '' The battle also significantly shifted American opinion . During the battle , many Americans accepted the view promoted by Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador in London , who believed that the United Kingdom could not survive . Roosevelt wanted a second opinion , and sent `` Wild Bill '' Donovan on a brief visit to the UK ; he became convinced the UK would survive and should be supported in every possible way . Before the end of the year American journalist Ralph Ingersoll , after returning from Britain , published a book concluding that `` Adolf Hitler met his first defeat in eight years '' in what might `` go down in history as a battle as important as Waterloo or Gettysburg '' . The turning point was when the Germans reduced the intensity of the Blitz after 15 September . According to Ingersoll , `` ( a ) majority of responsible British officers who fought through this battle believe that if Hitler and Göring had had the courage and the resources to lose 200 planes a day for the next five days , nothing could have saved London '' ; instead , `` ( the Luftwaffe 's ) morale in combat is definitely broken , and the RAF has been gaining in strength each week . '' Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down . In general , claims were two to three times the actual numbers , because of the confusion of fighting in dynamic three - dimensional air battles . Postwar analysis of records has shown that between July and September , the RAF claimed 2,698 kills , while the Luftwaffe fighters claimed 3,198 RAF aircraft downed . Total losses , and start and end dates for recorded losses , vary for both sides . Luftwaffe losses from 10 July to 30 October 1940 total 1,977 aircraft , including 243 twin - and 569 single - engined fighters , 822 bombers and 343 non combat types . In the same period , RAF Fighter Command aircraft losses number 1,087 , including 53 twin - engined fighters . To the RAF figure should be added 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft lost conducting bombing , mining , and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country . There is a consensus among historians that the Luftwaffe were unable to crush the RAF . Stephen Bungay described Dowding and Park 's strategy of choosing when to engage the enemy whilst maintaining a coherent force as vindicated ; their leadership , and the subsequent debates about strategy and tactics , however , had created enmity among RAF senior commanders and both were sacked from their posts in the immediate aftermath of the battle . All things considered , the RAF proved to be a robust and capable organisation which was to use all the modern resources available to it to the maximum advantage . Richard Evans wrote : Irrespective of whether Hitler was really set on this course , he simply lacked the resources to establish the air superiority that was the sine qua non-of a successful crossing of the English Channel . A third of the initial strength of the German air force , the Luftwaffe , had been lost in the western campaign in the spring . The Germans lacked the trained pilots , the effective fighter aircraft , and the heavy bombers that would have been needed . The Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries , but they could not destroy the British industrial potential , and made little systematic effort to do so . Hindsight does not disguise the fact the threat to Fighter Command was very real , and for the participants it seemed as if there was a narrow margin between victory and defeat . Nevertheless , even if the German attacks on the 11 Group airfields which guarded southeast England and the approaches to London had continued , the RAF could have withdrawn to the Midlands out of German fighter range and continued the battle from there . The victory was as much psychological as physical . Writes Alfred Price : The truth of the matter , borne out by the events of 18 August is more prosaic : neither by attacking the airfields , nor by attacking London , was the Luftwaffe likely to destroy Fighter Command . Given the size of the British fighter force and the general high quality of its equipment , training and morale , the Luftwaffe could have achieved no more than a Pyrrhic victory . During the action on 18 August it had cost the Luftwaffe five trained aircrew killed , wounded or taken prisoner , for each British fighter pilot killed or wounded ; the ratio was similar on other days in the battle . And this ratio of 5 : 1 was very close to that between the number of German aircrew involved in the battle and those in Fighter Command . In other words the two sides were suffering almost the same losses in trained aircrew , in proportion to their overall strengths . In the Battle of Britain , for the first time during the Second World War , the German war machine had set itself a major task which it patently failed to achieve , and so demonstrated that it was not invincible . In stiffening the resolve of those determined to resist Hitler the battle was an important turning point in the conflict . The British victory in the Battle of Britain was achieved at a heavy cost . Total British civilian losses from July to December 1940 were 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded , with one of the largest single raids on 19 December 1940 , in which almost 3,000 civilians died . With the culmination of the concentrated daylight raids , Britain was able to rebuild its military forces and establish itself as an Allied stronghold , later serving as a base from which the Liberation of Western Europe was launched . Battle of Britain day ( edit ) The Battle of Britain anniversary parade at Buckingham Palace in 1943 . Winston Churchill summed up the effect of the battle and the contribution of RAF Fighter Command , RAF Bomber Command , RAF Coastal Command and the Fleet Air Arm with the words , `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few '' . Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since ; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September , `` Battle of Britain Day '' . On this day in 1940 , the Luftwaffe embarked on their largest bombing attack yet , forcing the engagement of the entirety of the RAF in defence of London and the South East , which resulted in a decisive British victory that proved to mark a turning point in Britain 's favour . Within the Commonwealth , Battle of Britain Day has been observed more usually on the third Sunday in September , and even on the 2nd Thursday in September in some areas in the British Channel Islands . The day has been observed by many artists over the years , often with works that show the battle itself . Many mixed media artists have also created pieces in honour of the Battle of Britain . Memorials and museums ( edit ) Plans for the Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey were begun during wartime , the committee chaired by Lords Trenchard and Dowding . Public donations paid for the window itself , this officially opened by King George VI on 10 July 1947 . Although not actually an ' official ' memorial to the Battle of Britain in the sense that government paid for it , the window and chapel have since been viewed as such . During the late 1950s and 1960 , various proposals were advanced for a national monument to the Battle of Britain , this also the focus of several letters in The Times . In 1960 the Conservative government decided against a further monument , taking the view that the credit should be shared more broadly than Fighter Command alone , and there was little public appetite for one . All subsequent memorials are the result of private subscription and initiative , as discussed below . There are numerous memorials to the battle . The most important ones are the Battle of Britain Monument in London and the Battle of Britain Memorial at Capel - le - Ferne in Kent . Westminster Abbey and St James 's Church , Paddington both have memorial windows to the battle , replacing windows that were destroyed during the campaign . There is also a memorial at the former Croydon Airport , one of the RAF bases during the battle , and a memorial to the pilots at Armadale Castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland , which is topped by a raven sculpture . There are also two museums to the battle : one at Hawkinge in Kent and one at Stanmore in London , at the former RAF Bentley Priory . In 2015 the RAF created an online ' Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic ' composed of pictures of `` the few '' -- the pilots and aircrew who fought in the battle -- and `` the many '' -- ' the often unsung others whose contribution during the Battle of Britain was also vital to the RAF 's victory in the skies above Britain ' , submitted by participants and their families . Memorials to the Battle of Britain Victoria Embankment , London Capel - le - Ferne , Kent Armadale Castle Westminster Abbey St James 's Church , Paddington Croydon Airport Monument of Polish Pilots , Northolt In popular culture ( edit ) Media adaptations ( edit ) The events of the battle was documented in the 1969 film Battle of Britain , which drew many respected British actors to accept roles as key figures of the battle , including Sir Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park . It also starred Michael Caine , Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders . Former participants of the battle served as technical advisors including Douglas Bader , James Lacey , Robert Stanford Tuck , Adolf Galland and Dowding himself . An Italian film around the same time titled Eagles Over London ( 1969 ) also featured the Battle of Britain . The 1988 ITV mini-series Piece of Cake , an aerial drama about a fictional Second World War RAF fighter squadron in 1940 , features the battle . The Czech film Dark Blue World ( 2001 ) also featured the battle , focusing on the Czech Pilots who fought in the battle . An inaccurate and fictional version of the battle is shown in the 2001 movie , Pearl Harbor , in which the battle is depicted as still going on into 1941 . It has also been the subject of many documentaries , including the 1941 Allied propaganda film Churchill 's Island , winner of the first - ever Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject . There was also the 1943 The Battle of Britain in Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series . It was included in an episode of Battlefield Britain . In 2010 , actor Julian Glover played a 101 - year - old Polish veteran RAF pilot in the short film Battle for Britain . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Battle of Britain ( video game ) , a 1987 video game Their Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain , a 1989 video game Combat Flight Simulator WWII Europe Series , an 1998 combat flight simulator Rowan 's Battle of Britain , an 2000 video game Battle of Britain II : Wings of Victory , a 2005 video game Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII , a 2006 video game IL - 2 Sturmovik : Cliffs of Dover , an 2011 combat flight simulator See also ( edit ) World War II portal Air warfare of World War II Battle information Battle of Britain RAF squadrons Battle of Britain RAF airfields List of RAF aircrew in the Battle of Britain Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain List of military aircraft operational during World War II Operation Banquet Operation Lucid Battle in contemporary history The Darkest Hour The Few Coventry Blitz Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II Air Transport Auxiliary Post-war memorials Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Battle of Britain Memorial , Capel - le - Ferne Battle of Britain Monument in London Kent Battle of Britain Museum Battle of Britain Class steam locomotives of the Southern Railway Polish War Memorial Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stacey , p. 256 : `` Even as Britain braced itself to meet the attack of the Luftwaffe , the nice legalities of Commonwealth cooperation had to be observed . But the R.C.A.F. , like the Canadian Army , was determined that there should be no possibility of these formalities conferring any advantage on the enemy . To avoid misunderstanding , delay and perhaps embarrassment , and doubtless to emphasize the point that No. 1 Squadron was , after all , a Canadian unit , Air Commodore Walsh early brought the necessity of conforming to the Visiting Forces Acts to the attention of the Air Officer Commanding No. 11 Group R.A.F. , under whom the squadron would fight ... '' Jump up ^ The Polish , Czech and most other national contingents were , at this time , incorporated into the RAF itself : the Polish Air Force , for example , was not given sovereignty until June 1944 . Although under RAF operational control , RCAF pilots in the BoB were technically flying for the RCAF Jump up ^ The British date the battle from 10 July to 31 October 1940 , which represented the most intense period of daylight bombing . German historians usually place the beginning of the battle in May 1940 and end it mid-August 1941 , with the withdrawal of the bomber units in preparation for Operation Barbarossa , the campaign against the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 . Jump up ^ For example : Terraine states that the outcome was `` decisive '' ; quoting Luftwaffe General Werner Kreipe , who described it as a `` strategic ( Luftwaffe ) failure '' and `` turning point in the Second World War '' . It also states the `` German Air Force was bled almost to death , and suffered losses that could never be made good throughout the course of the war '' . Quoting Dr ( Karl ) Klee `` The invasion and subjugation of Britain was made to depend on that battle , and its outcome therefore materially influenced the further course and fate of the war as a whole '' . Other references that can be consulted include : : Shulman 2004 , p. 63. : Bungay 2000 , p. 368. : Hough and Richards 2007 , p . XV. : Overy 2001 , p. 267. : Deighton 1980 , p. 213. : Keegan 1997 , p. 81. : Buell 2002 , p. 83. : Terraine 1985 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ 754 single - seat fighters , 149 two - seat fighters , 560 bombers and 500 coastal aircraft . The RAF fighter strength given is for 0900 1 July 1940 , while bomber strength is for 11 July 1940 . Jump up ^ Figures taken from Quartermaster General 6th Battalion returns on 10 August 1940 . According to these , the Luftwaffe deployed 3,358 aircraft against Britain , of which 2,550 were serviceable . The force was made up by 934 single - seat fighters , 289 two - seat fighters , 1,482 medium bombers , 327 dive - bombers , 195 reconnaissance and 93 coastal aircraft , including unserviceable aircraft . The number of serviceable aircraft amounted to 805 single - seat fighters , 224 two - seat fighters , 998 medium bombers , 261 dive - bombers , 151 reconnaissance and 80 coastal aircraft . Jump up ^ The Luftwaffe possessed 4,074 aircraft , but not all of these were deployed against Britain . The force was made up of 1,107 single - seat fighters , 357 two - seat fighters , 1,380 medium bombers , 428 dive - bombers , 569 reconnaissance and 233 coastal aircraft , including unserviceable aircraft . The Luftwaffe air strength given is from the Quartermaster General 6th Battalion numbers for 29 June 1940 . Jump up ^ 1,220 fighters ( per type : 753 Hurricane , 467 Spitfire ) 376 bombers , 148 aircraft ( RAF Coastal Command ) Jump up ^ The strategic bombing commenced after the Germans bombed London on 14 September 1940 , followed by the RAF bombing of Berlin and of German air force bases in France . Adolf Hitler withdrew his directive not to bomb population centres and ordered attacks on British cities . Jump up ^ Bf 109E - 3 and E-4s had this armament , while the E-1 , which was still used in large numbers , was armed with four 7.92 mm machine guns . Jump up ^ The inboard position of the upper wing roundels on the Spitfire strongly suggests this was a repainted captured Spitfire or a photo - reconnaissance model , at least one of which was captured in France . Jump up ^ The pilots occupying these administrative positions included such officers as Dowding , Park and Leigh - Mallory and the numbers actually fit to serve in front line fighter squadrons are open to question . Jump up ^ Polish units in the composition of the RAF taking part in the Battle of Britain In the Battle of Britain , first in composition , and then alongside the RAF fought four Polish squadrons : two bomber ( 300 and 301 ) , 2 Hunting ( 302 and 303 ) and 81 Polish pilots in British squadrons , a total of 144 Polish pilots ( killed 29 ) , representing 5 % of all the pilots of the RAF taking part in the battle . Poles shot down about 170 German aircraft , damaged 36 , representing about 12 % of the losses of the Luftwaffe . Squadron 303 was the best unit air , taking part in the Battle of Britain -- reported shot down 126 Luftwaffe planes . Jump up ^ This was the turning radius of a Bf 109 , meaning that both aircraft , if necessary , could turn together at high speed . Jump up ^ This formation was developed based on principles formulated by the First World War ace Oswald Boelcke in 1916 . In 1934 the Finnish Air Force adopted similar formations , called partio ( patrol ; two aircraft ) and parvi ( two patrols ; four aircraft ) , for similar reasons , though Luftwaffe ' pilots during the Spanish Civil War ( led by Günther Lützow and Werner Mölders , among others ) are generally given credit . Jump up ^ This account is from Warner 2005 , p. 253 Another source , Ramsay 1989 , p. 555 , lists no aircrew casualties and three 109s in total destroyed or damaged . Jump up ^ `` Satellite '' airfields were mostly fully equipped but did not have the sector control room which allowed `` Sector '' airfields such as Biggin Hill to monitor and control RAF fighter formations . RAF units from Sector airfields often flew into a satellite airfield for operations during the day , returning to their home airfield in the evenings . Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , pp. 118 -- 119 : Irving 's sources were General Franz Halder and the OKW War Diary for 14 September 1940 . Keitel 's notes , ND 803 - PS , record the same . Jump up ^ Bungay refers to the 14 September meeting with Milch and Jeschonnek . Hitler wanted to keep up the `` moral '' pressure on the British Government , in the hope it would crack . Bungay indicates that Hitler had changed his mind from the day before , refusing to call off the invasion for the time being . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Quill wrote of his combat experience whilst flying with No. 65 Squadron : Nearly all our engagements with Me 109s took place at around 20,000 -- 25,000 ft . The Spitfire had the edge over them in speed and climb , and particularly in turning circle . ( ... ) One engagement with several Me 109s at about 25,000 ft over the Channel sticks in my memory ... I was now convinced that the Spitfire Mk I could readily out - turn the 109 , certainly in the 20,000 ft region and probably at all heights . Jump up ^ Bf 109 leaking valves , supercharger faults / failure . Jump up ^ This proposal has since been confused , or conflated , with a possible flight by HMG in exile . Jump up ^ This is sometimes erroneously believed to refer to the entire RAF . Jump up ^ The exact percentage was 28 . The Luftwaffe deployed 5,638 aircraft for the campaign . 1,428 were destroyed and a further 488 were damaged , but were repairable . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peszke 1980 , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Foreman 1989 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Hough , Ronald ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` The Battle of Britain '' . Pen & Sword . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Haining 2005 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 318 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 368 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 251 -- 297 ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Britain RAF and FAA Roll of Honour . '' RAF ... Retrieved : 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 161 ^ Jump up to : Hans Ring , `` Die Luftschlacht über England 1940 '' , Luftfahrt international Ausgabe 12 , 1980 p. 580 Jump up ^ 812 fighters ( per type : 569 Bf 109 , 243 Bf 110 ) 822 bombers ( per type : 65 Ju 87 , 271 Ju 88 , 184 Do 17 , 223 He 111 , 29 He 59 , 24 He 159 , 34 Others ) 343 non combat ( per type : 76 Bf 109 , 29 Bf 110 , 25 Ju 87 , 54 Ju 88 , 31 Do 17 , 66 He 111 , 7 He 59 , 7 He 159 , 48 Others ) Jump up ^ Goodenough 1982 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` 92 Squadron -- Geoffrey Wellum . '' Battle of Britain Memorial Flight via raf.mod.uk ... Retrieved : 17 November 2010 , archived 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Phases of the Battle -- History of the Battle of Britain -- Exhibitions & Displays -- Research '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 305 -- 306 Jump up ^ Bungay , Stephen ( 2000 ) . The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 721 - 6 . ( hardcover ) , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 801 - 8 ( paperback ) . p. 112 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 388 ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1955 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , The Luftwaffe : Origins and Preparation Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 14 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 18 , 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 18 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 69 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the Royal Air Force , '' pp. 99 -- 100 . RAF ... Retrieved : 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray 2003 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Smith 1942 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Their Finest Hour . '' The Churchill Centre . Retrieved : 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain -- finest hour speech '' on Youtube . Retrieved : 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1964 , pp. 589 -- 593 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler and Poland '' . Holocaust Educational Resource . 23 May 1939 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1964 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War '' . Berlin . 31 August 1939 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 32 -- 33 , 35 , Directive No. 6 for the Conduct of the War , Berlin , 9 October 1939 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 68 , Directive No. 9 -- Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy , Berlin , 29 November 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Magenheimer 2015 , p. 24 , Directive No. 13 , Headquarters , 24 May 1940 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 , 122 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 16 -- On preparations for a landing operation against England '' . Führer Headquarters. 16 July 1940 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 110 -- 114 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England , Führer Headquarters , 1 August 1940 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2001 , pp. 87 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 9 -- 13 , 33 . Jump up ^ Hitler 1940 , My Last Appeal to Great Britain Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 114 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. ii . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 , 110 , 122 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 , 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Heinz Magenheimer 2015 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 66 -- 67 , 70 , 75 , 690 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Crosby 2002 , p. 84 Jump up ^ `` Report on Comparative Trials of Hurricane versus Messerschmitt 109 . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 139 Jump up ^ `` Calibration of Hurricane L1717 Merlin II Engine . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAE Chart of Spitfire I , Merlin III . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 2011 , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ McKinstry 2010 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Jones 1970 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 415 , 516 , 526 , 796 Jump up ^ Harvey - Bailey 1985 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ RAF yearbook 1978 p61 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Feist 1993 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Green 1980 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 257 -- 258 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 42 -- 51 Jump up ^ Green 1962 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 84 , 178 , 269 -- 273 Jump up ^ Ansell 2005 , pp. 712 -- 714 ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 , pp. 6 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Ward 2004 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wright 1968 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Fairey Battle . '' Archived 7 July 2012 at Archive.is airlandseaweapons.devhub.com , 16 August 2009 . Retrieved : 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Richards 1953 , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ `` But night after night . the Battles and the Blenheims , the Wellingtons , the Whitleys and the Hampdens went forth . '' Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Bishop 1968 , pp. 85 -- 87 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 370 ^ Jump up to : Ponting 1991 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 757 -- 790 Jump up ^ `` The Airmen of the Battle of Britain '' bbm.org.uk . Retrieved : 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , R.E , New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force . Wellington , New Zealand : Government Printer , 1953 , Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 67 -- 68 , 71 , 80 , 92 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2001 , pp. 56 -- 57 , 61 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 78 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Stedman , Robert F. Jagdflieger : Luftwaffe Fighter Pilot 1939 -- 45 . p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Nikunen , Heikki . `` '' The Finnish Fighter Tactics and Training Before and During the WW II . '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . FI : Saunalahti , January 2006 . Retrieved : 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2007 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 13 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ `` Lt Col Earle Lund , USAF , p. 13 . '' ProFTPd . Retrieved : 13 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 188 ^ Jump up to : Abteilung V Intelligence Appreciation of the RAF ( see `` Appendix 4 '' ) Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... ProFTPd ... Retrieved : 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Allen 1974 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 342 Jump up ^ Orange 2001 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Richards 1953 , p. 159 ^ Jump up to : Deere 1974 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1987 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Churchill 1949 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Deere 1974 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 602 , 680 Jump up ^ Galland 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , pp. 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` RAF History : Air / Sea Search and Rescue -- 60th Anniversary . '' UK : RAF . Retrieved : 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 249 Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Holmes 2007 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Orange 2001 , pp. 96 , 100 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 276 -- 277 , 309 -- 310 , 313 -- 314 , 320 -- 321 , 329 -- 330 , 331 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 241 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Halpenny 1984 , pp. 8 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Mayer 1974 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , pp. 255 , 266 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` Speech of 20 August 1940 . '' Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Winston Churchill . Retrieved : 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 65 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 91 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Phases of the Battle -- History of the Battle of Britain -- Exhibitions & Displays -- Research '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 63 -- 65 . 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'' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 83 , 87 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 8 September -- 9 September 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wagner and Nowarra 1971 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wagner and Nowarra 1971 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 317 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 78 -- 89 , 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 65 - quill - 12aug40. jpg , ( 1000 × 1590 px ) '' . spitfireperformance.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kesselring as cited in A. van Ishoven , Messerschmitt Bf 109 at War , ( Ian Allan , Shepperton , 1977 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Steinhilper , op . cit. , p. 280,282 , 295 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 95 -- 97 . 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The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few ( first ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0230279964 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 13 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2010 ) . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 104 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 0230279964 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 180 -- 186 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 370 -- 373 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 398 -- 399 Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` Battle of Britain 1940 : Britain Prepares for War . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , introduction by A.J.P. Taylor , pp. 12 -- 17 . 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BBC News . 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic , Royal Air Force ^ Jump up to : Battle of Britain : Special Edition DVD ( 1969 ) BBC . Retrieved : 22 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` Churchill 's Island . '' Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . NFB.ca , National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved : 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ `` Dreaming Spires . '' The Economist via economist.com , 16 September 2010 . Retrieved : 29 September 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Allen , Hubert Raymond `` Dizzy '' , Wing Commander , RAF . Who Won the Battle of Britain ? London : Arthur Barker , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 213 - 16489 - 2 . Bishop , Edward . Their Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain 1940 . London : Ballantine Books , 1968 . 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 279 - 5 . Dönitz , Karl . Ten years and Twenty Days . New York : Da Capo Press , First Edition , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80764 - 5 . Dye , Air Commodore Peter J. ( Winter 2000 ) , `` Logistics and the Battle of Britain '' , Air Force Journal of Logistics , Vol 4 ( No. 24 ) , archived from the original on 26 September 2010 Ellis , John . Brute Force : Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War . London : Andre Deutsch , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8031 - 4 . Evans , Michael . `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to ... the Navy . '' The Times , 24 August 2006 . Retrieved : 3 March 2007 . Goodenough , Simon . War Maps : World War II , From September 1939 to August 1945 , Air , Sea , and Land , Battle by Battle . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1982 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 3128 - 5584 - 0 . Halpenny , Bruce Barrymore . Action Station 4 : Military Airfields of Yorkshire . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stevens , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85059 - 532 - 0 . 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London : Cassel Military Paperbacks , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35208 - X . Kieser , Egbert . Unternehmen Seelöwe : Die geplante Invasion in England 1940 ( in German ) . Berlin : Becthle , 2000 . ISBN 3 - 7628 - 0457 - 5 . Korda , Michael ( 2010 ) , With Wings Like Eagles : The Untold Story of the Battle of Britain , New York : Harper Perennial , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 112536 - 2 Macksey , Kenneth . Invasion : The German Invasion of England , July 1940 . London : Greenhill Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 324 - 7 . Magenheimer , Heinz ( 10 September 2015 ) . Hitler 's War : Germany 's Key Strategic Decisions 1940 -- 45 . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4746 - 0275 - 4 . Mason , Francis K. Battle Over Britain : A History of the German Air Assaults on Great Britain , 1917 -- 18 and July -- December 1940 , and the Development of Air Defences Between the World Wars . New York : Doubleday , 1969 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 901928 - 00 - 9 . Murray , Williamson ( 2002 ) . Strategy for defeat : the Luftwaffe , 1933 -- 1945 . Honolulu , Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 797 - 5 . Overy , Richard J. ( 2001 ) . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02008 - 8 . ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32297 - 1 paperback , 2002 ) Overy , Richard J. ( 2013 ) . The Bombing War : Europe 1939 -- 1945 . London & New York : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9561 - 9 . Owen , R.E , New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Government Printer , Wellington , New Zealand 1953 . Peszke , Michael Alfred . `` A Synopsis of Polish - Allied Military Agreements During World War Two . '' The Journal of Military History , Volume 44 , No. 3 , October 1980 , pp. 128 -- 134 . Ponting , Clive. 1940 : Myth and Reality . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 036 - 8 . Pope , Stephan . `` Across the Ether : Part One '' . Aeroplane , Vol. 23 , No. 5 , Issue No. 265 , May 1995 . Price , Alfred ( 1980 ) , The Hardest Day : 18 August 1940 , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , ISBN 0 - 684 - 16503 - 1 Raeder , Erich . Erich Rader , Grand Admiral . New York : Da Capo Press ; United States Naval Institute , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80962 - 1 . Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1987 ) , The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 1 , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 45 - 2 Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1988 ) , The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 2 , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 54 - 1 Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1989 ) , The Battle of Britain Then and Now Mk V , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 46 - 0 Richards , Denis . Royal Air Force 1939 -- 1945 , Vol . I : The Fight at Odds . London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1953 . Robinson , Derek , Invasion , 1940 : Did the Battle of Britain Alone Stop Hitler ? New York : Carroll & Graf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1618 - 5 . Shulman , Milton . Defeat in the West . London : Cassell , 2004 ( First edition 1947 ) . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36603 - X . Shirer , William ( 1964 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , London : Ballantine , ISBN 978 - 0 - 449 - 21977 - 5 Smith , Howard K . Last Train from Berlin . New York : Knopf , 1942 . Stacey , C P. ( 1955 ) The Canadian Army 1939 -- 1945 An Official Historical Summary Queen 's Printer , Ottawa Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 Queen 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) Taylor , A.J.P. and S.L. Mayer , eds . A History of World War Two . London : Octopus Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0399 - 1 . Terraine , John , The Right of the Line : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Sceptre , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 41919 - 9 . Terraine , John , A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 616970 - 7 . Wagner , Ray and Heinz Nowarra . German Combat Planes : A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Winterbotham , F.W. ( 1975 ) , The Ultra Secret , London : Futura Publications , ISBN 0 - 86007 - 268 - 1 Wood , Derek , and Derek Dempster , The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power , 1930 -- 1949 . London : Pen & Sword , 2003 , First edition 1961 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 915 - 9 . Wright , Gordon , The Ordeal of Total War : 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Harper & Row , 1968 . Autobiographies and biographies ( edit ) Collier , Basil . Leader of the Few : the Authorised Biography of Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding of Bentley Priory . London : Jarrolds , 1957 . Deere , Alan C. , Nine Lives . London : Hodder Paperbacks Ltd for Coronet Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 01441 - 5 . Duncan Smith , Group Captain W.G.G. , Spitfire into Battle . 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Windsor , Berkshire , UK : Profile Publications , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 85383 - 011 - 8 Parry , Simon W. , Intruders over Britain : The Story of the Luftwaffe 's Night Intruder Force , the Fernnachtjager . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Books , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 904811 - 07 - 7 . Price , Alfred ( 1996 ) , Spitfire Mark I / II Aces 1939 -- 41 ( Aircraft of the Aces 12 ) , London : Osprey Books , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 627 - 2 Price , Alfred ( 2002 ) , The Spitfire Story : Revised second edition , Enderby , Leicester , UK : Silverdale Books , ISBN 1 - 85605 - 702 - X Sarkar , Dilip , How the Spitfire Won the Battle of Britain . London : Amberly , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 84868 - 868 - 7 . Scutts , Jerry , Messerschmitt Bf 109 : The Operational Record . Sarasota , Florida : Crestline Publishers , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0262 - 0 . Ward , John , Hitler 's Stuka Squadrons . London : Brown Reference , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1991 - X . Warner , G ( 2005 ) , The Bristol Blenheim : A Complete History ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Crécy Publishing , ISBN 0 - 85979 - 101 - 7 Weal , John ( 1999 ) , Messerschmitt Bf 110 ' Zerstōrer ' Aces of World War 2 , Botley , Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 753 - 8 Additional references ( edit ) Books Addison , Paul and Jeremy Crang . The Burning Blue : A New History of the Battle of Britain . London : Pimlico , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6475 - 0 . Bergström , Christer . Barbarossa -- The Air Battle : July -- December 1941 . London : Chervron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 270 - 2 . Bishop , Patrick . Fighter Boys : The Battle of Britain , 1940 . New York : Viking , 2003 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03230 - 1 ) ; Penguin Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200466 - 9 . As Fighter Boys : Saving Britain 1940 . London : Harper Perennial , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653204 - 7 . Brittain , Vera . England 's Hour . 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Fiedler , Arkady. 303 Squadron : The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron . Los Angeles : Aquila Polonica , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60772 - 004 - 1 . Fisher , David E. A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain . Emeryville , CA : Shoemaker & Hoard , 2005 . ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 59376 - 047 - 7 ) ; 2006 , ISBN 1 - 59376 - 116 - 3 ( paperback ) . Foreman , John . Battle of Britain : The Forgotten Months , November And December 1940 . Wythenshawe , Lancashire , UK : Crécy Publishing , 1989 . ISBN 1 - 871187 - 02 - 8 . Gaskin , Margaret . Blitz : The Story of 29 December 1940 . New York : Harcourt , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101404 - 3 . Haining , Peter . The Chianti Raiders : The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain . London : Robson Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 829 - 2 . Haining , Peter . Where the Eagle Landed : The Mystery of the German Invasion of Britain , 1940 . London : Robson Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 750 - 4 . Halpenny , Bruce Barrymore . Action Stations : Military Airfields of Greater London v. 8 . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stephens , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85039 - 885 - 1 . Harding , Thomas . `` It 's baloney , say RAF aces '' . The Telegraph , 24 August 2006 . Retrieved : 3 March 2007 . Hough , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Greatest Air Battle of World War II . New York : W.W. Norton , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02766 - X ( hardcover ) ; 2005 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 30734 - 4 ( paperback ) . James , T.C.G. The Battle of Britain ( Air Defence of Great Britain ; vol. 2 ) . London / New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5123 - 0 ( hardcover ) ; ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8149 - 0 ( paperback , ) . James , T.C.G. Growth of Fighter Command , 1936 -- 1940 ( Air Defence of Great Britain ; vol. 1 ) . London ; New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5118 - 4 . James , T.C.G. Night Air Defence During the Blitz . London / New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5166 - 4 . McGlashan , Kenneth B. with Owen P. Zupp . Down to Earth : A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk , the Battle of Britain , Dieppe , D - Day and Beyond . London : Grub Street Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 904943 - 84 - 5 . March , Edgar J. British Destroyers ; a History of Development 1892 -- 1953 . London : Seely Service & Co . Limited , 1966 . Olson , Lynne and Stanley Cloud . A Question of Honor : The Kościuszko Squadron : Forgotten Heroes of World War II . New York : Knopf , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41197 - 6 . NB : This book is also published under the following title : For Your Freedom and Ours : The Kościuszko Squadron -- Forgotten Heroes of World War II . Prien , Jochen and Peter Rodeike. Messerschmitt Bf 109 F , G , and K : An Illustrated Study . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 88740 - 424 - 3 . Ray , John . Battle of Britain . London : The Orion Publishing Co. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 345 - 2 . Ray , John Philip . The Battle of Britain : Dowding and the First Victory 1940 . London : Cassel & Co. , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35677 - 8 . Ray , John Philip . The Battle of Britain : New Perspectives : Behind the Scenes of the Great Air War . London : Arms & Armour Press , 1994 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 229 - 4 ) ; London : Orion Publishing , 1996 ( paperback , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 345 - 2 ) . Rongers , Eppo H. De oorlog in mei ' 40 , Utrecht / Antwerpen : Uitgeverij Het Spectrum N.V. , 1969 , No ISBN Townsend , Peter . Duel of Eagles ( new edition ) . London : Phoenix , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 211 - 8 . Wellum , Geoffrey . First Light : The Story of the Boy Who Became a Man in the War - Torn Skies Above Britain . New York : Viking Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91248 - 4 ( hardcover ) ; Hoboken , NJ : Wiley & Sons , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 42627 - X ( hardcover ) ; London : Penguin Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100814 - 8 ( paperback ) . Zaloga , Steven J. and Richard Hook . The Polish Army 1939 -- 45 . London : Osprey , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 417 - 4 . General The Battle of Britain Historical Timeline Day by Day blog charting the progress of the Battle by ex RAF veteran Battle Of Britain Historical Society video : Battle of Britain on YouTube , ( 52 min . ) complete film documentary by Frank Capra made for U.S. Army The Battle of Britain `` In Photos '' Royal Air Force history Battle of Britain Memorial BBC History Overview of Battle Historical recording BBC : Churchill 's `` This Was Their Finest Hour '' speech Radio New Zealand ' Sounds Historical ' ANZAC Day , 25 April 2008 : Historical recording of Sir Keith Park describing the Battle of Britain. ( Scroll down to 10 : 50 am ) . Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding on the Battle of Britain ( despatch to the Secretary of State , August 1941 ) Royal Engineers Museum : Royal Engineers during the Second World War ( airfield repair ) Shoreham Aircraft Museum Tangmere Military Aviation Museum Kent Battle of Britain Museum ADLG Visits RAF Uxbridge Battle of Britain Operations Room British Invasion Defences The Falco and Regia Aeronautica in the Battle of Britain History of North Weald Airfield The Royal Mint Memorial website New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain ( NZHistory.net.nz ) New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain ( official history ) Battle for Britain , short film starring Julian Glover Interactive map showing Battle of Britain airfields and squadrons by date ( 1 ) website = On the Battle of Britain Air Defence of Great Britain during the Second World War Overview Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Strategic bombing Night fighter Big Wing formation People RAF Hugh Dowding Charles Portal Cyril Newall Trafford Leigh - Mallory Keith Park Sholto Douglas Army Frederick Pile Scientists R.V. Jones Robert Watson - Watt Organisation Commands RAF Fighter Command RAF Balloon Command RAF Coastal Command Anti-Aircraft Command RAF Bomber Command Groups No. 9 Group RAF No. 10 Group RAF No. 11 Group RAF No. 12 Group RAF No. 13 Group RAF No. 14 Group RAF AA Corps 1 AA Corps 2 AA Corps 3 AA Corps AA Divisions 1 AA Division 2 AA Division 3 AA Division 4 AA Division 5 AA Division 6 AA Division 7 AA Division 8 AA Division 9 AA Division 10 AA Division 11 AA Division 12 AA Division Other units Battle of Britain airfields Eagle Squadrons Royal Observer Corps Women 's Auxiliary Air Force Campaigns and operations Battle of Britain The Blitz Baedeker raids Operation Steinbock Operation Crossbow Operation Diver Aircraft Beaufighter Defiant Hurricane Meteor Mosquito Spitfire Tempest Typhoon Technology Barrage balloon Battle of the Beams Radar ( Chain Home ) German V weapons Related topics Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom RAF strategic bombing offensive United States Army Air Forces World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Royal Air Force Royal Air Force portal Formations and units Commands Groups Stations Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units Regiment squadrons Branches and components Air Force Board RAF Flying Branch RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary 's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police Search and Rescue Force Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Ground Trades Reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve Associated civil organisations Air Training Corps Royal Air Forces Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association Royal Air Force Museum Equipment List of RAF aircraft List of RAF missiles Personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of personnel Appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant - 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-2552368006937532409	European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics	European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and Statistics - wikipedia European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and Statistics Map of UEFA countries , stages reached by teams on the UEFA Champions League and European Cup . UEFA member country with winning clubs UEFA member country with runner - up clubs UEFA member country that has been represented in the semifinal stage UEFA member country that has been represented in the round of 16 , quarterfinal or second group stage UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group or knockout stage after round of 16 Not a UEFA member This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League . Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955 -- 56 season , including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per `` Competition facts '' ; all goals scored before league phase ( s ) count as `` qualifying goals '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 General performances 1.1 By club 1.2 By nation 1.3 By city 1.4 All - time top 25 European Champion Clubs ' Cup and Champions League rankings 1.5 Number of participating clubs of the Champions League era 2 Clubs 2.1 Performance review ( from 1992 -- 93 ) 2.2 By semi-final appearances ( European Cup and UEFA Champions League ) 2.3 Presidents records 2.4 Unbeaten sides 2.5 Final success rate 2.6 Consecutive appearances 2.7 Winning other trophies 2.8 Biggest wins 2.9 Biggest two leg wins 2.10 Deciding drawn ties 2.10. 1 Play - offs 2.10. 2 Coin toss 2.10. 3 Away goals 2.10. 4 Penalty shootout 2.10. 5 Extra time 2.11 Most goals in a match 2.12 Highest scoring draws 2.13 Not winning the domestic league 2.14 Comebacks 2.15 Defence 2.16 Defending the trophy 2.17 Nationalities 2.18 Countries 2.19 Cities 2.20 Specific group stage records 2.20. 1 6 wins 2.20. 2 6 draws 2.20. 3 6 losses 2.20. 4 Two goals in each match 2.20. 5 Advancing past the group stage 2.20. 6 Biggest disparity between group winner and runner - up 2.20. 7 Most points achieved , yet knocked out 2.20. 8 Most points achieved in the group stage , not winning the group 2.20. 9 Fewest points achieved , yet advanced 2.20. 10 Knocked out on tiebreakers 2.20. 11 Knocked out on 3 points for a win rule 2.21 Qualifying from first qualifying round 2.22 Winning after playing in a qualifying round 2.23 Consecutive goalscoring 2.24 Consecutive home wins 2.25 Consecutive away wins 2.26 Consecutive wins 2.27 Longest home undefeated run 2.28 Longest away undefeated run 2.29 Longest undefeated run 2.30 Most successive draws 2.31 Most successive defeats 2.32 Most successive games without a win 3 Players 3.1 Appearances 3.2 Goalscoring 3.2. 1 All - time top scorers 3.2. 2 Top scorers by seasons 3.2. 3 Most goals in a single season 3.2. 4 Hat - tricks 3.2. 5 Four goals in a match 3.2. 6 Five goals in a match 3.2. 7 Oldest and youngest 3.2. 8 Other goalscoring records 3.3 Other records 3.3. 1 First goal 3.3. 2 Most wins 3.3. 3 Oldest and youngest 3.3. 4 Penalties 3.3. 5 Own goals 3.3. 6 Goalkeeping 3.3. 7 Assisting 3.3. 8 Disciplinary 3.3. 9 Captaincy 3.3. 10 Trivia 4 Managers 4.1 All - time top coach appearances 4.2 Final and winning records 4.3 Winning other trophies 4.4 Other records 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links General performances By club For details on winning clubs , see List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals . A total of 22 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception , with Real Madrid being the only team to win it thirteen times , including the first five . Only two other clubs have reached ten or more finals : Milan and Bayern Munich . A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times : the three forementioned clubs , along with Liverpool , Ajax , Barcelona , Internazionale , Manchester United , Benfica , Nottingham Forest , Juventus , and Porto . A total of 17 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament . Clubs from ten different countries have provided tournament winners . Spanish clubs have been the most successful , winning a total of 17 . Italy and England are joint - second with 12 , while the other multiple - time winners are Germany with seven , Netherlands with six , and Portugal with four . The only other countries to provide a tournament winner are Scotland , Romania , Yugoslavia , and France . Greece , Belgium and Sweden have all provided losing finalists . Clubs from a total of 35 European cities have participated in the tournament final . Clubs from 21 cities have provided winners , with the clear city leaders being Madrid ( winning twelve ) and Milan ( winning ten ) ; though both Milan and Internazionale have helped the city of Milan be successful , only Real Madrid have won it for the city of Madrid , with Atlético Madrid losing all three of their finals ( albeit two of these were against city rivals Real Madrid , therefore by the time of these two finals , a win for the city of Madrid was guaranteed ) . Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 13 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 , 2018 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 , 2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation As of 2017 -- 18 season Country Winners Runners - up Winning clubs Runners - up Spain 18 11 Real Madrid ( 13 ) , Barcelona ( 5 ) Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) , Barcelona ( 3 ) , Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Valencia ( 2 ) Italy 12 16 Milan ( 7 ) , Internazionale ( 3 ) , Juventus ( 2 ) Juventus ( 7 ) , Milan ( 4 ) , Internazionale ( 2 ) , Fiorentina ( 1 ) , Roma ( 1 ) , Sampdoria ( 1 ) England 12 8 Liverpool ( 5 ) , Manchester United ( 3 ) , Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) , Aston Villa ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) Liverpool ( 3 ) , Manchester United ( 2 ) , Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) , Leeds United ( 1 ) Germany 7 10 Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Hamburg ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) , Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) , Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) , Hamburg ( 1 ) Netherlands 6 Ajax ( 4 ) , Feyenoord ( 1 ) , PSV Eindhoven ( 1 ) Ajax ( 2 ) Portugal 5 Benfica ( 2 ) , Porto ( 2 ) Benfica ( 5 ) France 5 Marseille ( 1 ) Reims ( 2 ) , Monaco ( 1 ) , Marseille ( 1 ) , Saint - Étienne ( 1 ) Serbia Red Star Belgrade ( 1 ) Partizan ( 1 ) Romania Steaua București ( 1 ) Steaua București ( 1 ) Scotland Celtic ( 1 ) Celtic ( 1 ) Greece 0 & -- Panathinaikos ( 1 ) Belgium 0 & -- Club Brugge ( 1 ) Sweden 0 & -- Malmö FF ( 1 ) By city As of 2017 -- 18 season City Winners Runners - up Winning clubs Runners - up Madrid 13 6 Real Madrid ( 13 ) Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) Milan 10 6 Milan ( 7 ) , Internazionale ( 3 ) Milan ( 4 ) , Internazionale ( 2 ) Munich 5 5 Bayern Munich ( 5 ) Bayern Munich ( 5 ) Barcelona 5 Barcelona ( 5 ) Barcelona ( 3 ) Liverpool 5 Liverpool ( 5 ) Liverpool ( 3 ) Amsterdam Ajax ( 4 ) Ajax ( 2 ) Manchester Manchester United ( 3 ) Manchester United ( 2 ) Turin 7 Juventus ( 2 ) Juventus ( 7 ) Lisbon 5 Benfica ( 2 ) Benfica ( 5 ) Nottingham 0 Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) Porto 0 Porto ( 2 ) London Chelsea ( 1 ) Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) Glasgow Celtic ( 1 ) Celtic ( 1 ) Hamburg Hamburg ( 1 ) Hamburg ( 1 ) Bucharest Steaua București ( 1 ) Steaua București ( 1 ) Belgrade Red Star Belgrade ( 1 ) Partizan ( 1 ) Marseille Marseille ( 1 ) Marseille ( 1 ) Dortmund Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Rotterdam 0 Feyenoord ( 1 ) Birmingham 0 Aston Villa ( 1 ) Eindhoven 0 PSV Eindhoven ( 1 ) Reims 0 Stade de Reims ( 2 ) Valencia 0 Valencia ( 2 ) Florence 0 Fiorentina ( 1 ) Frankfurt 0 Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) Athens 0 Panathinaikos ( 1 ) Leeds 0 Leeds United ( 1 ) Saint - Étienne 0 Saint - Étienne ( 1 ) Mönchengladbach 0 Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) Bruges 0 Club Brugge ( 1 ) Malmö 0 Malmö FF ( 1 ) Rome 0 Roma ( 1 ) Genoa 0 Sampdoria ( 1 ) Leverkusen 0 Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) Monaco 0 Monaco ( 1 ) All - time top 25 European Champion Clubs ' Cup and Champions League rankings As of 28 May 2018 Rank Club Years Pld GF GA GD Pts FW SF QF Real Madrid 48 423 254 74 95 942 458 + 484 582 13 16 29 36 Bayern Munich 34 333 191 69 73 665 334 + 331 451 5 10 19 30 Barcelona 28 298 175 67 56 594 288 + 306 417 5 8 16 22 Manchester United 27 269 150 65 54 496 253 + 243 365 5 12 18 5 Juventus 32 261 130 67 64 413 255 + 158 327 9 12 18 6 Milan 28 249 125 64 60 416 231 + 185 314 7 11 13 17 7 Benfica 37 242 108 55 79 393 274 + 119 271 7 8 17 8 Liverpool 22 196 109 45 42 369 172 + 197 263 5 8 10 14 9 Porto 32 233 103 56 74 341 258 + 83 262 9 10 Arsenal 21 201 101 43 57 332 218 + 114 245 0 7 11 Dynamo Kyiv 34 227 96 49 82 326 275 + 51 241 0 0 8 12 Ajax 34 199 87 53 59 302 224 + 78 227 6 8 12 13 Celtic 32 200 93 33 74 297 239 + 58 219 7 14 Internazionale 19 166 82 44 40 239 161 + 78 208 5 8 12 15 Chelsea 15 160 80 46 34 274 142 + 132 206 7 9 16 Anderlecht 34 200 70 44 86 282 320 - 38 184 0 0 7 17 Rangers 30 161 62 40 59 232 218 + 14 164 0 0 18 PSV Eindhoven 26 167 61 39 67 215 205 + 10 161 7 19 Atlético Madrid 13 119 60 32 27 181 104 + 77 152 0 6 9 20 Galatasaray 24 163 56 40 67 207 250 - 43 152 0 0 5 21 Borussia Dortmund 16 130 62 26 42 227 166 + 61 150 8 22 Lyon 16 130 60 29 41 205 148 + 57 149 0 0 23 FCSB 26 145 52 41 52 203 204 - 1 145 24 Panathinaikos 28 157 49 45 63 182 214 - 32 143 0 25 Olympiacos 31 160 56 30 74 191 250 - 59 142 0 0 0 Number of participating clubs of the Champions League era A total of 137 clubs from 33 national associations have played in or qualified for the Champions League group stage . Nation # Clubs Years Spain ( 13 ) 23 Barcelona 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 23 Real Madrid 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 11 Valencia 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 -- 19 9 Atlético Madrid 1996 -- 97 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Deportivo La Coruña 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 5 Sevilla 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Villarreal 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 Real Sociedad 2003 -- 04 , 2013 -- 14 Athletic Bilbao 1998 -- 99 , 2014 -- 15 Mallorca 2001 -- 02 Celta Vigo 2003 -- 04 Real Betis 2005 -- 06 Málaga 2012 -- 13 Germany ( 13 ) 22 Bayern Munich 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 13 Borussia Dortmund 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 11 Bayer Leverkusen 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 8 Schalke 04 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- 19 7 Werder Bremen 1993 -- 94 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 VfB Stuttgart 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Hamburger SV 2000 -- 01 , 2006 -- 07 VfL Wolfsburg 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 Borussia Mönchengladbach 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Kaiserslautern 1998 -- 99 Hertha BSC 1999 -- 2000 RB Leipzig 2017 -- 18 1899 Hoffenheim 2018 -- 19 England ( 10 ) 22 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 19 Arsenal 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 15 Chelsea 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 11 Liverpool 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 8 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Tottenham Hotspur 2010 -- 11 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Newcastle United 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Leeds United 2000 -- 01 Leicester City 2016 -- 17 France ( 10 ) 15 Lyon 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2018 -- 19 11 Paris Saint - Germain 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 9 Marseille 1992 -- 93 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 9 Monaco 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Lille 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Bordeaux 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Auxerre 1996 -- 97 , 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 11 Nantes 1995 -- 96 , 2001 -- 02 Lens 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 Montpellier 2012 -- 13 Italy ( 9 ) 19 Juventus 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 17 Milan 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 12 Internazionale 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2018 -- 19 11 Roma 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Lazio 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 5 Napoli 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Fiorentina 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Parma 1997 -- 98 Udinese 2005 -- 06 Netherlands ( 7 ) 15 PSV Eindhoven 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 13 Ajax 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 5 Feyenoord 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- 18 Willem II 1999 -- 2000 Heerenveen 2000 -- 01 AZ 2009 -- 10 Twente 2010 -- 11 Russia ( 6 ) 12 Spartak Moscow 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 -- 18 12 CSKA Moscow 1992 -- 93 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 6 Zenit Saint Petersburg 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Lokomotiv Moscow 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2018 -- 19 Rubin Kazan 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Rostov 2016 -- 17 Belgium ( 6 ) 12 Anderlecht 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 6 Club Brugge 1992 -- 93 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2016 -- 17 , 2018 -- 19 Genk 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 Lierse 1997 -- 98 Standard Liège 2009 -- 10 Gent 2015 -- 16 Portugal ( 5 ) 23 Porto 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 13 Benfica 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 8 Sporting CP 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Boavista 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Braga 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Turkey ( 5 ) 15 Galatasaray 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 -- 19 7 Beşiktaş 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 6 Fenerbahçe 1996 -- 97 , 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Bursaspor 2010 -- 11 Trabzonspor 2011 -- 12 Romania ( 4 ) 7 FCSB 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14 CFR Cluj 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Unirea Urziceni 2009 -- 10 Oțelul Galați 2011 -- 12 Switzerland ( 4 ) 8 Basel 2002 -- 03 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Grasshopper 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Thun 2005 -- 06 Zürich 2009 -- 10 Sweden ( 4 ) IFK Göteborg 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 Malmö FF 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 AIK 1999 -- 2000 Helsingborg 2000 -- 01 Denmark ( 4 ) Copenhagen 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 AaB 1995 -- 96 , 2008 -- 09 Brøndby 1998 -- 99 Nordsjælland 2012 -- 13 Austria ( 4 ) Sturm Graz 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 Rapid Wien 1996 -- 97 , 2005 -- 06 Salzburg 1994 -- 95 Austria Wien 2013 -- 14 Greece ( 3 ) 18 Olympiacos 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 9 Panathinaikos 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 AEK Athens 1994 -- 95 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 Czech Republic ( 3 ) 7 Sparta Prague 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 Viktoria Plzeň 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2018 -- 19 Slavia Prague 2007 -- 08 Israel ( 3 ) Maccabi Haifa 2002 -- 03 , 2009 -- 10 Maccabi Tel Aviv 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Hapoel Tel Aviv 2010 -- 11 Slovakia ( 3 ) Košice 1997 -- 98 Petržalka 2005 -- 06 Žilina 2010 -- 11 Ukraine ( 2 ) 16 Dynamo Kyiv 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 13 Shakhtar Donetsk 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Scotland ( 2 ) 10 Rangers 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 10 Celtic 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Norway ( 2 ) 11 Rosenborg 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Molde 1999 -- 2000 Croatia ( 2 ) 6 Dinamo Zagreb 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Hajduk Split 1994 -- 95 Cyprus ( 2 ) APOEL 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Anorthosis 2008 -- 09 Poland ( 2 ) Legia Warsaw 1995 -- 96 , 2016 -- 17 Widzew Łódź 1996 -- 97 Bulgaria ( 2 ) Ludogorets Razgrad 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Levski Sofia 2006 -- 07 Hungary ( 2 ) Ferencváros 1995 -- 96 Debrecen 2009 -- 10 Belarus ( 1 ) 5 BATE Borisov 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Slovenia ( 1 ) Maribor 1999 -- 2000 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Serbia ( 1 ) Partizan 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 11 Finland ( 1 ) HJK 1998 -- 99 Kazakhstan ( 1 ) Astana 2015 -- 16 Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Qarabağ 2017 -- 18 Team in Bold : qualified for the knockout phase . European Cup group stage participants only one season was played in that format 1991 -- 92 : Anderlecht Barcelona Benfica Dynamo Kyiv Panathinaikos Red Star Belgrade Sampdoria Sparta Prague Red Star Belgrade and Sampdoria are the only sides to have played in 1991 -- 92 European Cup group stage , but to have not played in the Champions League group stage . Clubs Performance review ( from 1992 -- 93 ) Main article : UEFA Champions League clubs performance comparison By semi-final appearances ( European Cup and UEFA Champions League ) Team No . Years Real Madrid 29 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1973 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Bayern Munich 19 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 Barcelona 16 1960 , 1961 , 1975 , 1986 , 1992 , 1994 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Milan 13 1956 , 1958 , 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 Manchester United 12 1957 , 1958 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 Juventus 12 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1985 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Liverpool 10 1965 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2018 Benfica 8 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 , 1988 , 1990 Internazionale 8 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1972 , 1981 , 2003 , 2010 Ajax 8 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1980 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 Chelsea 7 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 Atlético Madrid 6 1959 , 1971 , 1974 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Red Star Belgrade 1957 , 1971 , 1991 , 1992 Borussia Dortmund 1964 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 Celtic 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 Monaco 1994 , 1998 , 2004 , 2017 Hamburg 1961 , 1980 , 1983 Leeds United 1970 , 1975 , 2001 Panathinaikos 1971 , 1985 , 1996 PSV Eindhoven 1976 , 1988 , 2005 Dynamo Kyiv 1977 , 1987 , 1999 Steaua București 1986 , 1988 , 1989 Porto 1987 , 1994 , 2004 Marseille 1990 , 1991 , 1993 Reims 1956 , 1959 Rangers 1960 , 1993 Feyenoord 1963 , 1970 Zürich 1964 , 1977 CSKA Sofia 1967 , 1982 Saint - Étienne 1975 , 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 1977 , 1978 Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Anderlecht 1982 , 1986 IFK Göteborg 1986 , 1993 Valencia 2000 , 2001 Arsenal 2006 , 2009 Roma 1984 , 2018 Hibernian 1956 Fiorentina 1957 Vasas 1958 Young Boys 1959 Eintracht Frankfurt 1960 Rapid Wien 1961 Standard Liège 1962 Tottenham Hotspur 1962 Dundee 1963 Győri ETO 1965 Partizan 1966 Dukla Praha 1967 Spartak Trnava 1969 Legia Warsaw 1970 Derby County 1973 Újpest Club Brugge 1978 Austria Wien 1979 Köln 1979 Malmö FF 1979 Aston Villa 1982 Real Sociedad Widzew Łódź Dinamo București 1984 Dundee United 1984 Bordeaux 1985 Galatasaray 1989 Spartak Moscow 1991 Sparta Prague 1992 Sampdoria 1992 Paris Saint - Germain 1995 Nantes Bayer Leverkusen 2002 Deportivo La Coruña Villarreal 2006 Lyon Schalke 04 2011 Manchester City 2016 Team in Bold : Finalist team in season Note : In the 1992 and 1993 seasons there were no semi-finals as the finalists qualified via a group stage . The winners ( Sampdoria and Barcelona in 1992 , Marseille and Milan in 1993 ) and runners - up ( Red Star Belgrade and Sparta Prague in 1992 , Rangers and IFK Göteborg in 1993 ) of the two groups are marked as semi-finalists in the table . Presidents records Jaap van Praag and Michael van Praag are the first father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team , Ajax . This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents , in 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 and 1994 -- 95 . Angelo Moratti and Massimo Moratti are the second father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team , Internazionale . This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents , in 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 and 2009 -- 10 . Unbeaten sides Nine clubs have won either the European Cup or the Champions League unbeaten , only four clubs have done this twice : Liverpool had 6 wins and 3 draws in 1980 -- 81 and 7 wins and 2 draws in 1983 -- 84 . Milan had 5 wins and 4 draws in 1988 -- 89 and 7 wins and 5 draws in 1993 -- 94 . Ajax had 7 wins and 2 draws in 1971 -- 72 and 7 wins and 4 draws in 1994 -- 95 . Manchester United had 5 wins and 6 draws in 1998 -- 99 and 9 wins and 4 draws in 2007 -- 08 ( Manchester United is the only team in the Champions League era to go unbeaten twice ) . Five clubs have achieved it on one occasion : Internazionale had 7 wins and 2 draws in 1963 -- 64 . Nottingham Forest had 6 wins and 3 draws in 1978 -- 79 . Red Star Belgrade had 5 wins and 4 draws in 1990 -- 91 . Marseille had 7 wins and 4 draws in 1992 -- 93 . Barcelona had 9 wins and 4 draws in 2005 -- 06 . The team to have won the European Cup with the fewest games won is PSV Eindhoven ( 1987 -- 88 ) , managing just three victories in the entire tournament ( including none from the quarter - finals onwards ) . The team to have won the Champions League with the fewest games won is Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 ) , with five wins . Two teams have won the Champions League with the most games lost , Milan ( 2002 -- 03 ) and Real Madrid ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , both losing four games . Final success rate Statue of Brian Clough , Nottingham Forest manager in 1979 and 1980 Only two clubs have appeared in the final of the European Cup / Champions league more than once , with a 100 % success rate : Nottingham Forest ( 1979 , 1980 ) Porto ( 1987 , 2004 ) Four clubs have appeared in the final once , being victorious on that occasion : Feyenoord ( 1970 ) Aston Villa ( 1982 ) PSV Eindhoven ( 1988 ) Red Star Belgrade ( 1991 ) On the opposite end of the scale , 18 clubs have played at least one final , but never won . Only three of these have appeared in the final more than once , losing on each occasion : Reims ( 1956 , 1959 ) Valencia ( 2000 , 2001 ) Atlético Madrid ( 1974 , 2014 , 2016 ) Of the 22 teams who have won the trophy , only two have lost more finals than they have won : Juventus two wins ( 1985 , 1996 ) and seven losses ( 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 ) Benfica two wins ( 1961 , 1962 ) and five losses ( 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 ) Consecutive appearances Most consecutive seasons in the European Cup : 15 , Real Madrid ( 1955 -- 56 to 1969 -- 70 ) Most consecutive seasons in the UEFA Champions League : 21 , Real Madrid ( 1997 -- 98 to present ) Most consecutive final appearances : 5 , Real Madrid ( 1956 to 1960 ) Most consecutive final appearances ( Champions League era ) : 3 -- joint record Milan ( 1993 to 1995 ) Juventus ( 1996 to 1998 ) Real Madrid ( 2016 to 2018 ) Most consecutive semi-final appearances : 8 , Real Madrid ( 2010 -- 11 to 2017 -- 18 ) Most consecutive quarter - final appearances : 11 , Barcelona ( 2007 -- 08 to 2017 -- 18 ) Winning other trophies Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . See also Treble ( association football ) and Tuples in association football . Although not an officially recognised achievement , seven clubs have achieved the distinction of winning the Champions League or European Cup , their domestic championship , and their primary domestic cup competition in the same season , known colloquially as `` the treble '' : Celtic in 1967 , having won the European Cup , the Scottish First Division , and the Scottish Cup . Ajax in 1972 won the European Cup , the Eredivisie , and the KNVB Cup . PSV Eindhoven in 1988 did likewise , having won the European Cup the Eredivisie , and the KNVB Cup . Manchester United in 1999 , having won the Premier League , the FA Cup , and the Champions League . Barcelona in 2009 , which included La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the Champions League . Internazionale in 2010 , which included Serie A , the Coppa Italia , and the Champions League . Bayern Munich in 2013 , which included Bundesliga , the DFB - Pokal , and the Champions League Barcelona in 2015 won the treble for the second time , having won La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the Champions League . Liverpool in 1984 won the English First Division and the European Cup . However , this ' treble ' included the Football League Cup rather than the FA Cup . Bayern Munich in 2001 won the Bundesliga and the Champions League . However , this ' treble ' included the DFB - Ligapokal rather than the DFB - Pokal . In addition to this treble , several of these clubs went on to win further cups . However , most of these cups were technically won the following year following the conclusion of regular domestic or international leagues the year before . Also , several domestic cups may not have been extant at the time that equivalent cups were won by clubs of other nations , and in some cases they remain so . Furthermore , there is much variance in the regard with which several cups are taken both over time and between nations . Regardless , the following clubs all won competitions further to the treble mentioned above : Celtic also won their secondary domestic cup competition , the Scottish League Cup , in the 1966 -- 67 season concurrently with the treble of cups mentioned previously ( sometimes colloquially referred to as a part of `` the quadruple '' ) , thus making their achievement unique in this respect to every other club . Ajax also won the Intercontinental Cup ( the predecessor of the FIFA Club World Cup and the de facto premier global club cup ) and the inaugural ( and technically unofficial ) UEFA Super Cup the following season , forming part of a quintuple of Cup successes ; they thus won all available cups to them . Manchester United won the Intercontinental Cup the following season , winning a quadruple of cups . Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup , the European Super Cup , and the Supercopa de España the following season , making it a sextuple of cup successes , and thus winning all available cups to them . Internazionale completed The Quintuple by winning Serie A , the Coppa Italia , the Champions League , the FIFA Club World Cup , and the Supercoppa Italiana . Bayern Munich also won the DFL - Supercup in the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , winning a quadruple of cups . Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Chelsea and Manchester United are also the only teams to have won the three major UEFA official Cups , namely UEFA Champions League / European Cup , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / Europa League . Juventus was the first club in association football history -- and remain the only one at present -- to have won all official continental tournaments and the world champions title . Chelsea became the first club to hold the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League trophies simultaneously by winning 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League and 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League . Biggest wins The following teams won a single match by ten goals or more in the preliminary rounds of the European Cup : Dinamo București beat Crusaders 11 -- 0 in 1973 -- 74 Feyenoord beat KR Reykjavík 12 -- 2 in 1969 -- 70 Manchester United beat Anderlecht 10 -- 0 in 1956 -- 57 Ipswich Town beat Floriana 10 -- 0 in 1962 -- 63 Benfica beat Stade Dudelange 10 -- 0 in 1965 -- 66 Leeds United beat Lyn 10 -- 0 in 1969 -- 70 Borussia Mönchengladbach beat EPA Larnaca 10 -- 0 in 1970 -- 71 Ajax beat Omonia 10 -- 0 in 1979 -- 80 The largest margin of victory in the current Champions League format is 10 -- 0 : HJK Helsinki beat Bangor City in the second qualifying round in 2011 -- 12 The largest margin of victory after the preliminary rounds in either competition is 8 -- 0 : Real Madrid beat Sevilla in the quarter - final in 1957 -- 58 Liverpool beat Beşiktaş in the group stage in 2007 -- 08 Real Madrid beat Malmö FF in the group stage in 2015 -- 16 The largest margin of victory in the knockout stage in the current Champions League format is 7 -- 0 : Bayern Munich beat Basel in the first knockout round in 2011 -- 12 Bayern Munich beat Shakhtar Donetsk in the first knockout round in 2014 -- 15 The largest margin of victory in a final is four goals : Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 in 1959 -- 60 Bayern Munich beat Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 in 1973 -- 74 ( replay ) Milan beat Steaua București 4 -- 0 in 1988 -- 89 Milan beat Barcelona 4 -- 0 in 1993 -- 94 The largest margin of victory in an away match is seven goals : Žilina 0 -- 7 Marseille in 2010 -- 11 BATE Borisov 0 -- 7 Shakhtar Donetsk in 2014 -- 15 Maribor 0 -- 7 Liverpool in 2017 -- 18 Biggest two leg wins Benfica hold the overall record for highest aggregate win . They beat Stade Dudelange 18 -- 0 in the preliminary round in 1965 -- 66 : 8 -- 0 away score and 10 -- 0 at home . As for the group stage , record belongs to Shakhtar Donetsk , who beat BATE Borisov 12 -- 0 ( 7 -- 0 away , 5 -- 0 at home ) in 2014 -- 15 . Including the preliminary rounds , HJK Helsinki hold the Champions League era record by beating Bangor City 13 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 , 10 -- 0 ) in 2011 -- 12 Bayern Munich hold the biggest margin of overall home and away result in the Champions League era in play - off . They beat Sporting CP 12 -- 1 ( 5 -- 0 , 7 -- 1 ) in the round of 16 in 2008 -- 09 . Real Madrid hold the record for the biggest win in a quarter - final , beating Sevilla 10 -- 2 ( 8 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 ) in 1957 -- 58 . During the Champions League era , Bayern Munich hold the record by beating Kaiserslautern 6 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 ) in 1998 -- 99 . Eintracht Frankfurt hold the record for the biggest win in a semi-final , beating Rangers 12 -- 4 ( 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 ) in 1959 -- 60 . During the Champions League era , Bayern Munich hold the record by beating Barcelona 7 -- 0 ( 4 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) in 2012 -- 13 . Deciding drawn ties Play - offs The first play - off was Borussia Dortmund beating Spora Luxembourg 7 -- 0 in the preliminary round in 1956 -- 57 after the two first games tied 5 -- 5 ( 4 -- 3 , 1 -- 2 ) The last play - off match was Ajax beating Benfica 3 -- 0 in the quarter - final in 1968 -- 69 after the two first games tied 4 -- 4 ( 1 -- 3 , 3 -- 1 ) . Ajax later progressed to the final . The first ( and only ) replayed final was in 1974 , with Bayern Munich beating Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 after 1 -- 1 in the first meeting . A total of 32 play - offs have been played . Real Madrid is the only team to have won three times , in 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 and 1961 -- 62 , later progressing to the final on all three occasions . Feyenoord is the only team to win two play - offs in the same season , beating Servette and Vasas in 1962 -- 63 , while Wismut Karl Marx Stadt and Atlético Madrid have played the most play - offs with four each . Coin toss The first coin toss was in 1957 -- 58 , with Wismut Karl Marx Stadt beating Gwardia Warsaw after the play - off was abandoned after 100 minutes due to floodlight power failure . Zürich won a coin toss against Galatasaray in 1963 -- 64 after their play - off match ended 2 -- 2 . This was the first time this rule was used for a tie played to completion . The last season using a coin toss was 1969 -- 70 , with Galatasaray beating Spartak Trnava and Celtic beating Benfica , both in the second round . Celtic later progressed to the final . A total of 7 European Cup ties were decided by a coin toss , Galatasaray being the only team to be involved twice , with one win and one loss . Away goals The away goals rule was introduced in 1967 -- 68 , with Valur beating Jeunesse Esch 4 -- 4 ( 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 3 ) and Benfica beating Glentoran 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) , both in the first round . Benfica later progressed to the final . In 2002 -- 03 , Milan and Internazionale met in the semi-final . Sharing the same stadium ( Giuseppe Meazza ) , they played 0 -- 0 in the first tie and 1 -- 1 in the second . However , Milan were the designated away side in the latter , and so became the only team to win on `` away '' goals without having scored a goal away from their own stadium . They later went on to win the final against Juventus . Milan and Paris Saint - Germain are the only teams to have advanced on the away goals rule after extra time . In the semi-final against Bayern Munich in 1989 -- 90 , Milan won 1 -- 0 at home and was 0 -- 1 down after 90 minutes in the second leg . Both teams scored one goal each in the extra time , giving Milan the victory on away goals . They later went on to win the final against Benfica . In the round of 16 against Chelsea in 2014 -- 15 , PSG drew 1 -- 1 at home and away . Both teams scored one goal each in extra time , giving PSG the victory on away goals . Penalty shootout Alan Kennedy scored the decisive penalty kick in 1984 . The first penalty shootout in the European Cup was between Everton and Borussia Mönchengladbach on 4 November 1970 , after both games ended 1 -- 1 . Gladbach 's Klaus - Dieter Sieloff was the first player to score on a penalty kick , while Everton 's Joe Royle was the first to miss . Everton went on to win 4 -- 3 with Sandy Brown scoring the decisive goal . The first penalty shootout in a final was between Liverpool and Roma in the 1984 final after 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) . Roma 's Agostino Di Bartolomei was the first player to score , while Liverpool 's Steve Nicol was the first to miss . Liverpool went on to win 4 -- 2 with Alan Kennedy scoring the deciding goal . Kennedy also scored the deciding goal in the 1981 final . 11 finals have been decided by a penalty shootout . Liverpool is the only team to have won more than once ( 1984 and 2005 ) , while Juventus , Milan , Bayern Munich and Chelsea have won one and lost one . No team has lost twice . Barcelona , Bayern Munich and Atlético Madrid are the only teams to have been involved in two penalty shootouts in the same season . In 1985 -- 86 , Barcelona beat IFK Göteborg in the semi-finals , but lost to Steaua București in the final . In 2011 -- 12 , Bayern Munich beat Real Madrid in the semi-finals but lost to Chelsea in the final . In 2015 -- 16 , Atlético Madrid beat PSV Eindhoven in the Round of 16 but lost to Real Madrid in the final . Extra time 17 finals have gone to extra time . One was replayed , eleven went to penalty shootout , while the remaining five were decided after 120 minutes : Real Madrid beat Milan 3 -- 2 in 1958 Manchester United beat Benfica 4 -- 1 in 1968 Feyenoord beat Celtic 2 -- 1 in 1970 Barcelona beat Sampdoria 1 -- 0 in 1992 Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 in 2014 Most goals in a match Feyenoord beat KR Reykjavík 12 -- 2 in the first round in 1969 -- 70 . This is the overall record for all European Cup / Champions League matches . Borussia Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8 -- 4 in the group stage in 2016 -- 17 . This is the record for the Champions League era . Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 in the 1960 final . This is the overall record for all European Cup / Champions League finals . Highest scoring draws The highest scoring draw is eight goals ( four goals each ) : Hamburg 4 -- 4 Juventus in 2000 -- 01 Chelsea 4 -- 4 Liverpool in 2008 -- 09 Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 4 Roma in 2015 -- 16 Not winning the domestic League Nottingham Forest is the only club to have won the European Cup more times ( twice ) than they have won their domestic league ( once ) . Forest won the English League in 1978 before winning the European Cup in 1979 and defending it in 1980 . Nottingham Forest are also the only previous winners of the European Cup to be later relegated to the third tier of their national league ( in 2005 ) . The competition format was changed in 1997 -- 98 to allow teams that were not champions of their domestic league to compete in the competition . Since then there have been European Champions who had not been domestic champions . Notable instances include the following Manchester United 's treble - winners of 1999 were the first winners of the tournament to have won neither their domestic title nor the European Cup / Champions League the previous season . Since then , Real Madrid ( 2000 , 2014 , 2016 ) , Milan ( 2003 and 2007 ) , Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Barcelona ( 2009 and 2015 ) , and Chelsea ( 2012 ) have achieved this feat . Liverpool 's 2005 triumph came 15 years after their previous domestic league title ( 1990 ) . That was the longest time any Champions League winner had gone since previously winning their league . Prior to this , the longest time period for any winner was Milan , whose victory in 2003 had come four years since their last Serie A win . Bayer Leverkusen ( in 2002 ) is the only club to play in the final having never won their domestic league . Comebacks Newcastle United in 2002 -- 03 is the only team to have progressed past the group stage after losing their first three games . In their last game against Feyenoord , Craig Bellamy 's injury time ( 90 + 1 ' ) goal secured the 3 -- 2 victory and a place in the second group stage . Only ten teams have progressed past the group stage after losing their first two games . Only Galatasaray managed to advance past the Round of 16 in the tournament , however . Dynamo Kyiv in 1999 -- 2000 , lost on head - to - head criteria in second group stage to Real Madrid despite having a better goal difference Newcastle United and Bayer Leverkusen in 2002 -- 03 , placed 3rd and 4th in second group stage Werder Bremen in 2005 -- 06 , lost to Juventus on away goals ( 4 -- 4 agg ) in the round of 16 Internazionale in 2006 -- 07 , lost to Valencia on away goals ( 2 -- 2 agg ) in the round of 16 Lyon in 2007 -- 08 , lost 1 -- 2 to Manchester United in the round of 16 Panathinaikos in 2008 -- 09 , came back to win the group but lost 2 -- 3 to Villarreal in the round of 16 Marseille in 2010 -- 11 , lost 1 -- 2 to Manchester United in the round of 16 Galatasaray in 2012 -- 13 , lost 3 -- 5 to Real Madrid in the quarter - finals Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 , lost 1 -- 5 to Barcelona in the round of 16 In 1994 -- 95 , defending champions Milan started the group stage with a loss and a win , but were deducted two points for crowd trouble against Casino Salzburg on matchday two . With 0 points after two games , they still managed to advance from the group and later to the final , where they lost to Ajax . Only Juventus 1998 -- 99 have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first five games ( five draws ) . Zinedine Zidane and Juventus drew their first five games in 1998 -- 99 . Only two teams have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first four games : Lokomotiv Moscow lost three and drew one in 2002 -- 03 ( first group stage ) Manchester City lost two and drew two in 2014 -- 15 The following teams have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first three games : Dynamo Kyiv lost one and drew two in 1998 -- 99 Dynamo Kyiv lost two and drew one in 1999 -- 2000 Fiorentina lost one and drew two in 1999 -- 2000 Feyenoord drew their first five games in 1999 -- 2000 Liverpool lost one and drew two in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) Newcastle United lost their first three games in 2002 -- 03 Arsenal lost two and drew one in 2003 -- 04 Celta Vigo lost one and drew two in 2003 -- 04 Porto lost two and drew one in 2004 -- 05 Werder Bremen lost two and drew one in 2005 -- 06 Villarreal drew three in 2005 -- 06 Liverpool lost two and drew one in 2007 -- 08 Panathinaikos lost two and drew one in 2008 -- 09 Internazionale drew three in 2009 -- 10 Stuttgart lost one and drew two in 2009 -- 10 Juventus drew three in 2012 -- 13 Galatasaray lost two and drew one in 2012 -- 13 17 teams have lost the first leg of a knockout match with three goals , but still managed to qualify for the next round : Milan lost 5 -- 2 to Rapid Wien in the preliminary round 1957 -- 58 , but won 4 -- 1 in the second leg and 4 -- 2 in the play - off Schalke 04 lost 3 -- 0 to KB in the first round 1958 -- 59 , but won 5 -- 2 in the second leg and 3 -- 1 in the play - off Jeunesse Esch lost 4 -- 1 to Haka in the preliminary round 1963 -- 64 , but won 4 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on aggregate Partizan lost 4 -- 1 to Sparta Prague in the quarter - final 1965 -- 66 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 6 -- 4 on aggregate Panathinaikos lost 4 -- 1 to Red Star Belgrade in the semi-final 1970 -- 71 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and progressed to the final on away goals Saint - Étienne lost 4 -- 1 to Hajduk Split in the second round 1974 -- 75 , but won 5 -- 1 in the second leg and 6 -- 5 on aggregate Real Madrid lost 4 -- 1 to Derby County in the second round 1975 -- 76 , but won 5 -- 1 in the second leg and 6 -- 5 on aggregate Barcelona lost 3 -- 0 to Gothenburg in the semi-final 1985 -- 86 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on penalties Werder Bremen lost 3 -- 0 to Dynamo Berlin in the first round 1988 -- 89 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Galatasaray lost 3 -- 0 to Neuchâtel Xamax in the second round 1988 -- 89 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Leeds United lost 3 -- 0 to Stuttgart in the first round 1992 -- 93 , but was awarded a score of 3 -- 0 in the second leg and won 2 -- 1 in the play - off Copenhagen lost 3 -- 0 to Linfield in the first round 1993 -- 94 , but won 4 -- 0 ( aet ) in the second leg and 4 -- 3 on aggregate Paris Saint - Germain lost 3 -- 0 to Steaua București in the second qualifying round 1997 -- 98 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Widzew Łódź lost 4 -- 1 to Litex Lovech in the second qualifying round 1999 -- 2000 , but won 4 -- 1 in the second leg and 3 -- 2 on penalties KF Tirana lost 3 -- 0 to Dinamo Tbilisi in the first qualifying round 2003 -- 04 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and 4 -- 2 on penalties Deportivo La Coruña lost 4 -- 1 to Milan in the quarter - final 2003 -- 04 , but won 4 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on aggregate Roma lost 4 -- 1 to Barcelona in the quarter - final 2017 -- 18 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and went through on away goals Only one team has lost the first leg of a knockout match by four goals , but still managed to qualify for the next round : Barcelona lost 4 -- 0 to Paris Saint - Germain in the round of 16 first leg of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League , but won 6 -- 1 in the second leg to win 6 -- 5 on aggregate . Defence Arsenal goalkeepers Jens Lehmann and Manuel Almunia racked up ten consecutive clean sheets en route to the 2006 Final . Arsenal hold the record for the most consecutive clean sheets with ten in 2005 -- 06 . They went without conceding a goal for 995 minutes between September 2005 and May 2006 . The run started after Markus Rosenberg 's goal for Ajax after 71 minutes on matchday two of the group stage , continued with four group stage games and six games in the knockout rounds , and ended with Samuel Eto'o 's goal for Barcelona after 76 minutes in the final . The 995 minutes were split between two goalkeepers , Jens Lehmann with 648 and Manuel Almunia with 347 minutes . Manchester United hold the record for the longest run without conceding from the start of a campaign , with 481 minutes in 2010 -- 11 . The run ended with Pablo Hernández 's goal for Valencia after 32 minutes on matchday six of the group stage . Manchester United in 2010 -- 11 is the only team to play six away games in a single Champions League season without conceding a goal Defending the trophy A total of 63 tournaments have been played , 37 in the European Cup era ( 1955 -- 56 to 1991 -- 92 ) and 26 in the Champions League era ( 1992 -- 93 to 2017 -- 18 ) . 15 of the 62 attempts to defend the trophy ( 24.19 % ) have been successful , split between 8 teams . These are : Real Madrid on 6 attempts out of 12 ( 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 ) Benfica on 1 attempt out of 2 ( 1961 -- 62 ) Internazionale on 1 attempt out of 3 ( 1964 -- 65 ) Ajax on 2 attempts out of 4 ( 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 ) Bayern Munich on 2 attempts out of 5 ( 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 ) Liverpool on 1 attempt out of 5 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Nottingham Forest on 1 attempt out of 2 ( 1979 -- 80 ) Milan on 1 attempt out of 7 ( 1989 -- 90 ) . Between the two eras of this competition , this breaks down as : Of the 37 attempts in European Cup era : 13 successful ( 35.1 % ) Of the 26 attempts in the Champions League era : 2 successful ( 7.69 % ) The only team to successfully defend the trophy in the Champions League era is Real Madrid ( twice ) , who won in 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 . The teams closest to defending the trophy in the Champions League era but who were unsuccessful , all making it to the final : Milan in 1994 -- 95 Ajax in 1995 -- 96 Juventus in 1996 -- 97 Manchester United in 2008 -- 09 Of the 22 teams that have won the trophy , 14 have never defended it . Only four of these have won the trophy more than once , and so have had more than one attempt to do so . These are : Barcelona on 5 attempts : Lost to CSKA Moscow in the second round in 1992 -- 93 , to Liverpool in the round of 16 in 2006 -- 07 , to Internazionale in the semi-final in 2009 -- 10 , to Chelsea in the semi-final in 2011 -- 12 and to Atlético Madrid in the quarter - final in 2015 -- 16 . Manchester United on 3 attempts : Lost to Milan in the semi-final in 1968 -- 69 , to Real Madrid in the quarter - final in 1999 -- 2000 and to Barcelona in the final in 2008 -- 09 . Juventus on 2 attempts : Lost to Barcelona in the quarter - final in 1985 -- 86 and to Borussia Dortmund in the final in 1996 -- 97 . Porto on 2 attempts : Lost to Real Madrid in the second round in 1987 -- 88 and to Internazionale in the round of 16 in 2004 -- 05 . During the Champions League era , only one title holder has failed to qualify from the group stage : Chelsea in 2012 -- 13 Nationalities Benfica twice won the competition ( 1961 and 1962 ) with a team consisting entirely of Portuguese players , although some of them had been born in Portuguese African colonies , then Overseas Provinces of Portugal but now independent nations . Celtic won the competition in 1967 with their entire squad born within a 30 - mile radius of Celtic Park , their home ground . Nottingham Forest ( 1979 and 1980 ) won twice with a team consisting of players from England , Scotland and Northern Ireland ( Martin O'Neill played in the 1980 final ) . Liverpool won in 1981 with a team consisting of players from England and Scotland . Aston Villa also won the European Cup ( 1982 ) with a team consisting entirely of players from England and Scotland . Arsenal are believed to be the first club in Champions League history to have fielded 11 players of different nationality at the same time , in their 2 -- 1 win away to Hamburg on 13 September 2006 . The Arsenal team , after the 28th minute substitution of Kolo Touré , was : Jens Lehmann ( Germany ) , Emmanuel Eboué ( Ivory Coast ) , Johan Djourou ( Switzerland ) , Justin Hoyte ( England ) , William Gallas ( France ) , Tomáš Rosický ( Czech Republic ) , Gilberto Silva ( Brazil ) , Cesc Fàbregas ( Spain ) , Alexander Hleb ( Belarus ) , Emmanuel Adebayor ( Togo ) and Robin van Persie ( Netherlands ) . Countries Only on six occasions has the final of the tournament involved two teams from the same country : 2000 Spain : Real Madrid vs Valencia 3 -- 0 2003 Italy : Milan vs Juventus 0 -- 0 ( 3 -- 2 pen . ) 2008 England : Manchester United vs Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) 2013 Germany : Bayern Munich vs Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 1 2014 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 2016 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 5 -- 3 pen . ) In addition to the 6 finals , 28 meetings between teams from the same country have been played : 11 meetings from the Spanish league : 1957 -- 58 Real Madrid - Sevilla , quarter - final , 10 -- 2 ( 8 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 ) 1958 -- 59 Real Madrid - Atlético Madrid , semi-final , 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) , 2 -- 1 in play - off 1959 -- 60 Real Madrid - Barcelona , semi-final , 6 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) 1960 -- 61 Barcelona - Real Madrid , first round , 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 1 ) 1999 -- 2000 Valencia - Barcelona , semi-final , 5 -- 3 ( 4 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 ) 2001 -- 02 Real Madrid - Barcelona , semi-final , 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) 2010 -- 11 Barcelona - Real Madrid , semi-final , 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) 2013 -- 14 Atlético Madrid - Barcelona , quarter - final , 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid - Atlético Madrid , quarter - final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 2015 -- 16 Atlético Madrid - Barcelona , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid - Atlético Madrid , semi-final , 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 ) 11 meetings from the English league : 1978 -- 79 Nottingham Forest - Liverpool , first round , 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) 2003 -- 04 Chelsea - Arsenal , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) 2004 -- 05 Liverpool - Chelsea , semi-final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 2005 -- 06 Liverpool - Chelsea , group stage , 0 -- 0 and 0 -- 0 2006 -- 07 Liverpool - Chelsea , semi-final , 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) 4 -- 1 pen . 2007 -- 08 Liverpool - Arsenal , quarter - final , 5 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 , 4 -- 2 ) 2007 -- 08 Chelsea - Liverpool , semi-final , 4 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 ) 2008 -- 09 Chelsea - Liverpool , quarter - final , 7 -- 5 ( 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 4 ) 2008 -- 09 Manchester United - Arsenal , semi-final , 4 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 ) 2010 -- 11 Manchester United - Chelsea , quarter - final , 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) 2017 -- 18 Liverpool - Manchester City , quarter - final , 5 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) 3 meetings from the Italian league : 1985 -- 86 Juventus - Hellas Verona , second round , 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) 2002 -- 03 Milan - Internazionale , semi-final , 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) , Milan won on `` away '' goals 2004 -- 05 Milan - Internazionale , quarter - final , 5 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ( match forfeited ) ) 2 meetings from the German league : 1997 -- 98 Borussia Dortmund - Bayern Munich , quarter - final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 1998 -- 99 Bayern Munich - Kaiserslautern , quarter - final , 6 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 ) 1 meeting from the French league : 2009 -- 10 Lyon - Bordeaux , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) 2007 -- 08 was the first season that four teams from the same country reached the quarter - final stage , England 's Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . This feat was repeated by the same teams in the 2008 -- 09 season . The country providing the highest number of wins is Spain with 18 victories , shared by two teams , Real Madrid ( 13 ) and Barcelona ( 5 ) . The country playing the highest number of finals is Italy with 27 ( in 2003 both finalists were from Italy : Milan and Juventus ) . England has provided the highest number of different winning clubs with five : Liverpool , Manchester United , Nottingham Forest , Aston Villa and Chelsea . England has also provided the highest number of different finalists , with seven : The five winners , plus Leeds and Arsenal . England has also provided the highest number of different semi-finalists , with ten : The seven finalists , plus Tottenham Hotspur , Derby County and Manchester City . England and Spain has also provided the highest number of participants in the competition in one season : Five . England ( twice ) in ( 2005 -- 06 ) : Arsenal , Chelsea , Everton , Liverpool and Manchester United , and in ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Spain ( twice ) in ( 2015 -- 16 ) : Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia , and in ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Villarreal . In 2017 -- 18 , England became the first country to have five representatives in the knockout phase : Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Cities On two occasions has the final of the tournament involved two teams from the same city : 2014 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 2016 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid Apart from Milan , three cities have been represented by more than one team in the final : Madrid has been represented by two clubs in 16 finals , with twelve wins ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) and three losses ( 1962 , 1964 , 1981 ) for Real Madrid , and three losses for Atlético Madrid in ( 1974 , 2014 , 2016 ) . Belgrade , Yugoslavia , ( now Belgrade , Serbia ) has one win for Red Star Belgrade in 1991 and a loss for Partizan in 1966 . London has been represented by Arsenal , who lost in 2006 , and Chelsea who lost in 2008 , and won in 2012 . Athens and London are the only cities that have been represented in the group stage by three teams in the same season : Olympiacos , Panathinaikos and AEK Athens in 2003 -- 04 , and Chelsea , Arsenal , and Tottenham Hotspur in 2010 -- 11 respectively . London is the only city to be represented in the knockout stage by three teams in the same season when Arsenal , Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur all progressed to the first knockout round in 2010 -- 11 England is the only country with teams who have won the Cup from five different cities : Liverpool , Liverpool Manchester , Manchester United Nottingham , Nottingham Forest Birmingham , Aston Villa London , Chelsea Only eight derbies between teams of the same city have ever been played : 1958 -- 59 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( semi-final ) 2002 -- 03 Internazionale vs Milan ( semi-final ) 2003 -- 04 Chelsea vs Arsenal ( quarter - final ) 2004 -- 05 Internazionale vs Milan ( quarter - final ) - the second leg was abandoned because of disturbances among the Inter fans . 2013 -- 14 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( quarter - final ) 2015 -- 16 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( semi-final ) The 2002 -- 03 semi-final between Milan and Internazionale was the first time both games of a two - legged tie were played in the same stadium ( San Siro ) . The teams share the stadium as their home venue . Milan won by the `` away goals '' rule . The teams also played each other in the same stadium in the 2004 -- 05 quarter - final . Specific group stage records Most goals scored in a group stage : 25 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a group stage : 0 Deportivo La Coruña ( 2004 -- 05 ) Maccabi Haifa ( 2009 -- 10 ) Dinamo Zagreb ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest goals conceded in a group stage : 1 Milan ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ajax ( 1995 -- 96 ) Juventus ( 1996 -- 97 and 2004 -- 05 ) Villarreal ( 2005 -- 06 ) Liverpool ( 2005 -- 06 ) Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Monaco ( 2014 -- 15 ) Paris Saint - Germain ( 2015 -- 16 ) Barcelona ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most goals conceded in a group stage : 24 BATE Borisov ( 2014 -- 15 ) Legia Warsaw ( 2016 -- 17 ) Highest goal difference in a group stage : + 21 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 -- 18 ) Lowest goal difference in a group stage : -- 22 BATE Borisov ( 2014 -- 15 ) 6 wins Frank Rijkaard and Milan won all six group stage matches in 1992 -- 93 . Five clubs have won all their games in a group stage . Real Madrid are the first and only club to achieve this feat twice in 2011 -- 12 and 2014 -- 15 . Milan , 1992 -- 93 Paris Saint - Germain , 1994 -- 95 Spartak Moscow , 1995 -- 96 Barcelona , 2002 -- 03 ( First group stage ) Real Madrid , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 6 draws Only one club has drawn all their games in a group stage : AEK Athens , 2002 -- 03 ( First group stage , finished 3rd and advanced to UEFA Cup ) 6 losses In the history of the Champions League , the following clubs have lost all 6 group stage matches : Košice ( 1997 -- 98 ) ended the group stage losing all 6 matches with a goal difference of -- 11 . They conceded 13 goals , scoring only twice . Fenerbahçe ( 2001 -- 02 ) lost all 6 group stage matches with a goal difference of -- 9 . They conceded 12 goals and scored only 3 . Spartak Moscow ( 2002 -- 03 ) have the second worst goal difference in a Champions League group stage with -- 17 . They lost all 6 matches , conceding 18 goals and scoring just once . Bayer Leverkusen ( 2002 -- 03 , second group stage ) lost all 6 matches , scoring 5 and conceding 15 . This was the only time that a club lost all matches in the second group stage . It was also the first time that two clubs lost six group stage matches in the same season . Anderlecht ( 2004 -- 05 ) lost all 6 of their group stage matches . They conceded 17 goals and scored just 4 , with a goal difference of -- 13 . Rapid Wien ( 2005 -- 06 ) ended the group stage losing all 6 games . They conceded 15 goals and scored only 3 , with a goal difference of -- 12 . Levski Sofia ( 2006 -- 07 ) finished their only appearance in the group stage conceding 17 goals and scoring just one , ending with a goal difference of -- 16 . Dynamo Kyiv ( 2007 -- 08 ) ended the group stage also losing all 6 games . They conceded 19 goals , scoring only 4 , ending with a goal difference of -- 15 . Maccabi Haifa ( 2009 -- 10 ) is the first club to have lost all their group stage matches without scoring a goal . They did this finishing only their second appearance in the competition with 0 points after losing to Bayern Munich 3 -- 0 in the first group game and then losing 5 consecutive games 1 -- 0 , ending the group stage with a goal difference of -- 8 . In their first Champions League appearance in 2002 -- 03 , the team scored 12 goals . Deportivo La Coruña is another club that scored no goals in the group stage ( in 2004 -- 05 ) , but they collected 2 points by twice drawing 0 -- 0 . Debrecen ( 2009 -- 10 ) finished the group stage with 0 points and a goal difference of -- 14 . They conceded 19 goals , scoring just 5 . Partizan ( 2010 -- 11 ) lost all six group stage matches . They conceded 13 goals while scoring only 2 , finishing with a goal difference of -- 11 . MŠK Žilina ( 2010 -- 11 ) also finished the group stage with 0 points and a goal difference of -- 16 , scoring 3 and conceding 19 . This was the second consecutive season that two different clubs had lost all six group stage matches . Dinamo Zagreb ( 2011 -- 12 ) lost all six group stage matches , setting new records for worst goal difference ( -- 19 ) and most goals conceded ( 22 ) , scoring 3 . Villarreal ( 2011 -- 12 ) also finished with 0 points and goal difference of -- 12 , scoring 2 and conceding 14 . Oțelul Galați ( 2011 -- 12 ) as well finished with 0 points and goal difference of -- 8 , scoring 3 and conceding 11 . That became the first season in which three separate teams had lost all six group stage matches , and a third consecutive season in which at least two teams finished with 0 points . Marseille ( 2013 -- 14 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 5 and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 9 . Maccabi Tel Aviv ( 2015 -- 16 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 1 and conceding 16 goals for a goal difference of -- 15 . Maccabi 's only goal came from a penalty . Club Brugge ( 2016 -- 17 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 2 and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 12 . Dinamo Zagreb ( 2016 -- 17 ) is the second club to have lost all their group stage matches without scoring a goal . They finished their group stage matches with conceding 15 goals and a goal difference of -- 15 . They are also the first team to have finished the group stage with 0 points twice , the first time being in the 2011 -- 12 season . Benfica ( 2017 -- 18 ) finished with 0 points , scoring just once and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 13 . Two goals in each match Four teams have managed to score at least two goals in each match of the group stage : On 7 December 2010 , Tottenham Hotspur drew 3 -- 3 against Twente and became the first team to achieve this . Bayern Munich equaled the record the very next day by beating Basel 3 -- 0 . Barcelona managed the same on 6 December 2011 by beating BATE Borisov 4 -- 0 . Real Madrid achieved this by beating Copenhagen 2 -- 0 on 10 December 2013 . On 7 December 2016 , Real Madrid drew 2 -- 2 against Borussia Dortmund to achieve the record for the second time . Advancing past the group stage Real Madrid hold the record of the most consecutive seasons in advancing past the group stage with 21 from 1997 -- 98 to 2017 -- 18 . The first seven seasons ( 1997 -- 98 to 2003 -- 04 ) they qualified for at least the quarter - final each year , winning the tournament three times . After this followed six consecutive seasons ( 2004 -- 05 to 2009 -- 10 ) losing the first round ( round of 16 ) after the group stage . Ever since then , Real Madrid have made it to the semi-finals for seven consecutive seasons ( 2010 -- 11 to 2016 -- 17 ) , winning the tournament three times . Barcelona set a record of finishing top of their group with 11 consecutive seasons from 2007 -- 08 to 2017 -- 18 . In 2012 -- 13 , Chelsea became the first title holder not to qualify from the following year 's group stage . Monaco scored the fewest goals ( 4 ) to earn 11 points in the group stage in 2014 -- 15 . Villarreal won a group with the fewest goals scored ( 3 ) in 2005 -- 06 resulting in 2 wins . Biggest disparity between group winner and runner - up Luis Enrique and Barcelona won group H by 11 points in 2002 -- 03 . The biggest points difference between the first - and second - placed teams in a Champions League group phase is 11 points , achieved by three teams : Real Madrid , 18 points ( 16 : 2 goals ) ( + 14 ) in 2014 -- 15 . ( 2nd Basel 7 points , 3rd Liverpool 5 points , 4th Ludogorets Razgrad 4 points ) . Spartak Moscow , 18 points ( 15 : 4 goals ) ( + 11 ) in 1995 -- 96 . ( 2nd Legia Warsaw 7 points , 3rd Rosenborg 6 points , 4th Blackburn Rovers 4 points ) . Spartak lost to Nantes in the next round ( quarter - final ) . Barcelona , 18 points ( 13 : 4 goals ) ( + 9 ) in 2002 -- 03 . ( 2nd Lokomotiv Moscow 7 points , 3rd Club Brugge 5 points , 4th Galatasaray 4 points ) . Barcelona went on to win their group in the second group stage with 16 points , but lost to Juventus in the quarter - final . Most points achieved , yet knocked out Paris Saint - Germain , 12 points in 1997 -- 98 ( ranked third out of six runners - up , only two advanced ) Napoli , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 Rosenborg , 11 points in 1997 -- 98 ( ranked fourth out of six runners - up , only two advanced ) Dynamo Kyiv , 10 points in 1999 -- 2000 ( second group stage ) and 2004 -- 05 Borussia Dortmund , 10 points in 2002 -- 03 ( second group stage ) PSV Eindhoven , 10 points in 2003 -- 04 Olympiacos , 10 points in 2004 -- 05 Werder Bremen , 10 points in 2006 -- 07 Manchester City , 10 points in 2011 -- 12 Chelsea , 10 points in 2012 -- 13 CFR Cluj , 10 points in 2012 -- 13 Benfica , 10 points in 2013 -- 14 Porto , 10 points in 2015 -- 16 Fenerbahçe , 9 points in 2004 -- 05 Olympiacos , 9 points in 2015 -- 16 Copenhagen , 9 points in 2016 -- 17 CSKA Moscow , 9 points in 2017 -- 18 Rangers , 8 points in 1992 -- 93 ( 2 wins and 4 draws , 2 points for a win , only 1 team advanced ) Most points achieved in the group stage , not winning the group Manchester City , 15 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked second ) Bayern Munich , 15 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Arsenal , 13 points in 2014 -- 15 ( ranked second ) Paris Saint - Germain , 13 points in 2015 -- 16 ( ranked second ) Real Madrid , 13 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Arsenal , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked second ) Napoli , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked third ) Bayern Munich , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Real Madrid , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Paris Saint - Germain , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Basel , 12 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Shakhtar Donetsk , 12 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Fewest points achieved , yet advanced Milan , 5 points in 1994 -- 95 ( 3 wins and 1 draw , 2 points deducted , 2 points for a win ) Zenit Saint Petersburg , 6 points in 2013 -- 14 Roma , 6 points in 2015 -- 16 Legia Warsaw , 7 points in 1995 -- 96 Dynamo Kyiv , 7 points in 1999 -- 2000 Liverpool , 7 points in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) Lokomotiv Moscow , 7 points in 2002 -- 03 Werder Bremen , 7 points in 2005 -- 06 Rangers , 7 points in 2005 -- 06 Galatasaray , 7 points in 2013 -- 14 Basel , 7 points in 2014 -- 15 Knocked out on tiebreakers Several teams have been knocked out on a tiebreaker , most on the head - to - head criteria : Manchester United lost to Barcelona in 1994 -- 95 Casino Salzburg lost to Milan in 1994 -- 95 ( 2 points for a win , would have been 2 points behind with 3 points for a win ) Paris Saint - Germain lost to Bayern Munich in 1997 -- 98 ( second place , only one team advanced directly ) , and on goal difference to Juventus in the ranking of runners - up Galatasaray lost to Juventus in 1998 -- 99 ( second place , only one team advanced directly ) Rosenborg lost to Juventus in 1998 -- 99 ( third place , only one team advanced directly ) Bayer Leverkusen lost to Dynamo Kyiv in 1999 -- 2000 Dynamo Kyiv lost on head - to - head to Real Madrid in 1999 -- 2000 ( second group stage ) despite having a better goal difference Olympiacos lost to Lyon in 2000 -- 01 , to Liverpool in 2004 -- 05 and to Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 Rangers lost on head - to - head to Galatasaray in 2000 -- 01 despite having a better goal difference Lyon lost to Arsenal in 2000 -- 01 ( second group stage ) and to Ajax in 2002 -- 03 , both on head - to - head with a better goal difference Dortmund lost on goal difference to Boavista in 2001 -- 02 , both teams winning 2 -- 1 at home in head - to - head matches Mallorca lost to Arsenal in 2001 -- 02 Roma lost on head - to - head to Liverpool in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) despite having a better goal difference Internazionale lost to Lokomotiv Moscow in 2003 -- 04 PSV Eindhoven lost on head - to - head to Deportivo La Coruña in 2003 -- 04 despite having a better goal difference Udinese lost to Werder Bremen in 2005 -- 06 Ajax lost to Lyon on overall goal difference in 2011 -- 12 , having both head - to - head games end in a 0 -- 0 draw . Lyon won their last group game against Dinamo Zagreb with 7 -- 1 ( after being 0 -- 1 down at half time ) while Ajax lost 0 -- 3 against Real Madrid ( in which two goals from Ajax were wrongfully cancelled ) . The aggregate goal difference in both games would have to be at least 7 goals for Lyon to advance , and in fact it was 9 . Chelsea lost on head - to - head to Shakhtar Donetsk in 2012 -- 13 despite having a better goal difference CFR Cluj lost on head - to - head to Galatasaray in 2012 -- 13 despite having a better goal difference Benfica lost on head - to - head to Olympiacos in 2013 -- 14 Napoli lost on head - to - head to Dortmund and Arsenal in 2013 -- 14 Bayer Leverkusen lost on head - to - head to Roma in 2015 -- 16 Olympiacos lost on head - to - head to Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 Knocked out on 3 points for a win rule 1995 -- 96 was the first tournament in which three points were awarded for a win instead of two . The following teams were knocked out from the group stage , but would have advanced following the old rule : Rosenborg was ranked fourth out of six runners - up in 1997 -- 98 , but would have equaled the points of Paris Saint - Germain and eventual finalists Juventus and advanced on goal difference Bayer Leverkusen ended third in Group A in 1999 -- 2000 , but would have been one point ahead of Dynamo Kyiv Panathinaikos ended third in Group E in 2004 -- 05 , but would have equaled the points of PSV Eindhoven and advanced on head - to - head matches Werder Bremen ended third in Group B in 2008 -- 09 , but would have equaled the points of Internazionale and advanced on head - to - head matches Qualifying from first qualifying round Since the addition of a third qualifying round in 1999 -- 2000 , four teams have negotiated all three rounds of qualification and reached the Champions League group phase : Liverpool in 2005 -- 06 Artmedia Bratislava in 2005 -- 06 Anorthosis in 2008 -- 09 BATE Borisov in 2008 -- 09 Liverpool went on to become the first team in the history of the competition to reach the knockout phase from the first qualifying round . No team has progressed to the group stage from the first qualifying round since the competition format was altered for the 2009 -- 10 season . Winning after playing in a qualifying round Pep Guardiola coached Barcelona to victory through qualification in 2009 . Four teams have managed to win the tournament from the third qualification round : Manchester United in 1998 -- 99 Milan in 2002 -- 03 and 2006 -- 07 Liverpool in 2004 -- 05 Barcelona in 2008 -- 09 Consecutive goalscoring Real Madrid hold the record of consecutive goalscoring in the Champions League matches . They have scored at least one goal in 34 consecutive games . The run started with a 1 -- 1 draw against Barcelona in the second leg of the semi-final of the 2010 -- 11 season . This continued with all 12 matches of both the 2011 -- 12 season and 2012 -- 13 season , and continued into the 2013 -- 14 season for nine games ( six group stage games , both legs of the round of 16 and the first leg of the quarter - finals ) , with the run finally coming to an end in a 2 -- 0 away loss in the quarter - finals second leg against Borussia Dortmund on 8 April 2014 . Consecutive home wins Bayern Munich hold the record with 16 consecutive home wins in the Champions League . Bayern Munich record streak started by winning against Manchester City 1 -- 0 on 17 September 2014 . The run has reached the 16th win by beating Arsenal 5 -- 1 on 15 February 2017 , The run ended after a home defeat to Real Madrid 1 -- 2 on 12 April 2017 . Consecutive away wins Bayern Munich equaled the record of Ajax ( 1995 -- 1997 ) for consecutive away wins in the Champions League having won 7 consecutive away games . The run began with a 3 -- 1 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in the first leg of the 2012 -- 13 round of 16 , and continued through to the final , with wins against Juventus ( 2 -- 0 ) at the Juventus Stadium and against Barcelona ( 3 -- 0 ) at the Camp Nou . In the 2013 -- 14 season the streak continued with group stage wins over Manchester City ( 3 -- 1 ) at the City of Manchester Stadium , Viktoria Plzeň ( 1 -- 0 ) and CSKA Moscow ( 3 -- 1 ) . The record equaling seventh win was achieved when they again defeated Arsenal 2 -- 0 at the Emirates Stadium in the round of 16 first leg on 19 February 2014 . Their run ended with a 1 -- 1 draw at Old Trafford against Manchester United in the first leg of the quarter - finals . Consecutive wins Bayern Munich ( 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 ) and Real Madrid ( 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) hold the record of ten consecutive wins in the Champions League . Bayern Munich 's run started on 2 April 2013 in the 2 -- 0 win against Juventus in the first leg of the quarter - final of the 2012 -- 13 season after losing 2 -- 0 against Arsenal three weeks earlier . The run continued in the other three knockout matches and the final of the 2012 -- 13 season . The run continued in the first five group stage matches of the 2013 -- 14 season , but ended with the sixth in a 2 -- 3 home defeat against Manchester City on 10 December 2013 . Real Madrid 's run started on 23 April 2014 in the 1 -- 0 win against Bayern Munich in the first leg of semi-final of the 2013 -- 14 season after losing 2 -- 0 against Borussia Dortmund two weeks earlier in the second leg of the quarter - final . The run continued in the other leg of the semi-final , the final against Atlético Madrid , the six group stage matches of the 2014 -- 15 season , and the first leg of round of 16 of the 2014 -- 15 season , against Schalke 04 . Longest home undefeated run The record for the longest unbeaten run at home stands at 29 games and is held by Bayern Munich . The run began with a 0 -- 0 draw against Borussia Dortmund in 1997 -- 98 and finished with a 2 -- 1 win against Real Madrid in the first leg of the 2001 -- 02 quarter - finals . The 29 game unbeaten run ended with a 2 -- 3 loss to Deportivo La Coruña in the first group stage in 2002 -- 03 . Longest away undefeated run The record for the longest away unbeaten run stands at 16 games and is held by Manchester United . The run began with a 1 -- 0 win against Sporting CP in the 2007 -- 08 group stage . It lasted until the 3 -- 2 win against Milan at the San Siro in the first leg of the first knockout stage of 2009 -- 10 . The run ended with a 1 -- 2 defeat to Bayern Munich in the first leg of the 2009 -- 10 quarter - finals . During this run , Manchester United were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the 2009 final . This game , however , was at a neutral venue and as such is not classified as an away game . Longest undefeated run The record for the longest unbeaten run stands at 25 games and is held by Manchester United . It began with a 1 -- 0 away win against Sporting Clube de Portugal in their opening group stage game in 2007 -- 08 and finished with a 3 -- 1 away win against Arsenal in the second leg of the semi-final in 2008 -- 09 . The 25 game unbeaten streak ended with a 0 -- 2 loss to Barcelona in the 2009 final . Most successive draws AEK Athens holds the record of most consecutive draws : 7 draws starting from 17 September 2002 until 17 September 2003 . Most successive defeats Anderlecht holds the record of most consecutive defeats : 12 defeats starting from 10 December 2003 until 23 November 2005 . Most successive games without a win Steaua București holds the record of most successive games without a win : 23 matches starting from 26 September 2006 until 11 December 2013 . Players Appearances Main article : List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances Iker Casillas has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include appearances made in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Nation Appearances Years Clubs Iker Casillas Spain 167 1999 -- Real Madrid , Porto Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 153 2003 -- Manchester United , Real Madrid Xavi Spain 151 1998 -- 2015 Barcelona Raúl Spain 142 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid , Schalke 04 5 Ryan Giggs Wales 141 1993 -- 2014 Manchester United 6 Andrés Iniesta Spain 130 2002 -- Barcelona 7 Clarence Seedorf Netherlands 125 1994 -- 2012 Ajax , Real Madrid , Internazionale , Milan Lionel Messi Argentina 125 2005 -- Barcelona 9 Paul Scholes England 124 1994 -- 2013 Manchester United 10 Roberto Carlos Brazil 120 1997 -- 2007 Real Madrid , Fenerbahçe Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 120 2001 -- 2018 Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain , Manchester United Goalscoring See also : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers All - time top scorers Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer in the competition . As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Country Goals Apps Ratio Years Clubs Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 120 153 0.78 2003 -- Manchester United , Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina 100 125 0.8 2005 -- Barcelona Raúl Spain 71 142 0.5 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid , Schalke 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009 PSV Eindhoven , Manchester United , Real Madrid Karim Benzema France 56 104 0.54 2006 -- Lyon , Real Madrid 6 Thierry Henry France 50 112 0.45 1997 -- 2010 Monaco , Arsenal , Barcelona 7 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina 49 58 0.84 1955 -- 1964 Real Madrid 8 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine 48 100 0.48 1994 -- 2012 Dynamo Kyiv , Milan , Chelsea Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 48 120 0.4 2001 -- 2018 Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain , Manchester United 10 Eusébio Portugal 47 63 0.75 1961 -- 1974 Benfica Top scorers by seasons Gerd Müller was the first player to become top scorer in four Champions League seasons . Cristiano Ronaldo has been the top scorer for 6 consecutive seasons and 7 seasons overall : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 Real Madrid has produced the top scorer in twelve seasons : Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1957 -- 58 Ferenc Puskás in 1959 -- 60 and 1963 -- 64 Míchel in 1987 -- 88 Raúl in 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 Cristiano Ronaldo in 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 Portuguese players have achieved thirteen top scorer titles : José Águas in 1960 -- 61 José Torres in 1964 -- 65 Eusébio in 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , and 1967 -- 68 Rui Águas in 1987 -- 88 Cristiano Ronaldo in 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 José ( 1960 -- 61 ) and Rui Águas ( 1987 -- 88 ) are the only father -- son duo to finish as top scorers ; each achieved this while playing for Benfica . Jupp Heynckes is the only player to have been top scorer in this competition as well as in the Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup / Europa League : 1975 -- 76 top scorer with Borussia Mönchengladbach , and 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup , 1973 -- 74 Cup Winners ' Cup , and 1974 -- 75 UEFA Cup top scorer also with Borussia Mönchengladbach The following top scorer has also been top scorer in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : Hristo Stoichkov ( 1993 -- 94 with Barcelona ) in the 1988 -- 89 season with CSKA Sofia The following top scorers have also been top scorers in the UEFA Cup / Europa League : Allan Simonsen ( 1977 -- 78 with Borussia Mönchengladbach ) in the 1978 -- 79 season with Borussia Mönchengladbach Dieter Hoeneß ( 1981 -- 82 with Bayern Munich ) in the 1979 -- 80 season with Bayern Munich Torbjörn Nilsson ( 1984 -- 85 with Göteborg ) in the 1981 -- 82 season with Göteborg Gerd Müller is the only player to have been top scorer in this competition as well as in the World Cup and the European Championship : 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , and 1976 -- 77 top scorer with Bayern Munich , 1970 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1972 top scorer with West Germany The following top scorers have also won the FIFA World Cup Golden Boot : Just Fontaine ( 1958 -- 59 ) at the 1958 FIFA World Cup Flórián Albert ( 1965 -- 66 ) at the 1962 FIFA World Cup Eusébio ( 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , and 1967 -- 68 ) at the 1966 FIFA World Cup Paolo Rossi ( 1982 -- 83 ) at the 1982 FIFA World Cup Hristo Stoichkov ( 1993 -- 94 ) at the 1994 FIFA World Cup The following top scorers have also been top scorers in the UEFA European Championship : Michel Platini ( 1984 -- 85 ) at the UEFA Euro 1984 Marco van Basten ( 1988 -- 89 ) at the UEFA Euro 1988 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 ) at the UEFA Euro 2012 Most goals in a single season As of 26 May 2018 Bold indicates ongoing season and active player in the season . Rank Player Season Goals Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 16 Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 15 José Altafini 1962 -- 63 14 Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 6 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 12 Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73 Ruud van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11 Mario Gómez 2011 -- 12 Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 Hat - tricks Main article : List of UEFA Champions League hat - tricks The European Cup 's first hat - trick was scored by Péter Palotás of MTK Hungária against Anderlecht on 7 September 1955 , in the second match ever played in the competition . Only three players managed to score a hat - trick in a final , Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1960 , Ferenc Puskás in 1960 ( 4 goals ) and in 1962 , and Pierino Prati in 1969 . Puskás is the only player to score a hat - trick in a final and lose it ( 1962 ) . The first hat - trick of the Champions League era was scored by PSV Eindhoven 's Juul Ellerman against FK Žalgiris on 16 September 1992 . Only Cristiano Ronaldo has scored three hat - tricks in a single Champions League season ( 3 + 4 + 3 goals ) , in the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . Four players have scored two hat - tricks in a single Champions League season : Lionel Messi ( 3 + 5 goals ) and Mario Gómez ( 3 + 4 goals ) , both in the 2011 -- 12 season , Luiz Adriano , who scored hat - tricks in two consecutive games of group stage ( 5 + 3 goals ) in the 2014 -- 15 season and Cristiano Ronaldo who scored hat - tricks in two consecutive games of knockout stage ( 3 + 3 goals ) in the 2016 -- 17 season The fastest - ever Champions League hat - trick was scored by Bafétimbi Gomis , who scored three goals in seven minutes for Lyon against Dinamo Zagreb in the 2011 -- 12 season . The youngest player to score a hat - trick is Wayne Rooney , aged 18 years , 335 days on his Champions League and Manchester United debut , in a 6 -- 2 home win against Fenerbahçe on 28 September 2004 . Seven players have scored a hat - trick on their debut in the Champions League : Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , Faustino Asprilla ( Newcastle United ) , Yakubu ( Maccabi Haifa ) , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) , Vincenzo Iaquinta ( Udinese ) , Grafite ( Wolfsburg ) , and Yacine Brahimi ( Porto ) Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo both have scored 7 hat - tricks in the Champions League . Four goals in a match Ferenc Puskás scored four goals against Eintracht Frankfurt in the 1959 -- 60 final . Marco van Basten twice scored four goals in one match . Ruud van Nistelrooy scored four goals against Sparta Prague in 2004 -- 05 . Robert Lewandowski scored four goals for Borussia Dortmund against Real Madrid in the semi-finals in 2013 . The following players have scored four goals in one European Cup / UEFA Champions League match . Only Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Sándor Kocsis , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski managed to do this from the quarter - final stage onwards and Ferenc Puskás is the only footballer to score four goals in a final ( 1960 ) . European Cup era : Miloš Milutinović ( Partizan ) , 5 -- 2 against Sporting CP , first round of 1955 -- 56 Dennis Viollet ( Manchester United ) , 10 -- 0 against Anderlecht , preliminary round of 1956 -- 57 Ivan Petkov Kolev ( CSKA Sofia ) , 8 -- 1 against Dinamo București , first round of 1956 -- 57 Jovan Cokić ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 9 -- 1 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1957 -- 58 Bora Kostić ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 9 -- 1 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1957 -- 58 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( Real Madrid ) , 8 -- 0 against Sevilla , quarter - final of 1957 -- 58 , and 7 -- 1 against Wiener Sport - Club , quarter - final of 1958 -- 59 Just Fontaine ( Stade de Reims ) , 4 -- 1 away against Ards , first round of 1958 -- 59 Josef Hamerl ( Wiener Sport - Club ) , 7 -- 0 against Juventus , first round of 1958 -- 59 Sándor Kocsis ( Barcelona ) , 5 -- 2 away against Wolverhampton Wanderers , quarter - final of 1959 -- 60 Ferenc Puskás ( Real Madrid ) , 7 -- 3 against Eintracht Frankfurt , final of 1959 -- 60 , and 5 -- 0 against Feyenoord , preliminary round of 1965 -- 66 Lucien Cossou ( Monaco ) , 7 -- 2 against AEK Athens , preliminary round of 1963 -- 64 Vladimir Kovačević ( Partizan ) , 6 -- 2 against Jeunesse Esch , first round of 1963 -- 64 José Torres ( Benfica ) , 5 -- 1 away against Aris , preliminary round of 1964 -- 65 Eusébio ( Benfica ) , 10 -- 0 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1965 -- 66 Friedhelm Konietzka ( 1860 München ) , 8 -- 0 against Omonia , first round of 1966 -- 67 Denis Law ( Manchester United ) , 7 -- 1 against Waterford United , first round of 1968 -- 69 Zoran Antonijević ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 4 -- 2 away against Linfield , first round of 1969 -- 70 Ruud Geels ( Feyenoord ) , 12 -- 2 away against KR Reykjavík , first round of 1969 -- 70 Antonis Antoniadis ( Panathinaikos ) , 5 -- 0 against Jeunesse Esch , first round of 1970 -- 71 João Lourenço ( Sporting CP ) , 5 -- 0 against Floriana , first round of 1970 -- 71 Kurt Müller , ( Grasshoppers ) , 8 -- 0 against Reipas Lahti , first round of 1971 -- 72 Dudu Georgescu ( Dinamo București ) , 11 -- 0 against Crusaders , first round of 1973 -- 74 Radu Nunweiller ( Dinamo București ) , 11 -- 0 against Crusaders , first round of 1973 -- 74 Jupp Heynckes ( Borussia Mönchengladbach ) , 6 -- 1 away against Wacker Innsbruck , first round of 1975 -- 76 René van de Kerkhof ( PSV Eindhoven ) , 6 -- 0 against Dundalk , first round of 1976 -- 77 Willy van der Kuijlen ( PSV Eindhoven ) , 6 -- 1 against Fenerbahçe , first round of 1978 -- 79 Sotiris Kaiafas ( Omonia ) , 6 -- 1 against Red Boys Differdange , first round 1979 -- 80 Ton Blanker ( Ajax ) , 8 -- 1 against HJK Helsinki , first round of 1979 -- 80 Fernando Gomes ( Porto ) , 9 -- 0 against Rabat Ajax , first round of 1986 -- 87 Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , 5 -- 2 against Vitosha , first round of 1988 -- 89 Rabah Madjer ( Porto ) , 8 -- 1 away against Portadown , first round of 1990 -- 91 Hugo Sánchez ( Real Madrid ) , 9 -- 1 against Swarovski Tirol , second round of 1990 -- 91 Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) , 6 -- 1 against Austria Wien , first round of 1991 -- 92 Sergei Yuran ( Benfica ) , 6 -- 0 away against Hamrun Spartans , first round of 1991 -- 92 Champions League era , preliminary rounds : Serhiy Rebrov ( Dynamo Kyiv ) , 8 -- 0 against Barry Town , first qualifying round 1998 -- 99 Pena ( Porto ) , 8 -- 0 against Barry Town United , second qualifying round of 2001 -- 02 Tomasz Frankowski ( Wisła Kraków ) , 8 -- 2 away against WIT Georgia , second qualifying round of 2004 -- 05 Semih Şentürk ( Fenerbahçe ) , 5 -- 0 away against MTK Hungária , second qualifying round of 2008 -- 09 Champions League era : Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , 4 -- 0 against IFK Göteborg , group stage of 1992 -- 93 Simone Inzaghi ( Lazio ) , 5 -- 1 against Marseille , second group stage of 1999 -- 2000 Dado Pršo ( Monaco ) , 8 -- 3 against Deportivo La Coruña , group stage of 2003 -- 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Manchester United ) , 4 -- 1 against Sparta Prague , group stage of 2004 -- 05 Andriy Shevchenko ( Milan ) , 4 -- 0 away against Fenerbahçe , group stage of 2005 -- 06 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) , 4 -- 1 against Arsenal , quarter - final of 2009 -- 10 Bafétimbi Gomis ( Lyon ) , 7 -- 1 against Dinamo Zagreb , group stage of 2011 -- 12 Mario Gómez ( Bayern Munich ) , 7 -- 0 against Basel , round of 16 of 2011 -- 12 Robert Lewandowski ( Borussia Dortmund ) , 4 -- 1 against Real Madrid , semi-final of 2012 -- 13 Zlatan Ibrahimović ( Paris Saint - Germain ) , 5 -- 0 against Anderlecht , group stage of 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 8 -- 0 against Malmö FF , group stage of 2015 -- 16 Five goals in a match Luiz Adriano scored five goals in Shakhtar Donetsk 's 7 -- 0 win against BATE Borisov , including a record four goals in the first - half , in 2014 -- 15 . The following players have managed to score five goals in one European Cup / UEFA Champions League match : European Cup era : Ove Olsson ( Gothenburg ) , 6 -- 1 against Linfield , preliminary round , 1959 -- 60 Bent Løfqvist ( Boldklubben 1913 ) , 9 -- 2 against Spora , preliminary round , 1961 -- 62 José Altafini ( Milan ) , 8 -- 0 against Union Luxembourg , preliminary round , 1962 -- 63 Ray Crawford ( Ipswich ) , 10 -- 0 against Floriana , preliminary round , 1962 -- 63 Nikola Kotkov ( Lokomotiv Sofia ) , 8 -- 3 against Malmö FF , preliminary round , 1964 -- 65 Flórián Albert ( Ferencváros ) , 9 -- 1 against Keflavík , preliminary round , 1965 -- 66 Paul van Himst ( Anderlecht ) , 10 -- 1 away against Haka , first round , 1966 -- 67 Gerd Müller ( Bayern Munich ) , 9 -- 0 against Omonia , second round , 1972 -- 73 Claudio Sulser ( Grasshoppers ) , 8 -- 0 against Valletta , first round , 1978 -- 79 Søren Lerby ( Ajax ) , 10 -- 0 against Omonia , second round , 1979 -- 80 Champions League era , preliminary rounds : Mihails Miholaps ( Skonto ) , 8 -- 0 against Jeunesse Esch , first qualifying round 1999 -- 2000 David Lafata ( Sparta Prague ) , 7 -- 0 against Levadia Tallinn , second qualifying round 2014 -- 15 Champions League era : Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) , 7 -- 1 against Bayer Leverkusen , round of 16 , 2011 -- 12 Luiz Adriano ( Shakhtar Donetsk ) , 7 -- 0 against BATE Borisov , group stage , 2014 -- 15 Oldest and youngest Manfred Burgsmüller of Werder Bremen is the oldest ( 38 years , 293 days ) player to score in the European Cup and Champions League , when he scored against Dynamo Berlin on 11 October 1988 . Peter Ofori - Quaye of Olympiacos is the youngest ( 17 years , 194 days ) player to score in the Champions League , when he scored against Rosenborg on 1 October 1997 . Paolo Maldini of Milan is the oldest ( 36 years , 333 days ) player to score in a Champions League final , doing so in 2005 . Patrick Kluivert of Ajax is the youngest ( 18 years , 327 days ) player to score in a Champions League final , doing so in 1995 . Francesco Totti of Roma is the oldest ( 38 years , 59 days ) player to score in the Champions League , when he scored against CSKA Moscow on 25 November 2014 . Other goalscoring records Roy Makaay scored the fastest ever Champions League goal . Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have both scored 60 goals in the group stage . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most goals in the knockout phase with 60 . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most away goals with 55 . Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player ever to score 100 goals in the competition on 18 April 2017 . On 18 February 2018 , he became the first player to score 100 goals with one club , Real Madrid . Cristiano Ronaldo scored in all six group stage matches in 2017 -- 18 ; a total of 9 goals , the first person to do so . Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2015 -- 16 ) holds the record for most goals in the group stage in a single season in the UEFA Champions league with 11 goals scored . Cristiano Ronaldo scored at least 10 goals in seven consecutive seasons ( 2011 -- 12 to 2017 -- 18 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored in 11 consecutive UEFA Champions League appearances , the 2017 final and the first 10 matches of 2017 -- 18 , with a total of 17 goals . The fastest ever Champions League goal was scored by Bayern Munich 's Roy Makaay in 10.12 seconds against Real Madrid on 7 March 2007 . The fastest goal in a final was scored by Milan 's Paolo Maldini after 53 seconds in the 2005 final , which Milan lost to Liverpool . Alfredo Di Stéfano has scored in most finals with five , one goal in each final from 1956 to 1959 and three goals in 1960 Cristiano Ronaldo has scored the most goals in finals in the UEFA Champions league era , with 4 goals in 5 finals ; one goal each in 2008 and 2014 , and two in 2017 . Ferenc Puskás and Alfredo Di Stéfano have scored seven final goals . Puskás scored four in 1960 and three in 1962 , while Di Stéfano scored seven goals in five different finals . Three players scored for two different teams in the final : Velibor Vasović for Partizan in 1966 and Ajax in 1969 . Cristiano Ronaldo for Manchester United in 2008 and Real Madrid in 2014 and 2017 ; he is the only player to score for two different winning teams . Mario Mandžukić for Bayern Munich in 2013 and Juventus in 2017 . Three goalkeepers have scored in the Champions League : Hans - Jörg Butt has done so three times with three different clubs , all with penalties , and all against Juventus : For Hamburg in a 4 -- 4 home draw on 13 September 2000 in a group stage match For Leverkusen in a 3 -- 1 home win on 12 March 2002 in a second group stage match The equaliser for Bayern Munich on 8 December 2009 in a group stage match in Turin , which Bayern had to win to qualify for the next stage , and went on to win 4 -- 1 . Sinan Bolat is the only goalkeeper to score a goal in open play : his stoppage time ( 90 + 5 ' ) equaliser for Standard Liège against AZ on 9 December 2009 , securing the third place in Group H , led his team to the Europa League . Vincent Enyeama ( Hapoel Tel Aviv ) scored a penalty on 29 September 2010 , playing against Lyon . Zlatan Ibrahimović is the only player to have scored for six different teams in the Champions League : Ajax ( 6 goals in 19 games ; 2002 -- 03 to 2003 -- 04 ) Juventus ( 3 goals in 19 games ; 2004 -- 05 to 2005 -- 06 ) Internazionale ( 6 goals in 22 games ; 2006 -- 07 to 2008 -- 09 ) Barcelona ( 4 goals in 10 games ; 2009 -- 10 ) Milan ( 9 goals in 14 games ; 2010 -- 11 to 2011 -- 12 ) Paris Saint - Germain ( 10 goals in 13 games ; 2012 -- 13 to 2013 -- 14 ) Raúl is the only player to score in 14 consecutive Champions League seasons : Raúl scored from 1997 -- 98 to 2010 -- 11 , for Real Madrid and Schalke 04 . Ryan Giggs is the only player to score in 16 different Champions League seasons : Giggs scored in 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 to 2006 -- 07 and 2008 -- 09 to 2011 -- 12 , all for Manchester United . Cristiano Ronaldo ( against Juventus : 2013 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 ) is the only player to have scored 10 goals against a single opponent . Three players from the same team scored at least ten goals in the same season : Liverpool in 2017 -- 18 : Roberto Firmino ( 10 ) , Sadio Mané ( 10 ) and Mohamed Salah ( 10 ) Two players from the same team scored at least ten goals in the same season : Barcelona in 2014 -- 15 : Lionel Messi ( 10 ) and Neymar ( 10 ) . Other records First goal On 4 September 1955 , João Baptista Martins scored the first goal of the European Cup with Sporting CP after 14 minutes in a 3 -- 3 draw against Partizan . On 25 November 1992 , Daniel Amokachi scored the first goal of the UEFA Champions League with Club Brugge against CSKA Moscow . Most wins Paolo Maldini , winner of two European Cups and three Champions League titles with Milan appeared in eight finals . Clarence Seedorf was the first player to win the tournament with three different teams . Francisco Gento is the only player to win the tournament six times , all during his time at Real Madrid : 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 and 1966 Cristiano Ronaldo is the only player to win the tournament five times in the Champions League era , one at Manchester United : 2008 and four at Real Madrid : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 and 2018 Cristiano Ronaldo has won 98 matches in his Champions League career , the most by any player . Two players have appeared in eight finals : Francisco Gento in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 and 1966 , all with Real Madrid Paolo Maldini in 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 , all with Milan Only one player has won the tournament with three different teams : Clarence Seedorf with Ajax in 1995 , with Real Madrid in 1998 and with Milan in 2003 and 2007 Only five players have won the Champions League in two consecutive seasons with two different teams : Marcel Desailly -- Marseille 1993 and Milan 1994 Paulo Sousa -- Juventus 1996 and Borussia Dortmund 1997 Gerard Piqué -- Manchester United 2008 and Barcelona 2009 Samuel Eto'o -- Barcelona 2009 and Internazionale 2010 - the only player to have won the treble in two consecutive seasons with two different teams Three father - son duos have won the competition for the same club : Manuel Sanchís Martínez ( 1966 ) and Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo ( 1998 and 2000 ) , both for Real Madrid Cesare Maldini ( 1963 ) and Paolo Maldini ( 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 and 2007 ) , both for Milan Carles Busquets ( 1992 ) and Sergio Busquets ( 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 ) both for Barcelona Oldest and youngest The oldest player to win the tournament is Alessandro Costacurta , who was 41 years and 29 days when Milan won against Liverpool on 23 May 2007 . The youngest player to win the tournament is António Simões , who was 18 years and 139 days when Benfica won against Real Madrid on 2 May 1962 . The oldest player to play in the tournament is Lazio 's Marco Ballotta , against Real Madrid on 11 December 2007 , aged 43 years and 253 days . ( The oldest player overall to play in any European club competition fixture is Al Finucane of Waterford United , who was aged 43 years and 261 days when he appeared against Bordeaux in the European Cup - Winners ' Cup in September 1986 . ) The youngest player to play in the tournament is Anderlecht 's Celestine Babayaro , against Steaua București on 23 November 1994 , aged 16 years and 87 days . He was sent off in the 37th minute . The oldest player to play in a final is Dino Zoff , who was 41 years and 86 days when Juventus lost to Hamburg in 1983 . Penalties Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 15 penalties out of 18 taken . Most penalty kicks saved ( non-shootout ) : 5 Petr Čech saved 5 penalties out of 11 Iker Casillas saved 5 out of 19 The oldest goalkeeper to ever save a penalty in the tournament is Maribor 's Jasmin Handanović , against Liverpool on 1 November 2017 , aged 39 years and 274 days . The youngest goalkeeper to ever save a penalty in the tournament is Benfica 's Mile Svilar , against Manchester United on 31 October 2017 , aged 18 years and 65 days . On 15 April 2015 , the fastest penalty ever was awarded for Porto against Bayern Munich at 1 minute 20 seconds . Own goals 19 players scored 2 own goals against their teams : Igor Akinfeev , Alex , Ânderson Polga , Wes Brown , Cadú , Gary Caldwell , Edu Dracena , Andrzej Grębosz , Iván Helguera , Jószef Horváth , Tomáš Hubočan , Jardel , Thomas Kleine , Jérémy Mathieu , Craig Moore , Gerard Piqué , Sergio Ramos , Stefan Savić and Zoco . Iñigo Martínez scored after 69 seconds the fastest own goal ever in 2013 -- 14 Champions League against his team Real Sociedad for Manchester United . Goalkeeping Jens Lehmann holds the record for the most consecutive clean sheets , with 10 for Arsenal in the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In total his run without conceding a goal lasted 853 minutes . Helmuth Duckadam holds the record of saving all 4 penalties during the shoot - out in the 1986 final between Steaua București and Barcelona . Heinz Stuy holds the record for three consecutive clean sheets in the finals of 1971 , 1972 and 1973 . Iker Casillas holds the record for most clean sheets in the competition with 56 ( 58 including 2 qualifying games ) , 50 with Real Madrid and 6 with Porto . Marco Ballotta holds the record of being the oldest goalkeeper to play in the tournament for Lazio against Real Madrid on 11 December 2007 , aged 43 years and 253 days . Mile Svilar holds the record of being the youngest goalkeeper , aged 18 years and 52 days , to start a Champions League game for Benfica in the 2017 -- 18 . Edwin van der Sar is the only goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Champions League with two different teams : Ajax in 1995 , and Manchester United in 2008 . Edwin van der Sar is the oldest goalkeeper to win the competition in 2008 , aged 37 years 205 days . Iker Casillas is the youngest goalkeeper to win the competition in 2000 , aged 19 years 4 days . The oldest goalkeeper to play in a final is Dino Zoff , who was 41 years and 86 days when Juventus lost to Hamburg in 1983 . Eight goalkeepers won the Champions League on three occasions : Juan Alonso : ( 1956 , 1957 and 1958 ) with Real Madrid . Heinz Stuy : ( 1971 , 1972 and 1973 ) with Ajax , he holds the record for three consecutive clean sheets in these finals . Sepp Maier : ( 1974 , 1975 and 1976 ) with Bayern Munich . Ray Clemence : ( 1977 , 1978 and 1981 ) with Liverpool . Víctor Valdés : ( 2006 , 2009 and 2011 ) with Barcelona . Iker Casillas : ( 2000 , 2002 and 2014 ) with Real Madrid . Keylor Navas : ( 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) with Real Madrid . Kiko Casilla : ( 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) with Real Madrid . Two goalkeepers won all three major UEFA club competitions : Stefano Tacconi : 1984 European Cup Winners ' Cup , 1985 European Cup and 1990 UEFA Cup all with Juventus . Vítor Baía : 1997 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup with Barcelona , 2003 UEFA Cup and 2004 UEFA Champions League with Porto . Assisting Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record of most assists in the competition with 37 assists . James Milner holds the record of most assists in one season : 9 assists in the 2017 -- 18 season . Three players finished twice at the top of the assists list ( including joint top ) : Kaká in 2004 -- 05 and 2011 -- 12 . Lionel Messi in 2011 -- 12 and 2014 -- 15 . Neymar in 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 . Two players provided four assists in one match : Zlatan Ibrahimović for Paris Saint - Germain against Dinamo Zagreb on 6 November 2012 . Neymar for Barcelona against Celtic on 13 September 2016 . Disciplinary Only three players have ever been sent off in a Champions League Final : Jens Lehmann ( Arsenal ) in the 2006 Final against Barcelona ( sent off by Terje Hauge in the 18th minute after bringing down Samuel Eto'o ) ; Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) in the 2008 Final against Manchester United ( sent off by Ľuboš Micheľ in the 116th minute for slapping Nemanja Vidić ) ; and Juan Cuadrado ( Juventus ) in the 2017 Final against Real Madrid ( second yellow given by Felix Brych in the 84th minute for pushing Sergio Ramos ) . All three players ' teams lost their respective finals . Edgar Davids and Zlatan Ibrahimović jointly hold the record for the most red cards in the Champions League ; they have each been sent off four times . Patrick Vieira is also the only player to have been sent off for three different teams in the Champions League , with Arsenal , Juventus and Internazionale . Olexandr Kucher holds the record for the fastest red card ever in 2 minutes 39 seconds in 2014 -- 15 , when he was sent off in the match between his team Shakhtar Donetsk against Bayern Munich . Sergio Ramos holds the record for the most yellow cards in the Champions League , with 36 along with two straight red cards . Captaincy David Weir became the oldest player to start as captain in the Champions League era when he led Rangers against Bursaspor in 2010 -- 11 , aged 40 years and 212 days . Rúben Neves became the youngest player to start as captain in the Champions League era when he led Porto against Maccabi Tel Aviv in 2015 -- 16 , aged 18 years and 221 days . Trivia Michael Ballack became the first player to reach the Champions League quarter - finals with four separate clubs : Kaiserslautern , Bayer Leverkusen , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Zlatan Ibrahimović became the first player to play in the Champions League group stages with seven different clubs : Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain and Manchester United . Managers Main article : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers All - time top coach appearances Alex Ferguson has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 10 April 2018 The table below does not include the qualification stage of the competition . Coach Country Apps Years Club ( s ) Alex Ferguson Scotland 190 1993 -- 2013 Manchester United Arsène Wenger France 178 1988 -- 2017 Monaco Arsenal Carlo Ancelotti Italy 154 1997 -- Parma Juventus Milan Chelsea Paris Saint - Germain Real Madrid Bayern Munich José Mourinho Portugal 135 2002 -- Porto Chelsea Internazionale Real Madrid Manchester United 5 Mircea Lucescu Romania 103 1998 -- 2016 Internazionale Galatasaray Beşiktaş Shakhtar Donetsk Pep Guardiola Spain 103 2008 -- Barcelona Bayern Munich Manchester City 7 Louis van Gaal Netherlands 95 1994 -- 2015 Ajax Barcelona Bayern Munich Manchester United Ottmar Hitzfeld Germany 95 1995 -- 2004 Borussia Dortmund Bayern Munich Rafael Benítez Spain 95 2002 -- 2015 Valencia Liverpool Internazionale Chelsea Napoli Real Madrid 10 Fabio Capello Italy 78 1992 -- 2007 Milan Roma Juventus Real Madrid Final and winning records Carlo Ancelotti is the only manager to hold the record of being a three - time champion and reaching four finals of the UEFA Champions League . Carlo Ancelotti holds the record of being a three - time champion and reaching four finals of the UEFA Champions League . Three managers have won the UEFA European Cup three times . Zinedine Zidane in 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ( all with Real Madrid ) . He is the only manager to have succeeded winning three consecutive times . Bob Paisley in 1977 , 1978 and 1981 ( all with Liverpool ) . Carlo Ancelotti in 2003 , 2007 ( Milan ) and 2014 ( Real Madrid ) . Four managers have managed four finalists : Marcello Lippi in 1996 , 1997 , 1998 and 2003 ( all with Juventus ) . Miguel Muñoz in 1960 , 1962 , 1964 and 1966 ( all with Real Madrid ) . Sir Alex Ferguson in 1999 , 2008 , 2009 and 2011 ( all with Manchester United ) . Carlo Ancelotti in 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ( all three Milan ) and 2014 ( Real Madrid ) . Seven individuals have won the Champions League as a player then later as a manager , three of them with the same club : Miguel Muñoz of Real Madrid won as a player in 1956 and 1957 and as a manager in 1960 and 1966 . Carlo Ancelotti won as a player in 1989 and 1990 and as a manager in 2003 and 2007 with Milan , then as a manager in 2014 with Real Madrid . Pep Guardiola of Barcelona won as a player in 1992 and as a manager in 2009 and 2011 . Giovanni Trapattoni won as a player in 1963 and 1969 , both with Milan , and as a manager in 1985 with Juventus . Johan Cruyff won as a player in 1971 , 1972 and 1973 , all with Ajax , and as a manager in 1992 with Barcelona . Frank Rijkaard won as a player in 1989 and 1990 , both with Milan and in 1995 with Ajax , and as a manager in 2006 with Barcelona . Zinedine Zidane of Real Madrid won as player in 2002 and as a manager in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Five managers have won the title with two different clubs : Ernst Happel did so with Feyenoord in 1970 and Hamburg in 1983 . Ottmar Hitzfeld did so with Borussia Dortmund in 1997 and Bayern Munich in 2001 . José Mourinho did it with Porto in 2004 and Internazionale in 2010 . Jupp Heynckes did so with Real Madrid in 1998 and Bayern Munich in 2013 . Carlo Ancelotti did so with Milan in 2003 and 2007 , and Real Madrid in 2014 . Ernst Happel is the only manager to reach the Champions League final with three different teams : Feyenoord ( 1970 ) , Club Brugge ( 1978 ) and Hamburg in ( 1983 ) . Winning other trophies Vicente del Bosque is the only manager to win the Champions League , the FIFA World Cup and the European Championship . Vicente del Bosque is the only manager to have won the Champions League , the World Cup and the European Championship : Real Madrid in 2000 and 2002 , the World Cup in 2010 and the European Championship in 2012 with Spain One other manager has won the Champions League as well as the World Cup : Marcello Lippi won the Champions League with Juventus in 1996 and the World Cup in 2006 with Italy Two other managers have won the European Cup as well as the European Championship : José Villalonga won the European Cup with Real Madrid in 1956 and 1957 and the European Championship in 1964 with Spain Rinus Michels won the European Cup with Ajax in 1971 and the European Championship in 1988 with Netherlands Two managers have won the Cup Winners ' Cup and the European Cup with the same club in two consecutive seasons : Nereo Rocco of Milan won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1968 and the European Cup in 1969 Giovanni Trapattoni of Juventus won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 and the European Cup in 1985 Three managers have won the UEFA Cup and the European Cup in two consecutive seasons , two of them with the same club : Bob Paisley won the UEFA Cup in 1976 and the European Cup in 1977 , both with Liverpool José Mourinho won the UEFA Cup in 2003 and the Champions League in 2004 , both with Porto Rafael Benítez won the UEFA Cup in 2004 with Valencia and the Champions League in 2005 with Liverpool Rafael Benítez is the only manager to have won the FIFA Club World Cup , the UEFA Cup , and the UEFA Champions League Two managers have won the Cup Winners ' Cup , the UEFA Cup and the European Cup : Giovanni Trapattoni of Juventus won the UEFA Cup in 1977 and 1993 , the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 and the European Cup in 1985 . He also won the UEFA Cup in 1991 with Internazionale . Udo Lattek won the European Cup in 1974 with Bayern Munich , the UEFA Cup in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1982 with Barcelona . Other records Alex Ferguson holds the record of winning 114 European Cup and UEFA Champions League matches . Jupp Heynckes holds the record of most consecutive wins in the competition , twelve wins all with Bayern Munich . The winning run started on 2 April 2013 by beating Juventus 2 -- 0 in the quarter - finals , then winning the second leg , two semi-finals against Barcelona and the 2013 final against Borussia Dortmund . After two group stage matches with Carlo Ancelotti in the 2017 -- 18 season , Heynckes came out of retirement winning four group stage matches , two round of 16 matches , then he reached the twelfth successive win on 3 April 2018 by defeating Sevilla 2 -- 1 in the first leg of quarter - finals , the run ended with a goalless draw against Sevilla on the second leg . See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics List of UEFA Cup and Europa League winners Notes Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League - Season 2009 / 10 - Matchweek stats pack '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Horncastle , James ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` AC Milan v Inter Milan : Financial troubles hit both clubs '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Umair , M.A. ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Champions League Winners : The most successful countries and cities '' . SoccerLens . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - time records 1955 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of European official clubs ' cups and tournaments '' . uefa.com . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ In addition , Juventus were the first club in association football history to have won all possible confederation competitions ( e.g. the international tournaments organised by UEFA ) and remain the only in the world to achieve this , cf . `` Legend : UEFA club competitions '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 21 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . `` 1985 : Juventus end European drought '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 8 December 1985 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup : Solidarity -- the name of the game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Activity Report 2005 . Zurich : Fédération Internationale de Football Association : 62 . April 2004 -- May 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We are the champions '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanović heads Chelsea to Europa League glory '' . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Champions ' Cup / Champions League Trivia '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of an Iconic Manager : Sir Bobby Robson '' . Jump up ^ `` Italian media hit out at ' crazy ' Inter '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona make history with stunning comeback '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Football Champions League Trivia : 50 things about the UCL ESPNSTAR.com Jump up ^ Davies , Christopher ( 13 September 2006 ) . `` Rosicky rocket sinks 10 - man Hamburg '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo landmark as Madrid wins 2 - 1 , ends Bayern record run '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Macht Report : Arsenal v Bayern Munich - FC Bayern München AG '' . FC Bayern München AG . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 / 17 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 11 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . pp. 4 , 6 , 10 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . pp. 8 , 9 , 10 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 / 17 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 12 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official website for European football -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's debut hat - trick against Fenerbahçe '' . BBC Sport. 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Messi vs Ronaldo : The race to 100 Champions League goals is over '' . Goal.com. 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo first to reach 100 UCL goals with one team '' . ESPN . 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks one Champions League goal record ... and has Lionel Messi in his sights '' . standard.co.uk . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches new group stage high '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten in a row : what records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The fastest goal in the UEFA Champions League '' . ECA . Archived from the original on 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes history by scoring in third final '' . UEFA. 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Peck , Joshua ( 26 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid ace sets ANOTHER record in Bayern Munich win '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Vertelney , Seth ( 26 April 2018 ) . `` Serial winner Ronaldo breaks Champions League victory record despite Bayern blank '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Metro Sport Reporter ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Champions League winning record as Real Madrid beat Bayern Munich '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UEFA Champions League 's oldest players '' . UEFA . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official website for European football -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time - Penalties '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 Maribor 0 match report : Emre Can scores wonderful goal for Reds after Mohamed Salah 's opener and Daniel Sturridge scores third with Champions League knock - out stages one win away '' . The Sun . 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Svilar becomes youngest goalkeeper to save a Champions League penalty '' . Goal.com. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Porto 3 x 1 Bayern Munich 15 / 04 / 2015 '' . YouTube . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - time scorers ( own goals ) '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League landmarks and milestones '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona . `` Jens Lehmann '' . The Times . London . ^ Jump up to : `` The Champions League 's greatest ever goalkeepers '' . uefa.com. 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Casillas '' Club matches '' Champions League `` . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` Svilar becomes youngest keeper in Champions League '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Milner beats Champions League assists record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar matched a Zlatan Ibrahimovic record as Barca thrashed Celtic '' . 101 great goals . 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oleksandr Kucher given fastest red card in Champions League history as Shakhtar defender is dismissed in third minute '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Ramos is officially the dirtiest player in Champions League history as Real Madrid defender overtakes Paul Scholes on card count '' . The Sun . 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The UEFA Champions League 's oldest players '' . uefa.com . Jump up ^ `` Porto 's Rúben Neves makes history '' . uefa.com . Jump up ^ `` Michael Ballack '' . go.com . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 9 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McCourt , Ian ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Napoli 's Rafa Benítez has his eyes on another final in Europa League '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In profile : Sir Alex Ferguson '' . UEFA. 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heynckes sets Champions League record to leave Bayern wanting more '' . goal.com. 3 April 2018 . External links UEFA.com Top Scorers - European Champions Cup / League at Euro.Futbal.org hide UEFA club competitions records and statistics Records and statistics European Cup / Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup UEFA Cup / Europa League Intercontinental Cup Awards Men 's Player of the Year Award Women 's Player of the Year Award Club Football Awards Club Footballer of the Year Best European Goalkeeper The UEFA Plaque Team of the Year Golden Jubilee Poll Jubilee Awards hide European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=846464624 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Association football records and statistics All - time football league tables European records Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Shqip Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 23 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what teams are in the champions league semi-finals	[]	[]
-8930495507564724181	Maltase	Maltase - wikipedia Maltase Not to be confused with Maltese . Alpha - glucosidase Identifiers EC number 3.2. 1.20 CAS number 9001 - 42 - 7 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum show Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Maltose Maltase ( EC 3.2. 1.20 , alpha - glucosidase , glucoinvertase , glucosidosucrase , maltase - glucoamylase , alpha - glucopyranosidase , glucosidoinvertase , alpha - D - glucosidase , alpha - glucoside hydrolase , alpha - 1 , 4 - glucosidase , alpha - D - glucoside glucohydrolase ) is an enzyme located in on the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose . Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to the simple sugar glucose . This enzyme is found in plants , bacteria , and yeast . Acid maltase deficiency is categorized into three separate types based on the age of onset of symptoms in the affected individual . In most cases , it is equivalent to alpha - glucosidase , but the term `` maltase '' emphasizes the disaccharide nature of the substrate from which glucose is cleaved , and `` alpha - glucosidase '' emphasizes the bond , whether the substrate is a disaccharide or polysaccharide . Vampire bats are the only vertebrates known to not exhibit intestinal maltase activity . See also ( edit ) Maltase - glucoamylase Sucrase - isomaltase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maltase -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bruni CB , Sica V , Auricchio F , Covelli I ( September 1970 ) . `` Further kinetic and structural characterization of the lysosomal alpha - D - glucoside glucohydrolase from cattle liver '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 212 ( 3 ) : 470 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2744 ( 70 ) 90253 - 6 . PMID 5466143 . Jump up ^ Flanagan PR , Forstner GG ( August 1978 ) . `` Purification of rat intestinal maltase / glucoamylase and its anomalous dissociation either by heat or by low pH '' . The Biochemical Journal . 173 ( 2 ) : 553 -- 63 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1730553 . PMC 1185809 . PMID 29602 . Jump up ^ Larner , J. ( 1960 ) . `` Other glucosidases '' . In Boyer , P.D. ; Lardy , H. ; Myrbäck , K . The Enzymes . 4 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Academic Press . pp. 369 -- 378 . Jump up ^ Sivakami S , Radhakrishnan AN ( December 1973 ) . `` Purification of rabbit intestinal glucoamylase by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G - 200 '' . Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 10 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 4 . PMID 4792946 . Jump up ^ Sørensen SH , Norén O , Sjöström H , Danielsen EM ( September 1982 ) . `` Amphiphilic pig intestinal microvillus maltase / glucoamylase . Structure and specificity '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 126 ( 3 ) : 559 -- 68 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1982. tb06817. x . PMID 6814909 . Jump up ^ Schondube JE , Herrera - M LG , Martínez del Rio C ( 2001 ) . `` Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats '' ( PDF ) . Zoology. 104 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 73 . doi : 10.1078 / 0944 - 2006 - 00007 . PMID 16351819 . External links ( edit ) Maltases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Structure and evolution of the mammalian maltase - glucoamylase and sucrase - isomaltase Hydrolase : sugar hydrolases ( EC 3.2 ) 3.2. 1 : Glycoside hydrolases Disaccharidase Sucrase / Sucrase - isomaltase / Invertase Maltase Trehalase Lactase Glucosidases Cellulase Alpha - glucosidase Acid Neutral AB Neutral C Beta - glucosidase cytosolic Debranching enzyme Other Amylase Alpha - amylase Chitinase Lysozyme Neuraminidase NEU1 NEU2 NEU3 NEU4 Bacterial neuraminidase Viral neuraminidase Galactosidases Alpha Beta alpha - Mannosidase Glucuronidase Klotho Hyaluronidase Pullulanase Glucosylceramidase lysosomal non-lysosomal Galactosylceramidase Alpha - N - acetylgalactosaminidase NAGA Alpha - N - acetylglucosaminidase Fucosidase Hexosaminidase HEXA HEXB Iduronidase Maltase - glucoamylase Heparanase HPSE2 3.2. 2 : Hydrolysing N - Glycosyl compounds DNA glycosylases : Oxoguanine glycosylase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maltase&oldid=828588732 '' Categories : EC 3.2. 1 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Search About Wikipedia Беларуская Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 14 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is maltase found in the digestive system	[ "Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20, alpha-glucosidase, glucoinvertase, glucosidosucrase, maltase-glucoamylase, alpha-glucopyranosidase, glucosidoinvertase, alpha-D-glucosidase, alpha-glucoside hydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme located in on the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to the simple sugar glucose. This enzyme is found in plants, bacteria, and yeast. Acid maltase deficiency is categorized into three separate types based on the age of onset of symptoms in the affected individual.\n" ]	[ "on the brush border of the small intestine" ]
-383061476412699783	List of Magic Kingdom attractions	List of Magic Kingdom attractions - wikipedia List of Magic Kingdom attractions Jump to : navigation , search The Magic Kingdom is a theme park located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . Below is a list of the current attractions found therein , arranged by `` land '' and with brief descriptions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main Street , U.S.A. 1.1 Current attractions 2 Adventureland 2.1 Current attractions 3 Frontierland 3.1 Attractions and entertainment 4 Liberty Square 4.1 Current attractions 5 Fantasyland 5.1 Current attractions 6 Tomorrowland 6.1 Current attractions 6.2 Future Attractions 7 See also 8 References Main Street , U.S.A. ( edit ) Main article : Main Street , U.S.A. Current attractions ( edit ) Main Street Vehicles Walt Disney World Railroad Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom Town Square Theatre Harmony Barber Shop City Hall Main Street Chamber of Commerce Adventureland ( edit ) Main article : Adventureland ( Disney ) Current attractions ( edit ) Jungle Cruise The Magic Carpets of Aladdin Pirates of the Caribbean Swiss Family Treehouse Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room A Pirate 's Adventures : Treasures of the Seven Seas Frontierland ( edit ) Main article : Frontierland Attractions and entertainment ( edit ) Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Country Bear Jamboree Splash Mountain Frontierland Shootin ' Arcade Frontierland Hoedown Happening Tom Sawyer Island Walt Disney World Railroad Liberty Square ( edit ) Main article : Liberty Square ( Magic Kingdom ) Current attractions ( edit ) The Hall of Presidents Haunted Mansion Liberty Belle Riverboat The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History Fantasyland ( edit ) Main article : Fantasyland Current attractions ( edit ) Brave ( Fairytale Garden ) Casey Jr . Splash ' N ' Soak Station Cinderella Castle Dumbo the Flying Elephant Enchanted Tales with Belle It 's a Small World Mad Tea Party Mickey 's PhilharMagic Peter Pan 's Flight Pete 's Silly Sideshow Prince Charming Regal Carrousel Princess Fairytale Hall Seven Dwarfs Mine Train The Barnstormer featuring Goofy as the Great Goofini The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Under the Sea : Journey of the Little Mermaid Walt Disney World Railroad Tomorrowland ( edit ) Main article : Tomorrowland Current attractions ( edit ) Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor Stitch 's Great Escape ! Astro Orbiter Space Mountain Tomorrowland Speedway Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress Future Attractions ( edit ) Tron Lightcycle Power Run See also ( edit ) Magic Kingdom Magic Kingdom Parade List of Disney theme park attractions List of Epcot attractions List of Disney 's Hollywood Studios attractions List of Disney 's Animal Kingdom attractions References ( edit ) Veness , Susan ( 2015 ) . The Hidden Magic of Walt Disney World : Over 600 Secrets of the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Disney 's Hollywood Studios , and Disney 's Animal Kingdom . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781440587818 . ( hide ) Magic Kingdom Attractions Main Street U.S.A. City Hall Harmony Barber Shop Main Street Chamber of Commerce Main Street Vehicles Town Square Theater Walt Disney World Railroad Adventureland Jungle Cruise The Magic Carpets of Aladdin Pirates of the Caribbean Swiss Family Treehouse Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Country Bear Jamboree Frontierland Shootin ' Arcade Splash Mountain Tom Sawyer Island Liberty Square The Hall of Presidents Haunted Mansion Liberty Belle Riverboat Liberty Tree Tavern The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History Fantasyland Ariel 's Grotto The Barnstormer featuring the Great Goofini Be Our Guest Restaurant Casey Jr . Splash ' n ' Soak Station Cinderella Castle Dumbo the Flying Elephant It 's a Small World Mad Tea Party The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's PhilharMagic Peter Pan 's Flight Prince Charming Regal Carrousel Princess Fairytale Hall Seven Dwarfs Mine Train Under the Sea : Journey of the Little Mermaid Tomorrowland Astro Orbiter Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor Space Mountain Stitch 's Great Escape ! Tomorrowland Speedway Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress Entertainment The Dapper Dans Electrical Water Pageant Festival of Fantasy Parade Happily Ever After Once Upon a Time Other Partners Utilidor System Future TRON Lightcycle Power Run Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Magic_Kingdom_attractions&oldid=839830297 '' Categories : Lists of Disney attractions Magic Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 23 : 39 . About Wikipedia	how many rides are in disney magic kingdom	[]	[]
8003871721497490127	The Man Comes Around (song)	The Man Comes Around ( song ) - wikipedia The Man Comes Around ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Man Comes Around '' Song by Johnny Cash from the album American IV : The Man Comes Around Released May 24 , 2002 Genre Folk country gospel Length 4 : 26 Label American Recordings Universal Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Cash Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin John Carter Cash `` The Man Comes Around '' is the title track from Johnny Cash 's American IV : The Man Comes Around , released in 2002 . It was written several years prior to the release of the album ; however , Cash updated it for the album . It is one of the last songs Cash wrote before his death . Both sung and spoken , the song makes numerous Biblical references , especially to the Book of Revelation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbols and references in the lyrics 2 Music 3 History 4 Legacy 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Symbols and references in the lyrics ( edit ) There are numerous biblical references in the lyrics . A spoken portion from Revelation 6 : 1 -- 2 in the King James Version introduces the song . The passage describes the coming of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , each heralded by one of the `` four beasts '' first mentioned in Revelation 4 : 6 -- 9 . The musical portion then begins with Cash reciting that `` the man '' ( Jesus Christ ) will one day come to pass judgment . The chorus indicates that these events will be accompanied by trumpets , ( as in Revelation ch. 8 , 9 , 11 ) , pipers ( Rev. 18 : 22 ) , and `` one hundred million angels singing '' . The voice of the Lord in Revelation is often likened to the sound of a loud trumpet ( Revelation 1 : 10 ; 4 : 1 ; and 8 : 13 ) . Revelation 5 : 11 states that John saw that there are millions of angels in Heaven . The song also alludes to the Parable of the Ten Virgins from the Gospel of Matthew ( 25 : 1 -- 13 ) with the lyrics `` The virgins are all trimming their wicks , '' a reference to the virgins ' preparation of the Second Coming of Christ . The phrase , `` It 's hard for thee to kick against the pricks '' cites Acts 26 : 14 , where Paul the Apostle describes meeting Jesus while traveling to Damascus . It is a reference to a Greek proverb where a kicking ox only injures himself by attempting to kick against a goad , intended to represent the futility of resisting the Lord . Elsewhere , the song mentions the wise men who bow before the Lord 's throne , and cast their `` golden crowns '' at the feet of God . Revelation 4 refers to elders who worship the Lord and `` lay their crowns '' before Him ( Revelation 4 : 10 ) . `` Alpha and Omega '' refers to God himself . ( Rev. 1 : 8 , 11 , 21 : 6 , 22 : 13 ) , but also to the cries of the newborn and the dying . `` Whoever is unjust ... etc '' is a quote from Revelation 22 : 11 . Music ( edit ) The arrangement of the song is sparse ( although not so much as in some of Cash 's later compositions , such as ' God 's Gonna Cut You Down ' ) ; two guitars , piano ( played in the bass register ) , and an electric organ . History ( edit ) Of the album 's fifteen tracks , only three were written by Cash , with `` The Man Comes Around '' the sole song specifically penned for it , and the only song Cash wrote in its entirety . The song was inspired by a dream Cash had about Queen Elizabeth II in which the queen compared Cash to `` a thorn tree in a whirlwind . '' Haunted by the dream , Cash became curious if the phrase was a biblical reference and eventually found a similar phrase in the Book of Job . An alternative `` early take '' of the song appears on the Unearthed box set ( 2003 ) and The Legend of Johnny Cash ( 2005 ) . The `` Legend '' version omits the spoken word intro and outro . Legacy ( edit ) The song was listed as the 296th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media . In popular Culture ( edit ) In 2003 : The song was used during the opening credits and closing credits of the 2003 film The Hunted . In 2004 : The song was used during the opening credits of the 2004 remake of Dawn of the Dead . In 2008 : The song was used during a scene in the 2008 in the movie My Best Friend 's Girl The song was featured prominently in the final scenes of the season one finale of Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles The song was featured in the closing scenes , last episode ( Bomb in the Garden ) of the HBO miniseries Generation Kill The song was used during the opening and closing credits of the film Linewatch The song was used in the opening sequence of the Criminal Minds episode `` Elephant 's Memory '' ( season 3 , episode 16 ) The album Sleepytime Tunes Lullaby Renditions of Johnny Cash , credited to The Lullaby Players , features an instrumental cover version done in a lullaby arrangement for children In 2009 : The song was used on the final episode of BBC 's Being Human in the warm up to what is supposed to be a battle between Mitchell and Herrick The song was used in the opening sequence of the CSI episode `` Better Off Dead '' ( season 10 , episode 10 ) In 2012 : The song was sampled in English DJ / Producer Doctor P 's , song `` Flying Spaghetti Monster '' as part of his Animal Vegetable Mineral -- Part 1 EP The song was used in the climactic penultimate episode of the first season of the new Dallas series in August 2012 The song was used in the trailer and soundtrack for the 2012 film Killing Them Softly In 2013 : The first lines of the song were used in the pilot Sleepy Hollow . In 2014 : The song was used in episode 11 of the first season of The Blacklist In 2015 : The song was the soundtrack for an ESPN promotional TV spot for SEC football featuring each team 's coach . The song was used in the promo for Bray Wyatt vs Undertaker at WrestleMania 31 . In 2016 : Parodying its use in the opening sequence of Dawn of the Dead , the song was used in the closing film of the `` Patriotism '' episode ( series 4 , episode 3 ) of Stewart Lee 's Comedy Vehicle . The song was used during the opening and closing of SkySports coverage of the United States Grand Prix . In 2017 : The song played over the end credits of the film Logan ( directed and co-written by James Mangold who had previously directed the Johnny Cash biopic Walk the Line ) . In 2018 : The final verse is referenced by the Father in the first chapter of FarCry 5 . Will Harris , pitcher of the Houston Astros , uses the song as his reliever entry music . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ books.google.com Google Books Jump up ^ American IV : The Man Comes Around album review - PopMatters Retrieved 10 February 2015 Jump up ^ Johnny Cash Joins Gospel Hall of Fame - Country Weekly Retrieved 10 February 2015 Jump up ^ Brinkley , T. ( October 15 , 2006 ) , `` Walking the Line '' , The New York Times ( review ) , one of his last original compositions . ( login required ) ^ Jump up to : In the album 's liner notes , Cash states that the song is `` based , loosely , on the book of Revelation , with a couple of lines or a chorus , from other biblical sources '' . Jump up ^ Beckett , Colin ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` Johnny Cash - American IV : The Man Comes Around '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( October 2004 ) . `` American Communion '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , J.S. ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Movie Music Moment : Dawn of the Dead ( '' When the Man Comes Around `` ) '' . Cineflect . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyons , William John ( 2009 ) . Lyons , W.J. ; Økland , J. , eds . `` The Apocalypse according to Johnny Cash : Examining the ' effect ' of the Book of Revelation on a contemporary apocalyptic writer '' ( PDF ) . The Way the World Ends ? The Apocalypse of John in Culture and Ideology . Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press : 95 -- 122 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ( hide ) Johnny Cash Studio albums With His Hot and Blue Guitar Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous The Fabulous Johnny Cash Greatest ! Songs of Our Soil Sings Hank Williams Now , There Was a Song ! Now Here 's Johnny Cash The Sound of Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash I Walk the Line Orange Blossom Special Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Old Golden Throat More of Old Golden Throat Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash The World of Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love Any Old Wind That Blows Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver Rockabilly Blues The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Rainbow Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash : Hall of Fame Series Water from the Wells of Home Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life American Recordings Unchained American III : Solitary Man American IV : The Man Comes Around Personal File American V : A Hundred Highways American VI : Ai n't No Grave Out Among the Stars Concept albums Ride This Train Blood , Sweat and Tears Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian Sings the Ballads of the True West From Sea to Shining Sea America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Children 's Album The Rambler Gospel albums Hymns by Johnny Cash Hymns from the Heart The Holy Land The Gospel Road Sings Precious Memories A Believer Sings the Truth Believe in Him Return to the Promised Land My Mother 's Hymn Book Christmas albums The Christmas Spirit The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Classic Christmas Johnny Cash Country Christmas Collaborations The Lure of the Grand Canyon Carryin ' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter Johnny Cash and His Woman The Legend of Jesse James Million Dollar Quartet The Survivors Live Highwayman Class of ' 55 Heroes Highwayman 2 The Road Goes on Forever VH1 Storytellers Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze ( In Prague -- Live ) At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Non-gospel soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954 -- 1958 The Man in Black 1959 -- 1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash ( 1992 ) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963 -- 1969 The Man in Black -- His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love , God , Murder The Essential Johnny Cash ( 2002 ) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Johnny Cash : Patriot 16 Biggest Hits : Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Any Old Wind That Blows '' `` A Wonderful Time Up There '' `` The Ballad of Boot Hill '' `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' `` Big River '' `` Blistered '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` Busted '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` Cocaine Blues '' `` Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! '' `` Daddy Sang Bass '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' `` Do n't Take Your Guns to Town '' `` Engine 143 '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` The Folk Singer '' `` Folsom Prison Blues '' `` Forty Shades of Green '' `` Get Rhythm '' `` Give My Love to Rose '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Greystone Chapel '' `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' `` Hey , Porter '' `` Home of the Blues '' `` Hurt '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` I Love You Because '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' `` I Walk the Line '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` In My Life '' `` In the Jailhouse Now '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Jackson '' `` Kate '' `` The Man Comes Around '' `` Man in Black '' `` The Matador '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' `` One Piece at a Time '' `` Oney '' `` Orange Blossom Special '' `` The One on the Right Is on the Left '' `` Remember the Alamo '' `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` So Doggone Lonesome '' `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` Understand Your Man '' `` What Is Truth '' `` What 'd I Say '' Television The Johnny Cash Show Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Carlene Carter Tommy Cash Carter Family Related Albums discography Singles discography Sun Records discography The Highwaymen Carter Family Fold Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Cash : The Autobiography Johnny Cash ! The Man , His World , His Music Walk the Line We Walk the Line : A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire ( 2013 film ) Ring of Fire ( musical ) My Father and the Man in Black Forever Words Dyess , Arkansas The Tennessee Three Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Comes_Around_(song)&oldid=835923022 '' Categories : Johnny Cash songs Music based on the Bible 2002 songs Songs written by Johnny Cash Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from October 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Polski Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia	meaning of when the man comes around lyrics	[]	[]
-5298983925744557273	History of the United States public debt	History of the United States public debt - Wikipedia History of the United States public debt Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal debt held by the public as a percentage of gross domestic product , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 . The history of the United States public debt started with federal government debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War by the first U.S treasurer , Michael Hillegas , after its formation in 1789 . The United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since then , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Historically , the United States public debt as a share of GDP has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1973 under President Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the terms of presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose during the 1980s , as President Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 08 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 1790s 1.2 The assumption issue 1.3 1790s to 1910 2 World War I and Great Depression 3 After World War II 3.1 2011 credit rating downgrade 4 Changes in debt by political affiliation 5 Causes of recent changes in debt 5.1 2001 vs. 2009 5.2 2001 vs. 2011 5.3 2008 vs. 2009 6 Historical debt levels 6.1 Gross federal debt 6.2 Publicly held debt 7 Federal spending , federal debt and GDP 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early history ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton 's First Report on the Public Credit , January 9 , 1790 1790s ( edit ) Except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 , the United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its Constitution went into effect on March 4 , 1789 . During the American Revolution , the Continental Congress , under the Articles of Confederation , amassed huge war debts , but lacked the power to repay these obligations through taxation or duties on imports . On the founding of the United States , the financial affairs of the new federation were in disarray , exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers . In 1790 , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton pushed for Congress to pass a financial plan , called the First Report on the Public Credit , a controversial part of which involved the federal government assuming state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War . Northern states had accumulated a huge amount of debt during the war , amounting to $21.5 million , and wanted the federal government to assume their burden . The Southern states , which had lower or no debts , whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of this debt if the federal government assumed it , were disinclined to accept the proposal . Some states , including Virginia , had already paid off almost half of their debts , and felt that their taxpayers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident , and further argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government . James Madison , then a representative from Virginia , led a group of legislators from the South in blocking the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval . Jefferson supported Madison The plan was finally adopted as part of the Compromise of 1790 , as the Funding Act of 1790 . The compromise meant that the state debts were all picked up by the federal Treasury , and the permanent national capital would be located in the South , along the Virginia - Maryland border in what became the District of Colombia . The assumption issue ( edit ) Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked . It was the critical issue ; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off all the debt that states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution . The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy , thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government . Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports . Jefferson originally approved the scheme , but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government . Edling points out that after its passage in 1790 , the assumption was accepted . Madison did try to pay speculators below 100 % , but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them . When Jefferson became president he continued the system . The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad , and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party . Good credit allowed Jefferson 's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812 . The Southern states extracted a major concession from Hamilton in the recalculation of their debt under the fiscal plan . For example , in the case of Virginia , a zero - sum arrangement was contrived , in which Virginia paid $3.4 million to the federal government , and received exactly that amount in federal compensation . The revision of Virginia 's debt , coupled with Potomac residence issue , ultimately netted it over $13 million . Another result of federal assumption of state debts was to give the federal government much more power by placing the country 's most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federal government rather than the state governments . The federal government was able to avoid competing in interest with the States . The debts of the federal government on January 1 , 1791 amounted to $75,463,476.52 , of which about $40 million was domestic debt , $12 million was foreign debt , and $18.3 million were state debts assumed by the federal government , of the $21.5 million that had been authorized . 1790s to 1910 ( edit ) To reduce the debt , from 1796 to 1811 there were 14 budget surpluses and 2 deficits . There was a sharp increase in the debt as a result of the War of 1812 . In the 20 years following that war , there were 18 surpluses . The United States actually paid off its debt entirely in January 1835 , only to begin accruing debt anew by 1836 ( the debt on January 1 , 1836 was $37,000 ) . Another sharp increase in the debt occurred as a result of the Civil War . The debt was just $65 million in 1860 , but passed $1 billion in 1863 and reached $2.7 billion by the end of the war . During the following 47 years , there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits . During this period 55 % of the national debt was paid off . World War I and Great Depression ( edit ) Debt increased again during World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , reaching $25.5 billion at its conclusion . Approximately $17 billion in debt was raised through the selling of Liberty Bonds to the general public to finance the U.S. 's military effort . The war was followed by 11 consecutive surpluses that saw the debt reduced by 36 % by the end of the 1920s . Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920 and believed the federal government should be fiscally managed in a way similar to private sector businesses . He had campaigned in 1920 on the slogan , `` Less government in business and more business in government . '' Under Harding , federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922 . Over the course of the 1920s , under the leadership of Calvin Coolidge , the national debt was reduced by one third . The decrease was even greater when the growth in GDP and inflation is taken into account . Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5 % of GDP in 1930 . When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933 , the public debt was almost $20 billion , 20 % of GDP . Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936 , the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion , approximately 40 % of GDP . During its first term , the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5 % of GDP . By 1939 , the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43 % of GDP . The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt . Public debt rose over 100 % of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war . Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112 % of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950 . After World War II ( edit ) U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1940 to 2012 . The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman , as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion . Unlike previous wars , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt . Growth rates in Western countries began to slow in the mid-1960s . Beginning in the mid-1970s and afterwards , U.S. national debt began to increase faster than GDP . The public debt reached a post-World War II low of 24.6 % in 1974 . In that year , the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 reformed the budget process to allow Congress to challenge the president 's budget more easily , and , as a consequence , deficits became increasingly difficult to control . National debt held by the public increased from its postwar low of 24.6 % of GDP in 1974 to 26.2 % in 1980 . Debt held by the public relative to GDP rose rapidly again in the 1980s . President Ronald Reagan 's economic policies lowered tax rates ( Reagan slashed the top income tax rate from 70 % to 28 % , although bills passed in 1982 and 1984 later partially reversed those tax cuts . ) and increased military spending , while congressional Democrats blocked cuts to social programs . As a result , debt as a share of GDP increased from 26.2 % in 1980 to 40.9 % in 1988 , and it continued to rise during the presidency of George H.W. Bush , reaching 48.3 % of GDP in 1992 . US Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . Debt held by the public reached a high of 49.5 % of GDP at the beginning of President Clinton 's first term . However , it fell to 34.5 % of GDP by the end of Clinton 's presidency due in part to decreased military spending , increased taxes ( in 1990 , 1993 and 1997 ) , and increased tax revenue resulting from the 1990s boom . The budget controls instituted in the 1990s successfully restrained fiscal action by the Congress and the President and together with economic growth contributed to the budget surpluses at the end of the decade . The surpluses led to a decline in the public debt from about 43 % of GDP in 1998 to about 33 % by 2001 . In the early 21st century , debt held by the public relative to GDP rose again due in part to the Bush tax cuts and increased military spending caused by the wars in the Middle East and a new entitlement Medicare D program . During the presidency of George W. Bush , debt held by the public increased from $3.339 trillion in September 2001 to $6.369 trillion by the end of 2008 . In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and related significant revenue declines and spending increases , debt held by the public increased to $11.917 trillion by the end of July 2013 , under the presidency of Barack Obama . 2011 credit rating downgrade ( edit ) Main article : United States federal government credit - rating downgrade , 2011 On August 5 , 2011 , the United States debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 , the credit rating agency Standard & Poor 's downgraded the rating of the federal government from AAA to AA+ . It was the first time the U.S. had been downgraded since it was originally given a AAA rating on its debt by Moody 's in 1917 . BBC News reported that Standard & Poor 's had `` lost confidence '' in the ability of the U.S. government to make decisions . Changes in debt by Political affiliation ( edit ) Time series of U.S. public debt overlaid with party affiliation of the President . The upper graph shows the U.S. public debt in trillions of dollars while the lower graph shows the U.S. public debt as a percentage of GDP . ( Data are from the 2009 U.S. Budget . ) The President proposes a national budget to Congress , which has final say over the document but rarely appropriates more than what the President requests . Economist Mike Kimel has noted that the former Democratic Presidents ( Bill Clinton , Jimmy Carter , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , and Harry S. Truman ) all reduced public debt as a share of GDP , while the last four Republican Presidents ( George W. Bush , George H.W. Bush , Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford ) all oversaw an increase in the country 's indebtedness . Economic historian J. Bradford DeLong , observed a contrast not so much between Republicans and Democrats but between Democrats and `` old - style Republicans ( Eisenhower and Nixon ) '' on one hand ( decreasing debt ) and `` new - style Republicans '' on the other ( increasing debt ) . David Stockman , former director of the Office of Management and Budget , blamed the `` ideological tax - cutters '' of the Reagan administration for the increase of national debt during the 1980s . Former Treasury official Bruce Bartlett attributed the increase in the national debt since the 1980s to the policy of `` starve the beast '' . While noting that George H.W. Bush 's budget deal in 1990 was one of the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s , Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s . Causes of recent changes in debt ( edit ) Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits ; that is , government spending exceeding revenues . 2001 vs. 2009 ( edit ) Causes of change in Federal spending as % GDP 2001 -- 2009 from CBO Data According to the Congressional Budget Office , the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001 . From fiscal years 2001 to 2009 , spending increased by 6.5 % of gross domestic product ( from 18.2 % to 24.7 % ) while taxes declined by 4.7 % of GDP ( from 19.5 % to 14.8 % ) . Spending increases ( expressed as percentage of GDP ) were in the following areas : Medicare and Medicaid ( 1.7 % ) , defense ( 1.6 % ) , income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps ( 1.4 % ) , Social Security ( 0.6 % ) and all other categories ( 1.2 % ) . Revenue reductions were individual income taxes ( − 3.3 % ) , payroll taxes ( − 0.5 % ) , corporate income taxes ( − 0.5 % ) and other ( − 0.4 % ) . The 2009 spending level was the highest relative to GDP in 40 years , while the tax receipts were the lowest relative to GDP in 40 years . The next highest spending year was 1985 ( 22.8 % ) , while the next lowest tax year was 2004 ( 16.1 % ) . 2001 vs. 2011 ( edit ) Cause of change between CBO 's 2001 projection of a $5.6 trillion surplus between 2002 -- 2012 and the $6.1 trillion debt increase that actually occurred . In June 2012 , the Congressional Budget Office summarized the cause of change between its January 2001 estimate of a $5.6 trillion cumulative surplus between 2002 and 2011 and the actual $6.1 trillion cumulative deficit that occurred , an unfavorable `` turnaround '' or debt increase of $11.7 trillion . Tax rate cuts and slower - than - expected growth reduced revenues by $6.1 trillion and spending was $5.6 trillion higher . Of this total , the CBO attributes 72 % to legislated tax rate cuts and spending increases and 27 % to economic and technical factors . Of the latter , 56 % occurred from 2009 to 2011 . The difference between the projected and actual debt in 2011 , the budget office said , could be attributed largely to : $3.5 trillion -- Economic changes ( including lower than expected tax revenues and higher safety net spending due to recession ) $1.6 trillion -- Bush Tax Cuts ( EGTRRA and JGTRRA ) , primarily tax rate cuts but also some smaller spending increases $1.5 trillion -- Increased non-defense discretionary spending $1.4 trillion -- Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq $1.4 trillion -- Incremental interest due to higher debt balances $0.9 trillion -- Obama stimulus and tax cuts ( ARRA and Tax Act of 2010 ) The U.S. budget situation has deteriorated significantly since 2001 , when the CBO forecast average annual surpluses of approximately $850 billion from 2009 -- 2012 . The average deficit forecast in each of those years as of June 2009 was approximately $1,215 billion . The New York Times analyzed this roughly $2 trillion `` swing '' , separating the causes into four major categories along with their share : Recessions or the business cycle ( 37 % ) ; Policies enacted by President Bush ( 33 % ) ; Policies enacted by President Bush and supported or extended by President Obama ( 20 % ) ; and New policies from President Obama ( 10 % ) . Several other articles and experts explained the causes of change in the debt position . 2008 vs. 2009 ( edit ) In October 2009 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) gave the reasons for the higher budget deficit in 2009 ( $1,410 billion , i.e. $1.41 trillion ) over that of 2008 ( $460 billion ) . The major changes included : declines in tax receipt of $320 billion due to the effects of the recession and another $100 billion due to tax rate cuts in the stimulus bill ( the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or ARRA ) ; $245 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) and other bailout efforts ; $100 billion in additional spending for ARRA ; and another $185 billion due to increases in primary budget categories such as Medicare , Medicaid , unemployment insurance , Social Security , and Defense -- including the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq . This was the highest budget deficit relative to GDP ( 9.9 % ) since 1945 . The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009 , versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008 . The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending . The four changes were : Account for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ( `` overseas military contingencies '' ) in the budget , rather than through supplemental appropriations Assume the Alternative Minimum Tax is indexed for inflation ; Account for the full costs of Medicare reimbursements Anticipate inevitable expenditures for natural disaster relief Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear . Historical debt levels ( edit ) Gross federal debt ( edit ) This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product , or GDP , each year since World War II . The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7 % of GDP at the end of 2012 , the most recent figure available ; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100 % since then . ( The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt -- that is , money owed by one branch of the federal government to another . When this latter amount is subtracted , the remaining quantity is known as the public debt . ) Congressional session Years President President 's party Debt - to - GDP ratio at start of period Debt - to - GDP ratio at end of period Change in debt ( in billions of dollars ) Change in debt - to - GDP ratio ( in percentage points ) 77 -- 78 1941 -- 1945 Roosevelt Democratic 50.4 % 117.5 % + 203 + 67.1 79 -- 80 1945 -- 1949 Roosevelt , Truman Democratic 117.5 % 93.1 % - 8 - 24.4 81 -- 82 1949 -- 1953 Truman Democratic 93.1 % 71.4 % + 13 - 21.7 83 -- 84 1953 -- 1957 Eisenhower Republican 71.4 % 60.4 % + 6 - 11.0 85 -- 86 1957 -- 1961 Eisenhower Republican 60.4 % 55.2 % + 20 - 5.2 87 -- 88 1961 -- 1965 Kennedy , Johnson Democratic 55.2 % 46.9 % + 30 - 8.3 89 -- 90 1965 -- 1969 Johnson Democratic 46.9 % 38.6 % + 43 - 8.3 91 -- 92 1969 -- 1973 Nixon Republican 38.6 % 35.6 % + 101 - 3.0 93 -- 94 1973 -- 1977 Nixon , Ford Republican 35.6 % 35.8 % + 177 + 0.2 95 -- 96 1977 -- 1981 Carter Democratic 35.8 % 32.5 % + 288 - 3.3 97 -- 98 1981 -- 1985 Reagan Republican 32.5 % 43.8 % + 823 + 11.3 99 -- 100 1985 -- 1989 Reagan Republican 43.8 % 53.1 % + 1,050 + 9.3 101 -- 102 1989 -- 1993 Bush Sr . Republican 53.1 % 66.1 % + 1,483 + 13.0 103 -- 104 1993 -- 1997 Clinton Democratic 66.1 % 65.4 % + 1,018 - 0.7 105 -- 106 1997 -- 2001 Clinton Democratic 65.4 % 56.4 % + 401 - 9.0 107 -- 108 2001 -- 2005 Bush Republican 56.4 % 63.5 % + 2,135 + 7.1 109 -- 110 2005 -- 2009 Bush Republican 63.5 % 84.2 % + 3,971 + 20.7 111 -- 112 2009 -- 2013 Obama Democratic 84.2 % 102.7 % + 6,061 + 18.5 ( Source : CBO Historical Budget Page and Whitehouse FY 2012 Budget -- Table 7.1 Federal Debt at the End of Year PDF , Excel , Senate.gov ) Notes : Some of the debt included in this chart for each presidential administration may include debt added under the next presidential administration . For net jobs changes over the corresponding periods , see : Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms . Publicly held debt ( edit ) U.S. debt from 1940 to 2011 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the intragovernmental debt , which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . The top panel shows debt deflated to 2010 dollars ; the second panel shows debt as a percentage of GDP . Publicly held debt is the gross debt minus intra-governmental obligations ( such as the money that the government owes to the two Social Security Trust Funds , the Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance program , and the Social Security Disability Insurance program ) . Federal spending , federal debt and GDP ( edit ) The table below shows annual federal spending , gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years . The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown . Fiscal year Federal spending Federal debt Gross domestic product Inflation adjuster Billions Adjusted Change Billions Adjusted Change Billions Adjusted Change 1977 $409 $1,040 $705 $1,795 $1,974 $5,019 0.39 1978 $459 $1,093 5.1 % $776 $1,850 3.1 % $2,217 $5,285 5.3 % 0.42 1979 $504 $1,107 1.3 % $829 $1,821 − 1.5 % $2,501 $5,494 4.0 % 0.46 1980 $591 $1,175 6.1 % $909 $1,808 − 0.8 % $2,727 $5,422 − 1.3 % 0.50 1981 $678 $1,219 3.8 % $994 $1,787 − 1.1 % $3,055 $5,492 1.3 % 0.56 1982 $746 $1,252 2.6 % $1,137 $1,908 6.8 % $3,228 $5,417 − 1.4 % 0.60 $808 $1,294 3.4 % $1,371 $2,195 15.0 % $3,441 $5,510 1.7 % 0.62 1984 $852 $1,300 0.4 % $1,564 $2,386 8.7 % $3,840 $5,858 6.3 % 0.66 1985 $946 $1,396 7.4 % $1,817 $2,680 12.3 % $4,142 $6,108 4.3 % 0.68 1986 $990 $1,426 2.1 % $2,120 $3,052 13.9 % $4,412 $6,352 4.0 % 0.69 $1,004 $1,406 − 1.4 % $2,345 $3,283 7.6 % $4,647 $6,506 2.4 % 0.71 $1,065 $1,447 2.9 % $2,601 $3,534 7.7 % $5,009 $6,806 4.6 % 0.74 $1,144 $1,499 3.6 % $2,867 $3,757 6.3 % $5,401 $7,077 4.0 % 0.76 1990 $1,253 $1,590 6.1 % $3,206 $4,067 8.3 % $5,735 $7,277 2.8 % 0.79 1991 $1,324 $1,610 1.3 % $3,598 $4,374 7.5 % $5,935 $7,215 − 0.8 % 0.82 $1,382 $1,624 0.9 % $4,001 $4,703 7.5 % $6,240 $7,334 1.7 % 0.85 1993 $1,410 $1,615 − 0.5 % $4,351 $4,987 6.0 % $6,576 $7,536 2.8 % 0.87 $1,462 $1,642 1.7 % $4,643 $5,216 4.6 % $6,961 $7,820 3.8 % 0.89 1995 $1,516 $1,662 1.2 % $4,920 $5,395 3.4 % $7,326 $8,033 2.7 % 0.91 $1,561 $1,673 0.7 % $5,181 $5,554 3.0 % $7,694 $8,248 2.7 % 0.93 1997 $1,601 $1,684 0.7 % $5,369 $5,647 1.7 % $8,182 $8,606 4.3 % 0.95 1998 $1,653 $1,721 2.2 % $5,478 $5,704 1.0 % $8,628 $8,985 4.4 % 0.96 1999 $1,702 $1,746 1.5 % $5,605 $5,750 0.8 % $9,125 $9,361 4.2 % 0.97 2000 $1,789 $1,789 2.5 % $5,628 $5,628 − 2.1 % $9,710 $9,710 3.7 % 1.00 $1,863 $1,821 1.8 % $5,769 $5,638 0.2 % $10,058 $9,829 1.2 % 1.02 2002 $2,011 $1,929 6.0 % $6,198 $5,945 5.5 % $10,377 $9,954 1.3 % 1.04 2003 $2,160 $2,018 4.6 % $6,760 $6,316 6.2 % $10,809 $10,099 1.4 % 1.07 $2,293 $2,082 3.2 % $7,354 $6,677 5.7 % $11,500 $10,441 3.4 % 1.10 2005 $2,472 $2,165 4.0 % $7,905 $6,923 3.7 % $12,238 $10,717 2.6 % 1.14 2006 $2,655 $2,249 3.9 % $8,451 $7,158 3.4 % $13,016 $11,024 2.9 % 1.18 2007 $2,730 $2,263 0.6 % $8,951 $7,419 3.6 % $13,668 $11,329 2.8 % 1.21 2008 $2,931 $2,366 4.6 % $9,654 $7,793 5.0 % $14,312 $11,553 0 % 1.24 2009 * $3,107 $2,452 3.6 % $10,413 $8,218 5.5 % $14,097 $11,529 2.6 % 1.27 2010 * $3,091 $2,392 − 2.4 % $11,875 $9,247 12.5 % $14,508 $11,297 − 2.0 % 1.29 Note : The values for the years 2009 , and 2010 represent estimates from the source material . See also ( edit ) First Report on the Public Credit United States federal budget Starve the beast ( policy ) United States public debt United States fiscal cliff 2011 U.S. debt ceiling crisis Government budget by country I.O.U.S.A. , documentary film by Patrick Creadon Modern Monetary Theory Unemployment in the United States List of U.S. state budgets Continuing resolution Appropriations bill ( United States ) Deficit reduction in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staloff , Darren. 2005 . Hamilton , Adams , Jefferson : The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding . Hill and Wang , New York . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 7784 - 1 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Miller , John C. 1960 . The Federalists : 1789 -- 1801 . Harper & Row , New York . ISBN 9781577660316 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Hofstadter , Richard . 1948 . The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It . New York : A.A. Knopf . p. 125 . Jump up ^ First Report of the Public Credit , issued on January 9 , 1790 . Jump up ^ Stelzer , Irwin ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Who Is the Euro Zone 's Alexander Hamilton ? '' . Wall Street Journal . Agenda . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2002 , pp. 48 -- 52 Jump up ^ Max M. Edling , `` ' So immense a power in the affairs of war ' : Alexander Hamilton and the restoration of public credit . '' William and Mary Quarterly 64 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 287 -- 326 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Staloff , 2005 , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Ellis , 2000 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Staloff , 2005 , pp. 96 , 313 ; Ellis , 2000 , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Trescott , Paul . `` Federal - State Financial Relations , 1790 -- 1860 '' . 15 : 227 -- 45 . JSTOR 2114655 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of the Public Debt : The 19th Century '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharockman , Aaron ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` PolitiFact : Fla. senator says Jan. 8 , 1835 , is the only day U.S. has been debt free '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . Congressional Budget Office . August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding US President -- 1921 -- 23 '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas E. Woods , Jr . ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Depression of 1920 '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Making dollars and sense of the U.S. government debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin , D. Andrew ( April 29 , 2008 ) . `` CRS Report for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Heinberg , Richard ( August 2011 ) . The End of Growth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86571 - 695 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Michael ; Story , Louise ( 27 July 2011 ) . `` Q. and A. on the U.S. Debt Ceiling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Debt Held by the Public as a Share of GDP ( 1797 -- 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis S. Ippolito . Why Budgets Matter : Budget Policy and American Politics . Penn State Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02260 - 4 . pp. 185 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Budget Office -- Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . cbo.gov. 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sahadi , Jeanne ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Taxes : What people forget about Reagan '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . cbo.gov. 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FactCheck.org : The Budget and Deficit Under Clinton Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Fact checking the NBC Florida debate '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Barbara Boxer 's blatant rewriting of history '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Federal Debt : Answers to Frequently Asked Questions : An Upadate -- U.S. Government Accountability Office ^ Jump up to : United States Department of the Treasury , Bureau of the Public Debt ( December 2010 ) . `` The debt to the penny and who holds it '' . TreasuryDirect . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBO Historical Tables -- 1970 to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Democracy in America ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` There never was a surplus '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S&P , in historical move , downgrades U.S. credit rating '' . Xinhua . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' No credible plan to cut US debt ' '' . BBC . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Louis ( Nov -- Dec 1990 ) . `` Federal Budget Doldrums : The Vacuum in Presidential Leadership '' . Public Administration Review . 50 ( 6 ) : 693 -- 700 . doi : 10.2307 / 976984 . JSTOR 976984 . Jump up ^ Kimel , Mike ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` The Republican Party and the National Debt '' . angrybearblog.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad DeLong ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Comparing Debt - to - GDP Ratios with Presidential Terms '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . contrast between the Democrats and the old - style Republicans ( Eisenhower and Nixon ) on the one hand and the new - style Republicans on the other is quite striking . Jump up ^ Brad DeLong ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Short - Term Costs of Long - Run Fiscal Stupidity -- Grasping Reality with Both Hands '' . Delong.typepad.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Stockman , David ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Four Deformations of the Apocalypse '' . New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tax Cuts And ' Starving The Beast ' '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Starve the Beast : Just Bull , not Good Economics '' . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` We Need A Party of Fiscal Responsibility '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` A Budget Deal That Did Reduce the Deficit '' . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2010 to 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Fiscal Legacy of George W. Bush '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in CBO 's Baseline Projections Since 2001 '' . Congressional Budget Office . June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Americas Sea of Red Ink Was Years in the Making '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Peter Orszag Interview '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Debt Shift '' ( PDF ) . Pew Charitable Trusts. April 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBO Monthly Budget Review - October 2009 '' ( PDF ) . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of the Public Debt / Treasury Direct - Debt changes from September 30 , 2008 to September 30 , 2009 '' . Treasurydirect.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Bans Gimmicks , and Deficit Will Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Budget FY2007 Jump up ^ For example , the $862 Billion stimulus of 2009 was passed by Congress under the Obama Administration , but is included in the 2009 debt totals attributed in the chart to George W. Bush . Jump up ^ Frontline -- Ten Trillion and Counting : Defining the Debt Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009 Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . Addendum : Composite Deflator , p. 26 . Divide current dollars by this number to produce value in ( constant ) FY2000 dollars . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . Outlays in current dollars , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . Outlays in current dollars , p. 26 , divided by inflation adjuster . Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009 . Gross Federal Debt in current dollars , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009 . Gross Federal Debt in current dollars , p. 127 , divided by inflation adjuster . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . GDP ( gross domestic product ) in current dollars , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . GDP ( gross domestic product ) in current dollars , p. 194 , divided by inflation adjuster . References ( edit ) Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2007 . Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2009 . Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2012 . External links ( edit ) United States National Debt Tracker , including interactive historical graphs and relationship to GDP . Stephen Bloch . `` U.S. Federal Deficits and Presidents '' . home.adelphi.edu . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Brad DeLong ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Comparing Debt - to - GDP Ratios with Presidential Terms '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Brad DeLong ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Short - Term Costs of Long - Run Fiscal Stupidity -- Grasping Reality with Both Hands '' . Delong.typepad.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Scott Willeke ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` United States Deficit & Debt During Presidents from 1969 -- 2019 '' . Blog.scott.willeke.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Steve Stoft . `` U.S. National Debt Graph : What the Press Wo n't Tell You '' . Zfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Leonhardt , David . `` Democrats are the real fiscal conservatives '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_public_debt&oldid=841615069 '' Categories : National debt of the United States Government finances in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the united states was out of debt	[]	[]
136348836708440605	Boeing 787 Dreamliner	Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Wikipedia Boeing 787 Dreamliner Jump to : navigation , search Boeing 787 Dreamliner The first , short variant , a 787 - 8 of All Nippon Airways , the first and largest 787 operator Role Wide - body twin - engine jet airliner National origin United States Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes First flight December 15 , 2009 Introduction October 26 , 2011 , with All Nippon Airways Status In service Primary users All Nippon Airways Japan Airlines United Airlines Qatar Airways Produced 2007 -- present Number built 625 as of November 2017 Program cost US $ 32 billion ( Boeing 's expenditure as of 2011 ) Unit cost 787 - 8 : US $224.6 million ( 2015 ) 787 - 9 : US $264.6 million ( 2015 ) 787 - 10 : US $306.1 million ( 2015 ) The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American long - haul , mid-size widebody , twin - engine jet airliner made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . Its variants seat 242 to 335 passengers in typical three - class seating configurations . It is the first airliner with an airframe constructed primarily of composite materials . The 787 was designed to be 20 % more fuel efficient than the Boeing 767 , which it was intended to replace . The 787 Dreamliner 's distinguishing features include mostly electrical flight systems , raked wingtips , and noise - reducing chevrons on its engine nacelles . It shares a common type rating with the larger Boeing 777 to allow qualified pilots to operate both models . The aircraft 's initial designation was the 7E7 , prior to its renaming in January 2005 . The first 787 was unveiled in a roll - out ceremony on July 8 , 2007 at Boeing 's Everett factory . Development and production of the 787 has involved a large - scale collaboration with numerous suppliers worldwide . Final assembly takes place at the Boeing Everett Factory in Everett , Washington , and at the Boeing South Carolina factory in North Charleston , South Carolina . Originally planned to enter service in May 2008 , the project experienced multiple delays . The airliner 's maiden flight took place on December 15 , 2009 , and completed flight testing in mid-2011 . Boeing has reportedly spent $32 billion on the 787 program . Final US Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) and European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) type certification was received in August 2011 and the first 787 - 8 was delivered in September 2011 . It entered commercial service on October 26 , 2011 with launch customer All Nippon Airways . The stretched 787 - 9 variant , which is 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) longer and can fly 450 nautical miles ( 830 km ) farther than the - 8 , first flew in September 2013 . Deliveries of the 787 - 9 began in July 2014 ; it entered commercial service on August 7 , 2014 with All Nippon Airways , with 787 - 9 launch customer Air New Zealand following two days later . As of November 2017 , the 787 had orders for 1,287 aircraft from 67 customers , with All Nippon Airways having the largest number on order . The aircraft has suffered from several in - service problems related to its lithium - ion batteries including fires on board during commercial service . These systems were reviewed by both the FAA and the Japan Civil Aviation Bureau . The FAA issued a directive in January 2013 that grounded all 787s in the US and other civil aviation authorities followed suit . After Boeing completed tests on a revised battery design , the FAA approved the revised design and lifted the grounding in April 2013 ; the 787 returned to passenger service later that month . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Background 1.2 Manufacturing and suppliers 1.3 Pre-flight ground testing 1.4 Flight test program 1.5 Service entry and early operations 1.6 Market and production costs 2 Design 2.1 Overview 2.2 Flight systems 2.3 Composite materials 2.4 Engines 2.5 Interior 3 Variants 3.1 787 - 8 3.2 787 - 9 3.3 787 - 10 3.4 Other proposals 3.4. 1 787 - 3 4 Operators 5 Orders and deliveries 6 Accidents and notable incidents 6.1 Operational problems 6.2 Lithium - ion battery problems 7 Aircraft on display 8 Specifications 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Development Background During the late 1990s , Boeing considered replacement aircraft programs as sales of the 767 and 747 - 400 slowed . Two new aircraft were proposed , the 747X , which would have lengthened the 747 - 400 and improved efficiency , and the Sonic Cruiser , which would have achieved 15 % higher speeds ( approximately Mach 0.98 ) while burning fuel at the same rate as the 767 . Market interest for the 747X was tepid , however several major American airlines , including Continental Airlines , showed initial enthusiasm for the Sonic Cruiser , although concerns about the operating cost were also expressed . The global airline market was disrupted by the September 11 , 2001 attacks and increased petroleum prices , making airlines more interested in efficiency than speed . The worst - affected airlines , those in the United States , had been considered the most likely customers of the Sonic Cruiser ; thus the Sonic Cruiser was officially cancelled on December 20 , 2002 . On January 29 , 2003 Boeing announced an alternative product , the 7E7 , using Sonic Cruiser technology in a more conventional configuration . The emphasis on a smaller midsize twinjet rather than a large 747 - size aircraft represented a shift from hub - and - spoke theory towards the point - to - point theory , in response to analysis of focus groups . For Boeing Commercial Airplanes VP Marketing Randy Baseler , airport congestion comes from a large numbers of regional jets and small single - aisles , flying to destinations where a 550 - seat A380 would be too large ; to reduce the number of departures , smaller airplanes can increase 20 % in size and airline hubs can be avoided with point - to - point transit . Dreamliner was announced in July 2003 . This logo is painted on many 787s . The replacement for the Sonic Cruiser project was named `` 7E7 '' ( with a development code name of `` Y2 '' ) . Technology from the Sonic Cruiser and 7E7 was to be used as part of Boeing 's project to replace its entire airliner product line , an endeavor called the Yellowstone Project ( of which the 7E7 became the first stage ) . Early concept images of the 7E7 included rakish cockpit windows , a dropped nose and a distinctive `` shark - fin '' tail . The `` E '' was said to stand for various things , such as `` efficiency '' or `` environmentally friendly '' ; however , in the end , Boeing said that it merely stood for `` Eight '' . In July 2003 , a public naming competition was held for the 7E7 , for which out of 500,000 votes cast online the winning title was Dreamliner . Other names included eLiner , Global Cruiser , and Stratoclimber . All Nippon Airways launched the 787 program with an order for 50 aircraft in 2004 . On April 26 , 2004 , Japanese airline All Nippon Airways ( ANA ) became the launch customer for the 787 , announcing a firm order for 50 aircraft with deliveries to begin in late 2008 . The ANA order was initially specified as 30 787 - 3 , 290 -- 330 seat , one - class domestic aircraft , and 20 787 - 8 , long - haul , 210 -- 250 seat , two - class aircraft for regional international routes such as Tokyo Narita -- Beijing , and could perform routes to cities not previously served , such as Denver , Moscow , and New Delhi . The 787 - 3 and 787 - 8 were to be the initial variants , with the 787 - 9 entering service in 2010 . The 787 was designed to be the first production airliner with the fuselage comprising one - piece composite barrel sections instead of the multiple aluminum sheets and some 50,000 fasteners used on existing aircraft . Boeing selected two new engines to power the 787 , the Rolls - Royce Trent 1000 and General Electric GEnx . Boeing stated the 787 would be approximately 20 percent more fuel - efficient than the 767 , with approximately 40 percent of the efficiency gain from the engines , plus gains from aerodynamic improvements , increased use of lighter - weight composite materials , and advanced systems . The airframe underwent extensive structural testing during its design . The 787 - 8 and − 9 were intended to have a certified 330 minute ETOPS capability . During the design phase , the 787 underwent extensive wind tunnel testing at Boeing 's Transonic Wind Tunnel , QinetiQ 's five - meter wind tunnel at Farnborough , United Kingdom , and NASA Ames Research Center 's wind tunnel , as well as at the French aerodynamics research agency , ONERA . The final styling was more conservative than earlier proposals , with the fin , nose , and cockpit windows changed to a more conventional form . By 2005 , customer - announced orders and commitments for the 787 reached 237 aircraft . Boeing initially priced the 787 - 8 variant at US $120 million , a low figure that surprised the industry . In 2007 , the list price was US $146 -- 151.5 million for the 787 - 3 , US $157 -- 167 million for the 787 - 8 and US $189 -- 200 million for the 787 - 9 . Manufacturing and suppliers On December 16 , 2003 , Boeing announced that the 787 would be assembled in its factory in Everett , Washington . Instead of conventionally building the aircraft from the ground up , final assembly employed 800 to 1,200 people to join completed subassemblies and to integrate systems . Boeing assigned global subcontractors to do more assembly work , delivering completed subassemblies to Boeing for final assembly . This approach was intended to result in a leaner , simpler assembly line and lower inventory , with pre-installed systems reducing final assembly time by three - quarters to three days . Subcontractors had early difficulties procuring needed parts and finishing subassemblies on schedule , leaving remaining assembly work for Boeing to complete as `` traveled work '' . In 2010 , Boeing considered in - house construction of the 787 - 9 tail ; the tail of the 787 - 8 is made by Alenia . The 787 was unprofitable for some subcontractors ; Alenia 's parent company , Finmeccanicam had a total loss of € 750 million on the project by 2013 . Assembly of `` Section 41 '' , the nose section of the Boeing 787 Subcontracted assemblies included wing manufacture ( Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , Japan , central wing box ) horizontal stabilizers ( Alenia Aeronautica , Italy ; Korea Aerospace Industries , South Korea ) ; fuselage sections ( Global Aeronautica , Italy ; Boeing , North Charleston , US ; Kawasaki Heavy Industries , Japan ; Spirit AeroSystems , Wichita , US ; Korean Air , South Korea ) ; passenger doors ( Latécoère , France ) ; cargo doors , access doors , and crew escape door ( Saab AB , Sweden ) ; software development ( HCL Enterprise India ) ; floor beams ( TAL Manufacturing Solutions Limited , India ) ; wiring ( Labinal , France ) ; wing - tips , flap support fairings , wheel well bulkhead , and longerons ( Korean Air , South Korea ) ; landing gear ( Messier - Bugatti - Dowty , UK / France ) ; and power distribution and management systems , air conditioning packs ( Hamilton Sundstrand , Connecticut , US ) . To speed up deliveries , Boeing modified four used 747 - 400s into 747 Dreamlifters to transport 787 wings , fuselage sections , and other smaller parts . Japanese industrial participation was key on the project . Japanese companies co-designed and built 35 % of the aircraft ; the first time that outside firms played a key design role on Boeing airliner wings . The Japanese government supported development with an estimated US $2 billion in loans . On April 26 , 2006 , Japanese manufacturer Toray Industries and Boeing signed a production agreement involving US $6 billion worth of carbon fiber , extending a 2004 contract . In May 2007 , final assembly on the first 787 began at Everett . Boeing worked to trim excess weight since assembly of the first airframe began ; in late 2006 , the first six 787s were stated to be overweight , with the first aircraft being 5,000 lb ( 2,300 kg ) heavier than specified . The seventh and subsequent aircraft would be the first optimized 787 - 8s expected to meet all goals . Accordingly , some parts were redesigned to include more use of titanium . Early built 787s were overweight and some carriers decided to take later aircraft ; in early 2015 , Boeing was trying to sell 10 such aircraft . In July 2015 , Reuters reported that Boeing was considering reducing the use of titanium to reduce construction costs . The first public appearance of the 787 on July 8 , 2007 Boeing intended for a first flight by the end of August 2007 and premiered the first 787 ( registered N787BA ) at a rollout ceremony on July 8 , 2007 . The 787 had 677 orders at this time , which is more orders from launch to roll - out than any previous wide - body airliner . The major systems were not installed at the time ; many parts were attached with temporary non-aerospace fasteners requiring replacement with flight fasteners later . In September 2007 , Boeing announced a three - month delay , blaming a shortage of fasteners as well as incomplete software . On October 10 , 2007 , a second three - month delay to the first flight and a six - month delay to first deliveries was announced due to supply chain problems , a lack of documentation from overseas suppliers , and flight guidance software delays . Less than a week later , Mike Bair , the 787 program manager was replaced . On January 16 , 2008 , Boeing announced a third three - month delay to the first flight of the 787 , citing insufficient progress on `` traveled work '' . On March 28 , 2008 , in an effort to gain more control over the supply chain , Boeing announced plans to buy Vought Aircraft Industries ' interest in Global Aeronautica ; a later agreement was also made to buy Vought 's factory in North Charleston . On April 9 , 2008 , a fourth delay was announced , shifting the maiden flight to the fourth quarter of 2008 , and delaying initial deliveries by around 15 months to the third quarter of 2009 . The 787 - 9 variant was postponed to 2012 and the 787 - 3 variant was to follow at a later date . On November 4 , 2008 , a fifth delay was announced due to incorrect fastener installation and the Boeing machinists strike , stating that the first test flight would not occur in the fourth quarter of 2008 . After assessing the program schedule with suppliers , in December 2008 , Boeing stated that the first flight was delayed until the second quarter of 2009 . Airlines , such as United Airlines and Air India , stated their intentions to seek compensation from Boeing for the delays . Pre-flight ground testing As Boeing worked with its suppliers towards production , the design proceeded through a series of test goals . On August 23 , 2007 , a crash test involving a vertical drop of a partial composite fuselage section from about 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) onto a 1 in ( 25 mm ) - thick steel plate occurred in Mesa , Arizona ; the results matched predictions , allowing modeling of various crash scenarios using computational analysis instead of further physical tests . While critics had expressed concerns that a composite fuselage could shatter and burn with toxic fumes during crash landings , test data indicated no greater toxicity than conventional metal airframes . The crash test was the third in a series of demonstrations conducted to match FAA requirements , including additional certification criteria due to the wide - scale use of composite materials . The 787 meets the FAA 's requirement that passengers have at least as good a chance of surviving a crash landing as they would with current metal airliners . The prototype Boeing 787 underwent taxi tests at Paine Field in November and December 2009 . On August 7 , 2007 , on - time certification of the Rolls - Royce Trent 1000 engine by European and US regulators was received . The alternative GE GEnx - 1B engine achieved certification on March 31 , 2008 . On June 20 , 2008 , the first aircraft was powered up , for testing the electrical supply and distribution systems . A non-flightworthy static test airframe was built ; on September 27 , 2008 , the fuselage was successfully tested at 14.9 psi ( 102.7 kPa ) differential , which is 150 percent of the maximum pressure expected in commercial service . In December 2008 , the 787 's maintenance program was passed by the FAA . On May 3 , 2009 , the first test 787 was moved to the flight line following extensive factory - testing , including landing gear swings , systems integration verification , and a total run - through of the first flight . On May 4 , 2009 , a press report indicated a 10 -- 15 % range reduction , about 6,900 nmi ( 12,800 km ) instead of the originally promised 7,700 to 8,200 nmi ( 14,800 -- 15,700 km ) , for early aircraft that were about 8 % overweight . Substantial redesign work was expected to correct this , which would complicate increases in production rates ; Boeing stated the early 787 - 8s would have a range of almost 8,000 nmi ( 15,000 km ) . As a result , some airlines reportedly delayed deliveries of 787s in order to take later planes that may be closer to the original estimates . Boeing expected to have the weight issues addressed by the 21st production model . On June 15 , 2009 , during the Paris Air Show , Boeing said that the 787 would make its first flight within two weeks . However , on June 23 , 2009 , the first flight was postponed due to structural reasons . Boeing provided an updated 787 schedule on August 27 , 2009 , with the first flight planned to occur by the end of 2009 and deliveries to begin at the end of 2010 . The company expected to write off US $2.5 billion because it considered the first three Dreamliners built unsellable and suitable only for flight tests . On October 28 , 2009 , Boeing selected Charleston , SC as the site for a second 787 production line , after soliciting bids from multiple states . On December 12 , 2009 , the first 787 completed high speed taxi tests , the last major step before flight . Flight test program The first 787 taking off on its maiden flight in December 2009 . On December 15 , 2009 , Boeing conducted the 787 - 8 maiden flight from Paine Field in Everett , Washington , at 10 : 27 am PST and landed three hours later at 1 : 33 p.m. at Seattle 's Boeing Field , after reaching 180 kn ( 333 km / h ) and 13,200 ft ( 4,000 m ) . Originally scheduled for 5 1⁄2 hours , the test flight was shortened to three hours with the pilots wanting to complete the flight under visual meteorological conditions while visibility and cloud ceiling were low . The 6,800 h , six - aircraft ground and flight test programme was scheduled in eight and a half months , the fastest certification campaign for a new Boeing commercial design . The flight test program comprised six aircraft , ZA001 through ZA006 , four with Rolls - Royce Trent 1000 engines and two with GE GEnx - 1B64 engines . The second 787 , ZA002 in All Nippon Airways livery , flew to Boeing Field on December 22 , 2009 , to join the flight test program ; the third 787 , ZA004 made its first flight on February 24 , 2010 , followed by ZA003 on March 14 , 2010 . On March 24 , 2010 , flutter and ground effects testing was completed , clearing the aircraft to fly its entire flight envelope . On March 28 , 2010 , the 787 completed the ultimate wing load test , which requires that the wings of a fully assembled aircraft be loaded to 150 % of design limit load and held for 3 seconds . The wings were flexed approximately 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) upward during the test . Unlike past aircraft , the wings were not tested to failure . On April 7 , data showed the test had been a success . On April 23 , 2010 , the newest 787 , ZA003 , arrived at the McKinley Climatic Laboratory hangar at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida , for extreme weather testing in temperatures ranging from 115 to − 45 ° F ( 46 to − 43 ° C ) , including takeoff preparations at both temperature extremes . ZA005 , the fifth 787 and the first with GEnx engines , began ground engine tests in May 2010 , and made its first flight on June 16 , 2010 . In June 2010 , gaps were discovered in the horizontal stabilizers of test aircraft due to improperly installed shims ; all aircraft were inspected and repaired . That same month , a 787 experienced its first in - flight lightning strike ; inspections found no damage . As composites can have as little as 1 / 1,000 th the electrical conductivity of aluminum , conductive material is added to ameliorate potential risks and to meet FAA requirements . The FAA also planned requirement changes to help the 787 show compliance . The first 787 to visit Europe , ZA003 at the 2010 Farnborough Airshow The 787 made its first appearance at an international air show at the Farnborough Airshow , United Kingdom , on July 18 , 2010 . On August 2 , 2010 , a Trent 1000 engine suffered a blowout at Rolls - Royce 's test facility during ground testing . The failure due to the timeline for installing Trent 1000 engines being reevaluated ; on August 27 , 2010 , Boeing stated that the first delivery to launch customer ANA would be delayed until early 2011 . That same month , Boeing faced compensation claims from airlines owing to ongoing delivery delays . In September 2010 , it was reported that a further two 787s might join the test fleet for a total of eight flight test aircraft . On September 10 , 2010 , a partial engine surge occurred in a Trent engine on ZA001 at Roswell . On October 4 , 2010 , the sixth 787 , ZA006 joined the test program with its first flight . On November 9 , 2010 , Boeing 787 , ZA002 made an emergency landing at Laredo International Airport , Texas , after smoke and flames were detected in the main cabin during a test flight . The electrical fire caused some systems to fail before landing . Following this incident , Boeing suspended flight testing on November 10 , 2010 , ground testing continued . After investigation , the in - flight fire was primarily attributed to foreign object debris ( FOD ) that was present in the electrical bay . After electrical system and software changes , the 787 resumed flight testing on December 23 , 2010 . On November 5 , 2010 , it was reported that some 787 deliveries would be delayed to address problems found during flight testing . In January 2011 , the first 787 delivery was rescheduled to the third quarter of 2011 due to software and electrical updates following the in - flight fire . By February 24 , 2011 , the 787 had completed 80 % of the test conditions for Rolls - Royce Trent 1000 engine and 60 % of the conditions for the General Electric GEnx - 1B engine . In July 2011 , ANA performed a week of operations testing using a 787 in Japan . The test aircraft had flown 4,828 hours in 1,707 flights combined by August 15 , 2011 . During testing , the 787 visited 14 countries in Asia , Europe , North America , and South America to test in extreme climates and conditions and for route testing . On August 13 , 2011 , certification testing of the Rolls - Royce powered 787 - 8 finished . The FAA and European Aviation Safety Agency certified the 787 on August 26 , 2011 , at a ceremony in Everett , Washington . Certification had taken 18 months , twice as long as originally planned . The newer stretched version , 787 - 9 , had flown 141 hours as of November 8 , 2013 . Service entry and early operations The 787 - 8 received FAA and EASA certification on August 21 , 2011 Certification cleared the way for deliveries and in 2011 , Boeing prepared to increase 787 production rates from two to ten aircraft per month at assembly lines in Everett and Charleston over two years . Legal difficulties clouded production at Charleston ; on April 20 , 2011 , the National Labor Relations Board alleged that a second production line in South Carolina violated two sections of the National Labor Relations Act . In December 2011 , the National Labor Relations Board dropped its lawsuit after the Machinists union withdrew its complaint as part of a new contract with Boeing . The first 787 assembled at South Carolina was rolled out on April 27 , 2012 . The first 787 was officially delivered to All Nippon Airways ( ANA ) on September 25 , 2011 , at the Boeing factory . A ceremony to mark the occasion was also held the next day . On September 27 , it flew to Tokyo Haneda Airport . The airline took delivery of the second 787 on October 13 , 2011 . On October 26 , 2011 , an ANA 787 flew the first commercial flight from Tokyo Narita Airport to Hong Kong International Airport . The airliner was planned to enter service some three years prior . Tickets for the flight were sold in an online auction , the highest bidder had paid $34,000 for a seat . An ANA 787 flew its first long - haul flight to Europe on January 21 , 2012 from Haneda to Frankfurt Airport . On December 6 , 2011 , test aircraft ZA006 ( sixth 787 ) , powered by General Electric GEnx engines , flew 10,710 nmi ( 19,830 km ) non-stop from Boeing Field eastward to Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka , Bangladesh , setting a new world distance record for aircraft in the 787 's weight class , which is between 440,000 and 550,000 lb ( 200,000 and 250,000 kg ) . This flight surpassed the previous record of 9,127 nautical miles ( 16,903 km ) , set in 2002 by an Airbus A330 . The Dreamliner then continued eastbound from Dhaka to return to Boeing Field , setting a world - circling speed record of 42 hours , 27 minutes . In December 2011 , Boeing started a six - month promotion 787 world tour , visiting various cities in China , Africa , the Middle East , Europe , United States , and others . In April 2012 , an ANA 787 made a delivery flight from Boeing Field to Haneda Airport partially using biofuel from cooking oil . ANA surveyed 800 passengers who flew the 787 from Tokyo to Frankfurt : expectations were surpassed for 90 % of passengers ; features that met or exceeded expectations included air quality and cabin pressure ( 90 % of passengers ) , cabin ambiance ( 92 % of passengers ) , higher cabin humidity levels ( 80 % of passengers ) , headroom ( 40 % of passengers ) and the larger windows ( 90 % of passengers ) . 25 % said they would go out of their way to again fly on the 787 . The second and third United Airlines 787 - 8s at Los Angeles International Airport . United Airlines is the North American launch customer for all three 787 variants After its first six months of service , Rolls - powered ANA aircraft were burning around 21 % less fuel than the replaced 767 - 300ER on international flights , slightly better than the 20 % originally expected , and 15 - 20 % on domestic routes , while GE - powered Japan Airlines aircraft were potentially slightly better . Other 787 operators have reported similar fuel savings , ranging from 20 - 22 % compared with the 767 - 300ER . An analysis by consultant AirInsight concluded that United Airlines ' 787s achieved an operating cost per seat that was 6 % lower than the Airbus A330 . In November 2017 , for its chief Willie Walsh , International Airlines Group budget carrier Level benefits more from its two A330 - 200 lower cost of ownership than its 6t higher fuel burn ( $3,500 ) on a Barcelona - Los Angeles flight : it will introduce three more as there are n't enough 787 pilots . Early operators discovered that if the APS5000 Auxiliary power unit was shut down with the inlet door closed , heat continued to build up in the tail compartment and cause the rotor shaft to bow . It could take up to 2 hours for the shaft to straighten again . This was particularly acute on short haul flights as there was insufficient time to allow the unit to cool before a restart was needed . Procedures were modified and the APU was later redesigned to address the issue . On September 15 , 2012 , the NTSB requested the grounding of certain 787s due to GE engine failures ; GE believed the production problem had been fixed by that time . In March 2014 , Mitsubishi Heavy Industries informed Boeing of a new problem that was caused by a change in manufacturing processes . Employees did not fill gaps with shims to connect wing rib aluminum shear ties to the carbon composite wing panels ; the tightened fasteners , without shims , cause excessive stress that creates hairline cracks in the wings , which could enlarge and cause further damage . Forty - two aircraft awaiting delivery were affected , and each one required 1 -- 2 weeks to inspect and repair . However , Boeing did not expect this problem to affect the overall delivery schedule , even if some airplanes were delivered late . Dispatch reliability is an industry standard measure of the rate of departure from the gate with no more than 15 minutes delay due to technical issues . The 787 - 8 started out with a ~ 96 % operational reliability , increasing to ~ 98.5 % in April 2015 . Daily utilization increased from five hours in 2013 to twelve hours in 2014 . Dispatch reliability grew to 99.3 % in 2017 . An Air Canada 787 at Toronto Pearson International Airport Airlines have often assigned the 787 to routes previously flown by larger aircraft that could not return a profit . For example , Air Canada offered a Toronto to New Delhi route , first utilizing a Lockheed L1011 , then a Boeing 747 , then an Airbus A340 , but none of these types were efficient enough to generate profit . The airline operated the route profitably with a 787 - 9 , and credits the right number of seats and greater fuel efficiency for this success . Up to 30 June 2017 , after 565 units were delivered since 2011 : 60 % - 8 ( 340 ) and 40 % - 9 ( 225 ) , the airports with most 787 departures are Haneda airport with 304 weekly , Narita with 276 and Doha Airport with 265 . By the end of 2017 , there will be 39 airlines operating the 787 on 983 routes with an average length of 5,282 km ( 2,852 nmi ) , and it will have opened 163 new routes ( 17 % ) , the longest will be Qantas ' Perth - London Heathrow over 14,499 km ( 7,829 nmi ) from 24 March 2018 , overtaking United Airlines ' 14,096 km ( 7,611 nmi ) Los Angeles - Singapore . Market and production costs The 787 Dreamliner program has reportedly cost Boeing $32 billion . In 2013 , the 787 program was expected to be profitable after 1,100 aircraft have been sold . The cost of producing a 787 exceeded the purchase price at the end of 2013 . Boeing 's accounting method books sales immediately and distributes estimated production costs over ten years for the 1,300 aircraft it expects to deliver during that time . JPMorgan Chase analyst Joseph Nadol estimated the program 's cash loss to be $45 million per airplane , decreasing as the program moves forward . The actual cash flow reflects Boeing collecting most of the purchase price upon delivery ; Boeing expects deferred costs to total $25 billion before the company begins to break even on production ; the comparable number for the Boeing 777 , adjusted for inflation , is $3.7 billion . Boeing plans to improve financial return by reorganizing the production line , renegotiating contracts with suppliers and labor unions , and increasing the 787 production rate , stepwise , to 12 airplanes per month by the end of 2016 and 14 airplanes per month by the end of the decade . As of April 2015 , the production rate is 10 per month ; Boeing lost $30 million per 787 delivered in the first quarter of 2015 , although Boeing plans to break even by the end of the year . The accumulated losses for the 787 totalled almost $27 billion by May 2015 . The cost of producing the fuselage may increase because of a tentative deal reached with Spirit Aerosystems of Wichita , Kansas , wherein severe price cuts demanded by Boeing would be eased , in return for a comprehensive agreement that lowers the cost of fuselages for other jetliners that Spirit helps Boeing manufacture . In the second quarter of 2015 , Boeing lost $25 million on each 787 delivered but was planning to break - even per plane before the year end . After that Boeing hopes to build 900 Dreamliners over six years at an average profit of more than $35 million each . But with deferred costs peaking in 2016 at $33 billion , Leeham analyst Bjorn Fehrm considers Boeing ca n't make an overall profit on the program . Ted Piepenbrock , an academic affiliated with the MIT and the University of Oxford , projects losses decreasing through the first 700 airliners , forecast the cumulative deferred costs to peak beyond $34 billion and its model most favorable to Boeing projects a program loss of $5 billion after delivering 2,000 Dreamliners . Boeing 's original development investment , estimated at least at a further $20 billion , is n't included in these costs . To recoup the deferred costs and earn its goal of `` low single digit '' overall profit margin , Boeing has to make an average profit of more than $50 million on the final 205 airplanes of the accounting block to be delivered from 2020 : a profit margin of more than 30 % while the mature B737 and B777 programs have 20 % to 25 % margins . Boeing is reaching it through a larger proportion of the 20 % to 40 % higher price - 9 / 10s , costing only 5 % to 10 % more than the - 8 with lower production costs from reliability and producibility investments and the expected experience curve . Former Douglas Aircraft chief economist Adam Pilarski notes that two assembly sites slows the experience curve . Boeing assumed a faster improvement than on previous programs which has n't happened . Airbus concurrence with the A350 and the launch of the A330neo put strong pressure on the 787 pricing . On July 21 , 2016 Boeing reported charges of $847 million against two flight - test 787s built in 2009 . Boeing had planned to refurbish and sell them , but instead wrote them off as research and development expense . Boeing will build 14 787s per month ( 168 per year ) from 2019 , helping to offset the $28 billion in deferred production costs accumulated through 2015 , and will add 100 aircraft to the current accounting block of 1,300 at the end of the 2017 third quarter . For Boeing 's Jim Albaugh , the return on net assets ( RONA ) asked for led to outsourcing systems to reduce investment , but improving RONA has to be balanced against the risk of loss of control . Design Overview A Boeing 787 - 8 taking off from Boeing Field Front view of a British Airways Boeing 787 - 8 arriving at London 's Heathrow Airport ( 2015 ) The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a long - haul , widebody , twin - engine jetliner , which features light - weight construction . The aircraft is 80 percent composite by volume ; Boeing lists its materials by weight as 50 percent composite , 20 percent aluminum , 15 percent titanium , 10 percent steel , and 5 percent other . Aluminum has been used throughout the wing and tail leading edges , titanium is predominantly present within the elements of the engines and fasteners , while various individual components are composed of steel . External features include a smooth nose contour , raked wingtips and engine nacelles with noise - reducing serrated edges ( chevrons ) . The longest - range 787 variant can fly 8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles ( 9,200 to 9,800 mi ; 14,800 to 15,700 km ) , enough to cover the Los Angeles to Bangkok and New York City to Hong Kong routes . Its cruising airspeed is Mach 0.85 , equivalent to 561 mph ( 903 km / h ; 487 kn ) at typical cruise altitudes . The aircraft has a design life of 44,000 flight cycles . Flight systems Among 787 flight systems , a key change from traditional airliners is the electrical architecture . The architecture is bleedless and replaces bleed air and hydraulic power sources with electrically powered compressors and pumps , while completely eliminating pneumatics and hydraulics from some subsystems , e.g. , engine starters or brakes . Boeing says this system extracts 35 percent less power from the engines , allowing increased thrust and improved fuel economy . The total available on - board electrical power is 1.45 megawatts , which is five times the power available on conventional pneumatic airliners ; the most notable electrically powered systems include engine start , cabin pressurization , horizontal stabilizer trim , and wheel brakes . Wing ice protection is another new system ; it uses electro - thermal heater mats on the wing slats instead of traditional hot bleed air . An active gust alleviation system , similar to the system used on the B - 2 bomber , improves ride quality during turbulence . The Boeing 787 flight deck The 787 has a `` fly - by - wire '' control system similar in architecture to that of the Boeing 777 . The flight deck features LCD multi-function displays , which use an industry standard Graphical user interface widget toolkit ( Cockpit Display System Interfaces to User Systems / ARINC 661 ) . The 787 flight deck includes two head - up displays ( HUDs ) as a standard feature . The 787 shares a common type rating with the larger 777 , allowing qualified pilots to operate both models . Like other Boeing airliners , the 787 uses a yoke instead of a side - stick . Under consideration is future integration of forward looking infrared into the HUD for thermal sensing , allowing pilots to `` see '' through clouds . Lockheed Martin 's Orion spacecraft will use a glass cockpit derived from Honeywell International 's 787 flight deck systems . Honeywell and Rockwell Collins provide flight control , guidance , and other avionics systems , including standard dual head up guidance systems , Thales supplies the integrated standby flight display and power management , while Meggitt / Securaplane provides the auxiliary power unit ( APU ) starting system , electrical power conversion system , and battery control system with lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) batteries by GS Yuasa . One of the two batteries weighs 28.5 kg and is rated 29.6 V , 76 Ah , giving 2.2 kWh . Battery charging is controlled by four independent systems to prevent overcharging following early lab testing . The battery systems are the focus of regulatory investigation due to multiple lithium battery fires , which led to grounding of the 787 fleet starting in January 2013 . A version of Ethernet ( Avionics Full - Duplex Switched Ethernet ( AFDX ) / ARINC 664 ) transmits data between the flight deck and aircraft systems . The control , navigation , and communication systems are networked with the passenger cabin 's in - flight internet systems . In January 2008 , FAA concerns were reported regarding possible passenger access to the 787 's computer networks ; Boeing has stated that various protective hardware and software solutions are employed , including air gaps to physically separate the networks , and firewalls for software separation . These measures prevent data transfer from the passenger internet system to the maintenance or navigation systems . Composite materials Disassembled composite fuselage section of the Boeing 787 The 787 is the first major commercial airplane to have a composite fuselage , composite wings , and use composites in most other airframe components . Each 787 contains approximately 77,000 pounds ( 35 metric tons ) of carbon fiber reinforced polymer ( CFRP ) , made with 51,000 lb ( 23 t ) of carbon fiber . Carbon fiber composites have a higher strength - to - weight ratio than conventional aircraft materials , and help make the 787 a lighter aircraft . Composites are used on fuselage , wings , tail , doors , and interior . Boeing had built and tested the first commercial aircraft composite section while studying the proposed Sonic Cruiser in the early 2000s . The first carbon / epoxy primary structure was put into service on the Boeing 737 Classic horizontal tail in 1984 , and the largest use of composite structures is 60 percent in the Boeing -- Sikorsky RAH - 66 Comanche . Carbon fiber , unlike metal , does not visibly show cracks and fatigue , prompting concerns about the safety risks of widespread use of the material ; the rival Airbus A350 XWB uses composite panels on a frame , a more conventional approach , which its contractors regarded as less risky . Although fired in 2006 , Boeing engineer Vince Weldon complained to management , and later to the public : the composite fuselage was unsafe compared to conventional aluminum designs , and in a crash , was more likely to `` shatter too easily and burn with toxic fumes '' . In addition , a potential issue is the porous nature of composite materials : collected moisture expanding with altitude can cause delamination . Boeing responded that composites have been used on wings and other passenger aircraft parts for many years without incident , and special defect detection procedures will be instituted for the 787 to detect any potential hidden damage . In 2006 , Boeing launched the 787 GoldCare program . This is an optional , comprehensive life - cycle management service , whereby aircraft in the program are routinely monitored and repaired , as needed . Although the first program of its kind from Boeing , post-sale protection programs are not new ; such programs are usually offered by third party service centers . Boeing is also designing and testing composite hardware so inspections are mainly visual . This reduces the need for ultrasonic and other non-visual inspection methods , saving time and money . Engines The chevron - toothed exhaust duct covers on the first 787 , shown here with thrust - reversers deployed The 787 is powered by two engines ; these engines use all - electrical bleedless systems , eliminating the superheated air conduits normally used for aircraft power , de-icing , and other functions . As part of its `` Quiet Technology Demonstrator 2 '' project , Boeing adopted several engine noise - reducing technologies for the 787 . These include an air inlet containing sound - absorbing materials and exhaust duct cover with a chevron - toothed pattern on the rim for a quieter mixing of exhaust and outside air . Boeing expects these developments to make the 787 significantly quieter both inside and out . The noise - reducing measures prevent sounds above 85 decibels from leaving airport boundaries . The two different engine models compatible with the 787 use a standard electrical interface to allow an aircraft to be fitted with either Rolls - Royce Trent 1000 or General Electric GEnx engines . This interchangeability aims to save time and cost when changing engine types ; while previous aircraft could exchange engines for those of a different manufacturer , the high cost and time required made it rare . In 2006 , Boeing addressed reports of an extended change period by stating that the 787 engine swap was intended to take 24 hours . In 2016 , Rolls Royce began flight testing its new Trent 1000 TEN engine . It has a new compressor system based on the compressor in Rolls - Royce Trent XWB engine and a new turbine design for extra thrust , up to 78,000 lbf ( 350 kN ) . Rolls Royce plans to offer the TEN on the 787 - 8 , - 9 and - 10 . Interior ANA 's first 787 Dreamliner with 2 -- 4 -- 2 economy class seating . The aircraft 's larger windows , designed to improve passenger views , are shown . The 787 - 8 is designed to typically seat 234 passengers in a three - class setup , 240 in two - class domestic configuration , and 296 passengers in a high - density economy arrangement . Seat rows can be arranged in four to seven abreast in first or business ( e.g. , 1 -- 2 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 -- 2 , 2 - 3 - 2 ) . Eight or nine abreast are options in economy ( e.g. , 3 -- 2 -- 3 , 2 -- 4 -- 2 , 3 -- 3 -- 3 ) . Typical seat room ranges from 46 to 61 in ( 120 to 150 cm ) pitch in first , 36 to 39 in ( 91 to 99 cm ) in business , and 32 to 34 in ( 81 to 86 cm ) in economy . Cabin interior width is approximately 18 feet ( 550 cm ) at armrest level . The Dreamliner 's cabin width is 15 inches ( 38 cm ) more than that of the Airbus A330 and A340 , 5 inches ( 13 cm ) less than the A350 , and 16 in ( 41 cm ) less than the 777 . The 787 's economy seats can be up to 17.5 in ( 44.4 cm ) wide for nine - abreast seating and up to 19 inches ( 48 cm ) wide for eight - abreast seating arrangements . Most airlines are selecting the nine - abreast ( 3 -- 3 -- 3 ) configuration . The 787 's nine - abreast seating for economy provides passengers less space , particularly across the hips and shoulders , than any other jet airliner . This has led to recommendations that passengers , particularly taller or larger individuals , avoid the 787 for international service . Boeing 787 - 8 demonstrator aircraft cabin with economy class seating in conventional 3 -- 3 -- 3 layout The 787 's cabin windows are larger than any other civil air transport in - service or in development , with dimensions of 10.7 by 18.4 in ( 27 by 47 cm ) , and a higher eye level so passengers can maintain a view of the horizon . The composite fuselage permits larger windows without the need for structural reinforcement . Instead of plastic window shades , the windows use electrochromism - based smart glass ( supplied by PPG Industries ) allowing flight attendants and passengers to adjust five levels of sunlight and visibility to their liking , reducing cabin glare while maintaining a view to the outside world , but the most opaque setting still has some transparency . The lavatory , however , has a traditional sunshade . The 787 's cabin features light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) as standard equipment , allowing the aircraft to be entirely ' bulbless ' . LED lights have previously been an option on the Boeing 777 and Airbus aircraft . The system has three - color LEDs plus a white LED . The 787 interior was designed to better accommodate persons with mobility , sensory , and cognitive disabilities . For example , a 56 by 57 in ( 140 by 140 cm ) convertible lavatory includes a movable center wall that allows two separate lavatories to become one large , wheelchair - accessible facility . Qatar Airways 787 - 8 business class cabin in 1 - 2 - 1 layout The internal cabin pressure of the 787 is increased to the equivalent of 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) altitude instead of the 8,000 feet ( 2,400 m ) on older conventional aircraft . According to Boeing , in a joint study with Oklahoma State University , this will significantly improve passenger comfort . Cabin air pressurization is provided by electrically driven compressors , rather than traditional engine - bleed air , thereby eliminating the need to cool heated air before it enters the cabin . The cabin 's humidity is programmable based on the number of passengers carried , and allows 15 percent humidity settings instead of the 4 percent found in previous aircraft . The composite fuselage avoids metal fatigue issues associated with higher cabin pressure , and eliminates the risk of corrosion from higher humidity levels . The cabin air - conditioning system improves air quality by removing ozone from outside air , and besides standard HEPA filters which remove airborne particles , uses a gaseous filtration system to remove odors , irritants , and gaseous contaminants as well as particulates like viruses , bacteria and allergens . The bleedless engine cabin air system also allows the 787 air to avoid oil fumes and toxins which are dangerous to the health of passengers and crew and are found in all other aircraft bleed air systems . Variants Size comparison of the Boeing 787 - 8 ( black outline ) with the Boeing 777 - 300 ( gray ) , 767 - 300 ( teal ) , and 737 - 800 ( blue ) . Thomson Airways 787 - 8 at Hannover Airport in June 2013 The first 787 - 9 in service , operated by launch customer Air New Zealand , landing at the inaugural destination , Perth Airport The shortest Dreamliner variant , the 787 - 8 was the first variant to fly in December 2009 , then the longer 787 - 9 in September 2013 , to be followed by the longest variant , the 787 - 10 . They are called B788 , B789 and B78X in the List of ICAO aircraft type designators . The short - range 787 - 3 was cancelled in 2010 . 787 - 8 With a typical capacity of 242 passengers and a range of 7,355 nautical miles ( 8,464 mi ; 13,621 km ) , the - 8 is the base model of the 787 family and was the first to enter service in 2011 . The 787 - 8 is targeted to replace the Boeing 767 - 200ER and - 300ER , as well as expand into new non-stop markets where larger planes would not be economically viable . Approximately 33 % of 787 orders are for the 787 - 8 as of October 2017 , with 348 delivered . 787 - 9 Keeping the same wingspan as the 787 - 8 , the 787 - 9 is a lengthened and strengthened variant with a 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) longer fuselage and a 54,500 pounds ( 24,700 kg ) higher maximum take - off weight ( MTOW ) , seating 280 passengers in a typical three - class arrangement over a 7,635 nautical miles ( 8,786 mi ; 14,140 km ) range . It features active boundary - layer control on the tail surfaces , reducing drag . Boeing is targeting the 787 - 9 to replace its own 767 - 400ER , to compete with variants of the Airbus A330 and to allow opening new long routes like the 787 - 8 . In 2005 , the entry into service ( EIS ) was planned for 2010 . The firm configuration was finalized on July 1 , 2010 . By October 2011 , deliveries were scheduled to begin in 2014 . The prototype 787 - 9 made its maiden flight from Paine Field on September 17 , 2013 . A 787 - 9 was on static display at the 2014 Farnborough Air Show prior to first delivery . On July 8 , 2014 , Launch customer Air New Zealand took its first 787 - 9 , in a distinctive black livery in a ceremony at Paine Field . Its first commercial flight was from Auckland to Sydney on August 9 , 2014 . The 787 - 9 was to begin commercial service with All Nippon Airways on August 7 , 2014 . United Airlines was to start the longest nonstop scheduled 787 service between Los Angeles and Melbourne in October 2014 . Air China started a 787 - 9 route between Beijing and Chengdu in May 2016 . As of October 2017 , 54 % of all 787 orders are for the 787 - 9 , with 265 deliveries . The 20 - ft stretch was achieved by adding a 10 - ft ( five - frame ) extension forward and aft . The 787 - 8 and 787 - 9 have 50 % commonality : the wing , fuselage and systems of the 787 - 8 had required radical revision to achieve the payload - range goals of the 787 - 9 . Following a major revamp of the original 787 - 8 wing , the latest configuration for the 787 - 9 and − 10 is the fourth design evolution . 787 - 10 Rollout of 787 - 10 with US President Trump on February 17 , 2017 In December 2005 , pushed by the interest of Emirates and Qantas , Boeing was studying the possibility of stretching the 787 - 9 further to seat 290 to 310 passengers and named 787 - 10 . This variant would be similar to the capacity of the Airbus A350 - 900 and Boeing 777 - 200ER . Customer discussions were continuing in early 2006 . Mike Bair , Boeing 's vice president and general manager for the 787 development program at the time , said it was easier to proceed with the 787 - 10 development after other customers followed Emirates ' request . On May 30 , 2013 , Singapore Airlines ( SIA ) became the launch customer by stating it would order 30 787 - 10s ( provided Boeing launched the program ) , to be delivered in 2018 -- 2019 . On June 18 , 2013 , Boeing officially launched the 787 - 10 at the Paris Air Show , with orders or commitments for 102 aircraft from Air Lease Corporation ( 30 ) , SIA ( 30 ) , United Airlines ( 20 ) , British Airways ( 12 ) , and GE Capital Aviation Services ( 10 ) . The variant was envisioned as replacing Boeing 777 - 200 , Airbus A330 and Airbus A340 aircraft . The − 10 is to compete against the Airbus A350 - 900 , and offer better economics than the A350 on shorter routes , according to Boeing . Steven Udvar - Hazy said `` If it 's identically configured , the - 10 has a little bit of an edge on the - 900 '' , but smaller than Boeing 's estimate of 10 percent . The 787 - 10 is to be 224 ft ( 68 m ) long , seat 330 passengers in a two - class cabin configuration , and have a range of 6,430 nmi ( 11,910 km ; 7,400 mi ) . Final assembly of the second 787 - 10 Boeing completed detailed design for the − 10 on December 2 , 2015 . Major assembly began in March 2016 . Designers targeted 90 % commonality between the 787 - 9 and - 10 and achieved 95 % ; the 18 - ft stretch was reached by adding 10 ft forward of the wing and 8 ft aft , and by strengthening the fuselage for bending loads in the center wingbox . Because of the length and additional tail strike protection needed , a semilevered landing gear enables rotation over the aft wheels rather than at the bogie center , like the 777 - 300ER , and the cabin air conditioning system has 15 % more capacity . The first and third - 10s have Rolls - Royce 's new Trent 1000 TEN engines , while the second is powered by the competing General Electric GEnx - 1B engine . Major fuselage parts were received for final assembly on November 30 , 2016 . The 787 - 10 's mid-fuselage sections are too large for transport to Everett , Washington and it is built only in Charleston , South Carolina ; it is the first Boeing airliner assembled exclusively there . The first - 10 was rolled out on February 17 , 2017 . The variant 's first flight took place on March 31 , 2017 and lasted 4 hours and 48 minutes . The first test 787 - 10 aircraft is engaged in flight envelope expansion work and the second joined the program in early May 2017 , while the third with a passenger cabin interior to test the uprated environmental control system and Trent fuel - burn performance was scheduled to join in June . The − 10 was scheduled to appear at the 2017 Paris Air Show . The second - 10 is being used to prove the GE Aviation engines and the third made its first flight on 8 June 2017 , when the flight - test programme was 30 % complete . Boeing finished final assembly and painting of the first production 787 - 10 in October 2017 , before its certification . It is scheduled to be delivered to launch customer SIA in May 2018 . The flight tests are mainly ahead of schedule , with the last last stages focused on fuel burn validation and revised flight control software , the phase should be completed in December 2017 and could advance first deliveries earlier than expected in 2018 . At the start of the November 2017 Dubai Air Show the 787 - 10 had 171 orders ; Emirates committed to 40 787 - 10s , in two - and three - class cabins for 240 to 330 passengers , to be delivered from 2022 and with conversion rights to the smaller 787 - 9 . They are adapted for 7 - 8.5 hour missions , in a 280 - seat three class layout . Emirates ' Tim Clark was doubtful it would meet its MTOW for the payload - range required with initial 70,000 -- 72,000 lbf ( 310 -- 320 kN ) engines , but it will be with current 76,000 lbf ( 340 kN ) turbofans and the - 9 early margins gave the - 10 `` stellar economics '' . Other proposals Although with no set date , Boeing expects to build , possibly in the 2018 - 2023 timeframe , a 787 freighter version . Boeing also reportedly considered a 787 variant as a candidate to replace the 747 - based Boeing VC - 25 presidential transport in 2009 ; this was unlikely as the United States Air Force has traditionally used aircraft proven in service . 787 - 3 The 787 - 3 would have featured a shorter wing with winglets The 787 - 3 would have carried 290 - 330 passengers in two - class over 2,500 -- 3,050 nmi ( 4,650 -- 5,650 km ) range , limited by a 364,000 lb ( 165 t ) MTOW . In April 2008 , to keep the - 8 on track for delivery , the - 9 stretch was postponed from 2010 to at least 2012 and prioritised before the 787 - 3 and its 43 orders to follow without a firm delivery date . It kept the - 8 length but its 51.7 m wingspan would have fit in ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code D. It was designed to operate on Boeing 757 - 300 / Boeing 767 - 200 sized regional routes from airports with restricted gate spacing . The wingspan was decreased by using blended winglets instead of raked wingtips . By January 2010 , all orders , from Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways , had been converted to the 787 - 8 . As it was designed specifically for the Japanese market , Boeing would likely scrap it after they switched orders . The - 8 's longer wingspan makes it more efficient on stages longer than 370 km ( 200 nm ) . In December 2010 , Boeing withdrew the short - haul model as it struggled to produce the 787 - 8 after program delays of three years . Operators Main article : List of Boeing 787 operators There were 554 Boeing 787 aircraft in airline service as of July 2017 , comprising 331 787 - 8s and 223 787 - 9s . The largest operators were All Nippon Airways ( 59 ) , Japan Airlines ( 33 ) , United Airlines ( 32 ) , Qatar Airways ( 30 ) , Air Canada ( 29 ) , American Airlines ( 29 ) , British Airways ( 24 ) , Air India ( 23 ) , LATAM Chile ( formerly LAN Airlines ) ( 23 ) , Ethiopian Airlines ( 20 ) , Norwegian ( 18 ) and other airlines operating fewer of the type . Orders and deliveries Main article : List of Boeing 787 orders and deliveries A 787 of LOT Polish Airlines , the first European operator Air Canada 's first 787 - 8 touching down at Toronto Pearson International Airport during a post-delivery test flight . Air India 787 - 8 Dreamliner departs London 's Heathrow Airport , 2014 In September 2011 , the 787 was first officially delivered to launch customer All Nippon Airways . As of September 2017 , the top three identified customers for the 787 are : All Nippon Airways with 83 orders ( 36 - 8s , 44 - 9s and three - 10s ) , ILFC ( an aircraft leasing company ) , with orders totaling 74 Boeing 787s ( 24 - 8s and 50 - 9s ) , and Etihad Airways with 71 orders ( 41 - 9s and 30 - 10s ) . Boeing 787 orders and deliveries by type view talk Total orders Total deliveries 787 - 8 413 350 787 - 9 703 275 787 - 10 171 -- Total 1,287 625 Boeing 787 orders and deliveries by year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Orders 56 235 157 369 93 - 59 - 4 13 - 12 182 41 71 58 87 1,287 Deliveries 787 - 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 46 65 104 71 35 26 350 787 - 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 64 102 99 275 787 - 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 46 65 114 135 137 125 625 Boeing 787 orders and deliveries ( cumulative , by year ) : Orders Deliveries Orders and deliveries through November 2017 Accidents and notable incidents Three 787s of All Nippon Airways sit grounded at Tokyo Haneda International Airport in late January 2013 . The Boeing 787 has been involved in 1 aviation incident . In December 2012 , Boeing CEO James McNerney stated that the problems were no greater than those experienced with the introduction of other models such as the Boeing 777 . Operational problems A Japan Airlines ( JAL ) 787 experienced a fuel leak on January 8 , 2013 , and its flight from Boston was canceled . On January 9 , United Airlines reported a problem in one of its six 787s with the wiring near the main batteries . After these incidents , the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board subsequently opened a safety probe . Later , on January 11 , 2013 , another aircraft was found to have a fuel leak . Also on January 11 , 2013 , the FAA completed a comprehensive review of the 787 's critical systems , including the design , manufacture and assembly . The Department of Transportation secretary Ray LaHood stated the administration was `` looking for the root causes '' behind the recent issues . The head of the FAA , Michael Huerta , said that so far nothing found `` suggests ( the 787 ) is not safe '' . On January 13 , 2013 , a JAL 787 at Narita International Airport outside Tokyo was found to also have a fuel leak during an inspection , the third time a fuel leak had been reported within a week . The aircraft reportedly was the same one that had a fuel leak in Boston on January 8 . This leak was caused by a different valve ; the causes of the leaks are unknown . Japan 's transport ministry has also launched an investigation . On July 12 , 2013 , a fire started on an empty Ethiopian Airlines 787 parked at Heathrow Airport before it was extinguished by the airport fire and rescue service . No injuries were reported . The fire caused extensive heat damage to the aircraft . The FAA and NTSB sent representatives to assist in the investigation . The initial investigation found no direct link with the aircraft 's main batteries . Further investigations indicated that the fire was due to lithium - manganese dioxide batteries powering an emergency locator transmitter ( ELT ) . The UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( AAIB ) issued a special bulletin on July 18 , 2013 requesting the US FAA ensure that the locator is removed or disconnected in Boeing 787s , and to review the safety of lithium battery - powered ELT systems in other aircraft types . On August 19 , 2015 , the Associated Press reported that the fire was started by a short circuit , caused by crossed wires located under the battery . The Air Accidents Investigation Branch 's investigators recommended that `` the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration , together with similar bodies in Europe and Canada , should conduct a review of equipment powered by lithium metal batteries to ensure they have ' an acceptable level of circuit protection . ' '' On July 26 , 2013 , ANA said it had found wiring damage on two 787 locator beacons . United Airlines also reported that it had found a pinched wire in one 787 locator beacon . On August 14 , 2013 , the media reported a fire extinguisher fault affecting three ANA airplanes , which caused the fire extinguishers to discharge into the opposite engine from the one requested . The fault was caused by a supplier assembly error . On September 28 , 2013 , Norwegian Long Haul decided to take one of its two 787s in its fleet at the time out of service after the two aircraft broke down on more than six occasions in September . The company will lease an Airbus A340 for its long - haul operations while the 787 is returned to Boeing for repair . On December 20 -- 22 , 2013 , Norwegian Long Haul experienced technical problems keeping two of its three 787 aircraft grounded at Fort Lauderdale airport and delayed six flights . On November 22 , 2013 , Boeing issued an advisory to airlines using General Electric GEnx engines on 787 and 747 - 8 aircraft to avoid flying near high - level thunderstorms due to an increased risk of icing on the engines . The problem was caused by a buildup of ice crystals just behind the main fan , causing a brief loss of thrust on six occasions . On January 21 , 2014 , a Norwegian Air Shuttle 787 experienced a fuel leak which caused a 19 - hour delay to a flight from Bangkok to Oslo . Footage of the leak taken by passengers show fuel gushing out of the left wing of the aircraft . The leak became known to pilots only after it was pointed out by concerned passengers . It was found later that a faulty valve was responsible . This fuel leak is one of numerous problems experienced by Norwegian Air Shuttle 's 787 fleet . Mike Fleming , Boeing 's vice president for 787 support and services , subsequently met with executives of Norwegian Air Shuttle and expressed Boeing 's commitment to improving the 787 's dispatch reliability , `` we 're not satisfied with where the airplane is today , flying at a fleet average of 98 percent ... The 777 today flies at 99.4 percent ... and that 's the benchmark that the 787 needs to attain '' . On September 24 , 2015 , Indian media reported that an Air India 787 Dreamliner ( VT - AND ) had been grounded since January 2015 and had been scavenged for parts due to their lack of availability . Air India 's aircraft engineers ' body advised against accepting further deliveries until Boeing resolved reliability issues . India 's Minister of State for Civil Aviation Mahesh Sharma stated the reliability issues to India 's Parliament . On March 4 , 2016 , Ethiopian Airlines 787 - 8 registration ET - ASH performing Flight ET - 702 from Addis Ababa , Ethiopia to Rome Fiumicino , Italy , had its nose gear collapse before flight was ready to depart . A flight attendant received minor injuries and the aircraft was damaged . Later in March 2016 the FAA accelerated the release of an airworthiness directive in response to reports indicating that in certain weather conditions `` erroneous low airspeed may be displayed ... '' There was concern `` abrupt pilot control inputs in this condition could exceed the structural capability of the airplane . '' Pilots were told not to apply `` large , abrupt control column inputs '' in the event of an `` unrealistic '' drop in displayed airspeed . On April 22 , 2016 , the FAA issued an airworthiness directive following a January 29 incident in which a General Electric GEnx - 1B PIP2 engine suffered damage and non-restartable power loss while flying at an altitude of 20,000 feet . The damage is thought to have been caused by a fan imbalance resulting from fan ice shedding . Lithium - ion battery problems Main article : Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems The Aft Electronics Bay that held the JAL 787 battery that caught fire Japan Airlines 787 battery comparison ; Left : typical original battery . Right : damaged battery . On January 16 , 2013 , All Nippon Airways Flight NH - 692 , en route from Yamaguchi Ube Airport to Tokyo Haneda , had a battery problem warning followed by a burning smell while climbing from Ube about 35 nautical miles ( 65 km ) west of Takamatsu , Japan . The aircraft diverted to Takamatsu and was evacuated via the slides ; three passengers received minor injuries during the evacuation . Inspection revealed a battery fire . A similar incident in a parked Japan Airlines 787 at Boston 's Logan International Airport within the same week led the Federal Aviation Administration to ground all 787s . On January 16 , 2013 , both major Japanese airlines ANA and JAL voluntarily grounded their fleets of 787s after multiple incidents involving different 787s , including emergency landings . At the time , these two carriers operated 24 of the 50 787s delivered . The grounding reportedly cost ANA some 9 billion yen ( US $93 million ) in lost sales . On January 16 , 2013 , the FAA issued an emergency airworthiness directive ordering all American - based airlines to ground their Boeing 787s until yet - to - be-determined modifications were made to the electrical system to reduce the risk of the battery overheating or catching fire . This was the first time that the FAA had grounded an airliner type since 1979 . Industry experts disagreed on consequences of the grounding : Airbus was confident that Boeing would resolve the issue and that no airlines will switch plane type , while other experts saw the problem as `` costly '' and `` could take upwards of a year '' . The FAA also conducted an extensive review of the 787 's critical systems . The focus of the review was on the safety of the lithium - ion batteries made of lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) . The 787 battery contract was signed in 2005 , when this was the only type of lithium aerospace battery available , but since then newer and safer types ( such as LiFePO ) , which provide less reaction energy during thermal runaway , have become available . FAA approved a 787 battery in 2007 with nine `` special conditions '' . A battery approved by FAA ( through Mobile Power Solutions ) was made by Rose Electronics using Kokam cells ; the batteries installed in the 787 are made by Yuasa . On January 20 , the NTSB declared that overvoltage was not the cause of the Boston incident , as voltage did not exceed the battery limit of 32 V , and the charging unit passed tests . The battery had signs of short circuiting and thermal runaway . Despite this , by January 24 , the NTSB had not yet pinpointed the cause of the Boston fire ; the FAA would not allow U.S. - based 787s to fly again until the problem was found and corrected . In a press briefing that day , NTSB Chairwoman Deborah Hersman said that the NTSB had found evidence of failure of multiple safety systems designed to prevent these battery problems , and stated that fire must never happen on an airplane . The Japan Transport Safety Board ( JTSB ) has said on January 23 that the battery in ANA jets in Japan reached a maximum voltage of 31 V ( below the 32 V limit like the Boston JAL 787 ) , but had a sudden unexplained voltage drop to near zero . All cells had signs of thermal damage prior to runaway . ANA and JAL had replaced several 787 batteries before the mishaps . As of January 29 , 2013 , JTSB approved the Yuasa factory quality control while the NTSB examined the Boston battery for defects . The failure rate , with two major battery thermal runaway events in 100,000 flight hours , was much higher than the rate of one in 10 million flight hours predicted by Boeing . The only American airline that operated the Dreamliner at the time was United Airlines , which had six . Chile 's Directorate General of Civil Aviation ( DGAC ) grounded LAN Airlines ' three 787s . The Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation ( DGCA ) directed Air India to ground its six Dreamliners . The Japanese Transport Ministry made the ANA and JAL groundings official and indefinite following the FAA announcement . The European Aviation Safety Agency also followed the FAA 's advice and grounded the only two European 787s operated by LOT Polish Airlines . Qatar Airways grounded their five Dreamliners . Ethiopian Airlines was the final operator to temporarily ground its four Dreamliners . By January 17 , 2013 , all 50 of the aircraft delivered to date had been grounded . On January 18 , Boeing halted 787 deliveries until the battery problem was resolved . On February 7 , 2013 , the FAA gave approval for Boeing to conduct 787 test flights to gather additional data . In February 2013 , FAA oversight of the 787 's 2007 safety approval and certification was under scrutiny . On March 7 , 2013 , the NTSB released an interim factual report about the Boston battery fire on January 7 , 2013 . The investigation stated that `` heavy smoke and fire coming from the front of the APU battery case . '' Firefighters `` tried fire extinguishing , but smoke and flame ( flame size about 3 inches ) did not stop '' . Boeing completed its final tests on a revised battery design on April 5 , 2013 . The FAA approved Boeing 's revised battery design with three additional , overlapping protection methods on April 19 , 2013 . The FAA published a directive on April 25 to provide instructions for retrofitting battery hardware before the 787s could return to flight . The repairs were expected to be completed in weeks . Following the FAA approval in the U.S. , Japan gave permission for passenger airlines to resume Boeing 787 flights in the country effective April 26 , 2013 . On April 27 , 2013 , Ethiopian Airlines took a 787 on the model 's first commercial flight after battery system modifications . On January 14 , 2014 , a battery in a JAL 787 emitted smoke from the battery 's protection exhaust while the aircraft was undergoing pre-flight maintenance . The battery partially melted in the incident ; one of its eight lithium - ion cells had its relief port vent and fluid sprayed inside the battery 's container . It was later reported that the battery may have reached a temperature as high as 1,220 ° F ( 660 ° C ) , and that Boeing did not understand the root cause of the failure . The NTSB has criticized FAA , Boeing and battery manufacturers for the faults in a 2014 report ; it also criticized the GE - made flight data and cockpit voice recorder in the same report . The enclosure Boeing had to add is 185 lb ( 84 kg ) heavier , frustratingly negating the lighter battery potential . Aircraft on display N787BA ( ZA001 ) -- Chubu Centrair Airport in Nagoya , Japan -- first prototype aircraft N787EX ( ZA002 ) -- Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson , Arizona -- second prototype aircraft N787BX ( ZA003 ) -- Museum of Flight in Seattle , Washington -- third prototype aircraft Specifications External image Boeing 787 cutaway Cutaway drawing from Flight International Schematic of the Boeing 787 - 8 : side , top , front , cross-section views 787 characteristics Model 787 - 8 787 - 9 787 - 10 Cockpit crew Two Seating 242 : 24J @ 85 '' + 218Y @ 32 '' max. 359 , exit limit 381 290 : 28J @ 85 '' + 262Y @ 32 '' max. 406 , exit limit 420 330 : 32J @ 85 '' + 298Y @ 32 '' max. 440 , exit limit 440 Length 186 ft 1 in ( 56.72 m ) 206 ft 1 in ( 62.81 m ) 224 ft ( 68.28 m ) Wingspan 197 ft 3 in ( 60.12 m ) Mean Chord 246.9 in / 6.27 m Aspect ratio 9.59 Wing area 4,058 sq ft ( 377 m ) Wing sweep 32.2 degrees Height 55 ft 10 in ( 17.02 m ) Fuselage dimensions Height : 19 ft 6 in ( 5.94 m ) , Width : 18 ft 11 in ( 5.77 m ) Cabin width 18 ft 0 in ( 5.49 m ) Cargo capacity 4,826 ft3 / 136.7 m3 28 LD3 or 9 ( 88 × 125 ) pallets 6,090 ft3 / 172.5 m3 36 LD3 or 11 ( 96 × 125 ) pallets 6,722 ft3 / 191.4 m3 40 LD3 or 13 ( 96 × 125 ) pallets Maximum takeoff weight 502,500 lb / 227,930 kg 560,000 lb / 254,011 kg 560,000 lb / 254,011 kg Maximum landing weight 380,000 lb / 172,365 kg 425,000 lb / 192,777 kg 445,000 lb / 201,849 kg Maximum zero - fuel weight 355,000 lb / 161,025 kg 400,000 lb / 181,437 kg 425,000 lb / 192,777 kg Operating empty weight 264,500 lb / 119,950 kg 284,000 lb / 128,850 kg Speed Max : Mach 0.90 ( 516 kn ; 956 km / h ) ; Cruise : Mach 0.85 ( 488 kn ; 903 km / h ) Range at typical seating 7,355 nmi ( 13,621 km ) 7,635 nmi ( 14,140 km ) 6,430 nmi ( 11,908 km ) Takeoff distance MTOW ( ISA , SL ) 10,300 ft ( 3,100 m ) hi thrust : 8,500 ft ( 2,600 m ) 9,400 ft ( 2,900 m ) Fuel capacity 33,340 US gal / 126,206 L 223,378 lb / 101,323 kg 33,384 US gal / 126,372 L 223,673 lb / 101,456 kg Service ceiling 43,000 ft ( 13,100 m ) Engines ( × 2 ) General Electric GEnx - 1B or Rolls - Royce Trent 1000 Thrust ( × 2 ) 64,000 lbf ( 280 kN ) 71,000 lbf ( 320 kN ) 76,000 lbf ( 340 kN ) See also Aviation portal Competition between Airbus and Boeing Related development Boeing Sonic Cruiser Boeing 747 - 8 Aircraft of comparable role , configuration and era Airbus A330neo Airbus A350 XWB Related lists List of jet airliners References Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Boeing 787 : Orders and Deliveries ( updated monthly ) '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 - 9 takes off for maiden flight '' . Flightglobal. 17 Sep 2013 . Jump up ^ Stake , Tim ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Air NZ 787 - 9 To Be Showcased at Famous Airshow '' . Fairfax New Zealand . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durston , James ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Air New Zealand shows off stunning , all - black Dreamliner '' . CNN . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Air New Zealand operates first 787 service '' . Australian Aviation . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ANA sets date for first scheduled flights with Boeing 787 - 9 '' . All Nippon Airways . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Airlines to Launch Nonstop Service Between Los Angeles and Melbourne , Australia '' . United Airlines . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Air China Brings China 's First Boeing 787 - 9 Home '' . China Aviation Daily . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guy Norris ( Dec 19 , 2016 ) . `` Simplicity Is Vital To Boeing 787 - 10 Execution '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Jump up ^ James Wallace ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Everett work force for 787 pegged at 1,000 '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Baseler , Randy ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Dash 10 '' . Boeing Blog . Jump up ^ Lunsford , J. Lynn ( March 28 , 2006 ) . `` Boeing to Offer Larger Version of 787 Dreamliner '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Kaminski - Morrow , David ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Singapore to launch 787 - 10X with order for 30 '' . Flight International . Jump up ^ Flynn , David ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Singapore Airlines signs up for Boeing 's 787 - 10X Dreamliner '' . Australian Business Traveller . Jump up ^ `` Boeing Launches 787 - 10 Dreamliner '' . Boeing . June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Stephen ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` PARIS : Boeing launches 787 - 10 with five customers '' . Flight International . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Eddy ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing To Launch 787 - 10 Dreamliner The Most Efficient Jetliner In History '' . Aviation Online Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Air Lease 's Hazy Says Boeing 787 - 10 Beats Airbus on Fuel '' . Bloomberg . June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 787 - 10 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Boeing . July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing Completes Detailed Design for the 787 - 10 Dreamliner '' ( Press release ) . Boeing . December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 - 10 Dreamliner Begins Major Assembly '' ( Press release ) . Boeing . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Wren ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Boeing 's first 787 - 10 Dreamliner moves into final assembly '' . Charleston Post and Courier . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Aviation Programs To Watch '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Jun 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing Debuts 787 - 10 Dreamliner '' ( Press release ) . Boeing . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Trimble ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Boeing achieves first flight of Charleston - built 787 - 10 '' . FlightGlobal . Jump up ^ Max Kingsley - Jones ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Boeing completes a third of 787 - 10 testing '' . Flightglobal . Jump up ^ Stephen Trimble ( 3 Oct 2017 ) . `` Boeing rolls out first 787 - 10 built for customer '' . Flightglobal . Jump up ^ Firdaus Hashim ( 13 Oct 2017 ) . `` Boeing rolls out first 787 - 10 out of paint shop '' . Flightglobal . Jump up ^ Guy Norris ( Nov 22 , 2017 ) . `` Boeing Targets 787 - 10 Test Completion In December '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Jump up ^ David Kaminski Morrow ( 12 Nov 2017 ) . `` Emirates set to push 787 - 10 backlog over 200 '' . Flightglobal . Jump up ^ Wall , Robert ; Parasie , Nicolas ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Emirates Airline Orders 40 Boeing 787 Dreamliners '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City , New York , United States . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` U.S. Opens Dreamliner Safety Probe '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. to review Dreamliner amid two more mishaps in Japan '' . Chicago Tribune . January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Topham , Gwyn ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing 787 Dreamliner to be investigated by US authorities '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Airlines Reports New Fuel Leak in Boeing 787 '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAL 's grounded Dreamliner jet leaks fuel in tests '' . Reuters . January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mukai , Anna ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Japan to Investigate Boeing 787 Fuel Leak as FAA Reviews '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heathrow shut after Boeing Dreamliner 787 fire '' . BBC News . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian 787 In Heathrow Fire Incident '' . Aviation Week . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goad , Ben ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` British investigators : No evidence Dreamliner fire related to batteries '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fire , ' technical issue ' on two Dreamliners raise new worries '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batteries ' not linked ' to 787 fire '' . BBC . July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ray Massey ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing Dreamliner fire at Heathrow linked to ANOTHER lithium battery ... this time in the emergency beacon '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heathrow fire on Boeing Dreamliner ' started in battery component ' '' . Guardian newspaper , July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Bulletin S5 / 2013 - Boeing 787 , ET - AOP '' ( PDF ) . Air Accidents Investigation Branch . July 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK : 2013 Dreamliner fire caused by crossed wires '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar grounds a 787 as glitches pile up on Boeing jet '' . Reuters , July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiyotaka Matsuda & Robert Wall ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing 787 Hit by Setback With Fire - Extinguisher Wiring Flaw '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostrower , Jon ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing Traces Improperly Assembled Engine - Fire Extinguishers to Supplier 's Bottles '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koranyi , Balazs ; Lawson , Hugh ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Norwegian Air takes Dreamliner out of service after breakdowns '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Norwegian airline returns new Dreamliner after repeated breakdowns The Irish Times Jump up ^ To Norwegian - fly sto på bakken i USA med tekniske problemer - Aftenposten . Aftenposten.no ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Svenskar fast i Florida kan missa jul i Sverige Reseguider , flygresor och reportage om att resa Expressen Expressen . Expressen.se ( 2013 - 12 - 22 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing warns of engine icing risk on 747 - 8s , Dreamliners '' Yahoo ! Finance ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Boeing 787 Dreamliners Disrupt Norwegian Air Shuttle 's Operations Archived January 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Businessweek ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dreamliner grounded as passengers film fuel pouring out of a wing in Bangkok Mail Online . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bangkok to Oslo flight halted after fuel seen leaking from wing . UPI.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ UPDATE 1 - Fuel leak on Boeing 787 delays Norwegian Air flight . Reuters ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Koranyi , Balazs. ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) Boeing says Dreamliner reliability ' better but not satisfactory ' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Treloar , Stephen . ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 787 Dreamliner 's reliability needs to improve further , Boeing exec says Business & Technology . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Dreamliner stripped for spares , grounded '' . The Times of India . 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Halt Dreamliner buys , engineers urge AI '' . The Times of India . August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://avherald.com/h?article=494e6383&opt=0 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgad.nsf/0/024d507c0b79612986257f88004e8ecd/$FILE/2016-07-10.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-faa-warn-787-pilots-of-bad-airspeed-data-423735/ Jump up ^ http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2016/images/04/23/2016-08-12.pdf Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/2016/04/25/boeing-dreamliner-safety-issue/ Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/23/us/boeing-dreamliner-engine-fix/ ^ Jump up to : `` Accident : ANA B788 near Takamatsu on Jan 16th 2013 , battery problem and burning smell on board '' . Aviation Herald . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese airlines ground Boeing 787s after emergency landing '' . Reuters . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` 787 emergency landing : Japan grounds entire Boeing Dreamliner fleet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Chris ; Matsuda , Kiyotaka ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing Dreamliner Grounding Hurts ANA , Japan Airlines Sales '' . Bloomberg . Tokyo . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Federal Aviation Administration . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dreamliner : Boeing 787 planes grounded on safety fears '' . News . BBC . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airbus CEO ' Confident ' Boeing Will Find Fix for 787 '' ( video ) . Bloomberg . January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall , Robert ; Rothman , Andrea ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Airbus Says A350 Design Is ' Lower Risk ' Than Troubled 787 '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ' I do n't believe that anyone 's going to switch from one airplane type to another because there 's a maintenance issue , ' Leahy said . ' Boeing will get this sorted out . ' Jump up ^ Boeing 787 Dreamliner design riskier than our plane : Airbus ( mirror ) Jump up ^ `` ' Big Cost ' Seen for Boeing Dreamliner Grounding '' . Bloomberg . January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Martha C ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Is the Dreamliner Becoming a Financial Nightmare for Boeing ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ Dudley , Brier ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lithium - ion batteries pack a lot of energy -- and challenges '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . iron phosphate `` has been known to sort of be safer . '' Jump up ^ Dalløkken , Per Erlien ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Her er Dreamliner - problemet '' ( in Norwegian ) . Teknisk Ukeblad . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . English translation Jump up ^ `` Energy storage technologies - Lithium '' . Securaplane . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Conditions : Boeing Model 787 -- 8 Airplane ; Lithium Ion Battery Installation '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . FAA / Federal Register . October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . NM375 Special Conditions No. 25 -- 359 -- SC Jump up ^ Scott , Alwyn ; Saito , Mari . `` FAA approval of Boeing 787 battery under scrutiny '' . NBC News . Reuters . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Supko ; Iverson ( 2011 ) . `` Li battery UN test report applicability '' ( PDF ) . nextgov.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nantel , Kelly ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` NTSB Provides Third Investigative Update on Boeing 787 Battery Fire in Boston '' . NTSB . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . NTSB . January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weld , Matthew ; Mouwad , Jad ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Protracted Fire Inquiry Keeping 787 on Ground '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitra - Thakur , Sofia ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Japan says 787 battery was not overcharged '' . Engineering & Technology . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . 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News . UK : BBC . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAA approves test flights for Boeing 787 '' . Seatle Times . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Norris , Guy ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` FAA Gives All Clear For 787 Test Flights '' . Aviation Week . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 's battery woes put US approval under scrutiny '' . Business Standard . February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 Battery Fire Investigative Report and Related Documents '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interim factual report '' ( PDF ) . NTSB . March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Report Details : Boeing 787 Battery Fire Was Difficult to Control '' . Time . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airlines Prepare to Relaunch Their Dreamliners : ANA , Qatar , United Schedule First Flights '' . Frequent Business Traveler . Jump up ^ Yeo , Ghim - Lay ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` FAA approves 787 battery changes '' . Flight International . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boeing 787 Dreamliner returns to service in Ethiopia flight '' . BBC News . April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Drew , Christopher ; Mouawad , Jad ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing Fix for Battery Is Approved by FAA '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Gates , Dominic . `` Grounding order formally lifted for Boeing 787 '' . Seattle Times / The Columbian . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan OKs 787s to fly again '' . CNN . April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 aircraft grounded after battery problem in Japan '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No damage to JAL 787 in battery incident '' . Flight International . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Hemmerdinger , Jon ( 1 December 2014 ) , NTSB faults Boeing , FAA and contractors for 787 battery fire , Flightglobal , archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 , retrieved 2 December 2014 Jump up ^ Hemmerdinger , Jon ( 1 December 2014 ) , Temperature in 787 battery cells spikes in cold conditions : NTSB , Flightglobal , archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 , retrieved 2 December 2014 Jump up ^ Hemmerdinger , Jon ( 1 December 2014 ) , NTSB 787 battery report details quality concerns at GS Yuasa , Flightglobal , archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 , retrieved 2 December 2014 Jump up ^ Hemmerdinger , Jon ( 2 December 2014 ) , NTSB details issues with 787 flight and data recorder , Flightglobal , archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 , retrieved 2 December 2014 Jump up ^ Thierry Dubois ( Jun 27 , 2017 ) . `` Lithium - ion Batteries Prove Value On A350 '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Jump up ^ `` Boeing donates the first 787 - 8 prototype ( N787BA , ZA001 ) to Nagoya , Japan '' . World Airline News . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DREAMLINER '' . Pima Air & Space Museum . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 Dreamliner '' . The Museum of Flight . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Opens World 's First Boeing 787 Dreamliner Exhibit Nov. 8 '' . The Museum of Flight . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 787 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning '' ( PDF ) . Boeing Commercial Aircraft . December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Type certificate data sheet for Boeing 787 '' ( PDF ) . EASA. 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 787 - 8 ( Dreamliner ) sample analysis '' . Lissys Ltd. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything about the Boeing 787 Dreamliner '' . Flightglobal . July 7 , 2007 . Bibliography Norris , Guy ; Wagner , Mark ( 2009 ) . Boeing 787 Dreamliner . Minneapolis : Zenith Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2815 - 6 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boeing 787 . `` 787 Dreamliner '' . Boeing . Aviation Week ( Dec 7 , 2012 ) . Aviation Week Pilot Report : Flying the Boeing 787 . Youtube . Al Jazeera ( Sep 10 , 2014 ) . Al Jazeera Investigates - Broken Dreams : The Boeing 787 . Youtube . Richard Aboulafia ( February 2015 ) . `` Boeing 787 Dreamliner Program Briefing '' ( PDF ) . Teal Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2016 . Boeing ( Jun 11 , 2015 ) . Boeing Prepares the 787 - 9 Dreamliner for the 2015 Paris Air Show . Youtube . Steep climb after takeoff . British Airways ( Sep 30 , 2015 ) . Building the 787 - 9 Dreamliner . Youtube . Construction time - lapse . Boeing airliners Piston - engined 40A 80 221 247 307 314 377 Jet - engined 367 - 80 707 / 720 717 727 737 737 Classic 737 NG 737 MAX 747 747SP 747 - 400 747 - 8 757 767 777 787 Boeing Business Jet In development 777X Proposed Y1 Y3 New Midsize Airplane Not developed 2707 7J7 New Large Airplane Sonic Cruiser Boeing 7x7 aircraft production timeline , 1955 -- present 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Boeing 707 Boeing 720 Boeing 717 ( MD - 95 ) Boeing 727 Boeing 737 Original Boeing 737 Classic Boeing 737 NG 737 MAX Boeing 747 ( Boeing 747SP ) Boeing 747 - 400 747 - 8 Boeing 757 Boeing 767 Boeing 777 777X Boeing 787 = Narrow - body = Wide - body * Overlapping production times like between the 747 - 400 and the 747 - 8 have been decided in favor of newer models Boeing model numbers Aircraft 5 6 6D 6E 7 8 10 15 16 21 40 42 50 53 54 55 58 63 64 66 67 68 69 72 74 75 77 80 81 83 89 93 95 96 99 100 101 102 200 202 203 204 205 214 215 218 221 222 223 226 227 234 235 236 246 247 248 251 256 264 266 267 273 280 281 294 299 300 306 307 314 316 344 345 367 367 - 80 377 400 450 451 464 466 474 479 701 818 953 707 717 ( i ) 717 ( ii ) 720 727 733 737 739 747 757 767 777 787 2707 Turbine engines 500 502 520 550 Vessels 929 Other Boeing Customer Codes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boeing_787_Dreamliner&oldid=816131248 '' Categories : Boeing 787 Dreamliner Boeing aircraft Twinjets United States airliners 2000 -- 2009 Low - wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2009 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with archiveurl citation errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2013 Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 13 : 49 . 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-1751057887867767392	This Is Me (Keala Settle song)	This Is Me ( Keala Settle song ) - wikipedia This Is Me ( Keala Settle song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` This Is Me '' Single by Keala Settle from the album The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released October 26 , 2017 Format Digital download Recorded 2017 Genre Pop Length 3 : 54 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Producer ( s ) Greg Wells , Benj Pasek , Justin Paul `` This Is Me '' is a song performed by Keala Settle for the film The Greatest Showman . It was released on October 26 , 2017 , by Atlantic Records as a promotional single from The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . It won the 2017 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . A second version , performed by American singer Kesha , was released on December 22 , 2017 . Following the film 's global release , the song became a top five hit in the United Kingdom , a top ten hit in Australia , Malaysia , and South Korea and a top twenty hit in Ireland , Belgium ( Flanders ) and New Zealand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Live performances 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Accolades 5 Kesha version 5.1 Chart performance 6 References 7 External links Live performances ( edit ) Settle performed the song live on The Graham Norton Show on February 9 , 2018 . Later she performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on February 21 , 2018 . She is also to perform the song at the 90th Academy Awards ceremony on March 4 , 2018 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 74 France ( SNEP ) 52 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 39 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 92 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Portugal ( AFP ) 61 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 9 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 18 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 60 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 58 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song Pending Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Won Kesha version ( edit ) `` This Is Me '' Single by Kesha Released December 22 , 2017 Genre Pop Length 3 : 50 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Pasek and Paul Kesha singles chronology `` Learn to Let Go '' ( 2017 ) `` This Is Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Woman '' ( 2018 ) `` Learn to Let Go '' ( 2017 ) `` This Is Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Woman '' ( 2018 ) Kesha 's version of the song was released on December 22 , 2017 . It has charted in Australia at number 71 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Kesha 's Roaring Cover of ' The Greatest Showman ' Song ' This Is Me ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Who is on The Graham Norton Show tonight -- guests include Saoirse Ronan , Will & Grace stars and Rob Beckett '' . Metro . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Braca , Nina ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Showman ' Star Keala Settle Sings ' This Is Me ' on ' Ellen ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : February 3 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 24 -- 2017.12. 30 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Heatseeker -- Vecka 4 , 26 januar 2018 '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : January 27 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Songs : March 3 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Keala Settle -- Hello '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Enter Hello in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . cnn.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Charts : Drake ' God 's Plan ' Stays At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 2010s ) `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Me_(Keala_Settle_song)&oldid=827914869 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Songs written by Justin Paul ( songwriter ) Songs written by Benj Pasek Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français 日本語 Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 14 : 07 . 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About Wikipedia	this is me song writer the greatest showman	[ "\n\n\"This Is Me\"\n\n\nSingle by Keala Settle\n\n\nfrom the album The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 26, 2017\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2017\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:54\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBenj Pasek and Justin Paul\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGreg Wells, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul\n\n", "\n\n\"This Is Me\"\n\n\nSingle by Keala Settle\n\n\nfrom the album The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 26, 2017\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2017\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:54\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBenj Pasek and Justin Paul\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGreg Wells, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul\n\n" ]	[ "Benj Pasek", "Justin Paul" ]
-433419419363871853	List of universities in India	List of universities in India - wikipedia List of universities in India Jump to : navigation , search The University of Madras , established 1857 , is one of the three oldest modern state universities in India , the others being the University of Calcutta and the University of Mumbai . The higher education system in India includes both private and public universities . Public universities are supported by the Government of India and the state governments , while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies . Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) , which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act , 1956 . In addition , 15 Professional Councils are established , controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination . The types of universities include : Central universities , or Union universities , are established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education in the Union Human Resource Development Ministry . as of 29 June 2017 , the UGC lists 47 central universities . State universities are run by the state government of each of the states and territories of India and are usually established by a local legislative assembly act . As of 18 September 2017 , the UGC lists 366 state universities . The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857 , shared by the University of Mumbai , the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta . Most State Universities are affiliating universities in that they administer a large number of affiliated colleges ( many located in very small towns ) that typically offer a range of undergraduate courses , but may also offer post-graduate courses . More established colleges may even offer Ph. D. programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university . Deemed university , or `` Deemed to be University '' , is a status of autonomy granted by the Department of Higher Education on the advice of the UGC , under Section 3 of the UGC Act . As of 9 February 2017 , the UGC lists 122 deemed universities . According to this list , the first institute to be granted deemed university status was Indian Institute of Science , which was granted this status on 12 May 1958 . In many cases , the same listing by the UGC covers several institutes . For example , the listing for Homi Bhabha National Institute covers the Institute of Mathematical Sciences , the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research and other institutes . Private universities are approved by the UGC . They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off - campus affiliated colleges . As of 18 September 2017 , the UGC list of private universities lists 279 universities . These four types of universities total 813 universities together . There are universities of some kind in each of the 29 states of India as well as three of the union territories : Chandigarh , Delhi and Puducherry . The state with the most universities is Rajasthan with 76 universities , and Rajasthan has also by far the most private universities , 46 in number . Tamil Nadu is the state with the most deemed universities , numbering 28 and Uttar Pradesh has the most state universities , also 28 . Uttar Pradesh also has six central universities , the largest number of all the states and territories . Apart from the above universities , other institutions are granted the permission to autonomously award degrees . However , they do not affiliate colleges and are not officially called `` universities '' but `` autonomous organizations '' or `` autonomous institutes '' . They fall under the administrative control of the Department of Higher Education . These organizations include the Indian Institutes of Information Technology , Indian Institutes of Technology , the National Institutes of Technology , the various branches of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences , the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research , the Indian Institutes of Management ( though these award diplomas , not degrees ) and other autonomous institutes . These institutes are not listed below . Also not listed are institutes which are under the control of the professional councils , without an approval of the UGC , e.g. Agricultural Universities , which are under the control of the Agricultural Education Division of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , one of the professional councils . As of 2017 , India has a total of 23 IITs , 31 NITs , 23 IIITs , 7 IISERSs , AIIMSs , 7 NIPERSs , 3 SPAs and 25 other Institutes of National Importance which includes 5 Central universities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Universities by state and type 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Universities by state and type ( edit ) State Central universities State universities Deemed universities Private universities Total Andhra Pradesh ( list ) 0 20 5 0 25 Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) 0 7 9 Assam ( list ) 12 0 5 19 Bihar ( list ) 15 21 Chandigarh ( list ) 0 0 Chhattisgarh ( list ) 13 0 9 23 Delhi ( list ) 5 7 10 0 22 Goa ( list ) 0 0 0 Gujarat ( list ) 28 30 61 Haryana ( list ) 14 6 20 41 Himachal Pradesh ( list ) 0 17 22 Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) 9 0 12 Jharkhand ( list ) 8 7 17 Karnataka ( list ) 25 14 14 54 Kerala ( list ) 13 0 16 Madhya Pradesh ( list ) 22 24 49 Maharashtra ( list ) 22 21 9 53 Manipur ( list ) 0 Meghalaya ( list ) 0 0 8 9 Mizoram ( list ) 0 0 Nagaland ( list ) 0 0 Odisha ( list ) 16 23 Puducherry ( list ) 0 0 Punjab ( list ) 9 15 27 Rajasthan ( list ) 21 8 46 76 Sikkim ( list ) 0 0 5 6 Tamil Nadu ( list ) 22 28 0 52 Telangana ( list ) 16 0 21 Tripura ( list ) 0 Uttar Pradesh ( list ) 6 29 8 29 72 Uttarakhand ( list ) 11 13 28 West Bengal ( list ) 26 9 37 Total 47 366 121 279 813 This list is current as of 29 June 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of Institutes of National Importance List of central universities in India List of deemed universities in India List of private universities in India List of state universities in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The list includes a serial numbering which goes up to 369 . However , Karnataka Folklore University is listed twice , once by that name ( # 138 ) and once as `` Karnataka Janapada Vishwavidyalaya '' ( # 129 ) . The list of state universities in Karnataka corrects this and lists it only once . In addition , the list includes `` Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University '' ( # 234 ) , which never admitted students and was shut down in 2015 . The list also erroneously includes `` U.P. King George 's University of Dental Science '' ( # 318 ) which was reabsorbed into King George 's Medical University in 2007 . Note that the list of state universities in Uttar Pradesh erroneously includes both `` Mahamaya Technical University '' ( MTU ) and Uttar Pradesh Technical University ( UPTU ) . MTU was merged into UPTU in 2013 . Jump up ^ The UGC list included SHIATS , but as per U.P. State Act No. 35 of 2016 , it has been upgraded into a state university . Hence , the actual number of deemed universities is 121 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University Grants Commission Act , 001956 '' ( PDF ) . Union Human Resource Development Ministry . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Councils '' . ugc.ac.in . University Grants Commission . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central Universities '' . mhrd.gov.in . Union Human Resource Development Ministry . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Central Universities as on 29.06. 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UGC. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of State Universities as on 18.09. 2017 '' ( PDF ) . University Grants Commission . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Universities in Karnataka '' . University Grants Commission . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Govt shuts down Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University '' . The Times of India . Times News Network . November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Faculty of Dental Sciences Education Overview '' . King George 's Medical University . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Universities in Uttar Pradesh '' . University Grants Commission . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Govt merges MTU , GBTU to form UPTU '' . The Times of India . Times Network of News . 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IISST ) Thiruvanathapuram Declared as Deemed to be University '' . Union Human Resource Development Ministry , Press Information Bureau . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` : : : Deemed University -- University Grants Commission : : : '' . ugc.ac.in . University Grants Commission . 23 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listing of Homi Bhabha National Institute as deemed university '' . ugc.ac.in . University Grants Commission . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State - wise List of Private Universities as on 19.09. 2017 '' ( PDF ) . www.ugc.ac.in . University Grants Commission . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Autonomous Bodies -- Higher Education '' . education.nic.in . Union Human Resource Development Ministry . Archived from the original on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mathang Seshagiri ( 1 May 2011 ) . `` It 's time IIMs give degree , not diploma : Panel '' . articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Education Division Indian Council of Agricultural Research '' . icar.org.in . Indian Council of Agricultural Research . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Universities Indian Council of Agricultural Research '' . icar.org.in . Indian Council of Agricultural Research . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Total%20list.pdf Education in India Ministry of Human Resource Development Education by states Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Education by cities Bangalore Bareilly Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Delhi Dharmapuri Dharwad Erode Gobichettipalayam Hyderabad Indore Jhansi Kolkata Kollam Kozhikode Krishnagiri Lucknow Madurai Meerut Nagpur Namakkal Patna Perambalur Pudukkottai Rourkela Salem Thalassery Tiruchirappalli Thanjavur Higher education in India Regulating organisations Department of Higher Education University Grants Commission National Assessment and Accreditation Council National Board of Accreditation Professional councils All India Council for Technical Education Bar Council of India Central Council of Homoeopathy Central Council of Indian Medicine Dental Council of India Distance Education Council Indian Council of Agricultural Research Indian Nursing Council Medical Council of India National Council for Teacher Education Pharmacy Council of India Rehabilitation Council of India Institutions ( list ) Universities ( list ) Central State Deemed Private Other autonomous Institutions by type Agriculture Architecture Business Dentistry Engineering Forestry Islamic Law Medicine Nursing Pharmacy Teaching Veterinary Institutions by state Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal School education in India Boards of education ( list ) National Central Board of Secondary Education Central Tibetan School Administration Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations National Institute of Open Schooling State Andhra Pradesh ( Secondary Intermediate ) Assam ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Bihar ( School Intermediate ) Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka ( Secondary Pre-University ) Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Telangana ( Secondary Intermediate ) Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Open Vocational Madrasah ) Schools ( list ) ( category ) By location Bangalore Bikaner Chennai Gurgaon Hisar Hyderabad Jaipur Jamshedpur Kanpur Kolkata Kollam Kota Lucknow Mumbai Nilgiris Ooty Patna Ranchi Rourkela Shillong Tiruchirappalli Thiruvananthapuram Udaipur Vatakara By type Railway Schools ( list ) DAV Public School ( list ) Ramakrishna Mission ( list ) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ( list ) Bal Bharati Public School ( list ) Delhi Public School ( list ) Saraswati Shishu Mandir ( list ) Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan ( list ) Sainik School ( list ) Kendriya Vidyalaya ( list ) Chinmaya Vidyalayas ( list ) Atomic Energy Central School ( list ) Vivekananda Vidyalaya ( list ) Ryan International Schools ( list ) Indian Army Public Schools ( list ) Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya ( list ) Waldorf Schools ( India ) ( list ) List of boarding schools List of international schools By state Maharashtra Rajasthan Other topics All India Secondary School Examination Board examination Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Higher Secondary Examination Literacy in India Midday Meal Scheme National Council of Educational Research and Training Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Templates Portal WikiProject List of universities in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Education in India portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_India&oldid=807920679 '' Categories : Lists of universities in India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the first university in modern india founded	[]	[]
5581729161312973807	Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates	Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2017 ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates , including fishing , was a minor part of the UAE economy in the early 1990s , contributing less than 4 percent of GDP . Since the formation of the UAE , the availability of capital and the demand for fish production have encouraged agricultural development . The main farming areas are Diqdaqah in Ras al - Khaimah . Falaj al Mualla in Umm al Qawain , Wadi adh Dhayd in Sharjah , Al Awir in Dubai and the coastal area of Al Fujairah . Total cultivable land is around 160,000 hectares . Most of the UAE 's cultivated land is taken up by date palms , which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million . They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis . Both federal and emirate governments provide incentives to farmers . For example , the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers , seeds , and pesticides . It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance . The emirates have forty - one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations . The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988 . Lack of arable land , intense heat , periodic locust swarms , and limited water supplies are the main obstacles to agriculture . The drive to increase the area under cultivation has resulted in the rapid depletion of underground aquifers , resulting in precipitous drops in water tables and serious increases in soil and water salinity in some areas . As a result , several farms have been forced to cease production . Despite the creation in 1983 of a federal authority to control drilling for water , development pressures in the 1980s and 1990s increased the exploitation of underground water supplies . Between 1979 and 1985 , agricultural production increased sixfold . Nevertheless , the UAE imported about 70 percent of its food requirements in the early 1990s . The major vegetable crops , supplying nearly all the country 's needs during the season , are tomatoes , cabbage , eggplant , squash , and cauliflower . Ras al - Khaimah produces most of the country 's vegetables . In addition to dates , the major fruit crops are citrus and mangoes . A vegetable canning facility in Al Ain has a processing capacity of 120 tons per day . Poultry farms provided 70 percent of local requirements for eggs and 45 percent of poultry meat needed in 1989 . Local dairies produced more than 73,000 tons of milk in 1991 , meeting 92 percent of domestic demand . Considerable revenues have been devoted to forestation , public landscaping , and parks . Trees and shrubs are distributed free to schools , government offices , and residents . Afforestation companies receive contracts to plant plots in the range of 200 to 300 hectares . The goals are to improve the appearance of public places as well as to prevent the desertification process in vulnerable agricultural areas . Fishing ( edit ) The government has supported traditional fishing in the rich waters off the UAE , an activity that has provided livelihood for centuries along the coast . The government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fishing boats and equipment and has opened marine workshops that offer free repair and maintenance . Cooperatives assist fishermen in marketing their catch . The number of fishermen rose from 4,000 in 1980 to 10,611 in 1990 . The total catch in 1989 of 91,160 tons ( up from 70,075 tons in 1982 ) supplied most local demand . Moreover , prawns and fish are raised in fish farms at the National Mariculture Center , operated with Japanese assistance , in Umm al - Quwain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fishing in the United Arab Emirates '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Country studies hide Agriculture in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=864026595 '' Categories : Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2009 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list the agricultural areas in the eastern middle and the southern regions of the uae	[]	[]
5987787979210034180	Solid modeling	Solid modeling - wikipedia Solid modeling Jump to : navigation , search The geometry in solid modeling is fully described in 3 ‐ D space ; objects can be viewed from any angle . Solid modeling ( or modelling ) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer modeling of three - dimensional solids . Solid modeling is distinguished from related areas of geometric modeling and computer graphics by its emphasis on physical fidelity . Together , the principles of geometric and solid modeling form the foundation of computer - aided design and in general support the creation , exchange , visualization , animation , interrogation , and annotation of digital models of physical objects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Mathematical foundations 3 Solid representation schemes 3.1 Parameterized primitive instancing 3.2 Spatial occupancy enumeration 3.3 Cell decomposition 3.4 Boundary representation 3.5 Surface mesh modeling 3.6 Constructive solid geometry 3.7 Sweeping 3.8 Implicit representation 3.9 Parametric and feature - based modeling 4 History of solid modelers 5 Computer - aided design 5.1 Parametric modeling 5.2 Medical solid modeling 5.3 Engineering 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The use of solid modeling techniques allows for the automation of several difficult engineering calculations that are carried out as a part of the design process . Simulation , planning , and verification of processes such as machining and assembly were one of the main catalysts for the development of solid modeling . More recently , the range of supported manufacturing applications has been greatly expanded to include sheet metal manufacturing , injection molding , welding , pipe routing etc . Beyond traditional manufacturing , solid modeling techniques serve as the foundation for rapid prototyping , digital data archival and reverse engineering by reconstructing solids from sampled points on physical objects , mechanical analysis using finite elements , motion planning and NC path verification , kinematic and dynamic analysis of mechanisms , and so on . A central problem in all these applications is the ability to effectively represent and manipulate three - dimensional geometry in a fashion that is consistent with the physical behavior of real artifacts . Solid modeling research and development has effectively addressed many of these issues , and continues to be a central focus of computer - aided engineering . Mathematical foundations ( edit ) The notion of solid modeling as practiced today relies on the specific need for informational completeness in mechanical geometric modeling systems , in the sense that any computer model should support all geometric queries that may be asked of its corresponding physical object . The requirement implicitly recognizes the possibility of several computer representations of the same physical object as long as any two such representations are consistent . It is impossible to computationally verify informational completeness of a representation unless the notion of a physical object is defined in terms of computable mathematical properties and independent of any particular representation . Such reasoning led to the development of the modeling paradigm that has shaped the field of solid modeling as we know it today . All manufactured components have finite size and well behaved boundaries , so initially the focus was on mathematically modeling rigid parts made of homogeneous isotropic material that could be added or removed . These postulated properties can be translated into properties of subsets of three - dimensional Euclidean space . The two common approaches to define solidity rely on point - set topology and algebraic topology respectively . Both models specify how solids can be built from simple pieces or cells . Regularization of a 2 - d set by taking the closure of its interior According to the continuum point - set model of solidity , all the points of any X ⊂ R can be classified according to their neighborhoods with respect to X as interior , exterior , or boundary points . Assuming R is endowed with the typical Euclidean metric , a neighborhood of a point p ∈ X takes the form of an open ball . For X to be considered solid , every neighborhood of any p ∈ X must be consistently three dimensional ; points with lower - dimensional neighborhoods indicate a lack of solidity . Dimensional homogeneity of neighborhoods is guaranteed for the class of closed regular sets , defined as sets equal to the closure of their interior . Any X ⊂ R can be turned into a closed regular set or regularized by taking the closure of its interior , and thus the modeling space of solids is mathematically defined to be the space of closed regular subsets of R ( by the Heine - Borel theorem it is implied that all solids are compact sets ) . In addition , solids are required to be closed under the Boolean operations of set union , intersection , and difference ( to guarantee solidity after material addition and removal ) . Applying the standard Boolean operations to closed regular sets may not produce a closed regular set , but this problem can be solved by regularizing the result of applying the standard Boolean operations . The regularized set operations are denoted ∪ , ∩ , and − . The combinatorial characterization of a set X ⊂ R as a solid involves representing X as an orientable cell complex so that the cells provide finite spatial addresses for points in an otherwise innumerable continuum . The class of semi-analytic bounded subsets of Euclidean space is closed under Boolean operations ( standard and regularized ) and exhibits the additional property that every semi-analytic set can be stratified into a collection of disjoint cells of dimensions 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 . A triangulation of a semi-analytic set into a collection of points , line segments , triangular faces , and tetrahedral elements is an example of a stratification that is commonly used . The combinatorial model of solidity is then summarized by saying that in addition to being semi-analytic bounded subsets , solids are three - dimensional topological polyhedra , specifically three - dimensional orientable manifolds with boundary . In particular this implies the Euler characteristic of the combinatorial boundary of the polyhedron is 2 . The combinatorial manifold model of solidity also guarantees the boundary of a solid separates space into exactly two components as a consequence of the Jordan - Brouwer theorem , thus eliminating sets with non-manifold neighborhoods that are deemed impossible to manufacture . The point - set and combinatorial models of solids are entirely consistent with each other , can be used interchangeably , relying on continuum or combinatorial properties as needed , and can be extended to n dimensions . The key property that facilitates this consistency is that the class of closed regular subsets of R coincides precisely with homogeneously n - dimensional topological polyhedra . Therefore , every n - dimensional solid may be unambiguously represented by its boundary and the boundary has the combinatorial structure of an n − 1 - dimensional polyhedron having homogeneously n − 1 - dimensional neighborhoods . Solid representation schemes ( edit ) Based on assumed mathematical properties , any scheme of representing solids is a method for capturing information about the class of semi-analytic subsets of Euclidean space . This means all representations are different ways of organizing the same geometric and topological data in the form of a data structure . All representation schemes are organized in terms of a finite number of operations on a set of primitives . Therefore , the modeling space of any particular representation is finite , and any single representation scheme may not completely suffice to represent all types of solids . For example , solids defined via combinations of regularized boolean operations can not necessarily be represented as the sweep of a primitive moving according to a space trajectory , except in very simple cases . This forces modern geometric modeling systems to maintain several representation schemes of solids and also facilitate efficient conversion between representation schemes . Below is a list of common techniques used to create or represent solid models . Modern modeling software may use a combination of these schemes to represent a solid . Parameterized primitive instancing ( edit ) This scheme is based on motion of families of objects , each member of a family distinguishable from the other by a few parameters . Each object family is called a generic primitive , and individual objects within a family are called primitive instances . For example , a family of bolts is a generic primitive , and a single bolt specified by a particular set of parameters is a primitive instance . The distinguishing characteristic of pure parameterized instancing schemes is the lack of means for combining instances to create new structures which represent new and more complex objects . The other main drawback of this scheme is the difficulty of writing algorithms for computing properties of represented solids . A considerable amount of family - specific information must be built into the algorithms and therefore each generic primitive must be treated as a special case , allowing no uniform overall treatment . Spatial occupancy enumeration ( edit ) This scheme is essentially a list of spatial cells occupied by the solid . The cells , also called voxels are cubes of a fixed size and are arranged in a fixed spatial grid ( other polyhedral arrangements are also possible but cubes are the simplest ) . Each cell may be represented by the coordinates of a single point , such as the cell 's centroid . Usually a specific scanning order is imposed and the corresponding ordered set of coordinates is called a spatial array . Spatial arrays are unambiguous and unique solid representations but are too verbose for use as ' master ' or definitional representations . They can , however , represent coarse approximations of parts and can be used to improve the performance of geometric algorithms , especially when used in conjunction with other representations such as constructive solid geometry . Cell decomposition ( edit ) This scheme follows from the combinatoric ( algebraic topological ) descriptions of solids detailed above . A solid can be represented by its decomposition into several cells . Spatial occupancy enumeration schemes are a particular case of cell decompositions where all the cells are cubical and lie in a regular grid . Cell decompositions provide convenient ways for computing certain topological properties of solids such as its connectedness ( number of pieces ) and genus ( number of holes ) . Cell decompositions in the form of triangulations are the representations used in 3d finite elements for the numerical solution of partial differential equations . Other cell decompositions such as a Whitney regular stratification or Morse decompositions may be used for applications in robot motion planning . Boundary representation ( edit ) Main article : Boundary representation In this scheme a solid is represented by the cellular decomposition of its boundary . Since the boundaries of solids have the distinguishing property that they separate space into regions defined by the interior of the solid and the complementary exterior according to the Jordan - Brouwer theorem discussed above , every point in space can unambiguously be tested against the solid by testing the point against the boundary of the solid . Recall that ability to test every point in the solid provides a guarantee of solidity . Using ray casting it is possible to count the number of intersections of a cast ray against the boundary of the solid . Even number of intersections correspond to exterior points , and odd number of intersections correspond to interior points . The assumption of boundaries as manifold cell complexes forces any boundary representation to obey disjointedness of distinct primitives , i.e. there are no self - intersections that cause non-manifold points . In particular , the manifoldness condition implies all pairs of vertices are disjoint , pairs of edges are either disjoint or intersect at one vertex , and pairs of faces are disjoint or intersect at a common edge . Several data structures that are combinatorial maps have been developed to store boundary representations of solids . In addition to planar faces , modern systems provide the ability to store quadrics and NURBS surfaces as a part of the boundary representation . Boundary representations have evolved into a ubiquitous representation scheme of solids in most commercial geometric modelers because of their flexibility in representing solids exhibiting a high level of geometric complexity . Surface mesh modeling ( edit ) Similar to boundary representation , the surface of the object is represented . However , rather than complex data structures and NURBS , a simple surface mesh of vertices and edges is used . Surface meshes can be structured ( as in triangular meshes in STL files or quad meshes with horizontal and vertical rings of quadrilaterals ) , or unstructured meshes with randomly grouped triangles and higher level polygons . Constructive solid geometry ( edit ) Main article : Constructive Solid Geometry Constructive solid geometry ( CSG ) connotes a family of schemes for representing rigid solids as Boolean constructions or combinations of primitives via the regularized set operations discussed above . CSG and boundary representations are currently the most important representation schemes for solids . CSG representations take the form of ordered binary trees where non-terminal nodes represent either rigid transformations ( orientation preserving isometries ) or regularized set operations . Terminal nodes are primitive leaves that represent closed regular sets . The semantics of CSG representations is clear . Each subtree represents a set resulting from applying the indicated transformations / regularized set operations on the set represented by the primitive leaves of the subtree . CSG representations are particularly useful for capturing design intent in the form of features corresponding to material addition or removal ( bosses , holes , pockets etc . ) . The attractive properties of CSG include conciseness , guaranteed validity of solids , computationally convenient Boolean algebraic properties , and natural control of a solid 's shape in terms of high level parameters defining the solid 's primitives and their positions and orientations . The relatively simple data structure and elegant recursive algorithms have further contributed to the popularity of CSG . Sweeping ( edit ) The basic notion embodied in sweeping schemes is simple . A set moving through space may trace or sweep out volume ( a solid ) that may be represented by the moving set and its trajectory . Such a representation is important in the context of applications such as detecting the material removed from a cutter as it moves along a specified trajectory , computing dynamic interference of two solids undergoing relative motion , motion planning , and even in computer graphics applications such as tracing the motions of a brush moved on a canvas . Most commercial CAD systems provide ( limited ) functionality for constructing swept solids mostly in the form of a two dimensional cross section moving on a space trajectory transversal to the section . However , current research has shown several approximations of three dimensional shapes moving across one parameter , and even multi-parameter motions . Implicit representation ( edit ) Main article : Function representation A very general method of defining a set of points X is to specify a predicate that can be evaluated at any point in space . In other words , X is defined implicitly to consist of all the points that satisfy the condition specified by the predicate . The simplest form of a predicate is the condition on the sign of a real valued function resulting in the familiar representation of sets by equalities and inequalities . For example , if f = a x + b y + c z + d ( \ displaystyle f = ax + by + cz + d ) the conditions f ( p ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( p ) = 0 ) , f ( p ) > 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( p ) > 0 ) , and f ( p ) < 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( p ) < 0 ) represent , respectively , a plane and two open linear halfspaces . More complex functional primitives may be defined by boolean combinations of simpler predicates . Furthermore , the theory of R - functions allow conversions of such representations into a single function inequality for any closed semi analytic set . Such a representation can be converted to a boundary representation using polygonization algorithms , for example , the marching cubes algorithm . Parametric and feature - based modeling ( edit ) Features are defined to be parametric shapes associated with attributes such as intrinsic geometric parameters ( length , width , depth etc . ) , position and orientation , geometric tolerances , material properties , and references to other features . Features also provide access to related production processes and resource models . Thus , features have a semantically higher level than primitive closed regular sets . Features are generally expected to form a basis for linking CAD with downstream manufacturing applications , and also for organizing databases for design data reuse . Parametric feature based modeling is frequently combined with constructive binary solid geometry ( CSG ) to fully describe systems of complex objects in engineering . History of solid modelers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The historical development of solid modelers has to be seen in context of the whole history of CAD , the key milestones being the development of the research system BUILD followed by its commercial spin - off Romulus which went on to influence the development of Parasolid , ACIS and Solid Modeling Solutions . One of the first CAD developers in the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , ASCON began internal development of its own solid modeler in the 1990s . In November 2012 , the mathematical division of ASCON became a separate company , and was named C3D Labs . It was assigned the task of developing the C3D geometric modeling kernel as a standalone product -- the only commercial 3D modeling kernel from Russia . Other contributions came from Mäntylä , with his GWB and from the GPM project which contributed , among other things , hybrid modeling techniques at the beginning of the 1980s . This is also when the Programming Language of Solid Modeling PLaSM was conceived at the University of Rome . Computer - aided design ( edit ) Main article : Computer - aided design This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The modeling of solids is only the minimum requirement of a CAD system 's capabilities . Solid modelers have become commonplace in engineering departments in the last ten years due to faster computers and competitive software pricing . Solid modeling software creates a virtual 3D representation of components for machine design and analysis . A typical graphical user interface includes programmable macros , keyboard shortcuts and dynamic model manipulation . The ability to dynamically re-orient the model , in real - time shaded 3 - D , is emphasized and helps the designer maintain a mental 3 - D image . A solid part model generally consists of a group of features , added one at a time , until the model is complete . Engineering solid models are built mostly with sketcher - based features ; 2 - D sketches that are swept along a path to become 3 - D. These may be cuts , or extrusions for example . Design work on components is usually done within the context of the whole product using assembly modeling methods . An assembly model incorporates references to individual part models that comprise the product . Another type of modeling technique is ' surfacing ' ( Freeform surface modeling ) . Here , surfaces are defined , trimmed and merged , and filled to make solid . The surfaces are usually defined with datum curves in space and a variety of complex commands . Surfacing is more difficult , but better applicable to some manufacturing techniques , like injection molding . Solid models for injection molded parts usually have both surfacing and sketcher based features . Engineering drawings can be created semi-automatically and reference the solid models . Parametric modeling ( edit ) Parametric modeling uses parameters to define a model ( dimensions , for example ) . Examples of parameters are : dimensions used to create model features , material density , formulas to describe swept features , imported data ( that describe a reference surface , for example ) . The parameter may be modified later , and the model will update to reflect the modification . Typically , there is a relationship between parts , assemblies , and drawings . A part consists of multiple features , and an assembly consists of multiple parts . Drawings can be made from either parts or assemblies . Example : A shaft is created by extruding a circle 100 mm . A hub is assembled to the end of the shaft . Later , the shaft is modified to be 200 mm long ( click on the shaft , select the length dimension , modify to 200 ) . When the model is updated the shaft will be 200 mm long , the hub will relocate to the end of the shaft to which it was assembled , and the engineering drawings and mass properties will reflect all changes automatically . Related to parameters , but slightly different are constraints . Constraints are relationships between entities that make up a particular shape . For a window , the sides might be defined as being parallel , and of the same length . Parametric modeling is obvious and intuitive . But for the first three decades of CAD this was not the case . Modification meant re-draw , or add a new cut or protrusion on top of old ones . Dimensions on engineering drawings were created , instead of shown . Parametric modeling is very powerful , but requires more skill in model creation . A complicated model for an injection molded part may have a thousand features , and modifying an early feature may cause later features to fail . Skillfully created parametric models are easier to maintain and modify . Parametric modeling also lends itself to data re-use . A whole family of capscrews can be contained in one model , for example . Medical solid modeling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Modern computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanners can be used to create solid models of internal body features , so - called volume rendering . Optical 3D scanners can be used to create point clouds or polygon mesh models of external body features . Uses of medical solid modeling ; Visualization Visualization of specific body tissues ( just blood vessels and tumor , for example ) Designing prosthetics , orthotics , and other medical and dental devices ( this is sometimes called mass customization ) Creating polygon mesh models for rapid prototyping ( to aid surgeons preparing for difficult surgeries , for example ) Combining polygon mesh models with CAD solid modeling ( design of hip replacement parts , for example ) Computational analysis of complex biological processes , e.g. air flow , blood flow Computational simulation of new medical devices and implants in vivo If the use goes beyond visualization of the scan data , processes like image segmentation and image - based meshing will be necessary to generate an accurate and realistic geometrical description of the scan data . Engineering ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mass properties window of a model in Cobalt Because CAD programs running on computers `` understand '' the true geometry comprising complex shapes , many attributes of / for a 3 ‐ D solid , such as its center of gravity , volume , and mass , can be quickly calculated . For instance , the cube shown at the top of this article measures 8.4 mm from flat to flat . Despite its many radii and the shallow pyramid on each of its six faces , its properties are readily calculated for the designer , as shown in the screenshot at right . See also ( edit ) PLaSM - Programming Language of Solid Modeling . Computer graphics Computational geometry Euler boundary representation Engineering drawing Technical drawing List of CAD companies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Vadim ( 2001 ) . Solid Modeling . Elsevier . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Requicha , A.A.G & Voelcker , H. ( 1983 ) . Solid Modeling : Current Status and Research Directions . IEEE Computer Graphics . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Tilove , R.B. & Requicha , A.A.G ( 1980 ) . Closure of Boolean operations on geometric entities . Computer Aided Design . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Requicha , A.A.G. ( 1980 ) . Representations for Rigid Solids : Theory , Methods , and Systems . ACM Computing Surveys . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hatcher , A. ( 2002 ) . Algebraic Topology . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Canny , John F. ( 1987 ) . The Complexity of Robot Motion Planning . MIT press , ACM doctoral dissertation award . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , M. ( 2004 ) . `` Computable Operators on Regular Sets '' . Wiley . doi : 10.1002 / malq. 200310107 . Jump up ^ Mantyla , M. , Nau , D. , and Shah , J. ( 1996 ) . Challenges in feature based manufacturing research . Communications of the ACM . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yares , Evan ( April 2013 ) . `` Russian CAD '' . Design World . WTWH Media , LLC. 8 ( 4 ) . ISSN 1941 - 7217 . Jump up ^ Golovanov , Nikolay ( 2014 ) . Geometric Modeling : The mathematics of shapes . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ( December 24 , 2014 ) . p . Back cover . ISBN 978 - 1497473195 . Jump up ^ LaCourse , Donald ( 1995 ) . `` 2 '' . Handbook of Solid Modeling . McGraw Hill . p. 2.5 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035788 - 9 . Jump up ^ LaCourse , Donald ( 1995 ) . `` 11 '' . Handbook of Solid Modeling . McGraw Hill . p. 111.2 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035788 - 9 . External links ( edit ) sgCore C++ / C# library The Solid Modeling Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid_modeling&oldid=800201649 '' Categories : 3D computer graphics Computer - aided design Euclidean solid geometry Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from June 2015 All articles with a promotional tone All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français हिन्दी Magyar Македонски 日本語 Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which refer to a model that represent all the dimension of an object external as well as internal	[]	[]
-7488832083225095470	List of lakes by volume	List of lakes by volume - wikipedia List of lakes by volume Jump to : navigation , search This article lists lakes with a water volume of more than 100 km3 , ranked by volume . The volume of a lake is a difficult quantity to measure . Generally , the volume must be inferred from bathymetric data by integration . Lake volumes can also change dramatically over time and during the year , especially for salt lakes in arid climates . For these reasons , and because of changing research , information on lake volumes can vary considerably from source to source . The base data for this article are from The Water Encyclopedia ( 1990 ) . Where volume data from more recent surveys or other authoritative sources has been used , it is referenced in each entry . Contents ( hide ) 1 The list 2 By continent 3 See also 4 Notes and references The list ( edit ) The volume of the lakes below varies little by season . This list does not include reservoirs ; if it did , six reservoirs would appear on the list : Lake Kariba at 26th , Bratsk Reservoir , Lake Volta , Lake Nasser , Manicouagan Reservoir , and Lake Guri . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Continent color key Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica Oceanic lakes Two bodies of water at times considered to be lakes are hydrologically ocean ( Maracaibo ) or geologically ocean ( the Caspian Sea ) . Name Country Region Surface area Water volume Salinity Caspian Sea Azerbaijan , Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Iran 371,000 km ( 143,000 sq mi ) 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) 1.2 % Maracaibo Venezuela Trujillo , Zulia 13,210 km ( 5,100 sq mi ) 280 km ( 67 cu mi ) 3.5 % ( variable ) Continental lakes The following are geological as well as geographical lakes . Name Country Region Surface area Water volume Salinity Baikal Russia Siberia 31,722 km ( 12,248 sq mi ) 23,600 km ( 5,700 cu mi ) Fresh Tanganyika Tanzania , DR Congo , Burundi , Zambia African Great Lakes 32,900 km ( 12,700 sq mi ) 18,900 km ( 4,500 cu mi ) Fresh Superior United States , Canada Michigan , Minnesota , Ontario , Wisconsin 82,100 km ( 31,700 sq mi ) 11,600 km ( 2,800 cu mi ) Fresh Michigan -- Huron United States , Canada Wisconsin , Michigan , Illinois , Indiana , Ontario 117,400 km ( 45,300 sq mi ) 8,443 km ( 2,026 cu mi ) Fresh Malawi Malawi , Mozambique , Tanzania African Great Lakes 29,600 km ( 11,400 sq mi ) 7,725 km ( 1,853 cu mi ) Fresh Vostok Antarctica Under the East Antarctic Ice Sheet 15,690 km ( 6,060 sq mi ) 5,400 ± 1,600 km3 ( ~ 1,300 cu mi ) Fresh Michigan United States Michigan , Illinois , Wisconsin , Indiana . 58,000 km ( 22,000 sq mi ) 4,920 km ( 1,180 cu mi ) Fresh Huron United States , Canada Michigan , Ontario 59,600 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) 3,540 km ( 850 cu mi ) Fresh Victoria Tanzania , Uganda , Kenya African Great Lakes 68,800 km ( 26,600 sq mi ) 2,700 km ( 650 cu mi ) Fresh Great Bear Lake Canada Northwest Territories 31,153 km ( 12,028 sq mi ) 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) Fresh Issyk - Kul Kyrgyzstan Issyk - Kul Region 6,236 km ( 2,408 sq mi ) 1,730 km ( 420 cu mi ) 0.6 % Ontario Canada , United States New York , Ontario 18,960 km ( 7,320 sq mi ) 1,710 km ( 410 cu mi ) Fresh Great Slave Lake Canada Northwest Territories 27,200 km ( 10,500 sq mi ) 1,580 km ( 380 cu mi ) Fresh Ladoga Russia Leningrad Oblast , Republic of Karelia 17,700 km ( 6,800 sq mi ) 908 km ( 218 cu mi ) Fresh Titicaca Bolivia , Peru La Paz Department , Puno Region 8,372 km ( 3,232 sq mi ) 893 km ( 214 cu mi ) Fresh Van Turkey Southeast Anatolia 3,755 km ( 1,450 sq mi ) 607 km ( 146 cu mi ) 2.3 % Kivu Rwanda , DR Congo African Great Lakes 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 569 km ( 137 cu mi ) Fresh Erie United States , Canada Michigan , Ohio , Ontario , Pennsylvania , New York 25,667 km ( 9,910 sq mi ) 480 km ( 120 cu mi ) Fresh Khövsgöl Mongolia Khövsgöl Province 2,760 km ( 1,070 sq mi ) 480 km ( 120 cu mi ) Fresh Onega Russia Leningrad Oblast , Republic of Karelia , Vologda Oblast 9,700 km ( 3,700 sq mi ) 295 km ( 71 cu mi ) Fresh Winnipeg Canada Manitoba 24,514 km ( 9,465 sq mi ) 284 km ( 68 cu mi ) Fresh Nipigon Canada Ontario 4,848 km ( 1,872 sq mi ) 248 km ( 59 cu mi ) Fresh Toba Indonesia Sumatra 1,130 km ( 440 sq mi ) 240 km ( 58 cu mi ) Fresh Argentino Argentina Santa Cruz Province 1,466 km ( 566 sq mi ) 219.9 km ( 52.8 cu mi ) Fresh Turkana Kenya African Great Lakes 6,405 km ( 2,473 sq mi ) 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) 0.24 % Vänern Sweden Västergötland , Dalsland , Värmland 5,650 km ( 2,180 sq mi ) 153 km ( 37 cu mi ) Fresh Tahoe United States California , Nevada 496 km ( 192 sq mi ) 151 km ( 36 cu mi ) Fresh Dead Sea Jordan , Israel , West Bank Judea and Samaria Area , Southern District , West Bank , Balqa Governorate , Madaba Governorate , Karak Governorate 810 km ( 310 sq mi ) 147 km ( 35 cu mi ) 34 % Albert Uganda , DR Congo African Great Lakes 5,300 km ( 2,000 sq mi ) 132 km ( 32 cu mi ) Fresh Iliamna United States Alaska 2,622 km ( 1,012 sq mi ) 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) Fresh Nettilling Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) 5,066 km ( 1,956 sq mi ) 114 km ( 27 cu mi ) Fresh Balkhash Kazakhstan Karaganda Region , Jambyl Region , Almaty Region 16,400 km ( 6,300 sq mi ) 112 km ( 27 cu mi ) 0.3 % ( variable ) Athabasca Canada Alberta , Saskatchewan 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) 110 km ( 26 cu mi ) Fresh Nicaragua Nicaragua Rivas Department , Granada Department , Río San Juan Department 8,264 km ( 3,191 sq mi ) 108 km ( 26 cu mi ) Fresh In 1960 , the Aral Sea was the world 's twelfth - largest known lake by volume , at 1,100 km ( 260 cu mi ) . However , by 2007 it had shrunk to 10 % of its original volume and was divided into three lakes ; none of them is large enough to appear on this list . By continent ( edit ) Africa : Lake Tanganyika Antarctica : Lake Vostok Asia : Lake Baikal ( Caspian Sea ) Oceania : Lake Eyre Europe : Lake Ladoga North America : Lake Superior South America : Lake Titicaca See also ( edit ) List of lakes by depth List of lakes by area List of largest lakes of Europe Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Although Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are usually considered distinct , they are sometimes regarded as a single lake . Lake Michigan -- Huron is the fourth - largest freshwater lake by volume . References Jump up ^ van der Leeden ; Troise ; Todd ( 1990 ) , The Water Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) , Chelsea , MI : Lewis Publishers , p. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers , biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake . It is endorheic ( having no outlet ) , and can be compared to other large ( but still much smaller ) endorheic salt lakes , such as the Aral Sea , Great Salt Lake and Lake Van . However , the Caspian 's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea . Geologically , the Caspian , Black , and Mediterranean seas are remnants of the ancient Tethys Ocean . Politically , the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law . Jump up ^ Lake Maracaibo is generally regarded as a lake , but is seen by geologists as an inlet of the Caribbean Sea . It lies approximately at sea level , is somewhat salty and is connected to the Caribbean via a channel at its northern end . Jump up ^ Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and the largest freshwater lake by volume . Jump up ^ Which Lake is the World 's Largest ? Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake hydraulically because of their connection through the deep Straits of Mackinac . '' Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory , part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . `` Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing : Hydrological Models Archived 2010 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... '' NOAA , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake , as they rise and fall together due to their union at the Straits of Mackinac . '' U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , `` Hydrological Components '' Record Low Water Levels Expected on Lake Superior Archived 2008 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... August 2007 . p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Lake in the World '' . geology.com . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Hebert , Paul ( 2007 ) , `` Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories '' , Encyclopedia of Earth , Washington , DC : Environmental Information Coalition , National Council for Science and the Environment , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153100/ Jump up ^ Degens , E.T. ; Wong , H.K. ; Kempe , S. ; Kurtman , F. ( June 1984 ) , `` A geological study of Lake Van , eastern Turkey '' , International Journal of Earth Sciences , Springer , 73 ( 2 ) : 701 -- 734 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01824978 Jump up ^ `` Lake Nipigon '' . World Lake Database . International Lake Environment Committee Foundation ( ILEC ) . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Although some parts of Indonesia are often regarded as belonging to Oceania , Sumatra and Lake Toba are generally placed in Asia . Jump up ^ Philip Micklin ; Nikolay V. Aladin ( March 2008 ) . `` Reclaiming the Aral Sea '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_by_volume&oldid=817869526 '' Categories : Lists of lakes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Esperanto فارسی Français Latviešu Magyar Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the world largest freshwater lake by volume	[ "\n\nName\nCountry\nRegion\nSurface area\nWater volume\nSalinity\n\n\nBaikal[4]\n Russia\nSiberia\n31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)\n23,600 km3 (5,700 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTanganyika\n Tanzania, DR Congo, Burundi, Zambia\nAfrican Great Lakes\n32,900 km2 (12,700 sq mi)\n18,900 km3 (4,500 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nSuperior\n United States, Canada\nMichigan, Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin\n82,100 km2 (31,700 sq mi)\n11,600 km3 (2,800 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nMichigan–Huron[n 1]\n United States, Canada\nWisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ontario\n117,400 km2 (45,300 sq mi)\n8,443 km3 (2,026 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nMalawi\n Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania\nAfrican Great Lakes\n29,600 km2 (11,400 sq mi)\n7,725 km3 (1,853 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nVostok\n Antarctica\nUnder the East Antarctic Ice Sheet\n15,690 km2 (6,060 sq mi)\n5,400±1,600 km³ (~1,300 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nMichigan[n 1]\n United States\nMichigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana.\n58,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi)\n4,920 km3 (1,180 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nHuron[n 1]\n United States, Canada\nMichigan, Ontario\n59,600 km2 (23,000 sq mi)\n3,540 km3 (850 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nVictoria\n Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya\nAfrican Great Lakes\n68,800 km2 (26,600 sq mi)\n2,700 km3 (650 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nGreat Bear Lake[10]\n Canada\nNorthwest Territories\n31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi)\n2,236 km3 (536 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nIssyk-Kul\n Kyrgyzstan\nIssyk-Kul Region\n6,236 km2 (2,408 sq mi)\n1,730 km3 (420 cu mi)\n0.6%\n\n\nOntario\n Canada, United States\nNew York, Ontario\n18,960 km2 (7,320 sq mi)\n1,710 km3 (410 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nGreat Slave Lake[11]\n Canada\nNorthwest Territories\n27,200 km2 (10,500 sq mi)\n1,580 km3 (380 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nLadoga\n Russia\nLeningrad Oblast, Republic of Karelia\n17,700 km2 (6,800 sq mi)\n908 km3 (218 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTiticaca\n Bolivia, Peru\nLa Paz Department, Puno Region\n8,372 km2 (3,232 sq mi)\n893 km3 (214 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nVan[12]\n Turkey\nSoutheast Anatolia\n3,755 km2 (1,450 sq mi)\n607 km3 (146 cu mi)\n2.3%\n\n\nKivu\n Rwanda, DR Congo\nAfrican Great Lakes\n2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)\n569 km3 (137 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nErie\n United States, Canada\nMichigan, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, New York\n25,667 km2 (9,910 sq mi)\n480 km3 (120 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nKhövsgöl\n Mongolia\nKhövsgöl Province\n2,760 km2 (1,070 sq mi)\n480 km3 (120 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nOnega\n Russia\nLeningrad Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Vologda Oblast\n9,700 km2 (3,700 sq mi)\n295 km3 (71 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nWinnipeg\n Canada\nManitoba\n24,514 km2 (9,465 sq mi)\n284 km3 (68 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nNipigon[13]\n Canada\nOntario\n4,848 km2 (1,872 sq mi)\n248 km3 (59 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nToba[14]\n Indonesia\nSumatra\n1,130 km2 (440 sq mi)\n240 km3 (58 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nArgentino\n Argentina\nSanta Cruz Province\n1,466 km2 (566 sq mi)\n219.9 km3 (52.8 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTurkana\n Kenya\nAfrican Great Lakes\n6,405 km2 (2,473 sq mi)\n204 km3 (49 cu mi)\n0.24%\n\n\nVänern\n Sweden\nVästergötland, Dalsland, Värmland\n5,650 km2 (2,180 sq mi)\n153 km3 (37 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTahoe\n United States\nCalifornia, Nevada\n496 km2 (192 sq mi)\n151 km3 (36 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nDead Sea\n Jordan, Israel, West Bank\nJudea and Samaria Area, Southern District, West Bank, Balqa Governorate, Madaba Governorate, Karak Governorate\n810 km2 (310 sq mi)\n147 km3 (35 cu mi)\n34%\n\n\nAlbert\n Uganda, DR Congo\nAfrican Great Lakes\n5,300 km2 (2,000 sq mi)\n132 km3 (32 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nIliamna\n United States\nAlaska\n2,622 km2 (1,012 sq mi)\n115 km3 (28 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nNettilling\n Canada\nNunavut (Baffin Island)\n5,066 km2 (1,956 sq mi)\n114 km3 (27 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nBalkhash\n Kazakhstan\nKaraganda Region, Jambyl Region, Almaty Region\n16,400 km2 (6,300 sq mi)\n112 km3 (27 cu mi)\n0.3% (variable)\n\n\nAthabasca\n Canada\nAlberta, Saskatchewan\n7,850 km2 (3,030 sq mi)\n110 km3 (26 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nNicaragua\n Nicaragua\nRivas Department, Granada Department, Río San Juan Department\n8,264 km2 (3,191 sq mi)\n108 km3 (26 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n" ]	[ "Baikal" ]
-5645219536993765893	The Imperial March	The Imperial March - wikipedia The Imperial March Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the John Williams composition . For the musical work by Edward Elgar , see Imperial March ( Elgar ) . Further information : Music of Star Wars `` The Imperial March '' Single by London Symphony Orchestra from the album The Empire Strikes Back Released April 29 , 1980 Format Long play Genre Film soundtrack Label RSO Records Songwriter ( s ) John Williams The March of the Empire . Play ( help info ) `` The Imperial March ( Darth Vader 's Theme ) '' , is a musical theme present in the Star Wars franchise . It was composed by John Williams for the film The Empire Strikes Back . Together with `` Yoda 's Theme '' , `` The Imperial March '' was premiered on April 29 , 1980 , three weeks before the opening of the film , on the occasion of John Williams ' first concert as official conductor - in - residence of the Boston Pops Orchestra . '' One of the best known symphonic movie themes , it is an example of a leitmotif , a recurrent theme associated with characters or events in a drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use in Star Wars 1.1 Original trilogy 1.2 Prequel trilogy 1.3 Star Wars : The Clone Wars 1.4 Star Wars Rebels 1.5 The Force Awakens 1.6 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 1.7 The Last Jedi 2 Uses outside Star Wars 2.1 Uses in sport 2.2 Use in music 2.3 Other uses 3 See also 4 References Use in Star Wars ( edit ) `` The Imperial March '' is sometimes referred to simply as `` Darth Vader 's Theme . '' In the movies ( except for the original Star Wars ) , the march is often played when Darth Vader appears . It is also played during Palpatine 's arrival on the Death Star in Return of the Jedi , though it does segue into the Emperor 's own theme as he appears . Original trilogy ( edit ) `` The Imperial March '' is first heard in The Empire Strikes Back in low piccolos as the Galactic Empire sends probe droids across the galaxy in search of Luke Skywalker . Its major opening occurs as Star Destroyers amass and Darth Vader is first presented in the film , 19 minutes into the movie . The theme and related motifs are also incorporated into tracks such as `` The Battle of Hoth '' and `` The Asteroid Field '' . Return of the Jedi makes similar use of the theme , though its final statement is significantly different , making quiet use of a harp as a redeemed Anakin Skywalker dies in his son 's arms . Prequel trilogy ( edit ) `` The Imperial March '' appears on a few occasions in the prequel trilogy , most often used to foreshadow Anakin Skywalker 's future as Darth Vader . An innocent theme for the nine - year - old Anakin in The Phantom Menace is thematically based on `` The Imperial March '' . `` The Imperial March '' is also heard towards the end , as Yoda acknowledges Anakin as Obi - Wan 's apprentice in saying `` The chosen One , the boy may be . Nevertheless , grave danger I fear in his training '' . It is also heard softly at the end of the final credit roll , where it fades into the character 's signature breathing , showing the rest of the prequel trilogy will reveal how Anakin became Darth Vader . In the second prequel , Attack of the Clones , `` The Imperial March '' is sometimes played subtly when an event foreshadows Anakin 's future : It is first played when Yoda senses Anakin slaughtering a tribe of Tusken Raiders to avenge his mother 's death and later with more force when Anakin tells Padmé Amidala what he did . It is played most prominently and recognizably during the final sequence when clone troopers assemble and depart Coruscant , foreshadowing that they will become the Imperial stormtroopers . Although `` Across the Stars '' is featured most prominently in the film 's end credits , several notes from `` The Imperial March '' are heard beneath it near the end . In Revenge of the Sith `` The Imperial March '' is first played when Anakin rebukes the Jedi Council for denying him the rank of Jedi Master , although being appointed to the Council . The track can also be heard when Anakin tells Mace Windu about Palpatine 's true identity . It is later played when Anakin is dubbed as the Sith Darth Vader , shortly after the death of Mace Windu . `` The Imperial March '' is quoted when Clone Troopers find dead wookiees on Kashyyyk and when Padmé confronts Anakin on Mustafar . A few notes of the `` March '' are played when Vader arrives on Mustafar to kill the Separatists . The piece is played more clearly during the `` Battle of the Heroes '' scene between Obi - Wan and Darth Vader at the movie 's climax and in the simultaneous battle between Yoda and Palpatine . It is also played when Darth Vader receives his armor and when he looks up at the first Death Star . Star Wars : the clone Wars ( edit ) `` The Imperial March '' has influence in short but dark moments revolving around Anakin . For example , in episode 62 `` Citadel Rescue '' , Anakin and Captain Wilhuff Tarkin both mentioned during their escape their good relationship with the Supreme Chancellor Palpatine . Anakin shakes hands with Tarkin at the end of the episode , while Tarkin said he would inform the Chancellor of Anakin 's good performance . During that handshake , a hint is to be heard in the music referring to `` The Imperial March '' . Other episodes that feature the theme include `` Brain Invaders '' ( when Anakin strangles Poggle ) , `` Voyage of Temptation '' ( when Anakin kills Merrik ) , `` Overlords '' ( multiple times ) , `` Ghosts of Mortis '' ( multiple times ) , `` Kidnapped '' ( when Obi - Wan talks with Anakin then Ashoka ) , `` Deception '' ( multiple times ) and `` Friends and Enemies '' ( multiple times ) , `` Crisis on Naboo '' ( when Anakin argues with Obi - Wan ) , `` The Lawless '' ( during Darth Sidious scenes ) , `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' ( multiple times ) . The theme is used prominently during the sixth and final season . Star Wars rebels ( edit ) In `` Empire Day '' , the episode 's title referring to the Empire 's anniversary , `` The Imperial Anthem '' , an arrangement of `` The Imperial March '' , is heard during the parade . The march is also heard in `` Call to Action '' when Grand Moff Tarkin arrives on Lothal , in the final scene of `` Fire Across the Galaxy '' when Darth Vader arrives on Lothal , and multiple scenes in `` The Siege of Lothal '' . The force Awakens ( edit ) In the 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens , two bars from the brass motif of `` The Imperial March '' are played after antagonist Kylo Ren clutches the charred remains of Darth Vader 's helmet , vowing to finally succeed where the Galactic Empire failed . Rogue One : a Star Wars Story ( edit ) Trailers for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story featured the track prominently ; the first notes of `` The Imperial March '' can be heard at the end of the trailer as the letters turn to reveal the name of the upcoming movie . Prior to this , Darth Vader can be heard breathing and his appearance is seen in the reflection of the floor . In the film proper , scored by Michael Giacchino , the theme can be heard when Vader emerges from his sanctum to confer with Director Orson Krennic , and again after Vader warns Krennic about overstepping his bounds . The theme can be heard once more when Vader attacks the rebels trapped in a hallway ; it is slowed down enough to not be obvious and married with a chorus reminiscent of that from Revenge of the Sith . The theme is finally heard outright when Vader witnesses the Tantive IV fleeing into hyperspace . The last Jedi ( edit ) In the 2017 Star Wars : The Last Jedi , the track was briefly played after Supreme Leader Snoke compares antagonist Kylo Ren to Darth Vader , saying he saw the potential of `` A new Vader '' . Uses outside Star Wars ( edit ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( October 2010 ) Uses in sport ( edit ) The music has been used as emblematic of sporting rivalries . Numerous high school and college marching bands have taken to playing the march during football games , particularly when a home team 's defense is on the field or has made a big play or to question a penalty call made by the official . The defensive cheer `` Vader '' is an excerpt from `` The Imperial March '' and is a popular stand tune played by the Auburn University Marching Band during football and basketball games . The first regular use of `` The Imperial March '' was in the 1980s , when John Thompson led the Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team onto the floor with `` The Imperial March '' being played by the Georgetown band . Rather than shy away from the bad - guy persona , Georgetown embraced the image , perpetuating the sullen , intimidating identity of the Hoyas . In January 2003 , during Super Bowl XXXVII , ABC Sports took to using `` The Imperial March '' as a leitmotif for the Oakland Raiders . It was used to introduce Roger Federer during the 2007 US Open . Three - time World Professional Darts Champion John Part uses the theme as entrance for his matches . The Montreal Canadiens of the NHL also use the theme when they go on the powerplay . The song is also used for the visiting team 's intro during South Sydney Rabbitohs , Hokkaido Nippon - Ham Fighters , Chicago Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Cleveland Cavaliers , San Jose Earthquakes , and New York Yankees games at the Stadium Australia , Sapporo Dome , United Center , Staples Center , Quicken Loans Arena , Avaya Stadium , and Yankee Stadium respectively . Use in music ( edit ) Ska punk group No Doubt did a live cover of the song for their Live in the Tragic Kingdom DVD . The progressive metal band Bigelf use it in introduction of their concerts . In addition , their singer , Damon Fox , has a Yoda decal on his keyboard . Canadian band Barenaked Ladies performed a version of the Imperial March on their Maroon tour , with multi-instrumentalist Kevin Hearn singing a set of parody lyrics based on Britney Spears ' hit song Oops ! ... I Did It Again . The Dutch symphonic metal band Epica did a live cover of the song which is found on The Classical Conspiracy live album . Celldweller did an Electronic Rock cover of The Imperial March . Dance group Midas produced track inspired by The Imperial March . Other uses ( edit ) In 2012 , Volkswagen released a commercial for Super Bowl XLVI , featuring several dogs barking to the tune of `` The Imperial March '' . Shortly before the Scottish independence referendum , a pro-independence campaigner rode a rickshaw alongside a group of anti-independence Labour party politicians , who had travelled by train from London to Glasgow for a highly publicised visit , as they paraded through the centre of the city , playing the Imperial March and announcing to Glaswegians : `` Your Imperial Masters have arrived . Bow down before your Imperial Masters ! '' The Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy ships of the Disney Cruise Line can play the opening notes of Imperial March on their whistles during select cruise itineraries . See also ( edit ) `` Duel of the Fates '' Star Wars music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larsen & Irons ( 2007 ) , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Michael Matessino , booklet for original soundtrack recording for Empire Strikes Back , Special Edition , page 17 . RCA ASIN B000003G8G . `` The Imperial March ( Darth Vader 's Theme ) is the now famous signature theme for Darth Vader . '' Jump up ^ Michael Matessino , booklet for original soundtrack recording for Empire Strikes Back , Special Edition , page 6 . RCA ASIN B000003G8G . Jump up ^ Irena Paulus , `` Williams versus Wagner or an Attempt at Linking Musical Epics '' International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 31 2 ( 2000 ) : 153 . `` John Williams used leitmotifs in the genuine sense of the word . He has come very close to the practice of Wagner in the various procedures in which he varies and transforms his themes , and in using the idea of the thematic image ( the arch - theme that is the unifying element of the musical material ) . However , the similarity of Williams 's and Wagner 's leitmotifs is greatest in the area of kinship of themes ( a series of new themes or motifs derive from a single motif or theme ) on the basis of which both of them create a web of mutually related leitmotifs . The closeness of the procedures of the two can also be found in the area of melody , rhythm , form , harmony , instrumentation , and even in the domain of the ratio of the old and the new in their music . The ultimate objective of Richard Wagner was to create the music drama , music for the stage based on the old roots of opera , in which all the musical elements were subordinated to the drama . The ultimate aim of John Williams was to take part in the creation of a film in which his music would serve to define the film 's substance and help all the other elements of it to function property . '' Jump up ^ Wiley , Ralph , Darth Vader of G'Town Jump up ^ Urbanski , Heather ( 2007 ) . Plagues , Apocalypses and Bug - Eyed Monsters : How Speculative Fiction Shapes Our Nightmares . New York : McFarland . pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Tennis-X.com . `` Darth Federer Eyes 12th Slam Today Against Djokovic '' . www.tennis-x.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Dart Players Walk on Music ... '' Darts501.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Tunes / Midas -- Rushin ' On Pink Champagne / Imperial March ( Star Wars Mix ) '' . discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen 's ' The Bark Side ' : Dogs Bark The ' Star Wars ' Imperial March For Super Bowl Commercial ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nsubuga , Jimmy ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Pro-independence rickshaw rider taunts Labour Party members with Star Wars ' Imperial March down Glasgow high street '' . Metro UK . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bland , Archie ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Scottish independence vote : Cameron 's Scottish roots wo n't help the ' No ' brigade '' . Independent . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labour MPs Blasted With Imperial Death March in Glasgow '' . uk.news.yahoo.com . Yahoo News Network . September 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Other Print works Novels Behind the scenes Comics list Video games list Radio show Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Characters Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Art Expanded universe Non-canonical Characters Storylines Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Documentaries The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Imperial_March&oldid=824424898 '' Categories : Music of Star Wars March music Songs written for films Compositions by John Williams 1980 compositions Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the imperial march is only heard in one of the star wars films	[]	[]
-4821409652787550205	Law & Order: Special Victims Unit	Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - Wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Jump to : navigation , search For the latest season , see Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Also known as Law & Order : SVU SVU Genre Police procedural Legal drama Thriller Created by Dick Wolf Starring Christopher Meloni Mariska Hargitay Richard Belzer Dann Florek Michelle Hurd Stephanie March Ice - T B.D. Wong Diane Neal Tamara Tunie Adam Beach Michaela McManus Danny Pino Kelli Giddish Raúl Esparza Peter Scanavino Philip Winchester Opening theme Theme of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Composer ( s ) Mike Post Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 19 No. of episodes 434 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Wolf Robert Palm ( season 1 ) David J. Burke ( season 2 ) Neal Baer ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) Ted Kotcheff ( seasons 2 -- 13 ) Peter Jankowski ( season 2 -- ) Warren Leight ( seasons 13 -- 17 ) Michael Smith ( season 14 ) Julie Martin ( seasons 14 -- ) Jonathan Starch ( season 15 -- ) Arthur W. Forney ( season 17 -- ) Rick Eid ( season 18 ) Mariska Hargitay ( season 18 -- ) Michael Chernuchin ( season 19 -- ) Running time 40 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Wolf Films Studios USA ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Universal Television ( 2002 -- 04 , 2011 -- ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Law & Order franchise External links Website Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American police procedural , legal , crime drama television series set in New York City , where it is also primarily produced . In the style of the original Law & Order , episodes are often `` ripped from the headlines '' or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . Created by Dick Wolf , the series premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 , as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has been nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Mariska Hargitay , the first , and to date only , Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . It is the current longest running scripted non-animated U.S. primetime TV series since the cancellation of the original Law & Order on May 24 , 2010 and is the fourth - longest running scripted U.S. primetime TV series on a major broadcast network . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit originally centered almost exclusively on the detectives of the Special Victims Unit in a fictional version of the 16th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . As the series progressed , additional supporting characters were added as allies of the detectives in the New York County Manhattan District Attorney 's office ( known as advisers from the Sex Crimes Bureau ) and the Medical Examiner 's office . Certain episodes will go into detail about detectives ' personal lives and how they may or may not tie into the crimes dealt with during the show . Typical episodes follow the detectives and their colleagues as they investigate and prosecute sexually based offenses , child abuse , and crimes against the elderly . The show starred Christopher Meloni as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson for its first twelve seasons until the former left the cast , unable to come to an agreement on his contract . As of May 23 , 2018 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 434 original episodes . On May 9 , 2018 , NBC renewed the series for a twentieth season , which will allow it to tie the flagship Law & Order and Gunsmoke for the longest - running scripted drama in U.S. television history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 History and development 1.1. 1 Executive producers 1.2 Filming 1.3 Broadcast history 1.4 Russian adaptation 2 Casting 2.1 Salaries 3 Cast and characters 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. television ratings 6.2 Awards and honors 7 Broadcast and streaming 7.1 Syndication 8 International broadcast 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Production ( edit ) History and development ( edit ) The idea for Law & Order : Special . Victims Unit originated with the 1986 `` preppie murder '' case of Robert Chambers , who strangled Jennifer Levin , a woman he dated whom he later killed during what he claimed was consensual `` rough sex '' in Manhattan 's Central Park . The crime inspired Dick Wolf to write the story for the season one episode of Law & Order titled `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' . Even after writing the episode , however , the case continued to haunt Wolf , who wanted to go deeper into the psychology of crimes to examine the role of human sexuality . The original title of the show was Sex Crimes , reflecting the sexual nature of the crimes depicted on the show . Initially there was concern among the producers that , should Sex Crimes fail , identifying the new show with the Law & Order franchise could hurt the original show . Additionally , Ted Kotcheff wanted to create a new series that was not dependent upon the original series for success . Wolf felt , however , that it was important and commercially desirable to have `` Law & Order '' in the title , and he initially proposed the title of the show be Law & Order : Sex Crimes . Barry Diller , then head of Studios USA , was concerned about the title , however , and it was changed to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit to reflect the actual unit of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) that handles sexually based offenses that are especially heinous . The first episode , `` Payback '' , premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 . Executive producers ( edit ) Executive producer Neal Baer left Law & Order : SVU as showrunner at the end of season twelve , after eleven years ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) on the show , in order to sign a three - year deal with CBS Studios . Baer was replaced by former Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Warren Leight . In March 2015 , it was announced that Warren Leight signed a three - year deal with Sony Pictures Television , that will allow him to work on SVU one more season , its seventeenth . Leight joined the show in season thirteen . It was announced on March 10 , 2016 that original Law & Order veteran producer Rick Eid would take Leight 's place as showrunner starting in season 18 . Creator Dick Wolf commented to The Hollywood Reporter , `` I 'm extremely pleased that Rick had decided to rejoin the family and hope that he will be here for years to come . '' During post-production of season 18 , following the announcement that SVU was renewed for a nineteenth season , it was revealed that Rick Eid departed the series . He will be taking over another Dick Wolf / NBC series . Chicago P.D. It was announced on May 25 , 2017 that original Law & Order and Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Michael S. Chernuchin would be reprising his role starting on season nineteen . Chernuchin was also co-creator and executive producing showrunner of Chicago Justice , another Wolf - related show that was canceled by NBC at the end of the 2016 -- 17 TV season . Filming ( edit ) SVU shooting on location in Central Park at night Many exterior scenes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit are filmed on location in New York City , Wolf 's hometown , throughout all five of New York City 's boroughs . As the NYPD encounters varied law enforcement challenges on a daily basis , the backdrop provides the writers a supply of ideal locations from which to choose . Fort Lee , New Jersey served as the filming location for Detective Elliot Stabler 's residence in Queens , New York . When searching for a place to film the interiors of the show , the producers found that there were no suitable studio spaces available in New York City . As a result , a space was chosen at NBC 's Central Archives building in nearby North Bergen , New Jersey , which had sat empty for some time , and featured air - conditioning , adequate parking , and 53,000 square feet ( 4,900 m ) of stage area . The Archives building was used for police station and courtroom scenes , with various other locations in Hudson County used for other scenes , such as a scene shot at the Meadowlands Parkway in Secaucus in 2010 . The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010 , however , when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the Fiscal Year 2011 to close budget gaps . The show moved into the studio space at Chelsea Piers that had been occupied by the original Law & Order series until its cancellation in May 2010 . Broadcast history ( edit ) The show originally aired on Monday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET for the first nine episodes , from September 20 through November 29 , 1999 . It was then shifted to Friday nights at 10 p.m. ET on January 7 , 2000 , and remained in that time slot through the end of season four on May 16 , 2003 . Beginning with the season five premiere on September 23 , 2003 , SVU moved to Tuesday nights at 10 : 00 p.m. ET . NBC airs repeats on Saturday nights at varying times and previous episodes are shown on the USA Network on varying days in marathon blocks With the season eleven premiere on September 23 , 2009 , the series vacated its Tuesday 10 p.m. ET slot because NBC began a prime - time weeknight Jay Leno series . The new time slot became Wednesday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET on NBC , with CTV still airing SVU on Tuesdays at 10 : 00 in Canada . After the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 3 , 2010 , the time slot for SVU changed again to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. ET , where it stayed until the twelfth season . In the 12th season , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. to lead in the newest Law & Order spinoff , Law & Order : LA , until it was pulled from the network in January 2011 to be retooled . SVU moved back to 10 : 00 p.m. on January 12 , 2011 , until the end of the 13th season . With season 14 , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. after a two - hour season premiere event on September 26 , 2012 . Beginning with Season 20 , SVU will air on Thursday nights at 10 PM , after NBC decided to devote their entire Wednesday primetime lineup to the Chicago Med , PD , and Fire trilogy . This will mark the first time ever that Law & Order SVU has held this timeslot on Thursday nights . Russian adaptation ( edit ) In 2007 , the Russian production company Studio 2B purchased the rights to create an adaptation of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit for Russian television . Titled Закон и порядок : отдел оперативных расследований ( Law & Order : Division of Field Investigation ) , the series stars Alisa Bogart as Major Olga Bobrova . The series follows a unit of investigators in Moscow whose job is to investigate crimes of a sexual nature . The series airs on NTV and is produced by Pavel Korchagin , Felix Kleiman , and Edward Verzbovski and directed by Dmitry Brusnikin . The screenplays are written by Sergei Kuznvetsov , Elena Karavaeshnikova , and Maya Shapovalova . Casting ( edit ) Cast of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Cast of seasons 4 -- 5 ( 2002 -- 04 ) , from left : Ice - T , Richard Belzer , Mariska Hargitay , Dann Florek , Christopher Meloni , B.D. Wong , Stephanie March Cast of season 9 ( 2007 -- 08 ) , from left : Diane Neal , Wong , Tamara Tunie , Meloni , Florek , Hargitay , Ice - T , Belzer , Adam Beach Cast of season 10 ( 2008 -- 09 ) from left : Michaela McManus , Wong , Tunie , Meloni , Hargitay , Florek , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of season 15 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) from left : Raúl Esparza , Florek , Danny Pino , Hargitay , Kelli Giddish , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of seasons 17 -- 18 ( 2015 -- 2017 ) . from left : Esparza , Giddish , Hargitay , Ice - T , Peter Scanavino Casting for the lead characters of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999 . Dick Wolf , along with officials from NBC and Studios USA were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center . The last round had been narrowed down to seven finalists . For the female lead , Detective Olivia Benson , actresses Samantha Mathis , Reiko Aylesworth , and Mariska Hargitay were being considered . For the male role , Detective Elliot Stabler , the finalists were Tim Matheson , John Slattery , Nick Chinlund , and Christopher Meloni . Hargitay and Meloni had auditioned in the final round together and , after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' Wolf believed the duo had the perfect chemistry together from the first time he saw them together , and they ended up being his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled began voicing their assent . The first actor to be cast for the show was Dann Florek . Florek had originated the character of Captain Don Cragen in the 1988 pilot for Law & Order and played the character for the first three seasons of the show until he was fired on the orders of network executives , who wanted to add female characters to the all - male primary cast . He maintained a friendly relationship with Wolf , however , and went on to direct three episodes of the original series as well as to occasionally guest star on the show . Shortly after Florek reprised his role for Exiled : A Law & Order Movie , he received a call to be on Sex Crimes . Initially reluctant , he eventually agreed to star on the show as Cragen on the assurance that he would not be asked to audition for the role . Shortly after the cancellation of Homicide : Life on the Street , Richard Belzer heard that Benjamin Bratt had left Law & Order . Belzer requested his manager to call Wolf and pitch the idea for Belzer 's character from Homicide , Detective John Munch , to become the new partner of Jerry Orbach 's character , Detective Lennie Briscoe , since they had previously teamed in three Homicide crossovers . Wolf loved the idea , but had already cast Jesse L. Martin as Briscoe 's new partner , Detective Ed Green . The idea was reconfigured , however , to have Munch on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit instead . Since the character of Munch was inspired by David Simon 's depiction of Detective Sergeant Jay Landsman and developed for Homicide by Tom Fontana and Barry Levinson , the addition of Munch to the cast required the consent of all three . The appropriate agreements were reached and , while Fontana and Levinson agreed to waive their royalty rights , contracts with Simon required that he be paid royalties for any new show in which Munch is a main character ; as a result , Simon receives royalties every time Munch appears in an episode of the show . Dean Winters was cast as Munch 's partner , Brian Cassidy , at the insistence of Belzer . Belzer looked at Winters as a sort of little brother , and told Wolf , `` Well , I 'll do this new show of yours , SVU , only if you make Dean Winters my partner . '' Wolf did make Winters Belzer 's partner , but he was contractually obligated to his other show at the time , the HBO drama Oz . Since the role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was only initially meant to be a few episodes , Winters was forced to leave when it was time to film Oz again . Winters returned for the Season 13 finale , `` Rhodium Nights , '' reprising his role as Cassidy . He also appeared ( as Cassidy ) on the two - part Season 14 premiere `` Lost Reputation '' / `` Above Suspicion '' . He subsequently became a recurring character into season 15 . The void left by Winters 's departure was filled for the remainder of the season by Michelle Hurd as Detective Monique Jeffries , a character who Wolf promised that , despite starting out as a minor character with one scene in the pilot , would eventually develop . Hurd left the show at the beginning of season two to join the cast of Leap Years . Munch 's permanent partner came in the form of rapper - turned - actor Ice - T , who had previously worked with Wolf on New York Undercover and Exiled . Ice - T originally agreed to do only four episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , but he quickly gained affection for the ensemble nature of the cast . He relocated to New York City before his four - episode contract was up and remained with the show as Munch 's permanent partner , Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola . Initially , the show focused exclusively on the policework of the detectives in the Special Victims Unit of the 16th precinct , with members of the District Attorney 's office occasionally appearing as guest roles crossing over from the original Law & Order . From season two onwards , the format was changed to be more faithful to the original Law & Order concept by including court cases . Stephanie March had little television experience before being cast on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , nor did she watch much TV . Nevertheless , March was cast as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot at the beginning of season two but still believed that , due to the grim nature of the series , it would be short - lived . She stayed with the series for three seasons , however , and left when she believed she had reached the natural conclusion of the character 's development . She would later reprise the character as a guest appearance in season six and as a regular character on the short - lived Wolf series , Conviction , where she was promised more to do . Diane Neal had previously guest starred on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in season three before being cast as Cabot 's replacement , Casey Novak , in season five . Neal remained with the show through the end of season nine , after which she was replaced by Michaela McManus . March returned to the show in the tenth season ( after McManus ' departure from the cast ) when Neal Baer proposed Cabot receive a character arc to revitalize the second part of the season , which would continue through season eleven . Tamara Tunie was cast as medical examiner Melinda Warner in season two after working with Wolf previously on New York Undercover , Feds , and Law & Order . Warner was initially a recurring character but became a regular character in season seven , and Tunie was added to the opening credits at that time . When initially cast as Warner , Tunie was appearing as attorney Jessica Griffin on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns . From 2000 to 2007 ( and again briefly in 2009 ) , she appeared on both series simultaneously . In 2002 , she also appeared on the Fox espionage - themed drama series 24 , in the recurring role of CTU Acting Director Alberta Green . B.D. Wong was asked to film four episodes as Dr. George Huang , a Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler on loan to the Special Victims Unit . After his four episodes , he was asked to stay on with the show . After he starred in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and guest starred as Detective Chester Lake in the eighth season , Wolf felt that Adam Beach would be a good addition to the cast and asked him to be a permanent member beginning with the ninth season . Although Beach felt the role was a `` dream role '' , the character proved unpopular with fans who felt that he was designed to gradually write out either Richard Belzer or Ice - T. Feeling there were too many police characters on the show , Beach left the show after only one season . Michaela McManus was originally felt to be too young for the role of an Assistant District Attorney ( ADA ) before being cast as ADA Kim Greylek in the tenth season . McManus , months removed from a recurring role on One Tree Hill , remained with the series only half a season , however , before departing for unspecified reasons . Paula Patton joined the cast as ADA Mikka Von . She replaced Stephanie March . However , Patton dropped out after one episode to film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , and was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller in the recurring role of ADA Gillian Hardwicke . Before the end of season twelve , Mariska Hargitay asked for a lighter workload . As a way of writing her out of certain episodes , a plan to have her character promoted to a supervisory role was discussed . At the end of season twelve , Christopher Meloni departed the cast , unable to come to terms with his contract . Warren Leight became the new showrunner during this same year and signed on before he knew that Meloni would be leaving the cast . The second major departure to be announced in 2011 was that of B. D. Wong . On July 17 , Wong announced on Twitter that , `` I actually do not return for season 13 , I am jumping to Awake ! It 's awesome ! '' Wong added , `` I do n't know if or when I 'll be back on SVU ! It was amazing to have such a cool job for 11 years and to be a real NY Actor . '' Wong reprised his role as Dr. Huang in season 13 's episode `` Father Dearest '' . In response to these departures , two new main actors were hired , and several changes were made to the recurring cast . In June 2011 , it was announced that Kelli Giddish and Danny Pino would join the cast as new series regulars . Weeks later , it was announced that Stephanie March and Diane Neal would be reprising their roles as ADA Alexandra Cabot and ADA Casey Novak , respectively . The launch of season 13 was marked with a retooling of the show that Warren Leight referred to as `` SVU 2.0 '' . Changes that accompanied this included Tamara Tunie 's being bumped from the main cast to a guest starring role and recurring actor Joel de la Fuente 's not appearing for the first time since 2002 . Of the latter change , Warren Leight said , `` those scenes ( which featured Fuente ) can be dry '' and hired Gilbert Gottfried as a more comedic replacement . In addition to these changes , Linus Roache became a recurring cast member in his role of Michael Cutter , whom he played on Law & Order ; on SVU former Executive ADA Cutter serves as the Bureau Chief for ADAs attached to the Special Victims Unit . In season 14 , Raúl Esparza joined the cast in a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere , Esparza was promoted to a series regular . Also in season 15 , Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode , `` Wonderland Story '' , in which Sgt . Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA 's office as an investigator . Later in the season , Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD , which made newly promoted Sgt . Benson the temporary squad commander . In leaving the cast , Florek ended a 400 - episode run as Captain Cragen . In season 16 , Peter Scanavino joined the series , first in a recurring role for episodes 1 -- 3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5 , with Kelli Giddish , Danny Pino , Ice - T and Raúl Esparza no longer appearing in every episode . On May 20 , 2015 , it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale `` Surrendering Noah '' . In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester will recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone , his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice , who is the son of Benjamin Stone , the ADA on the original Law & Order show . It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long - running dramatic series . On February 7 , 2018 , Raúl Esparza left the series after six seasons . Salaries ( edit ) By season twelve , both Mariska Hargitay and Christopher Meloni had become among the highest - paid lead actors on a drama , with each earning nearly $400,000 per episode , a salary that TV Guide said was exceeded only by House 's Hugh Laurie . During season sixteen , Hargitay was reported to be earning $450,000 per episode , or $10,350,000 per season , In season seventeen , her salary increased to $500,000 per episode . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Cast Character Rank / Position Seasons Notes Regular Recurring Guest Christopher Meloni Elliot Stabler Detective 1 -- 12 Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Lieutenant 1 -- Richard Belzer John Munch DA Investigator 1 -- 15 15 , 17 Dann Florek Donald Cragen Captain 1 -- 15 16 Michelle Hurd Monique Jeffries Detective 1 -- 2 Stephanie March Alexandra Cabot Assistant District Attorney 2 -- 5 , 11 2 , 10 , 13 6 , 19 Ice - T Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Sergeant / Detective 2 -- Tamara Tunie Melinda Warner Medical Examiner 7 -- 12 2 -- 6 , 13 -- 17 19 B.D. Wong George Huang FBI Special Agent 4 -- 12 2 -- 3 13 -- 15 , 17 Diane Neal Casey Novak Senior Assistant District Attorney 5 -- 9 13 12 Adam Beach Chester Lake Detective 9 8 Michaela McManus Kim Greylek Assistant District Attorney 10 Danny Pino Nick Amaro Detective 13 -- 16 Kelli Giddish Amanda Rollins Detective 13 -- Raúl Esparza Rafael Barba Assistant District Attorney 15 -- 19 14 Peter Scanavino Dominick Carisi Jr . Detective 16 -- 16 Philip Winchester Peter Stone Assistant District Attorney 19 -- 19 Positions Jump up ^ Olivia Benson was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 15 -- 17 ) Jump up ^ John Munch was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 9 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Belzer , first appeared on Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 - 99 ) Jump up ^ Captain Donald Cragen was the commanding officer of the unit until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Florek , first appeared in the first three seasons of Law & Order ( 1990 - 93 ) Jump up ^ George Huang was the unit 's forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) Appearances Jump up ^ Christopher Meloni was first billed as `` starring '' during seasons 1 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Mariska Hargitay has been first billed as `` starring '' since season 13 ; she was previously second billed after Meloni . Jump up ^ Philip Winchester originally starred as Peter Stone on Chicago Justice , in addition to guest appearances on Chicago P.D. and Chicago Med ; the character joins SVU in the episode `` The Undiscovered Country '' . Series overview ( edit ) In the criminal justice system , sexually based offenses are considered especially heinous . In New York City , the dedicated detectives who investigate these vicious felonies are members of an elite squad known as the Special Victims Unit . These are their stories . -- Opening narration spoken by Steven Zirnkilton Based out of the New York City Police Department 's 16th precinct in Manhattan , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit delves into the dark side of the New York underworld as the detectives of a new elite force , the Special Victims Unit ( SVU for short ) , investigate and prosecute various sexually - oriented crimes including rape , pedophilia , and domestic violence . They also investigate the abuses of children , the disabled and elderly victims of non-sexual crimes who require specialist handling . All the while trying to balance the effects of the investigation on their own lives . Its stories also touch on the political and societal issues associated with gender identity , sexual preferences , and equality rights . While the victim is often murdered , this is not always the case , and victims frequently play prominent roles in episodes . The unit also works with the Manhattan District Attorney 's office as they prosecute cases and seek justice for SVU 's victims and survivors with precision and a passion to win and bring closure to the intense investigations . The series often uses stories that are `` ripped from the headlines '' or based on real crimes . Such episodes take a real crime and fictionalize it by changing some details . Originally the show focused around the detective pairings of Elliot Stabler & Olivia Benson and John Munch & Brian Cassidy . Stabler is a seasoned veteran of the unit who has seen it all and tries his best to protect his family from the horrors he sees every day . His partner Benson 's difficult past as the child of a rape victim is the reason she joined the unit . Backing them up is John Munch , and his first partner Brian Cassidy . Munch is a transfer from Baltimore 's homicide unit , who brings his acerbic wit , conspiracy theories , and street - honed investigative skills . Whilst Cassidy is young and eager to learn from his fellow detectives . These two detective teams received support from Detectives Monique Jeffries and Ken Briscoe . When Cassidy transferred to Narcotics after thirteen episodes , Jeffries was partnered with Munch for the remaining of Season One and Briscoe was phased out . In the beginning of season two , Munch was then permanently partnered with Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola , whose unique yet sometimes vulgar sense of humor and investigative experience make him a formidable match for Munch . These detectives were supervised by veteran Captain Donald Cragen who oversaw the team from seasons 1 -- 15 . Cragen 's tough - but - supportive approach to the team 's complex cases guides the squad through the challenges they face every day . Also on the team 's payroll is FBI Special Agent Dr. George Huang and Medical Examiner Dr. Melinda Warner . As the resident psychiatrist for the Special Victims Unit , Huang helps keep the officers sane in a field that could drive ordinary people mad . He has also served as the squad 's resident criminal profiler , and his insights into the criminal mind have often helped the officers to crack the toughest perps , whilst Warner has become an integral part of the Manhattan Special Victims Unit , and her personal skills have contributed to the unit 's high success rate in closing cases . The Unit did not receive a full - time assistant district attorney until season two , when Alexandra Cabot was assigned to work with the detectives . After Cabot 's departure in season five , she was replaced by Casey Novak , who remained as the ADA until the end of season nine . Kim Greylek became the permanent ADA in the season ten premiere , until Cabot made a return midway through that season when Greylek departed . Cabot remained the ADA through the second half of season eleven . After Cabot 's departure , the ADA void was filled by Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) and Jo Marlowe ( Sharon Stone ) until the conclusion of season eleven . Gillian Hardwicke served as the SVU ADA during season twelve . In season thirteen , both Cabot and Novak returned as ADAs . From the beginning of season fourteen , ADA Rafael Barba had been SVU 's prosecutor , until leaving halfway through season nineteen . Chicago Justice 's Peter Stone became SVU 's ADA after Chicago Justice was cancelled after only one season . In season 13 , other big changes happened when Stabler left in the season twelve finale . Detectives Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins joined the team filling the void left by Stabler . Amaro brings empathy to his cases while dealing with a stressful home life , whilst Rollins ' dogged persistence and instincts help her close cases , but her secrets could derail her career . In the current seasons , the Manhattan SVU is now run by Lieutenant Olivia Benson . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has finished its nineteenth season and has been renewed for a twentieth season . Each season has aired on NBC and consists of 19 to 25 episodes , each lasting approximately forty minutes ( sixty minutes including commercials ) . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) 30 8.8 21 October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) 25 9.6 23 September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) 12 10.4 25 September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) 14 10.1 5 25 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 18 8.7 6 23 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) 16 9.2 7 22 September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) 18 9.2 8 22 September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 24 7.9 9 19 September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) 22 7.6 10 22 September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) 26 6.7 11 24 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) N / A N / A 12 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) N / A N / A 13 23 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) N / A N / A 14 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) N / A N / A 15 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) N / A N / A 16 23 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) N / A N / A 17 23 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) N / A N / A 18 21 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) N / A N / A 19 24 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) TBA TBA Jump up ^ Tied with The CBS Wednesday Movie Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes Jump up ^ Tied with Lost and CSI : NY Jump up ^ Tied with Brothers & Sisters , CSI : NY and Heroes Jump up ^ Tied with ER and Bones Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on Monday , September 20 , 1999 . After nine episodes , the show was moved to Friday nights , where it found its audience and following its first and second seasons became a Top 20 - overall show , overcoming the `` Friday night death slot '' phenomenon . Beginning with the season five , the show aired on Tuesdays to compete with CBS ' Judging Amy and ABC 's NYPD Blue . In its later years , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit consistently outperformed Law & Order in the Nielsen ratings for first run episodes until the latter 's cancellation in 2010 . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that SVU 's popularity was `` atypical : generally slightly more popular in rural areas and the Black Belt , but largely restricted to the eastern half of the country . It 's most popular in Albany , N.Y. ; least in Colorado and Utah '' . Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May ( with the exception of the second and tenth season ) , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Season Time slot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Monday 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 9 ) Friday 10 : 00 pm ( Episodes 10 -- 22 ) 22 September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) 18.43 May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) 15.11 1999 -- 2000 No. 33 12.18 Friday 10 : 00 pm 21 October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) 13.20 May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) 15.06 2000 -- 01 No. 29 13.1 23 September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) 15.80 May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) 14.27 2001 -- 02 No. 14 15.2 25 September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) 15.60 May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) 13.70 2002 -- 03 No. 16 14.83 5 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm 25 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) 13.23 May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 18.36 2003 -- 04 No. 21 12.72 6 23 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 14.20 May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) 16.38 2004 -- 05 No. 23 13.46 7 22 September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) 15.32 May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) 12.97 2005 -- 06 No. 24 13.78 8 22 September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) 14.55 May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 10.28 2006 -- 07 No. 38 11.94 9 19 September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) 12.10 May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) 10.83 2007 -- 08 No. 30 11.33 10 22 September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) 9.52 June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) 11.34 2008 -- 09 No. 39 10.11 11 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 24 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 8.36 May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 8.61 2009 -- 10 No. 44 8.81 12 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 9.68 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 8.98 2010 -- 11 No. 47 8.84 13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 23 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 7.63 May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 7.16 2011 -- 12 No. 67 7.59 14 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 7.19 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 6.66 2012 -- 13 No. 56 7.30 15 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 9.58 May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 6.39 2013 -- 14 No. 46 8.18 16 23 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 10.07 May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 6.96 2014 -- 15 No. 52 8.71 17 23 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 8.27 May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 7.19 2015 -- 16 No. 52 8.31 18 21 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 7.83 May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 6.22 2016 -- 17 No. 48 7.39 19 24 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 5.67 May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) 6.12 2017 - 18 No. 39 8.57 Awards and honors ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has received many awards and award nominations . Mariska Hargitay has twice been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won once in 2005 . The show has been nominated numerous times for the Emmy Award . Mariska Hargitay has been nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category 8 years in a row beginning in 2004 and won the Emmy in 2006 . Christopher Meloni was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series category in 2006 . Robin Williams was nominated in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2008 . The series was nominated in the category Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Jane Alexander and Tracy Pollan in 2000 , Martha Plimpton in 2002 , Barbara Barrie in 2003 , Mare Winningham and Marlee Matlin in 2004 , Amanda Plummer and Angela Lansbury in 2005 , Marcia Gay Harden and Leslie Caron in 2007 , Cynthia Nixon in 2008 , Ellen Burstyn , Brenda Blethyn , and Carol Burnett in 2009 , and Ann - Margret in 2010 . The series won the award for Plummer in 2005 , Caron in 2007 , Nixon in 2008 , Burstyn in 2009 , and Margret in 2010 . Broadcast and streaming ( edit ) Law and Order SVU airs on NBC in the United States . All seasons , including the season that is currently on the air , are available to stream on Hulu ( with a subscription ) . The latest 5 episodes can be watched for free on NBC.com and the NBC app . Outside of SVOD and NBC platforms , all episodes can be found on electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes and Amazon Video . The show airs every Thursday night , on Network Ten in Australia , with a new episode usually followed by a repeat and occasionally shows repeats on other nights . Ten 's digital channel One sometimes shows Seasons One - Three on Friday or Saturday nights , but is not currently airing these seasons at the moment . From the 29th of August 2017 , Channel Nine started airing the first season at a late night slot , which it has also done with the original Law & Order but stopped after the first episode . The first season later moved to Nine 's sister channel Gem on Sunday nights as of February 25 , 2018 at 9 : 10pm with double episodes , and later reairing them in the early hours of Monday morning . Season 19 premiered on Network Ten on October 5 , 2017 at 9 : 40pm . Syndication ( edit ) As of September 2017 , the show is currently rerun on fellow NBCUniversal network USA , as well as Ion Television , MyNetworkTV 's Monday evening lineup , and local stations . The show also briefly ran on Syfy in 2006 . International broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , Law & Order : SVU airs on Network Ten and Australia 's cable channel Universal Channel ( formerly aired on TV1 which ceased to broadcast in December 2013 ) . In the UK `` Law & Order : SVU '' originally aired on the Hallmark Channel ( which in 2012 became the Universal Channel ) with a terrestrial TV airing on Channel 5 in 2016 which then switched to Five USA . The UK is two and half weeks behind the US . In Brazil , Law & Order : SVU also airs on Universal Channel , with weekdays episodes from past seasons and simultaneously , two episodes after the original airing in the US . Law & Order : SVU is broadcast at 9.30 pm on Tuesdays on TV3 in New Zealand . Series 18 premiered on 11 April 2017 . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ SVU Writers Room ( @ SVUWritersRoom ) ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` First cast read - through of # SVUSeason18 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Special Victims Unit : The Beginning . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The First Year . Universal Studios . 2004 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Meloni Exits Law & Order : SVU '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` NBC on Chris Meloni 's Law & Order : SVU Exit : We 're Not Killing Him Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` NBC Signs Kelli Giddish ( Chase ) and Danny Pino ( Cold Case ) as New Detectives for Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/05/law-and-order-svu-renewed-for-20th.html Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Show - runner Neal Baer Signs Big Overall Deal With CBS TV Studios '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : NBC Taps New Law & Order : SVU Boss '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Warren Leight Sets Overall Deal with Sony TV ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Taps Flagship Series Vet as New Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Rick Eid to Run ' Chicago P.D. ' Next Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' Taps ' Chicago Justice ' EP Michael Chernuchin as New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Kimpton , Roger . `` Hollywood on the Palisades '' ; Palisade magazine ; Summer 2010 ; Pages 12 -- 15 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Wright , E. Assata . `` Getting the film crews back to NJ '' , The Union City Reporter , February 13 , 2011 , pages 5 and 7 Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` It 's official : NBC cancels ' Law & Order ' '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Leaves New Jersey Over Nixed Tax Credit & May Move Into ' L&O ' Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Fall TV : NBC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` NBC firms up post - ' Leno ' schedule '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- NBC Announces Updated Fall Schedule Premieres '' . The Futon Critic . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Benches Law & Order : Los Angeles Following Cast Shake - Up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` NBC Renews ' 30 Rock ' , Announces Parks & Rec Return & Major Midseason Schedule Changes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's fall lineup : An all - ' Chicago ' drama block on Wednesdays '' . www.mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Главная страница ( in Russian ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 145 -- 146 ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 154 -- 156 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 167 -- 169 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` SVU News : Mariska and Meloni Are In For Season 11 , and So Is Christine Lahti '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 160 -- 162 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Precious Star Paula Patton Is Law & Order : SVU 's New ADA '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' scoop : ' Bar ' girl Melissa Sagemiller is new ADA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` SVU Producer Neal Baer Explains ADA Shakeup '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Hargitay Inks New Deal , Jennifer Love Hewitt May Succeed Her '' . TVLine . United States : TVLine Media , LLC ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' cliffhanger : EP Warren Leight on what 's next for Cragen and the squad '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : B.D. Wong Reveals His SVU Fate '' . TVLine . United States : TVLine Media , LLC ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Stephanie March , Diane Neal Heading Back to Court '' . TVLine . United States : TVLine Media , LLC ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU 's New Boss on Meloni 's Exit , the New Detectives and Rejuvenating the Show '' . TV Guide . New York City : NTVB Media ( magazine ) CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried to Annoy SVU Cast '' . TV Guide . New York City : NTVB Media ( magazine ) CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimberly Roots ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order SVU : Philip Winchester to Bring Chicago Justice Role to NY '' . TVLine . United States : TVLine Media , LLC ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura Hurley ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Season 19 Is Adding Brooke Shields For A Big Role '' . CinemaBlend . United States : Gateway Blend , LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Raúl Esparza exits Law & Order : SVU after six seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephen Battaglio ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Who Are TV 's Top Earners ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No. 2 : Mariska Hargitay -- pg. 4 Forbes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ By : Garrett ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Per episode salaries of the highest paid TV actors of all time '' . theCHIVE . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on NBC - `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( # 1913 ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Dick Wolf . Director : Jean de Segonzac ( September 20 , 1999 ) . `` Payback '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 1 . Episode 1 . NBC . Jump up ^ Conan , Neal ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Writer Turns Headlines Into TV '' . Talk of the Nation . NPR . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Writer : Michael R. Perry . Director : Constantine Makris ( February 11 , 2000 ) . `` Limitations '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 1 . Episode 14 . NBC . Jump up ^ Writers : Jeff Eckerle & David J. Burke . Director : Ted Kotcheff ( October 20 , 2000 ) . `` Wrong is Right '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 2 . Episode 1 . NBC . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1695 - 1698 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present ) Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 1 '' . Spot Vault . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 1 '' . Spot Vault . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top TV Shows For 1999 -- 2000 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 2 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2000 -- 01 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 598 June 1 , 2001 . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 3 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2001 -- 02 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2002 -- 03 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 4 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 's TOP 156 Shows for 2002 -- 03 Options '' . rec.arts.tv . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2003 -- 04 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 05 / 17 / 04 Through 05 / 23 / 04 '' . ABC Medianet . May 25 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report '' . ABC Television Network . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 09 / 20 / 04 Through 09 / 26 / 04 '' . ABC Medianet . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 05 / 23 / 05 Through 05 / 29 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2004 -- 2005 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( June 1 , 2005 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 09 / 26 / 05 Through 10 / 02 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . October 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 05 / 15 / 06 Through 05 / 21 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2005 -- 2006 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 31 , 2006 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2006 -- 2007 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 30 , 2007 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` With Break - Out Performances from New and Returning Series , NBC Ties for Premiere Week 's Top Spot in 18 -- 49 '' . The Futon Critic / NBC . The Futon Critic / NBC . October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings May 13 , 2008 : American Idol Still Crushes Field '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2007 -- 2008 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 28 , 2008 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Archived April 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday , Sept. 23 : Second Night Wins To CBS , ABC and Fox '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC Wins Again Lead By Law & Order : SVU Finale , Obama Special '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2008 -- 2009 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( June 2 , 2009 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Archived October 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 -- 49 '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Revenge ' And Others Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2013 -- 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Star ' finales adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Wins : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVU Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : SVU Videos , Highlights & Clips - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Download the NBC App for Phones , Tablets and Connected Devices ! '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : SVU ( Special Victims Unit ) , Season 16 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 Episode -- Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The Unofficial Companion . Dallas : BenBella Books . ISBN 1 - 933771 - 88 - 7 . OCLC 429604907 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Official website on NBC Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on IMDb Law & Order : Special Victims Unit at TV.com `` List of Law & Order : SVU Episodes '' . TV Guide . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on MyNetworkTV Law & Order franchise Series Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 - present ) Adaptations Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Video games Law & Order : Dead on the Money Law & Order : Double or Nothing Law & Order : Justice Is Served Law & Order : Criminal Intent Law & Order : Legacies Related series Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present ) Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present ) Chicago Justice ( 2017 ) Films Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Television series created by Dick Wolf Gideon Oliver ( 1989 ) Christine Cromwell ( 1989 ) Nasty Boys ( 1990 ) H.E.L.P. ( 1990 ) Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Mann & Machine ( 1992 ) South Beach ( 1993 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 98 ) The Wright Verdicts ( 1995 ) Swift Justice ( 1996 ) Feds ( 1997 ) Players ( 1997 -- 98 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 01 ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 04 ) Dragnet ( 2003 -- 04 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 11 ) Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present ) Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present ) Chicago Justice ( 2017 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago P.D. 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2091415451313531289	Norfolk Island	Norfolk Island - Wikipedia Norfolk Island Jump to : navigation , search Territory of Norfolk Island Teratri a ' Norf'k Ailen ( Norfuk ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Inasmuch '' Anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' ( official ) `` Come ye Blessed '' Status External Territory Capital Kingston 29 ° 02 ′ S 167 ° 57 ′ E / 29.03 ° S 167.95 ° E / - 29.03 ; 167.95 Largest city Burnt Pine Official languages English Norfuk Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) English , Pitcairn , Scottish , Irish Demonym Norfolk Islander Sovereign state Australia Leaders Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General Sir Peter Cosgrove Administrator Eric Hutchinson Establishment Separation from Colony of Tasmania 1 November 1856 Transfer of Territory from UK to Australia 1 July 1914 Area Total 34.6 km ( 13.4 sq mi ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 census census 1,748 Density 61.9 / km ( 160.3 / sq mi ) HDI ( 2008 ) 0.958 very high Currency Australian dollar ( AUD ) Time zone NFT ( Norfolk Island Time ) ( UTC + 11 : 00 ) Drives on the left Calling code 672 ISO 3166 code NF Internet TLD . nf Norfolk Island ( / ˈnɔːrfək / ( listen ) ; Norfuk : Norf'k Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia , New Zealand , and New Caledonia , 1,412 kilometres ( 877 mi ) directly east of mainland Australia 's Evans Head , and about 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) from Lord Howe Island . Together with two neighbouring islands , it forms one of the Commonwealth of Australia 's external territories . At the 2016 Australian census , it has 1,748 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km ( 14 sq mi ) . Its capital is Kingston . Norfolk Island was first settled by East Polynesians but was long unpopulated when it was eventually also settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788 . The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855 , except for an 11 - year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825 , when it lay abandoned . On 8 June 1856 , permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island . In 1914 the UK handed Norfolk Island over to Australia to administer as an external territory . The evergreen Norfolk Island pine is a symbol of the island and thus pictured on its flag . Native to the island , the pine is a key export for Norfolk Island , being a popular ornamental tree on mainland Australia , where two related species grow , and also worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 1.4. 1 Reduced autonomy 2016 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Environment 2.2. 1 Flora 2.2. 2 Fauna 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 3.2 Language 4 Education 5 Culture 6 Government and politics 6.1 Constitutional status 6.2 Immigration and citizenship 6.3 Health care 6.4 Defence and law enforcement 6.5 Courts 6.6 Census 6.7 Postal service 7 Economy and infrastructure 7.1 Taxes 7.2 Communications 7.3 Transport 8 Sport 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Norfolk Island Early History ( edit ) Norfolk Island was settled by East Polynesian seafarers either from the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand or from the North Island of New Zealand . They arrived in the thirteenth or fourteenth century , and survived for several generations before disappearing . They must have disappeared at least a few hundred years before Europeans arrived as the island was covered with forest by then . The first European known to have sighted and landed on the island was Captain James Cook , on 10 October 1774 , on his second voyage to the South Pacific on HMS Resolution . He named it after Mary Howard , Duchess of Norfolk ( c. 1712 -- 1773 ) . Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there . In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement , as proposed by John Call , in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales . The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia 's decision to restrict sales of hemp . Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia . When the First Fleet arrived at Port Jackson in January 1788 , Governor Arthur Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead a party of 15 convicts and seven free men to take control of Norfolk Island and prepare for its commercial development . They arrived on 6 March 1788 . During the first year of the settlement , which was also called `` Sydney '' like its parent , more convicts and soldiers were sent to the island from New South Wales . Robert Watson ( 1756 -- 1819 ) , harbourmaster , arrived with the First Fleet as quartermaster of H.M.S. Sirius , and was still serving in that capacity when the ship was wrecked at Norfolk Island in 1790 . Next year he obtained and cultivated a grant of sixty acres ( 24 ha ) on the island . 19th century ( edit ) Remains of the Norfolk Island gaol As early as 1794 , Lieutenant - Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement , as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain . The first group of people left in February 1805 , and by 1808 only about 200 remained , forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813 . A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings , so that there would be no inducement for anyone , especially from other European powers , to visit and lay claim to the place . From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned . In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales , Thomas Brisbane , to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send `` the worst description of convicts '' . Its remoteness , previously seen as a disadvantage , was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners . The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists , or ' doubly - convicted capital respites ' -- that is , men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death , but were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island . However , a recent study , using a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts , has demonstrated that the reality was somewhat different : more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction , and only 15 % had been reprieved from a death sentence . Furthermore , the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property offences , and the average length of detention there was three years . The second penal settlement began to be wound down by the British government after 1847 , and the last convicts were removed to Tasmania in May 1855 . The island was abandoned because transportation from the United Kingdom to Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) had ceased in 1853 , to be replaced by penal servitude in the UK . The next settlement began on 8 June 1856 , as the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers , including those of Fletcher Christian were resettled from the Pitcairn Islands , which had become too small for their growing population . On 3 May 1856 , 193 people had left Pitcairn Islands aboard the Morayshire . On 8 June 194 people arrived , a baby having been born in transit . The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements , and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island . Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863 , the island 's population continued to grow . They accepted additional settlers , who often arrived with whaling fleets . In 1867 , the headquarters of the Melanesian Mission of the Church of England was established on the island . In 1920 the Mission was relocated from Norfolk Island to the Solomon Islands to be closer to the population of focus . Norfolk Island was the subject of several experiments in administration during the century . It began the nineteenth century as part of the Colony of New South Wales . On 29 September 1844 , Norfolk Island was transferred from the Colony of New South Wales to the Colony of Van Diemen 's Land . On 1 November 1856 Norfolk Island was separated from the Colony of Tasmania ( formerly Van Diemen 's Land ) and constituted as a `` distinct and separate Settlement , the affairs of which should until further Order in that behalf by Her Majesty be administered by a Governor to be for that purpose appointed '' . The Governor of New South Wales was constituted as the Governor of Norfolk Island . On 19 March 1897 the office of the Governor of Norfolk Island was abolished and responsibility for the administration of Norfolk Island was vested in the Governor of the Colony of New South Wales . Yet , the island was not made a part of New South Wales and remained separate . The Colony of New South Wales ceased to exist upon the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901 , and from that date responsibility for the administration of Norfolk Island was vested in the Governor of the State of New South Wales . 20th century ( edit ) Norfolk Island Act 1913 Proclamation , effective 1 July 1914 The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia accepted the territory by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 ( Cth ) , subject to British agreement ; the Act received the assent on 19 December 1913 . In preparation for the handover , a proclamation by the Governor of New South Wales on 23 December 1913 ( in force when gazetted on 24 December ) repealed `` all laws heretofore in force in Norfolk Island '' and replaced them by re-enacting a list of such laws . Among those laws was the Administration Law 1913 ( NSW ) , which provided for appointment of an Administrator of Norfolk Island and of magistrates , and contained a code of criminal law . British agreement was expressed on 30 March 1914 , in a UK Order in Council made pursuant to the Australian Waste Lands Act 1855 ( UK ) . A proclamation by the Governor - General of Australia on 17 June 1914 gave effect to the Act and the Order as from 1 July 1914 . During World War II , the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand , and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands . The airstrip was constructed by Australian , New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942 . Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand 's area of responsibility , it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force . N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force . The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944 . In 1979 , Norfolk Island was granted limited self - government by Australia , under which the island elected a government that ran most of the island 's affairs . 21st century ( edit ) In 2006 , a formal review process took place , in which the Australian government considered revising this model of government . The review was completed on 20 December 2006 , when it was decided that there would be no changes in the governance of Norfolk Island . Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island 's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010 . In return , the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits . However , by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare . An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self - government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government . A majority of Norfolk Islanders objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say , with 68 % of voters against forced changes . On 4 October 2015 , Norfolk Island changed its time zone from UTC + 11 : 30 to UTC + 11 : 00 . Reduced autonomy 2016 ( edit ) In March 2015 , the Australian Government announced comprehensive reforms for Norfolk Island . The action was justified on the grounds it was necessary `` to address issues of sustainability which have arisen from the model of self - government requiring Norfolk Island to deliver local , state and federal functions since 1979 '' . On 17 June 2015 , the Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly was abolished , with the territory becoming run by an Administrator and an advisory council . Elections for a new Regional Council were held on 28 May 2016 , with the new council taking office on 1 July 2016 . From that date , most Australian Commonwealth laws extend to Norfolk Island . This means that taxation , social security , immigration , customs and health arrangements apply on the same basis as in mainland Australia . Travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia became domestic travel on 1 July 2016 . Norfolk Island residents also became eligible to vote in the ACT electorate of Canberra . Significant opposition to the reforms has arisen in the territory led by Norfolk Island People for Democracy Inc. , an association appealing to the United Nations to include the island on its list of `` non-self - governing territories '' . There has also been movement to join New Zealand since the autonomy reforms . Geography ( edit ) View across to Nepean Island ( foreground ) and Phillip Island The Territory of Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean , east of the Australian mainland . Norfolk Island itself is the main island of the island group that the territory encompasses and is located at 29 ° 02 ′ S 167 ° 57 ′ E / 29.033 ° S 167.950 ° E / - 29.033 ; 167.950 . It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres ( 13.4 sq mi ) , with no large - scale internal bodies of water and 32 km ( 20 mi ) of coastline . Map of Norfolk Island The island 's highest point is Mount Bates ( 319 metres ( 1,047 feet ) above sea level ) , located in the northwest quadrant of the island . The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses . Phillip Island , the second largest island of the territory , is located at 29 ° 07 ′ S 167 ° 57 ′ E / 29.117 ° S 167.950 ° E / - 29.117 ; 167.950 , seven kilometres ( 4.3 miles ) south of the main island . The coastline of Norfolk Island consists , to varying degrees , of cliff faces . A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay , the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston . There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island , with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay . All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship , usually to Cascade Bay . Emily Bay , protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef , is the only safe area for recreational swimming , although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays . The climate is subtropical and mild , with little seasonal differentiation . The island is the eroded remnant of a basaltic volcano active around 2.3 to 3 million years ago , with inland areas now consisting mainly of rolling plains . It forms the highest point on the Norfolk Ridge , part of the submerged continent Zealandia . The area surrounding Mount Bates is preserved as the Norfolk Island National Park . The park , covering around 10 % of the land of the island , contains remnants of the forests which originally covered the island , including stands of subtropical rainforest . Government House , 2015 The park also includes the two smaller islands to the south of Norfolk Island , Nepean Island and Phillip Island . The vegetation of Phillip Island was devastated due to the introduction during the penal era of pest animals such as pigs and rabbits , giving it a red - brown colour as viewed from Norfolk ; however , pest control and remediation work by park staff has recently brought some improvement to the Phillip Island environment . The major settlement on Norfolk Island is Burnt Pine , located predominantly along Taylors Road , where the shopping centre , post office , bottle shop , telephone exchange and community hall are located . Settlement also exists over much of the island , consisting largely of widely separated homesteads . Government House , the official residence of the Administrator , is located on Quality Row in what was the penal settlement of Kingston . Other government buildings , including the court , Legislative Assembly and Administration , are also located there . Kingston 's role is largely a ceremonial one , however , with most of the economic impetus coming from Burnt Pine . Climate ( edit ) Norfolk Island has a marine subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) , which is best characterised as mild . The temperature almost never falls below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or rises above 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) . The absolute maximum recorded temperature is 28.4 ° C ( 83.1 ° F ) , while the absolute minimum is 6.2 ° C ( 43.2 ° F ) . Average annual precipitation is 1,328 millimetres ( 52.3 in ) , with most rain falling from April to August . Other months receive significant amounts of precipitation as well . ( hide ) Climate data for Norfolk Island Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 83.3 ( 3.28 ) 85.9 ( 3.382 ) 87.8 ( 3.457 ) 117.9 ( 4.642 ) 114.0 ( 4.488 ) 131.3 ( 5.169 ) 125.6 ( 4.945 ) 101.9 ( 4.012 ) 97.5 ( 3.839 ) 74.8 ( 2.945 ) 89.0 ( 3.504 ) 96.7 ( 3.807 ) 1,205.7 ( 47.469 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 12.4 12.5 15.1 17.3 18.7 19.7 20.5 19.0 14.2 13.2 11.2 11.7 185.5 Average afternoon relative humidity ( % ) 71 72 70 69 69 69 68 67 69 67 67 70 69 Mean monthly sunshine hours 232.5 209.1 207.7 189.0 186.0 162.0 182.9 217.0 219.0 232.5 234.0 238.7 2,510.4 Source : Bureau of Meteorology ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ; extremes 1939 -- present ) Environment ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Rhopalostylis baueri , a native palm Norfolk Island has 174 native plants ; 51 of them are endemic . At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened . The Norfolk Island palm ( Rhopalostylis baueri ) and the smooth tree - fern ( Cyathea brownii ) , the tallest tree - fern in the world , are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island . Before European colonisation , most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest , the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla ( Norfolk Island pine ) in exposed areas , and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas . The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor . Only one small tract ( 5 km ) of rainforest remains , which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986 . This forest has been infested with several introduced plants . The cliffs and steep slopes of Mount Pitt supported a community of shrubs , herbaceous plants , and climbers . A few tracts of cliff top and seashore vegetation have been preserved . The rest of the island has been cleared for pasture and housing . Grazing and introduced weeds currently threaten the native flora , displacing it in some areas . In fact , there are more weed species than native species on Norfolk Island . Fauna ( edit ) As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island , Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them . Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island 's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture , hunting and persecution as agricultural pests . The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats , cats , pigs and goats , as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas . Although the island is politically part of Australia , many of Norfolk Island 's native birds show affinities to those of neighbouring New Zealand , such as the Norfolk kākā , Norfolk pigeon , and Norfolk boobook . Extinctions include that of the endemic Norfolk kākā and Norfolk ground dove along with endemic subspecies of pigeon , starling , triller , thrush and boobook owl , though the latter 's genes persist in a hybrid population descended from the last female . Other endemic birds are the white - chested white - eye , which may be extinct , the Norfolk parakeet , the Norfolk gerygone , the slender - billed white - eye and endemic subspecies of the Pacific robin and golden whistler . The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds . The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century , but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island . Other seabirds breeding there include the white - necked petrel , Kermadec petrel , wedge - tailed shearwater , Australasian gannet , red - tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet . The sooty tern ( known locally as the whale bird ) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders . Norfolk Island , with neighbouring Nepean Island , has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area because it supports the entire populations of white - chested and slender - billed white - eyes , Norfolk parakeets and Norfolk gerygones , as well as over 1 % of the world populations of wedge - tailed shearwaters and red - tailed tropicbirds . Nearby Phillip Island is treated as a separate IBA . Norfolk Island also has a botanical garden , which is home to a sizeable variety of plant species . However , the island has only one native mammal , Gould 's wattled bat ( Chalinolobus gouldii ) . It is very rare , and may already be extinct on the island . The Norfolk swallowtail ( Papilio amynthor ) is a species of butterfly that is found on Norfolk Island and the Loyalty Islands . Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956 . Today , numbers of larger whales have disappeared , but even today many species such humpback whale , minke whale , sei whale , and dolphins can be observed close to shore , and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly . Southern right whales were once regular migrants to Norfolk , but were severely depleted by historical hunts , and further by recent illegal Soviet and Japanese whaling , resulting in none or very few , if remnants still live , right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island . Whale sharks can be encountered off the island , too . Gannet Masked boobies White tern Emily Bay Norfolk Island pines Captain Cook Lookout Bird Rock ( off the north coast ) Cathedral Rock ( off the north coast ) Demographics ( edit ) See also : Norfolk Islanders The population of Norfolk Island in the 2016 census was 1,748 , which had declined from a high of 2,601 in 2001 . In 2011 , residents were 78 percent of the census count , with the remaining 22 percent being visitors . Sixteen percent of the population were 14 years and under , 54 percent were 15 to 64 years and 24 percent were 65 years and over . The figures showed an ageing population , with many people aged 20 -- 34 having moved away from the island . Most islanders are of either European - only ( mostly British ) or combined European - Tahitian ancestry , being descendants of the Bounty mutineers as well as more recent arrivals from Australia and New Zealand . About half of the islanders can trace their roots back to Pitcairn Island . This common heritage has led to a limited number of surnames among the islanders -- a limit constraining enough that the island 's telephone directory also includes nicknames for many subscribers , such as Cane Toad , Dar Bizziebee , Lettuce Leaf , Goof , Paw Paw , Diddles , Rubber Duck , Carrots , and Tarzan . Population 1,748 ( as of the 2016 census ) Population growth rate 0.01 % Nationality Norfolk Islander ( s ) ( noun ) Norfolk Islander ( s ) ( adjective ) Ethnic groups Australian 79.5 % New Zealander 13.3 % Fijian 2.5 % Filipino 1.1 % English 1 % Other 1.8 % Unspecified 0.8 % Religion ( edit ) Sixty - two percent of the islanders are Christians . After the death of the first chaplain Rev G.H. Nobbs in 1884 , a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh - day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs ' sons . Some unhappiness with G.H. Nobbs , the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission , decline in spirituality , the influence of visiting American whalers , literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story , and the adoption of Seventh - day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn , all contributed to these developments . The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist ( then Uniting Church ) and formed a charismatic fellowship . In 2011 , 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican , 13 percent as Uniting Church , 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh - day Adventist . Nine percent were from other religions . Twenty four percent had no religion , and seven percent did not indicate a religion . Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010 . The three older denominations have good facilities . Ministers are usually short - term visitors . Statistics : Protestant 49.6 % Anglican 31.8 % Uniting Church in Australia 10.6 % Seventh - Day Adventist 3.2 % Roman Catholic 11.7 % Other 8.6 % None 23.5 % Unspecified 6.6 % Language ( edit ) Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk , a blend of 18th - century English and Tahitian . The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons ; however , there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents . In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island . The act is long - titled : `` An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language ( Norf'k ) as an official language of Norfolk Island '' . The `` language known as ' Norf'k ' '' is described as the language `` that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island '' . The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it ; in official use , it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English . 32 % of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census , and just under three - quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk . Languages English ( official ) 67.6 % Other 32.4 % ( includes Norfuk 23.7 % , which is a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian ) Education ( edit ) Norfolk Island Central School The sole school on the island , Norfolk Island Central School , provides education from kindergarten through to Year 12 . The school has a contractual arrangement referred to as a Memorandum of Understanding with the New South Wales Department of Education and Communities regarding the teaching staff of the school , the latest of which took effect in January 2015 . In 2015 enrolment at the Norfolk Island Central School was 282 students . No public tertiary education infrastructure exist on the Island . The Norfolk Island Central School works in partnership with Registered Training Organisations ( RTOs ) and local employers to support students accessing Vocational Education and Training ( VET ) courses . Literacy is not recorded officially , but can be assumed to be roughly at a par with Australia 's literacy rate , as islanders attend a school which uses a New South Wales curriculum , before traditionally moving to the mainland for further study . Culture ( edit ) See also : Cuisine of the Pitcairn Islands and Norfolk Island While there was no `` indigenous '' culture on the island at the time of settlement , the Tahitian influence of the Pitcairn settlers has resulted in some aspects of Polynesian culture being adapted to that of Norfolk , including the hula dance . Local cuisine also shows influences from the same region . Islanders traditionally spend a lot of time outdoors , with fishing and other aquatic pursuits being common pastimes , an aspect which has become more noticeable as the island becomes more accessible to tourism . Most island families have at least one member involved in primary production in some form . View across to Phillip Island Drivers on the island sometimes give the `` Norfolk Wave '' , a wave to each other as they pass as a form of greeting . Religious observance remains an important part of life for some islanders , particularly the older generations , but actual attendance is about 8 % of the resident population plus some tourists . In the 2006 census 19.9 % had no religion compared with 13.2 % in 1996 . Businesses are closed on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons and Sundays . One of the island 's residents was the novelist Colleen McCullough , whose works include The Thorn Birds and the Masters of Rome series as well as Morgan 's Run , set , in large part , on Norfolk Island . Helen Reddy also moved to the island in 2002 , and still maintains a house there . American novelist James A. Michener , who served in the United States Navy during World War II , set one of the chapters of his episodic novel Tales of the South Pacific on Norfolk Island . The island is one of the few locations outside North America to celebrate the holiday of Thanksgiving . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Norfolk Island Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have had self - governance . The Norfolk Island Act 1979 , passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979 , is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 . The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator , currently Eric Hutchinson . From 1979 to 2015 , a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years , although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will , including the power to override any laws made by the assembly . The Assembly consisted of nine seats , with electors casting nine equal votes , of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate . It is a method of voting called a `` weighted first past the post system '' . Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council , which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator . The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell . Other ministers included : Minister for Tourism , Industry and Development ; Minister for Finance ; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services ; and Minister for Environment . All seats were held by independent candidates . Norfolk Island did not embrace party politics . In 2007 a branch of the Australian Labor Party was formed on Norfolk Island , with the aim of reforming the system of government . Since July 2016 after the loss of self - government , residents of Norfolk Island have been required to enrol in the Division of Canberra . As is the case for all Australian citizens , enrolment and voting for Norfolk Islanders is compulsory . Disagreements over the island 's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government . Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review , the island 's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council . However , in December 2006 , citing the `` significant disruption '' that changes to the governance would impose on the island 's economy , the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered . In a move that apparently surprised many islanders , the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island , David Buffett , announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its self - government status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts . It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self - governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island . A reason given was that the island had never gained self - sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth , by $12.5 million in 2015 alone . It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax , but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare . The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal . On 8 May 2015 , voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic , social and cultural development , and to `` be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament '' . 68 % out of 912 voters voted in favour . The Norfolk Island Chief Minister , Lisle Snell , said that `` the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra 's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island '' . The Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Bill 2015 passed the Australian Parliament on 14 May 2015 ( assented on 26 May 2015 ) , abolishing self - government on Norfolk Island and transferring Norfolk Island into a council as part of New South Wales law . From 1 July 2016 Norfolk Island legislation will be transferred to New South Wales and subject to NSW legislation . The island 's official capital is Kingston ; it is , however , more a centre of government than a sizeable settlement . The largest settlement is at Burnt Pine . The most important local holiday is Bounty Day , celebrated on 8 June , in memory of the arrival of the Pitcairn Islanders in 1856 . Local ordinances and acts apply on the island , where most laws are based on the Australian legal system . Australian common law applies when not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law . Suffrage is universal at age eighteen . As a territory of Australia , Norfolk Island does not have diplomatic representation abroad , or within the territory , and is also not a participant in any international organisations , other than sporting organisations . The flag is three vertical bands of green , white , and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centred in the slightly wider white band . The Norfolk Island Regional Council was established in July 2016 to govern the territory at the local level in line with local governments in mainland Australia . Constitutional status ( edit ) Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act . It was accepted as a territory of Australia , separate from any state , by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 ( Cth ) , passed under the territories power ( Constitution section 122 ) and made effective in 1914 . In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth . Again , in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for , and standing for election to , the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island . The Government of Australia thus holds that : Norfolk Island has been an integral part of the Commonwealth of Australia since 1914 , when it was accepted as an Australian territory under section 122 of the Constitution . The Island has no international status independent of Australia . Norfolk Island has had a limited form of self - government , established by the Norfolk Island Act 1979 ( Cth ) . This limited form of self - government has since been replaced by the Norfolk Island Advisory Council . Much of the self - government under the 1979 legislation was repealed with effect from 2016 . The reforms included , to the chagrin of some of the locals of Norfolk Island , a repeal of the preambular sections of the Act which originally were 3 -- 4 pages recognising the particular circumstances in the history of Norfolk Island . Consistent with the Australian position , the United Nations Decolonization Committee does not include Norfolk Island on its list of Non-Self - Governing Territories . This legal position is disputed by some residents on the island . Some islanders claim that Norfolk Island was actually granted independence at the time Queen Victoria granted permission to Pitcairn Islanders to re-settle on the island . Following reforms to the status of Norfolk Island there were mass protests by the local population . In 2015 it was reported that Norfolk Island was taking its argument for self - governance to the United Nations . A campaign to preserve the island 's autonomy was formed , named Norfolk 's Choice . A formal petition was lodged with the United Nations by Geoffrey Robertson on behalf of the local population on 25 April 2016 . Various suggestions for retaining the island 's self - government have been proposed . In 2006 a UK MP , Andrew Rosindell , raised the possibility of the island becoming a self - governing British Overseas Territory . In 2013 the island 's last chief minister , Lisle Snell , suggested independence , to be supported by income from fishing , offshore banking and foreign aid . The laws of Norfolk Island are in a transitional state , under the Norfolk Island Applied Laws Ordinance 2016 ( Cth ) . Laws of New South Wales as applying in Norfolk Island are suspended ( with five major exceptions , which the 2016 Ordinance itself amends ) until the end of June 2018 . From 1 July 2018 , all laws of New South Wales will apply in Norfolk Island and , as `` applied laws '' , will be subject to amendment , repeal or suspension by federal ordinance . Immigration and citizenship ( edit ) The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia . Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted . In 2012 , immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency ; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme . From 1 July 2016 , the Australian migration system replaced the immigration arrangements previously maintained by the Norfolk Island Government . Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria ( Immigration ( Amendment No. 2 ) Act 2012 ) . Australian citizens can carry either a passport or a form of photo identification to travel to Norfolk Island . The Document of Identity , which is no longer issued , is also acceptable within its validity period . Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia . Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone . Unless they hold a multiple - entry visa , the visa will have ceased ; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia . Non-Australian citizens who are permanent residents of Norfolk Island may apply for Australian citizenship after meeting normal residence requirements and are eligible to take up residence in mainland Australia at any time through the use of a Confirmatory ( Residence ) visa ( subclass 808 ) . Children born on Norfolk Island are Australian citizens as specified by Australian nationality law . Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are `` outside of Australia '' for the purposes of the Migration Act . This means that not only will they need a still - valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland , but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future . On the other hand , as far as Australian nationality law is concerned , Norfolk Island is a part of Australia , and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship . Health care ( edit ) Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island . From 1 July 2016 , medical treatment on Norfolk Island is covered by Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme as it is on mainland Australia . Emergency medical treatment is covered by Medicare or a private health insurer . Although the hospital can perform minor surgery , serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia . Air charter transport can cost in the order of A $30,000 , which is covered by the Australian Government . For serious emergencies , medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force . The island has one ambulance , staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers . The lack of medical facilities available in most remote communities has a major impact on the health care of Norfolk Islanders . As is consistent with other extremely remote regions many older residents find it impossible to remain on the island when their health falters , many have to leave their homes and live in New Zealand or Australia to get medical care . Defence and law enforcement ( edit ) Defence is the responsibility of the Australian Defence Force . There are no active military installations or defence personnel on Norfolk Island . The Administrator may request the assistance of the Australian Defence Force if required . Civilian law enforcement and community policing is provided by the Australian Federal Police . The normal deployment to the island is one sergeant and two constables . These are augmented by five local Special Members who have police powers but are not AFP employees . Courts ( edit ) The Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions is the equivalent of a Magistrates Court and deals with minor criminal , civil or regulatory matters . The Chief Magistrate of Norfolk Island is usually the current Chief Magistrate of the Australian Capital Territory . Three local Justices of the Peace have the powers of a Magistrate to deal with minor matters . The Supreme Court of Norfolk Island deals with more serious criminal offences , more complex civil matters , administration of deceased estates and federal laws as they apply to the Territory . The Judges of the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island are generally appointed from among Justices of the Federal Court of Australia and may sit on the Australian mainland or convene a circuit court . Appeals are to the Federal Court of Australia . As stated by the Legal Profession Act 1993 , `` a resident practitioner must hold a Norfolk Island practising certificate . '' As of 2014 , only one lawyer maintained a full - time legal practice on Norfolk Island . Census ( edit ) Until 2016 , Norfolk Island took its own censuses , separate from those taken by the Australian Bureau of Statistics for the remainder of Australia . Postal service ( edit ) Australia Post sends and receives mail from Norfolk Island with the postcode 2899 . With the merger of Norfolk Island as a regional council , the Norfolk Island Postal Service has ceased to exist and all postage is now handled by Australia Post . Economy and Infrastructure ( edit ) Tourism , the primary economic activity , has steadily increased over the years . As Norfolk Island prohibits the importation of fresh fruit and vegetables , most produce is grown locally . Beef is both produced locally and imported . The island has one winery , Two Chimneys Wines . The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) around Norfolk Island ( roughly 428,000 km2 ) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles ( 6 km ) from the island . There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk 's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island , which the island has been responsible for , similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources . The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish , its only major natural resource . Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority ( AFMA ) to fish `` recreationally '' in a small section of the EEZ known locally as `` the Box '' . While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits , this is not proven . There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands , though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture . There is no irrigated land . The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency . In 2015 a company in Norfolk Island was granted a licence to export medicinal cannabis . The medicinal cannabis industry has been viewed by some as a means of reinvigorating the economy of Norfolk Island . The Commonwealth stepped in to overturn the decision , with the island 's administrator , former Liberal MP Gary Hardgrave revoking the local licence to grow the crop . Legislation to allow the cultivation of cannabis in Australia for medical or scientific purposes passed Federal Parliament in February . The Victorian Government will be undertaking a small - scale , strictly controlled cannabis cultivation trial at a Victorian research facility . Taxes ( edit ) Formerly , residents of Norfolk Island did not pay Australian federal taxes , which created a tax haven for locals and visitors alike . There was no income tax so the island 's legislative assembly raised money through an import duty , fuel levy , medicare levy , goods and services tax of 12 % , and local / international phone calls . The Chief Minister of Norfolk Island , David Buffett , announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts . The introduction of income taxation came into effect on 1 July 2016 . There is a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island 's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool in order for the island to have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health , education , medicare , and infrastructure . Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services . It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals . Communications ( edit ) As of 2004 , 2532 telephone main lines are in use , a mix of analogue ( 2500 ) and digital ( 32 ) circuits . Satellite communications services are planned . There is one locally based radio station ( Radio Norfolk 89.9 FM ) , broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies . There is also one TV station , Norfolk TV , featuring local programming , plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC , SBS , Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television . The Internet country code top - level domain ( ccTLD ) is . nf . Transport ( edit ) Jetty at Kingston , Norfolk Island There are no railways , waterways , ports or harbours on the island . Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade , but ships can not get close to either of them . When a supply ship arrives , it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches , five tonnes at a time . Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather of the day ; the jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used . If the wind changes significantly during unloading / loading , the ship will move around to the other side . Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives . There is one airport , Norfolk Island Airport . There are 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) of roads on the island ( 53 km ( 33 mi ) paved , 27 km ( 17 mi ) unpaved ) ; however , local law gives cows the right of way . Speed limits are low : 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) maximum in the territory , 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) in town and 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) near schools . There was formerly an airline , Norfolk Island Airlines , which connected Norfolk Island with Brisbane . Sport ( edit ) See main articles Norfolk Island at the Commonwealth Games Norfolk Island at the Pacific Games - 2011 & 2015 Norfolk Island at the Pacific Mini Games Athletics Norfolk Island Norfolk Island national rugby league team Norfolk Island national cricket team Norfolk Island national netball team See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceania portal Australia portal Norfolk Island portal Bibliography of Norfolk Island List of islands of Australia List of volcanoes in Australia Outline of Norfolk Island References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buffett , Alice , An Encyclopædia of the Norfolk Island Language , 1999 Jump up ^ `` The Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island '' . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' . 25 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . 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Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Confirmatory ( Residence ) visa ( subclass 808 ) Archived 2 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Australian Citizenship Act 2007 ( Cth ) Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . sections 5 ( 2 ( c ) , 21 and 22 ; Australian Citizenship Act 2007 -- Determination under subsection 5 ( 2 ) -- Australian Citizenship ( Permanent Resident Status ) -- June 2007 Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . in ComLaw . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Domestic travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia '' . Dept of Infrastructure and Regional Development . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Infrastructure . `` Legal Profession Act 1993 ( NI ) '' . legislation.gov.au . Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Snell , Lisle ( May 2014 ) . `` SUBMISSION TO PRODUCTIVITY COMMISSION INQUIRY ACCESS TO JUSTICE ARRANGEMENTS By the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island as Minister for Justice and Minister responsible for the Legal Aid Act 1995 ( Norfolk Island ) and the Legal Profession Act 1993 '' ( PDF ) . The Government of Norfolk Island . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2901.0 -- Census Dictionary , 2016 -- Norfolk Island '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 23 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` END OF AN ERA : NORFOLK ISLAND HAS ISSUED ITS FINAL POSTAGE STAMP ... by Linn 's stamp News '' . norfolkonlinenews.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Island Wine '' . Wine-Searcher.com website . Wine-Searcher.com . Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Island dies while Australian Government thieves and thrives '' . Tasmanian Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Island decision sparks calls to legalise medical cannabis '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to legalise medicinal marijuana gains momentum '' . The Age -- Victoria . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicinal cannabis legalised in Victoria , child epilepsy patients to be given access from 2017 '' . News ABC . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charting the Pacific '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith and Secretary , Department of Social Services ( Social services second review ) ( 2015 ) AATA 613 ( 19 August 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Tax and Superannuation Laws Amendment ( Norfolk Island Reforms ) Act 2015 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Office , Australian Taxation . `` Norfolk Island reforms '' . ato.gov.au . Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Island information '' . Asia Rooms . Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Is speed limits '' . NorfolkIslands.com . Archived from the original on 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Sources ( edit ) Anderson , Athol ; White , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island , Southwest Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Australian Museum . Australian Museum ( Supplement 27 ) : iv + 141 . doi : 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.27. 2001.1334 . Andrew Kippis , The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook , Westminster 1788 , Reprint London and New York 1904 , pp. 246 ff Nobbs , Raymond , Norfolk Island and its Third Settlement : The First Hundred Years 1856 -- 1956 Sydney , Library of Australian History , 2006 . History of penal settlements Causer , Tim ' `` The Worst Types of Sub-Human Beings '' : the Myth and Reality of the Convicts of the Norfolk Island Penal Settlement , 1825 -- 1855 ' , Islands of History , Sydney , 2011 , pp. 8 -- 31 . ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9803354 - 5 - 3 ) . Causer , Tim ' Norfolk Island 's `` Suicide Lotteries '' : Myth and Reality ' , Islands of History , Sydney , 2011 , pp. 61 -- 68 . ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9803354 - 5 - 3 ) . Clark , Manning , A History of Australia , Vols . I -- III , Melbourne , Melbourne University Press , 1962 , 1968 , 1973 . Clarke , Marcus , For the Term of his Natural Life ( novel ) . Hazzard , Margaret , Punishment Short of Death : a history of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island , Melbourne , Hyland , 1984 . ( ISBN 0 - 908090 - 64 - 1 ) . Murray - Brown , David , Norfolk Island Cancellations and Postal Markings . London : Pacific Islands Study Circle , 3rd edition , 2012 , 978 - 1 - 899833 - 20 - 7 , 130pp ; http://www.pisc.org.uk Hughes , Robert , The Fatal Shore , London , Pan , 1988 . ( ISBN 0 - 330 - 29892 - 5 ) . Wright , R. , The Forgotten Generation of Norfolk Island and Van Diemen 's Land , Sydney , Library of Australian History , 1986 . Coordinates : 29 ° 2 ′ 0 '' S 167 ° 57 ′ 0 '' E / 29.03333 ° S 167.95000 ° E / - 29.03333 ; 167.95000 Further reading ( edit ) Hoare , Merval . Norfolk Island , an outline of its history 1774 -- 1987 . 4th edition . St. Lucia , Queensland : University of Queensland Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 2100 - 7 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNorfolk Islandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Norfolk Island . Government Official government website Australian Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development General information `` Norfolk Island '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Norfolk Island at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Norfolk Island Travel The Guides to Norfolk Island Archaeology and Polynesian settlement in prehistory Anderson , Athol ; White , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island , Southwest Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Australian Museum . Australian Museum ( Supplement 27 ) : iv + 141 . doi : 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.27. 2001.1334 . Anderson , Athol ; White , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Approaching the Prehistory of Norfolk Island '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Australian Museum . Australian Museum ( Supplement 27 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.27. 2001.1335 . Anderson , Athol ; Smith , Ian ; White , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Archaeological Fieldwork on Norfolk Island '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Australian Museum . Australian Museum ( Supplement 27 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.27. 2001.1336 . Others Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? Inquiry into Governance on Norfolk Island Commonwealth Parliament , Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories , 2003 Norfolk Island and Its Inhabitants 1879 account by Joseph Campbell `` Norfolk Island subtropical forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Anglican history on Norfolk Island Primary texts and photographs Geographic locale States and territories of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Internal territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Former territories Central Australia ( 1927 -- 1931 ) New Guinea ( 1920 -- 1949 ) North Australia ( 1927 -- 1931 ) Papua ( 1902 -- 1949 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1949 -- 1975 ) Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands History of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Geography of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island History of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Demographics of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Culture of indigenous Oceania List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania Art Ahu Australia Austronesia Cook Islands Hawaiʻi kapa ( Hawaiʻi ) Lei magimagi moai New Zealand Māori nguzu nguzu Oceania Papua New Guinea reimiro tā moko tabua ta'ovala tapa ( `` masi '' ( Fiji ) , `` ngatu '' ( Tonga ) , `` siapo '' ( Sāmoa ) , `` ʻuha '' ( Rotuma ) ) tattoo tēfui tivaevae Broad culture areca nut kava , `` ʻawa '' ( Hawaii ) , `` yaqona '' ( Fiji ) , or `` sakau '' ( Pohnpei ) Kava culture Lapita Māori Polynesia Polynesian navigation Sāmoa ' ava ceremony wood carving Geo - 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Also see Category : Oceanian culture . Convicts in Australia Australia Day Emancipation Female factories Freedom History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) New Holland Women Penal colonies Cockatoo Island Rose Hill Sydney Cove Moreton Bay Redcliffe Maria Island Port Arthur Richmond Risdon Cove Macquarie Harbour ( History ) Norfolk Island ( History ) Saltwater River Sullivans Cove Events First Fleet ( List ) Second Fleet Third Fleet Castle Hill Rebellion Bathurst Rebellion Catalpa rescue Rum Rebellion Norfolk Island mutinies Frederick escape Anti-Transportation League Governors and commandants Arthur Bligh Bourke Brisbane Collins Darling Davey Denison Eardley - Wilmot Franklin Gipps Hunter Johnston King Logan Macquarie Paterson Phillip Sorell Notable convicts and personnel Surgeons William Bland Arthur Bowes Smyth William Redfern D'Arcy Wentworth Entrepreneurs Enoch Barratt Daniel Connor Daniel Cooper John Davies William Field William Hutchinson Mary Hyde Henry Kable Solomon Levey Simeon Lord Mary Reibey Robert Sidaway James Squire John Tawell Samuel Terry Architects James Blackburn Francis Greenway Bushrangers and escapees Charlotte Badger Matthew Brady Mary Bryant William Bryant William Buckley Moondyne Joe John Caesar Martin Cash William Chopin Michael Howe Lawrence Kavenagh John Mitchel Thomas Muir John Boyle O'Reilly Alexander Pearce Artists Joseph Backler Thomas Bock Richard Browne Knud Bull John Eyre William Buelow Gould Joseph Lycett Charles Rodius Thomas Griffiths Wainewright Thomas Watling James Walsh Politicians William Cuffay William Henry Groom Kevin Izod O'Doherty Chroniclers Denis Cashman Margaret Catchpole Frank the Poet Henry Savery James Hardy Vaux John Acton Wroth Explorers John Baxter James Meehan Joseph Wild Other convicts Esther Abrahams John Baughan James Bloodsworth Billy Blue John Cadman Elizabeth Callaghan Margaret Dawson Laurence Hynes Halloran Mark Jeffrey Jørgen Jørgensen William Smith O'Brien Robert Palin Isaac Nichols Joseph Potaski James Ruse Elizabeth Thackery Mary Wade Popular culture Music `` Botany Bay '' `` Moreton Bay '' `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' Film For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1908 ) The Assigned Servant ( 1911 ) It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) The Lady Outlaw ( 1911 ) The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) The Mark of the Lash ( 1911 ) One Hundred Years Ago ( 1911 ) The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole ( 1911 ) Sentenced for Life ( 1911 ) Moondyne ( 1913 ) Transported ( 1913 ) The Tenth Straw ( 1926 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) To New Shores ( 1937 ) Red Sky at Morning ( 1944 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Botany Bay ( 1953 ) Adam 's Woman ( 1970 ) Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant ( 2005 ) The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) The Nightingale ( 2017 ) Television Against the Wind ( 1978 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1983 ) Banished ( 2015 ) The Secret River ( 2015 ) Literature Journals of the First Fleet It 's Never Too Late to Mend ( 1856 ) Great Expectations ( 1861 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1872 ) Moondyne ( 1879 ) Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) A Fringe of Leaves ( 1973 ) The Playmaker ( 1987 ) Remembering Babylon ( 1993 ) The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) Jack Maggs ( 1997 ) Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) The Secret River ( 2005 ) The Lieutenant ( 2008 ) Parrot and Olivier in America ( 2010 ) Stage The Transports ( 1977 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Art Charlotte Medal Port Jackson Painter Sydney punchbowls Twenty Dollar Note Australian Convict Sites Brickendon Estate Cadmans Cottage Cascades Female Factory Coal Mines Darlington Probation Station Elizabeth Farm Experiment Farm Cottage Great North Road Hyde Park Barracks Kingston and Arthurs Vale Lennox Bridge Old Government House Parramatta Female Factory Port Arthur Richmond Bridge Richmond Gaol Ross Female Factory Vaucluse House Woolmers Estate GND : 4294928 - 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-1317989066082442313	2016–17 NBA season	2016 -- 17 NBA season - wikipedia 2016 -- 17 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 2016 -- 17 NBA Season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 25 , 2016 -- April 12 , 2017 April 15 -- May 25 , 2017 ( Playoffs ) June 1 -- 12 , 2017 ( Finals ) Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Ben Simmons ( did not play regular season games until the 2017 -- 18 season ) Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Top seed Golden State Warriors Season MVP Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City ) Top scorer Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City ) Playoffs Eastern champions Cleveland Cavaliers Eastern runners - up Boston Celtics Western champions Golden State Warriors Western runners - up San Antonio Spurs Finals Champions Golden State Warriors Runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers Finals MVP Kevin Durant ( Golden State ) NBA seasons ← 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 → The 2016 -- 17 NBA season was the 71st season of the National Basketball Association . The regular season began on October 25 , 2016 , with the 2016 NBA champion Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the New York Knicks . Christmas Day games were played on Sunday December 25 , 2016 . The 2017 NBA All - Star Game was played at the Smoothie King Center in New Orleans , Louisiana , on February 19 , 2017 , with the West defeating the East 192 -- 182 . Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans was named the All Star Game MVP after breaking Wilt Chamberlain 's record by scoring 52 points in the All Star Game . The original host of the game , Charlotte 's Spectrum Center , was removed as the host on July 21 , 2016 due to the league 's opposition against North Carolina 's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act . The regular season ended on April 12 , 2017 , and the playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 and ended on June 12 , 2017 , with the Golden State Warriors going 16 - 1 in the playoffs and beating the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games during their third consecutive matchup in the NBA Finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.1. 1 Tiebreakers 4 Playoffs 4.1 Bracket 5 Statistics 5.1 Individual statistic leaders 5.2 Individual game highs 5.3 Team statistic leaders 6 Awards 6.1 Yearly awards 6.2 Players of the Week 6.3 Players of the Month 6.4 Rookies of the Month 6.5 Coaches of the Month 7 Arenas 8 Media 9 Uniforms 10 Notable occurrences 11 Attendances 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2016 -- 17 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 11 , 2016 , Tim Duncan officially announced his retirement after playing 19 seasons , winning five NBA championships with the San Antonio Spurs . On July 25 , 2016 , Sasha Kaun officially announced his retirement after playing only one season in the NBA , winning one NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On July 26 , 2016 , Amar'e Stoudemire officially announced his retirement from the NBA after signing a ceremonial contract with the New York Knicks so he could officially end his 14 - season career as a NBA player , and went to play in Israel . On September 23 , 2016 , Kevin Garnett officially announced his retirement after playing 21 seasons , winning one NBA championship with the Boston Celtics . On September 26 , 2016 , Paul Pierce officially announced that the 2016 -- 17 season will be his last after playing 19 seasons , winning one NBA championship with the Boston Celtics . On September 26 , 2016 , Mo Williams officially announced his retirement after playing 13 seasons , winning one NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On October 20 , 2016 , Elton Brand officially announced his retirement after playing 17 seasons . On November 1 , 2016 , Ray Allen officially announced his retirement after playing 18 seasons , winning two NBA championships with the Boston Celtics and the Miami Heat . Prior to announcing his retirement , Allen had not played since the end of the 2013 -- 14 season . On November 25 , 2016 , Kevin Martin announced his retirement from the NBA after playing 12 seasons . On December 6 , 2016 , Steve Blake announced his retirement from the NBA after playing 13 seasons in the NBA , and one season in the NBL in Australia . On December 19 , 2016 , DeShawn Stevenson announced his retirement from the NBA after playing 13 seasons , winning one NBA championship with the Dallas Mavericks . On January 6 , 2017 , Matt Bonner officially announced his retirement after playing 12 seasons , winning two NBA championships with the San Antonio Spurs . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on Friday , July 1 , 2016 at 12 : 01 a.m.e.t. Players can sign starting on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes Off - season Team 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season Brooklyn Nets Tony Brown ( interim ) Kenny Atkinson Minnesota Timberwolves Sam Mitchell ( interim ) Tom Thibodeau Washington Wizards Randy Wittman Scott Brooks Los Angeles Lakers Byron Scott Luke Walton Sacramento Kings George Karl Dave Joerger Indiana Pacers Frank Vogel Nate McMillan Orlando Magic Scott Skiles Frank Vogel Memphis Grizzlies Dave Joerger David Fizdale Houston Rockets J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) Mike D'Antoni New York Knicks Kurt Rambis ( interim ) Jeff Hornacek Off - season ( edit ) On April 14 , 2016 , Sam Mitchell was relieved of his interim head coaching duties as the coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves after the last game of the season , allowing them to look for a part - time coach . On April 14 , 2016 , the Washington Wizards fired Randy Wittman after the team missed the playoffs . On April 14 , 2016 George Karl was fired by the Sacramento Kings after a disappointing 2015 -- 16 season in which the Kings went 33 -- 49 . On April 17 , 2016 , it was announced that Kenny Atkinson would be coaching with the Brooklyn Nets . On April 19 , 2016 , Earl Watson would remove the interim coach tag he had last season and would be the coach of the Phoenix Suns for the next three years . On April 20 , 2016 , the Timberwolves agreed to sign Tom Thibodeau to be their head coach and president of basketball operations . He was previously an assistant coach for the team from 1989 to 1991 . On April 25 , 2016 , the Lakers did not exercise their option on Scott 's contract for the following season , deciding to pursue a new coach . His 38 -- 126 (. 232 ) record with the team was the worst of any of the 16 coaches who had led the franchise for at least two seasons . On April 26 , 2016 , the Washington Wizards hired Scott Brooks to be their head coach . On April 29 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Lakers hired Warriors Coach Luke Walton to become their new head coach . Walton led the Warriors to a 24 -- 0 start in the 2015 -- 16 season when Steve Kerr was sidelined . On May 5 , 2016 , despite making the playoffs , Pacers ' president Larry Bird announced that Frank Vogel 's contract would not be renewed , citing a need for a new voice to lead the players . On May 7 , 2016 , the Memphis Grizzlies fired Dave Joerger after the team was swept in the first round . On May 9 , 2016 , the Sacramento Kings hired Dave Joerger to become their new head coach , just two days after he was fired by the Memphis Grizzlies . On May 12 , 2016 , Scott Skiles resigned as head coach of the Orlando Magic after only one season with the team . On May 16 , 2016 , the Indiana Pacers named their assistant head coach Nate McMillan to become their new head coach . On May 20 , 2016 , the Orlando Magic announced that they signed Frank Vogel to become their head coach . On May 29 , 2016 , David Fizdale , former Miami Heat assistant coach , was named as the Memphis Grizzlies head coach . On June 1 , 2016 , the Houston Rockets named Mike D'Antoni as their new head coach . On June 2 , 2016 , the New York Knicks announced Jeff Hornacek as their new head coach . In - season ( edit ) There were no head coaching changes during the regular season . This was the first time since the 1963 -- 64 NBA season that there was no in - season coaching changes , the fourth time this happened in league history . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on October 1 , 2016 and ended on October 21 , 2016 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on Tuesday , October 25 , 2016 . Christmas Day games were played on Sunday , December 25 , 2016 . The regular season ended on Wednesday , April 12 , 2017 . The schedule was released at 6 : 00 p.m. ET on August 11 , 2016 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP c -- Boston Celtics 53 29 . 646 0.0 30 -- 11 23 -- 18 11 -- 5 82 x -- Toronto Raptors 51 31 . 622 2.0 28 -- 13 23 -- 18 14 -- 2 82 New York Knicks 31 51 . 378 22.0 19 -- 22 12 -- 29 5 -- 11 82 Philadelphia 76ers 28 54 . 341 25.0 17 -- 24 11 -- 30 7 -- 9 82 Brooklyn Nets 20 62 . 244 33.0 13 -- 28 7 -- 34 3 -- 13 82 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Cleveland Cavaliers 51 31 . 622 0.0 31 -- 10 20 -- 21 8 -- 8 82 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 42 40 . 512 9.0 23 -- 18 19 -- 22 10 -- 6 82 x -- Indiana Pacers 42 40 . 512 9.0 29 -- 12 13 -- 28 8 -- 8 82 x -- Chicago Bulls 41 41 . 500 10.0 25 -- 16 16 -- 25 9 -- 7 82 Detroit Pistons 37 45 . 451 14.0 24 -- 17 13 -- 28 5 -- 11 82 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Washington Wizards 49 33 . 598 0.0 30 -- 11 19 -- 22 8 -- 8 82 x -- Atlanta Hawks 43 39 . 524 6.0 23 -- 18 20 -- 21 6 -- 10 82 Miami Heat 41 41 . 500 8.0 23 -- 18 18 -- 23 9 -- 7 82 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 13.0 22 -- 19 14 -- 27 10 -- 6 82 Orlando Magic 29 53 . 354 20.0 16 -- 25 13 -- 28 7 -- 9 82 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Utah Jazz 51 31 . 622 0.0 29 -- 12 22 -- 19 8 -- 8 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 47 35 . 573 4.0 28 -- 13 19 -- 22 10 -- 6 82 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 41 41 . 500 10.0 25 -- 16 16 -- 25 11 -- 5 82 Denver Nuggets 40 42 . 488 11.0 22 -- 19 18 -- 23 6 -- 10 82 Minnesota Timberwolves 31 51 . 378 20.0 20 -- 21 11 -- 30 5 -- 11 82 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP z -- Golden State Warriors 67 15 . 817 0.0 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 14 -- 2 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 51 31 . 622 16.0 29 -- 12 22 -- 19 10 -- 6 82 Sacramento Kings 32 50 . 390 35.0 17 -- 24 15 -- 26 7 -- 9 82 Los Angeles Lakers 26 56 . 317 41.0 17 -- 24 9 -- 32 6 -- 10 82 Phoenix Suns 24 58 . 293 43.0 15 -- 26 9 -- 32 3 -- 13 82 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- San Antonio Spurs 61 21 . 744 0.0 31 -- 10 30 -- 11 11 -- 5 82 x -- Houston Rockets 55 27 . 671 6.0 30 -- 11 25 -- 16 10 -- 6 82 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 43 39 . 524 18.0 24 -- 17 19 -- 22 8 -- 8 82 New Orleans Pelicans 34 48 . 415 27.0 21 -- 20 13 -- 28 6 -- 10 82 Dallas Mavericks 33 49 . 402 28.0 21 -- 20 12 -- 29 5 -- 11 82 By Conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Boston Celtics * 53 29 . 646 -- 82 y -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 51 31 . 622 2.0 82 x -- Toronto Raptors 51 31 . 622 2.0 82 y -- Washington Wizards * 49 33 . 598 4.0 82 5 x -- Atlanta Hawks 43 39 . 524 10.0 82 6 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 42 40 . 512 11.0 82 7 x -- Indiana Pacers 42 40 . 512 11.0 82 8 x -- Chicago Bulls 41 41 . 500 12.0 82 9 Miami Heat 41 41 . 500 12.0 82 10 Detroit Pistons 37 45 . 451 16.0 82 11 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 17.0 82 12 New York Knicks 31 51 . 378 22.0 82 13 Orlando Magic 29 53 . 354 24.0 82 14 Philadelphia 76ers 28 54 . 341 25.0 82 15 Brooklyn Nets 20 62 . 244 33.0 82 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Golden State Warriors * 67 15 . 817 -- 82 y -- San Antonio Spurs * 61 21 . 744 6.0 82 x -- Houston Rockets 55 27 . 671 12.0 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 51 31 . 622 16.0 82 5 y -- Utah Jazz * 51 31 . 622 16.0 82 6 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 47 35 . 573 20.0 82 7 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 43 39 . 524 24.0 82 8 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 41 41 . 500 26.0 82 9 Denver Nuggets 40 42 . 488 27.0 82 10 New Orleans Pelicans 34 48 . 415 33.0 82 11 Dallas Mavericks 33 49 . 402 34.0 82 12 Sacramento Kings 32 50 . 390 35.0 82 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 31 51 . 378 36.0 82 14 Los Angeles Lakers 26 56 . 317 41.0 82 15 Phoenix Suns 24 58 . 293 43.0 82 Notes z -- Clinched home court advantage for the entire playoffs c -- Clinched home court advantage for the conference playoffs y -- Clinched division title x -- Clinched playoff spot * -- Division leader Tiebreakers ( edit ) Eastern Conference Cleveland clinched # 2 seed over Toronto based on head - to - head record ( 3 -- 1 ) . Milwaukee clinched # 6 seed over Indiana based on head - to - head record ( 3 -- 1 ) . Chicago clinched # 8 seed over Miami based on head - to - head record ( 2 -- 1 ) . Western Conference LA Clippers clinched # 4 seed over Utah based on head - to - head record ( 3 - 1 ) Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NBA Playoffs The 2017 NBA Playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 . In May 2017 , ESPN aired the Western Conference Finals and TNT aired the Eastern Conference Finals . The season ended with the 2017 NBA Finals which began on June 1 , 2017 and ended on June 12 , 2017 on ABC . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals E1 Boston * E8 Chicago E1 Boston * E4 Washington * E4 Washington * E5 Atlanta E1 Boston * Eastern Conference E2 Cleveland * E3 Toronto E6 Milwaukee E3 Toronto 0 E2 Cleveland * E2 Cleveland * E7 Indiana 0 E2 Cleveland * W1 Golden State * W1 Golden State * W8 Portland 0 W1 Golden State * W5 Utah * 0 W4 LA Clippers W5 Utah * W1 Golden State * Western Conference W2 San Antonio * 0 W3 Houston W6 Oklahoma City W3 Houston W2 San Antonio * W2 San Antonio * W7 Memphis * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 31.6 Rebounds per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 14.1 Assists per game James Harden Houston Rockets 11.2 Steals per game Draymond Green Golden State Warriors 2.03 Blocks per game Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 2.64 Turnovers per game James Harden Houston Rockets 5.7 Fouls per game DeMarcus Cousins Sacramento Kings / New Orleans Pelicans 3.9 Minutes per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 37.8 FG % DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 71.4 % FT % C.J. McCollum Portland Trail Blazers 91.2 % 3FG % Kyle Korver Atlanta Hawks / Cleveland Cavaliers 45.1 % Player efficiency rating Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 30.7 Double - doubles James Harden Houston Rockets 64 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 42 Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 70 Rebounds Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 25 DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz Assists Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 22 Steals Draymond Green Golden State Warriors 10 Blocks Robin Lopez Chicago Bulls 8 Brook Lopez Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz Three - pointers Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 13 Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 116.0 Rebounds per game Oklahoma City Thunder 46.6 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 30.4 Steals per game Golden State Warriors 9.5 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 6.7 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 16.0 FG % Golden State Warriors 49.5 % FT % Charlotte Hornets 81.5 % 3FG % San Antonio Spurs 39.1 % + / − Golden State Warriors + 11.6 Awards ( edit ) Yearly Awards ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NBA Awards Awards were presented at the NBA Awards ceremony , which were held on June 26 . Finalists for voted awards were announced during the playoffs and winners were presented at the award ceremony . The All - NBA Team was announced in advance in order for teams to have all the necessary information to make offseason preparations . 2016 -- 17 NBA awards Award Recipient ( s ) Runner ( s ) - up / Finalists Most Valuable Player Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) Kawhi Leonard ( San Antonio Spurs ) Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) Rudy Gobert ( Utah Jazz ) Kawhi Leonard ( San Antonio Spurs ) Rookie of the Year Malcolm Brogdon ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Dario Šarić ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Sixth Man of the Year Eric Gordon ( Houston Rockets ) Andre Iguodala ( Golden State Warriors ) Lou Williams ( Los Angeles Lakers / Houston Rockets ) Most Improved Player Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Rudy Gobert ( Utah Jazz ) Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) Coach of the Year Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) Gregg Popovich ( San Antonio Spurs ) Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) Executive of the Year Bob Myers ( Golden State Warriors ) NBA Sportsmanship Award Kemba Walker ( Charlotte Hornets ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Award Dirk Nowitzki ( Dallas Mavericks ) Community Assist Award Isaiah Thomas ( Boston Celtics ) All - NBA First Team : F Kawhi Leonard , San Antonio Spurs F LeBron James , Cleveland Cavaliers C Anthony Davis , New Orleans Pelicans G James Harden , Houston Rockets G Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder All - NBA Second Team : F Kevin Durant , Golden State Warriors F Giannis Antetokounmpo , Milwaukee Bucks C Rudy Gobert , Utah Jazz G Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors G Isaiah Thomas , Boston Celtics All - NBA Third Team : F Jimmy Butler , Chicago Bulls F Draymond Green , Golden State Warriors C DeAndre Jordan , Los Angeles Clippers G DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors G John Wall , Washington Wizards NBA All - Defensive First Team : F Kawhi Leonard , San Antonio Spurs F Draymond Green , Golden State Warriors C Rudy Gobert , Utah Jazz G Patrick Beverley , Houston Rockets G Chris Paul , Los Angeles Clippers NBA All - Defensive Second Team : F Giannis Antetokounmpo , Milwaukee Bucks F Andre Roberson , Oklahoma City Thunder C Anthony Davis , New Orleans Pelicans G Tony Allen , Memphis Grizzlies G Danny Green , San Antonio Spurs NBA All - Rookie First Team : F Dario Šarić , Philadelphia 76ers C Willy Hernangómez , New York Knicks C Joel Embiid , Philadelphia 76ers G Malcolm Brogdon , Milwaukee Bucks G Buddy Hield , Sacramento Kings NBA All - Rookie Second Team : F Jaylen Brown , Boston Celtics F Marquese Chriss , Phoenix Suns F Brandon Ingram , Los Angeles Lakers G Jamal Murray , Denver Nuggets G Yogi Ferrell , Dallas Mavericks Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 25 -- 30 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 1 / 4 ) 02 October 31 -- November 6 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Hill , George George Hill ( Utah Jazz ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 November 7 -- 13 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 4 ) 04 November 14 -- 20 Butler , Jimmy Jimmy Butler ( Chicago Bulls ) ( 1 / 3 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 November 21 -- 27 Love , Kevin Kevin Love ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 06 November 28 -- December 4 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 2 / 4 ) 07 December 5 -- 11 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol ( Memphis Grizzlies ) ( 1 / 1 ) 08 December 12 -- 18 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 2 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 4 ) 09 December 19 -- 25 Thomas , Isaiah Isaiah Thomas ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 2 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 3 / 4 ) 10 December 26 -- January 1 Wall , John John Wall ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 2 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 3 / 4 ) 11 January 2 -- 8 Butler , Jimmy Jimmy Butler ( Chicago Bulls ) ( 2 / 3 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 3 ) 12 January 9 -- 15 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 3 / 4 ) Hayward , Gordon Gordon Hayward ( Utah Jazz ) ( 1 / 1 ) 13 January 16 -- 22 Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Leonard , Kawhi Kawhi Leonard ( San Antonio Spurs ) ( 1 / 2 ) 14 January 23 -- 29 Waiters , Dion Dion Waiters ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( Sacramento Kings ) ( 1 / 1 ) 15 January 30 -- February 5 Thomas , Isaiah Isaiah Thomas ( Boston Celtics ) ( 2 / 2 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 2 / 3 ) 16 February 6 -- 12 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 17 February 27 -- March 5 Walker , Kemba Kemba Walker ( Charlotte Hornets ) ( 1 / 1 ) Leonard , Kawhi Kawhi Leonard ( San Antonio Spurs ) ( 2 / 2 ) 18 March 6 -- 12 Wall , John John Wall ( Washington Wizards ) ( 2 / 2 ) Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) ( 1 / 1 ) 19 March 13 -- 19 Whiteside , Hassan Hassan Whiteside ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 20 March 20 -- 26 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 4 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 4 / 4 ) 21 March 27 -- April 2 Butler , Jimmy Jimmy Butler ( Chicago Bulls ) ( 3 / 3 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 3 / 3 ) 22 April 3 -- 9 George , Paul Paul George ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 4 / 4 ) Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 1 / 2 ) 02 December Wall , John John Wall ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 January Thomas , Isaiah Isaiah Thomas ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 04 February James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 2 / 2 ) 05 March Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 April George , Paul Paul George ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Paul , Chris Chris Paul ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 3 ) Murray , Jamal Jamal Murray ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 2 / 3 ) Hield , Buddy Buddy Hield ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 2 ) 03 January Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 3 / 3 ) Chriss , Marquese Marquese Chriss ( Phoenix Suns ) ( 1 / 1 ) 04 February Šarić , Dario Dario Šarić ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Ferrell , Yogi Yogi Ferrell ( Dallas Mavericks ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 March Šarić , Dario Dario Šarić ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Hield , Buddy Buddy Hield ( Sacramento Kings ) ( 2 / 2 ) 05 April Hernangómez , Willy Willy Hernangómez ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Ulis , Tyler Tyler Ulis ( Phoenix Suns ) ( 1 / 1 ) Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Lue , Tyronn Tyronn Lue ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 2 ) 02 December Casey , Dwane Dwane Casey ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 January Brooks , Scott Scott Brooks ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 1 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 2 / 2 ) 04 February Spoelstra , Erik Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich ( San Antonio Spurs ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 March Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Stotts , Terry Terry Stotts ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 April McMillan , Nate Nate McMillan ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Rivers , Doc Doc Rivers ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Arenas ( edit ) This was the first season for the Sacramento Kings at the new Golden 1 Center after playing at the Sleep Train Arena from 1988 to 2016 . They played their first regular season game there on October 27 , 2016 against the San Antonio Spurs . On November 22 , 2016 , the Detroit Pistons announced that the 2016 -- 17 season was their last at The Palace of Auburn Hills and would be relocating to the new Little Caesars Arena in midtown Detroit beginning in the 2017 -- 18 season , the first time since 1961 that both the Pistons and the NHL 's Detroit Red Wings will share a venue . On January 17 , 2017 , the Golden State Warriors officially broke ground on the Chase Center in San Francisco . The arena is estimated to be completed by the 2019 -- 2020 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' home arena Time Warner Cable Arena was renamed to Spectrum Center . Media ( edit ) This was the first season of the new nine - year U.S. television contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . In Canada , rights are divided between the TSN and Sportsnet groups of channels and NBA TV Canada . These rights are of indefinite duration , as NBA TV Canada is owned by the Toronto Raptors ' ownership group , Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which in turn is controlled by the parent companies of TSN and Sportsnet ( Bell Canada and Rogers Communications , respectively ) . TSN and Sportsnet each have rights to 41 Toronto Raptors regular season games and over 100 other regular season games , and are expected ( as in 2015 -- 16 ) to share coverage of NBA All - Star Weekend , and split coverage of the playoffs and the NBA Finals . NBA TV Canada will carry 105 additional regular season games , plus replays of other games carried on TSN and Sportsnet . Uniforms ( edit ) On May 12 , 2016 , the Utah Jazz unveiled new uniforms . On June 15 , 2016 , the Sacramento Kings unveiled new uniforms . On September 14 , 2016 , the Brooklyn Nets unveiled new alternate uniforms . On September 23 , 2016 , the Golden State Warriors unveiled new alternate uniforms . On April 11 , 2017 , the Minnesota Timberwolves unveiled their new logo and uniforms to enter the 2017 -- 18 NBA season . On May 8 , 2017 , the Portland Trail Blazers also unveiled their new logo to enter the 2017 -- 18 NBA season . Their uniforms will be released during the upcoming draft . On May 18 , 2017 , the Detroit Pistons announced their new logo to enter the 2017 -- 18 NBA season . They announced that it will honor the `` Bad Boys '' Pistons of the 1980s and 1990s . Notable occurrences ( edit ) The 2016 -- 17 NBA schedule features a historic low of `` back - to - back '' games , along with teams playing four games in a five - day stretch . It was the first schedule created with a new optimization computer program that the NBA described at the MIT Sport Analytic Conference . The season also will see the league 's timing systems , including the official game clock and shot clock united for the first time under a long - term sponsorship and equipment deal with Swiss watchmaker Tissot ; the deal includes the prominence of the Tissot logo on each court game clock / shot clock unit , which was redesigned to be both more clearly visible by spectators and with materials in the number elements that are more `` see - through '' than the previous Daktronics or OES models used by individual venues . On October 25 , LeBron James recorded his 43rd career triple - double in a win against the New York Knicks , becoming the first player since Jason Kidd in 2006 to post a triple - double on Opening Night . On October 26 , Anthony Davis scored 50 points in a 107 -- 102 loss to the Denver Nuggets , becoming just the fourth player in NBA history to score 50 + points on Opening Night . On October 29 , Russell Westbrook registered the first 50 - point triple double since Kareem Abdul - Jabbar in 1975 in an overtime win against the Phoenix Suns , recording 51 points , 13 rebounds , and 10 assists -- the third highest point total ever in a triple - double . On November 1 , James Harden recorded 41 points and 15 assists in a loss against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The next night , Harden scored 30 points with 15 assists in a win against the New York Knicks , becoming the first player to register at least 30 points and 15 assists in back - to - back games since Magic Johnson in 1986 -- 87 . On November 4 , DeMar DeRozan scored 34 points in a win against the Miami Heat , becoming the first player since Michael Jordan in 1986 to score 30 + points in the first five games to start the season . On November 4 , Chris Paul recorded his 3,499 th career assist with the Los Angeles Clippers in a win against the Memphis Grizzlies , becoming the franchise 's all - time leader in assists , passing Randy Smith . On November 5 , LeBron James scored his 26,947 th career point in a win against the Philadelphia 76ers , passing Hakeem Olajuwon for 10th on the all - time scoring list . On November 7 , John Wall passed Wes Unseld to become the Washington Wizards ' franchise leader in career assists . On November 7 , Stephen Curry made 13 three - pointers against the New Orleans Pelicans , setting a new NBA record for most three - pointers made by a player in a single game , breaking the previous record of 12 shared by Curry himself , along with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall . On November 11 , LeBron James scored his 27,000 th career point in a win against the Wizards , becoming the youngest player in NBA history to reach that milestone ( 31 years , 317 days ) . On November 18 , the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Los Angeles Lakers , giving Spurs coach Gregg Popovich his 1,099 th career victory as head coach , passing Larry Brown for seventh place all - time in coaching career wins . He 'd record his 1,100 th career victory as head coach three days later against the Dallas Mavericks . On November 23 , Kevin Love scored 34 points in the first quarter of a win against the Portland Trail Blazers , setting an NBA record for most points scored in the first quarter , and second most in any quarter . Love finished the quarter 11 - of - 14 from the field and 8 - of - 10 from three , shattering the franchise 's old record for both points and three - pointers in a quarter . On November 23 , LeBron James recorded his 44th career triple - double in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers , passing Fat Lever for sixth all - time . On November 23 , the Golden State Warriors set a franchise record with 47 team assists in a 149 -- 106 win against the Los Angeles Lakers . On November 25 , the Houston Rockets set an NBA record by attempting 50 three - pointers in a 117 -- 104 win against the Sacramento Kings , breaking the previous record of 49 set by the Dallas Mavericks in 1996 . On November 26 , Russell Westbrook record his 44th career triple - double in a win over the Detroit Pistons , passing Fat Lever and tying LeBron James for sixth all - time . On November 29 , the Houston Rockets scored at least ten three - pointers in their 17th consecutive game , setting an NBA record . On November 29 , in all six games , the team with the worst record ended up winning , making it only the second time in NBA history that 's happened this late into the season ( January 7 , 1969 ) . On November 30 , Russell Westbrook scored his fourth straight triple - double and in doing so became the first player since Oscar Robertson in 1961 -- 62 to average a triple - double into the month of December . On December 1 , in a 132 -- 127 double - overtime win by the Houston Rockets over the Golden State Warriors , the two teams combined for 88 three - point attempts , setting an NBA record , with each team attempting 44 three 's , also marking the first game in NBA history that both teams in a single game each attempted 40 + three - pointers . On December 4 , Russell Westbrook recorded a triple - double in his fifth straight game , the first player to achieve that feat since Michael Jordan in 1989 . On December 5 , Klay Thompson scored 60 points ( shooting 21 - of - 33 and 8 - of - 14 on three - pointers ) in 29 minutes over just three quarters in a 142 -- 106 win over the Indiana Pacers. Thompson became the first person in the shot - clock era to score 60 points in less than 30 minutes , and the first to score at least 60 points in three quarters since Kobe Bryant scored 62 against the Mavericks in December 2005 . On December 9 , LeBron James passed Elvin Hayes for ninth on the all - time scoring list with 27,315 career points . On December 9 , Russell Westbrook recorded his seventh straight triple - double in a loss against the Houston Rockets , tying Michael Jordan and Oscar Robertson for the second longest streak of such in NBA history . On December 10 , Chris Paul recorded 20 points , 20 assists without a turnovers in a win against the New Orleans Pelicans , the first person in NBA history to achieve those stats since turnovers first started being recorded in 1977 . On December 10 , LeBron James recorded his 7,000 th career assist , becoming the first frontcourt player , and 16th overall , in NBA history to reach that mark . On December 14 , the NBA tentatively completed an agreement with the NBA Players Association for their new Collective Bargaining Agreement . Major noteworthy notes about the agreement include the return of a six - year extension for a player on a team , an update on some of the fixed salaries , the introduction of two - way contracts for teams to have two extra players on their team for the purpose of developing in the NBA Development League while also improving the payment for players there , a shortened preseason with an earlier regular season starting point , and the extension of five - year contracts given to players nearing the age of 38 instead of the age of 36 . The official signing was complete on January 19 , 2017 . On December 15 , 2016 ; Turner Sports Reporter , Craig Sager , died from acute myeloid leukemia after being diagnosed in 2014 . On December 16 , the Houston Rockets made 24 three - pointers on 61 attempts in a win against the New Orleans Pelicans , setting the NBA records for both most made and attempted three - point field goals in a regular season game . On December 17 , Russell Westbrook became just the sixth player in NBA history to amass 50 career triple - doubles , and became the first player since Magic Johnson in 1988 to record a 25 - point , 20 assist triple - double . On December 20 , LeBron James passed Moses Malone for eighth on the all - time scoring list with 27,410 career points . On December 31 , James Harden recorded 53 points , 16 rebounds , and 17 assists in a win against the New York Knicks . It was the first 50 -- 15 -- 15 game in NBA history , and Harden tied Wilt Chamberlain for the most points ever scored in a triple - double . On January 2 , Jimmy Butler scored 52 points in a win against the Charlotte Hornets , becoming the eighth different player this season to score 50 points in a game , tying an NBA record for most in a single season ( 1990 and 2016 ) . The other players to score 50 this season were James Harden , Isaiah Thomas , DeMarcus Cousins , John Wall , Klay Thompson , Anthony Davis , and Russell Westbrook . On January 6 , Chris Paul passed Rod Strickland for tenth on the all - time assists list with 7,988 career assists , and two days later , became the tenth player all - time to record 8,000 career assists . On January 8 , LeBron James became just the 14th player in NBA history to record 10,000 career field goals in a win against the Phoenix Suns . On January 11 , LeBron James passed Tim Hardaway for 15th on the all - time assists list with 7,096 . James became the only player to be in the top 10 on the all - time scoring list and top 15 in assists . On January 12 , the Denver Nuggets played against the Indiana Pacers at The O2 Arena in London . The Nuggets would blow out the Pacers by the final score of 140 -- 112 . The Phoenix Suns played against the Dallas Mavericks and San Antonio Spurs at the Mexico City Arena on January 12 and 14 , 2017 . The Suns would lose their game against the Mavericks by the score of 113 -- 108 , but would win against the Spurs with the final score of 108 -- 105 . On January 25 , Russell Westbrook recorded his 60th career triple - double , passing Larry Bird for fifth all - time in NBA history . On January 26 , Vince Carter turned 40 years old , becoming just the 16th player ever to play in his 40 's in the NBA . On January 27 , James Harden recorded a 51 - point , 13 rebound , 13 assist triple - double in a win against the Philadelphia 76ers , becoming the first player in NBA history to record multiple 50 - point triple - doubles in the same season , and tying Oscar Robertson for the most 40 - point triple - doubles in a single season with five . On January 28 , the Golden State Warriors beat the Los Angeles Clippers 144 -- 98 for their 40th win of the season , becoming the first team in NBA history to win at least 40 of their first 50 games three seasons in a row . On February 3 , the Boston Celtics beat the Los Angeles Lakers 113 -- 107 , giving the Celtics franchise its 3,253 rd all - time win , passing the aforementioned Lakers for most wins by a single franchise in NBA history . On February 4 , LeBron James scored his 28,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the eighth overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 36 days ) . On February 4 , Gregg Popovich earned his 1,128 th career coaching victory with the San Antonio Spurs , passing Jerry Sloan for most coaching wins with a single franchise in NBA history . On February 6 , LeBron James passed Lenny Wilkens for 13th on the NBA 's all - time assist list with 7,227 career assists . On February 7 , Dirk Nowitzki passed John Havlicek for tenth all - time in NBA history in field goals made with 10,514 career field goals . On February 8 , the Miami Heat won their 12th straight game in a row , making it the longest winning streak for a team below . 500 in NBA history , passing the 1996 - 97 Phoenix Suns . The streak would reach 13 straight before losing to the Philadelphia 76ers on February 11 . On February 10 , Draymond Green became the first player in NBA history to record a triple - double while failing to score in double figures . In the Warriors ' 122 -- 107 win over the Memphis Grizzlies , Green only scored four points , but collected 12 rebounds , ten assists , and ten steals . Green also became the first player to record ten steals and five blocks in a game since those became official NBA statistics in the 1973 -- 74 season . On February 12 , Carmelo Anthony passed Charles Barkley for 25th on the all - time scoring list . On February 13 , the San Antonio Spurs earned their 42nd victory of the season , clinching the franchise 's 20th straight winning season , setting an NBA record for most consecutive winning seasons by a single team . On February 13 , the Denver Nuggets made 24 three - pointers in a 132 -- 110 win against the Golden State Warriors . The Nuggets ' 24 three - pointers tied the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single regular season game , along with the Houston Rockets who set the record earlier in the season on December 16 . On February 15 , Vince Carter passed Allen Iverson for 23rd on the all - time scoring list with 24,369 career points . On February 15 , Russell Westbrook recorded his 27th triple - double of the season , moving into sole possession of third place all - time for most triple - doubles in a single season behind Oscar Robertson 's 41 in 1962 and Wilt Chamberlain 's 31 in 1968 . On February 15 , Kyle Korver made his 2,000 th career three - pointer , becoming just the seventh player in NBA history to reach that milestone . On February 16 , Isaiah Thomas set a Boston Celtics franchise record by scoring 20 + points in his 41st straight game , breaking the previous record of 40 straight by John Havlicek . On February 25 , the Golden State Warriors became the quickest team in NBA history to clinch a playoff spot , beating the record set by last year 's Warriors team by two days ( February 27 ) . On February 27 , Stephen Curry shot 0 - for - 11 on three - point attempts in a win against the Philadelphia 76ers , becoming just the fourth player in NBA history to make no three - pointers while attempting at least eleven such shots . During the month of March , the NBA would break the record for most triple - doubles recorded in a single season . On March 1 , the Detroit Pistons shot 3 - of - 17 on free throws in a loss against the New Orleans Pelicans , setting a record for the lowest free - throw percentage ( 17.6 % ) in a game in NBA history ( minimum 10 attempts ) . On March 2 , the Golden State Warriors lost their second consecutive game , snapping their NBA record streak of 146 straight regular season games without consecutive losses which dated back to April 2015 . On March 3 , the Cleveland Cavaliers made 25 three - pointers in a win against the Atlanta Hawks , setting the NBA regular - season record for most three - pointers made in a game , surpassing the record of 24 set by the Rockets and Nuggets earlier in the season . On March 4 , Eric Gordon made his 180th three - pointer of the season in his 49th game as a reserve , setting an NBA record for the most three - pointers made in a season by a player off the bench . The previous record of 179 three - pointers was set by Mirza Teletović last year in 78 games . On March 4 , Ricky Rubio recorded the 79th triple - double of the season throughout the NBA , breaking the record of 78 set in 1988 -- 89 for most triple - doubles in a single season in NBA history . On March 7 , Russell Westbrook scored a career high 58 points in a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers , tying Fred Brown for most points scored in a game in Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise history . On March 7 , Dirk Nowitzki scored his 30,000 th career point in a win against the Los Angeles Lakers , becoming just the sixth player in NBA history to reach that milestone -- Kareem Abdul - Jabaar , Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant , Michael Jordan , and Wilt Chamberlain . On March 22 , Russell Westbrook became the first player in NBA history to record a triple - double while making all of his attempted baskets and free throws . In the Thunder 's 122 -- 97 win over the Philadelphia 76ers , he went 6 - for - 6 from both the floor and the line while collecting 18 points , 11 rebounds , and 14 assists . On March 24 , Devin Booker became the sixth player in NBA history to score at least 70 points in a game . In addition , Booker became the youngest player in NBA history to score at least 60 points in a game , breaking David Thompson 's record . On March 29 , Russell Westbrook scored 57 points in a victory against the Orlando Magic along with 13 rebounds and 11 assists , it was his 38th triple double of the season and the highest points scored in a triple double . On March 29 , Vince Carter passed Ray Allen for 22nd on the all - time scoring list with 24,511 career points . On March 30 , LeBron James passed Shaquille O'Neal for seventh on the all - time regular season scoring list , with 28,597 points . On April 2 , Russell Westbrook became the second player in NBA history to get 40 triple - doubles in a single season during the Oklahoma City Thunder 's 113 -- 101 loss against the Charlotte Hornets . Westbrook had 40 points , 13 rebounds , and 10 assists against the Hornets . In doing so , Westbrook moved within one triple double of tying the single season record that was set by Oscar Robertson in the 1961 - 62 season . On April 4 , Russell Westbrook recorded his 41st triple - double of the season in the Thunder 's 110 -- 79 win over the Milwaukee Bucks , tying the NBA record of most triple doubles in a single season set by Oscar Robertson during the 1961 - 62 NBA season . On April 4 , LeBron James scored at least 10 points in his 788th consecutive game , passing Kareem Abdul - Jabbar for second on the all - time list . Only Michael Jordan has a longer such streak with 866 straight games . On April 7 , Russell Westbrook ensured he would finish the season averaging a triple - double . Entering the Thunder 's game against the Phoenix Suns , Westbrook needed six assists to reach 820 for the season , the final number he needed to clinch a triple - double average ; he reached the mark early in the third quarter . The only other player to average a triple - double for a season is Oscar Robertson , who accomplished it with the Cincinnati Royals during the 1961 -- 62 NBA season . On April 8 , Rudy Gobert ensured that he would finish the season with 1,000 points , 1,000 rebounds , and 200 blocks during a loss to the Portland Trail Blazers . This is the 23rd time a player has accomplished this feat in NBA history . On April 9 , Russell Westbrook recorded 50 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists during the Oklahoma City Thunder 's 106 - 105 victory against the Denver Nuggets . This was Westbrook 's 42nd triple double of the season , breaking the NBA record for most triple - doubles in a single season that was previously held by Oscar Robertson . It would also be his third game where he scored 50 or more points while recording a triple - double . On April 12 , during the Memphis Grizzlies final game of the regular season , Vince Carter passed Kobe Bryant for regular season games played with 1,347 for 13th place . By the end of the regular season , Vince Carter , Jamal Crawford and Kyle Korver ended up with a triple - tie in career 3 - pointers made with 2,049 each for 5th place . This season became the first one since the 1963 -- 64 NBA season in which no coaches were fired during the regular season . Giannis Antetokounmpo led the Bucks in every one of the five major statistical categories ( points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocks ) in the 2016 -- 17 regular season , becoming only the fifth NBA player to do so after Dave Cowens , Scottie Pippen , Kevin Garnett and LeBron James . He also became the first player in NBA history to finish in the top 20 in the league in each of the five major categories in a regular season . On April 20 , the Cleveland Cavaliers erased a 25 - point halftime deficit in their 119 -- 114 victory over the Indiana Pacers , the largest such deficit overcome in NBA playoff history . On April 23 , with the Cleveland Cavaliers ' victory over the Indiana Pacers , LeBron James achieved his 10th playoff series sweep , the most all - time , passing Tim Duncan . It was also James ' 21st consecutive victory in the first round , also an NBA record . On April 28 , the Los Angeles Clippers defeated the Utah Jazz 98 -- 93 to force a Game 7 , making this season the 18th in succession to feature at least one game seven in the postseason . The Cleveland Cavaliers and the Golden State Warriors both started 8 -- 0 in the postseason . This is the first time in NBA history that two or more teams have each won their first eight postseason games . On May 18 , LeBron James was named to the All - NBA first team for a record - tying 11th time , tying Karl Malone and Kobe Bryant . On May 19 , the Cleveland Cavaliers held a 72 -- 31 lead over the Boston Celtics at halftime , setting the record for largest playoff halftime lead ( 41 points ) in NBA history . The previous record had been 40 , set by the Detroit Pistons against the Washington Bullets in 1987 . The final score , a 130 -- 86 Cavaliers victory , was the worst loss ( 44 points ) for a # 1 seed in NBA history . This was also the Cavaliers ' 13th straight playoff victory dating back to 2016 , which tied them with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1988 and 1989 for the longest playoff winning streak by a team in NBA history . On May 19 , LeBron James had his 8th straight playoff game with 30 + points , tying the record held by Michael Jordan . On May 22 , the Golden State Warriors became the first team in NBA history to begin a postseason 12 -- 0 and the first team in NBA history to achieve three consecutive sweeps in best - of - seven playoff series with their 129 -- 115 victory over the San Antonio Spurs . The Los Angeles Lakers previously swept the first three rounds in both 1989 and 2001 , but both times occurred when the first round was still played in a best - of - five format . On May 25 , LeBron James surpassed Michael Jordan to become the all - time leader in career playoff points , with 5,988 . The Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors met in the NBA Finals for the third consecutive year , making them the first pair of teams in NBA history to face off in the NBA Finals three consecutive times . On June 4 , the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers 132 -- 113 in Game 2 of the NBA Finals to take a 2 - 0 series lead . Golden State improved to 14 - 0 this postseason , with their 14 - game winning streak setting a new NBA playoff record for most consecutive victories . The Warriors also surpassed their own NBA record for three - point field goals made in a Finals game with 18 . On June 4 , LeBron James and Stephen Curry became the first set of opposing players to each record a triple - double in an NBA postseason game since 1970 . On June 7 , the Warriors set two NBA Finals records during a 118 - 113 Game 3 win over the Cavaliers : most three - point field goals made in a quarter ( 9 in the first quarter ) and in a half ( 12 in the first half ) . The Warriors improved to 15 - 0 this postseason and extended the NBA 's longest ever playoff win streak to 15 games . On June 9 , the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 137 - 116 in Game 4 of the NBA Finals , snapping the Warriors ' record playoff winning streak at 15 games . Several NBA Finals records were broken during the game . The Cavaliers set NBA Finals records for most points in a quarter ( 49 in the first quarter ) and in a half ( 86 in the first half ) in addition to most made three pointers in a half ( 13 in the first half , which broke the record set by Golden State in the first half of Game 3 of this year 's Finals only two days earlier ) and in a game ( 24 total , which broke the record set by Golden State in Game 2 of this year 's Finals only five days earlier ) . The Cavaliers and Warriors also scored a combined 154 points during the first half , setting an NBA Finals record for most combined points in a half . Finally , LeBron James recorded his ninth career triple double in an NBA Finals game , which surpassed Magic Johnson for the most career triple - doubles in Finals history . On June 12 , the Golden State Warriors set a new NBA record by finishing the postseason 16 -- 1 , winning the 2017 NBA Finals and defeating the defending champions Cleveland Cavaliers . LeBron James becomes first player in NBA history to finish the Final series averaging a triple - double . Attendances ( edit ) 2016 - 17 NBA teams attendances : Team Total attendance Home average Bulls 888,882 21,680 Cavaliers 843,042 20,562 Raptors 813,050 19,830 Mavericks 811,366 19,789 Knicks 810,741 19,774 Jazz 806,605 19,673 Heat 805,400 19,643 Warriors 803,436 19,596 Trail Blazers 792,029 19,317 Clippers 782,609 19,088 Lakers 776,917 18,949 Celtics 760,690 18,553 Spurs 755,347 18,423 Thunder 746,323 18,203 Magic 727,875 17,753 Kings 721,928 17,608 Hornets 710,643 17,332 76ers 710,557 17,330 Suns 708,639 17,283 Wizards 697,107 17,002 Rockets 695,903 16,973 Pacers 684,578 16,697 Grizzlies 677,314 16,519 Pelicans 663,099 16,173 Pistons 655,141 15,979 Hawks 654,306 15,958 Bucks 648,952 15,828 Nets 632,608 15,429 Timberwolves 607,203 14,809 Nuggets 605,585 14,770 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game pulled from Charlotte over HB2 law '' . Sports Illustrated . 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan retires after 19 seasons , five NBA titles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bedore , Gary ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Former Jayhawk Kaun reveals retirement '' . kusports.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amar'e Stoudemire Announces Retirement '' . NBA.com . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herring , Chris ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Knicks Sign Amar'e Stoudemire -- So He Can Retire '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Amar'e Stoudemire joins Hapoel Jerusalem ! '' . Hapoel.co.il . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Garnett Announces Retirement '' . NBA.com . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Garnett says ' farewell ' to the NBA after 21 seasons '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Final Season '' . The Players ' Tribune . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Williams changed his mind again and is retiring from the Cavaliers '' . Cleveland.com . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran . `` NBA 's link to 1990s continues to fade with Elton Brand 's retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Ray ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Letter to My Younger Self '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Martin announces retirement in ad '' . zanesvilletimesrecorder.com . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` DeShawn Stevenson Retires : Latest Comments and Reaction '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Spurs player Matt Bonner announces retirement with hilarious retirement video '' . FOX Sports . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves Launch Search for Head Coach and Head of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards part ways with coach Wittman '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIZARDS PART WAYS WITH WITTMAN '' . WizardsToday.MonumentalSportsNetwork.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards fire coach Randy Wittman after team misses playoffs '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings fire coach Karl after one full season '' . NBA.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings fire George Karl '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nets name Hawks assistant Kenny Atkinson head coach '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob . `` Suns remove interim tag , name Watson coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suns name Earl Watson 17th head coach in team history '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves Agree to Terms with Tom Thibodeau and Scott Layden '' . NBA.com. April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon . `` Timberwolves hire Thibodeau as coach , president '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers part ways with head coach Byron Scott '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Byron Scott out after Lakers - worst 17 - 65 season '' . ESPN.com. April 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards hire Scott Brooks as head coach '' . NBA.com. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hire Luke Walton as head coach '' . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pacers ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pacers ' president Larry Bird announced that Vogel 's contract would not be renewed , citing a need for a new voice to lead the players '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vogel out as Pacers ' coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies fire head coach Dave Joerger '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ; Dubow , Josh . `` Kings hire Joerger as coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skiles resigns as coach of Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers name assistant McMillan as new coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magic name Vogel 13th coach in franchise history '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies name David Fizdale head coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Name Mike D'Antoni Head Coach '' . NBA . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Name Jeff Hornacek Head Coach '' . NBA . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . USA Today . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Awards 2017 Finalists '' . NBA.com . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James wins PBWA 's J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . NBA.com . May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook , James Harden , LeBron James lead 2016 - 17 All - NBA first team '' . NBA.com . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green , Rudy Gobert , Kawhi Leonard lead 2016 - 17 NBA All - Defensive first team '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Brogdon , Dario Saric lead 2016 - 17 NBA All - Rookie first team '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Russell Westbrook named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , George Hill named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , James Harden named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Jimmy Butler , Pelicans ' Anthony Davis named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love , Kevin Durant named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , Russell Westbrook named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lebron James , Marc Gasol named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , James Harden named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas , Russell Westbrook named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall , James Harden named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Butler , Stephen Curry named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , Gordon Hayward named Players of Week '' . NBA.com . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Embiid , Kawhi Leonard named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dion Waiters , DeMarcus Cousins named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas , Stephen Curry named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Blake Griffin named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets ' Kemba Walker , San Antonio Spurs ' Kawhi Leonard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall , Karl - Anthony Towns named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hassan Whiteside , Damian Lillard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , James Harden named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Butler , Stephen Curry named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul George , Russell Westbrook named NBA Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Russell Westbrook named Players of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall , James Harden named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Curry and Durant named Kia Players of Month for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Oklahoma City Thunder 's Russell Westbrook named Kia Players of the Month for February '' . NBA.com . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Giannis Antetokounmpo , Portland Trail Blazers 's Damian Lillard named Kia Players of the Month for March '' . NBA.com . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Pacers ' Paul George , LA Clippers ' Chris Paul named Kia Players of Month '' . NBA.com. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers ' Joel Embiid , Nuggets ' Jamal Murray named Rookies of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Embiid , Buddy Hield named Kia Rookies of the Month '' . NBA.com . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Embiid , Suns ' Chriss named top rookies for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Dario Saric , Dallas Mavericks ' Yogi Ferrell named Kia Rookies of Month for February '' . NBA.com . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Dario Saric Sacramento Kings Buddy Hield named Kia Rookies of Month for March '' . NBA.com. April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knicks ' Willy Hernangomez , Phoenix Suns ' Tyler Ulis named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Kerr , Tyronn Lue receive Coaches of the Month honors '' . NBA.com . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey , Mike D'Antoni named NBA Coaches of the Month '' . NBA.com . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards ' Scott Brooks , Warriors ' Steve Kerr named Coaches of the Month for January '' . NBA.com . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat 's Erik Spoelstra , San Antonio Spurs ' Gregg Popovich named February Coaches of the Month '' . NBA.com . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee 's Jason Kidd , Portlands ' Terry Stotts named March Coaches of the Month '' . NBA.com. April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Pacers ' Nate McMillan , LA Clippers ' Doc Rivers named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors break ground on new Chase Center arena in bizarre scene '' . January 17 , 2017 . USA Today . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Katherine ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets ' home arena changing name to Spectrum Center '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA ON TSN Adds 100 + Games , Delivering Massive Court Coverage Throughout the 2016 -- 17 Season '' . Bell Media Press Room . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsnet Announces 2016 - 17 NBA Season Broadcast Schedule '' . Sportsnet Media Centre . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CANADIAN TV SCHEDULE - 2016 - 17 '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz Modify Look of Uniforms , Court , Logo '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Sacramento Kings Uniforms Reflect Franchise Connection To City , Pride and Foundation '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Unveil Brooklyn Remix Uniforms '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors to Wear 90 's Inspired Crossover Uniforms for Select Sunday Games During 2016 - 17 Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Timberwolves PR ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 - 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . The colors include midnight blue , aurora green , lake blue , moonlight grey , and frost white . Jump up ^ `` NBA Schedule release '' . August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 17 Schedule creation '' . July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MIT schedule talk '' . March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , watchmaker Tissot announce multiyear partnership '' . ESPN . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James put up a triple - double in the Cavaliers ' season opener because he does n't age '' . SB Nation . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis joins Jordan , Wilt , posts 50 on opening night ... somehow still loses '' . CBSsports.com . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook 's 51 points in triple - double most since Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . ESPN.com . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden 's previous two games have matched a 29 - year Magic Johnson record '' . givemesport.com . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan stays hot and burns Heat '' . cbc.ca . CBC Sports . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Sets Clippers ' Franchise Record For Assists '' . nba.com/clippers . National Basketball Association . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Passes Hakeem Olajuwon for 10th on NBA 's All - Time Scoring List '' . Bleacher Report . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall breaks Wes Unseld 's Wizards ' assists record '' . NBA.com . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry sets NBA single - game record with 13 three - pointers '' . usatoday.com . USA Today . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James just surpassed Kobe Bryant while reaching another milestone '' . FoxSports.com . November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Popovich passes mentor Larry Brown on all - time wins list '' . NBA.com . November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Love , LeBron James incredible in Cavs ' 137 - 125 win over Portland '' . cleveland.com . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors go on assist explosion in 149 - 106 home blowout of Lakers '' . mercurynews.com . The Mercury News . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden - led Rockets set mark with 50 3 - point tries in win '' . ESPN.com . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook equals LeBron with 44th career triple - double '' . ESPN.com . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets ' defense fails to contain hot - shooting Jazz '' . Chron.com . The Houston Chronicle . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA scores 2016 : Nets - Clippers and Tuesday 's ' quiet ' schedule prove the NBA is always great '' . SB Nation . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook takes triple - double average into December '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harden 's triple - double leads Rockets over Warriors in 2OT '' . ESPN.com . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook is the 1st player with 5 straight triple - doubles since Michael Jordan '' . Yahoo ! Sports . December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson Single - Handedly Dismantles Pacers After Historic Scoring Night '' . NBA.com . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson has career - high 60 -- in 3 quarters -- in rout of Pacers '' . ESPN.com . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron : Kevin Love , Kyrie Irving playing their ' best basketball ' '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Westbrook 's triple - double streak lands him in group with MJ , Big O , Wilt '' . SportingNews.com . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul goes for 20 - 20 game in blowout win over the Pelicans '' . SportingNews.com . December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James gets 7,000 th career assist in first quarter vs. Hornets '' . ESPN.com . December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://official.nba.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/01/NBA-2017-CBA-Principal-Deal-Points.pdf Jump up ^ `` Rockets set trio of NBA single - game 3 - point records '' . ESPN.com . December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook becomes 6th NBA player in history to record 50 career triple - doubles '' . foxsports.com . December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James moves into 8th on NBA 's all - time scoring list '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2016 . 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SLAM Magazine . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks ' Dirk Nowitzki joins greats in 30K club '' . ESPN.com . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook first to be perfect on FGs , FTs in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter passes Ray Allen on NBA 's all - time scoring list '' . theScore.com . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook seals NBA 's second triple - double average '' . ESPN.com. April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player Season Finder Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball Reference. April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder vs Denver Nuggets -- Apr , 09 2017 - Game Preview , Play by Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com -- NBA.com '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks vs. Grizzlies - Game Recap - April 12 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers set a record for largest halftime playoff lead thanks to this miracle shot '' . SBNation.com . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/games/20170522/GSWSAS#/recap Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/playoffs/2017/05/22/warriors-sweep-spurs-advance-nba-finals/102032554/ Jump up ^ `` LeBron James tops Michael Jordan as all - time playoffs scoring leader '' . ESPN.com . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . 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-3710130444751762065	Adrenocorticotropic hormone	Adrenocorticotropic hormone - wikipedia Adrenocorticotropic hormone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about adrenocorticotropic hormone as a natural hormone . For adrenocorticotropic hormone as a medication and diagnostic agent , see Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( medication ) . pro-opiomelanocortin Identifiers Symbol OMC Entrez 5443 HUGO 9201 OMIM 176830 RefSeq NM_000939 UniProt P01189 Other data Locus Chr. 2 p23 Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH , also adrenocorticotropin , corticotropin ) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland . It is also used as a medication and diagnostic agent . ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress ( along with its precursor corticotropin - releasing hormone from the hypothalamus ) . Its principal effects are increased production and release of cortisol by the cortex of the adrenal gland . ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms . Deficiency of ACTH is a sign of secondary adrenal insufficiency ( suppressed production of ACTH due to an impairment of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus , cf . hypopituitarism ) or tertiary adrenal insufficiency ( disease of the hypothalamus , with a decrease in the release of corticotropin releasing hormone CRH ) . Conversely , chronically elevated ACTH levels occur in primary adrenal insufficiency ( e.g. Addison 's disease ) when adrenal gland production of cortisol is chronically deficient . In Cushing 's disease a pituitary tumor is the cause of elevated ACTH ( from the anterior pituitary ) and an excess of cortisol ( hypercortisolism ) -- this constellation of signs and symptoms is known as Cushing 's syndrome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and regulation 2 Structure 3 Function 4 ACTH receptors outside the adrenal gland 5 Synthetic ACTH 6 Discovery 7 Associated conditions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Production and regulation ( edit ) POMC , ACTH and β - lipotropin are secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe ( or adenohypophysis ) of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) released by the hypothalamus . ACTH is synthesized from pre-pro - opiomelanocortin ( pre-POMC ) . The removal of the signal peptide during translation produces the 241 - amino acid polypeptide POMC , which undergoes a series of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation before it is proteolytically cleaved by endopeptidases to yield various polypeptide fragments with varying physiological activity . These fragments include : polypeptide fragment alias abbreviation amino acid residues NPP 27 -- 102 melanotropin gamma γ - MSH 77 -- 87 potential peptide 105 -- 134 corticotropin adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 138 -- 176 melanotropin alpha melanocyte - stimulating hormone α - MSH 138 -- 150 corticotropin - like intermediate peptide CLIP 156 -- 176 lipotropin beta β - LPH 179 -- 267 lipotropin gamma γ - LPH 179 -- 234 melanotropin beta β - MSH 217 -- 234 beta - endorphin 237 -- 267 met - enkephalin 237 -- 241 In order to regulate the secretion of ACTH , many substances secreted within this axis exhibit slow / intermediate and fast feedback - loop activity . Glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal cortex work to inhibit CRH secretion by the hypothalamus , which in turn decreases anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH . Glucocorticoids may also inhibit the rates of POMC gene transcription and peptide synthesis . The latter is an example of a slow feedback loop , which works on the order of hours to days , whereas the former works on the order of minutes . The half - life of ACTH in human blood is about ten minutes . Structure ( edit ) ACTH consists of 39 amino acids , the first 13 of which ( counting from the N - terminus ) may be cleaved to form α - melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( α - MSH ) . ( This common structure is responsible for excessively tanned skin in Addison 's disease . ) After a short period of time , ACTH is cleaved into α - melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( α - MSH ) and CLIP , a peptide with unknown activity in humans . Human ACTH has a molecular weight of 4,540 atomic mass units ( Da ) . Function ( edit ) ACTH stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid hormones from adrenal cortex cells , especially in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands . ACTH acts by binding to cell surface ACTH receptors , which are located primarily on adrenocortical cells of the adrenal cortex . The ACTH receptor is a seven - membrane - spanning G protein - coupled receptor . Upon ligand binding , the receptor undergoes conformation changes that stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase , which leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP and subsequent activation of protein kinase A . ACTH influences steroid hormone secretion by both rapid short - term mechanisms that take place within minutes and slower long - term actions . The rapid actions of ACTH include stimulation of cholesterol delivery to the mitochondria where the P450scc enzyme is located . P450scc catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis that is cleavage of the side - chain of cholesterol . ACTH also stimulates lipoprotein uptake into cortical cells . This increases the bioavailability of cholesterol in the cells of the adrenal cortex . The long term actions of ACTH include stimulation of the transcription of the genes coding for steroidogenic enzymes , especially P450scc , steroid 11β - hydroxylase , and their associated electron transfer proteins . This effect is observed over several hours . In addition to steroidogenic enzymes , ACTH also enhances transcription of mitochondrial genes that encode for subunits of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation systems . These actions are probably necessary to supply the enhanced energy needs of adrenocortical cells stimulated by ACTH . Reference ranges for blood tests , showing adrenocorticotropic hormone ( green at left ) among the hormones with smallest concentration in the blood . ACTH receptors outside the adrenal gland ( edit ) As indicated above , ACTH is a cleavage product of the pro-hormone , proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) , which also produces other hormones including α - MSH that stimulates the production of melanin . A family of related receptors mediates the actions of these hormones , the MCR , or melanocortin receptor family . These are mainly not associated with the pituitary - adrenal axis . MC2R is the ACTH receptor . While it has a crucial function in regulating the adrenal , it is also expressed elsewhere in the body , specifically in the osteoblast , which is responsible for making new bone , a continual and highly regulated process in the bodies of air - breathing vertebrates . The functional expression of MC2R on the osteoblast was discovered by Isales et alia in 2005 . Since that time , it has been demonstrated that the response of bone forming cells to ACTH includes production of VEGF , as it does in the adrenal . This response might be important in maintaining osteoblast survival under some conditions . If this is physiologically important , it probably functions in conditions with short - period or intermittent ACTH signaling , since with continual exposure of osteoblasts to ACTH , the effect was lost in a few hours . Synthetic ACTH ( edit ) An active synthetic form of ACTH , consisting of the first 24 amino acids of native ACTH , was first synthesized by Klaus Hofmann at the University of Pittsburgh . Discovery ( edit ) While working on her dissertation , Evelyn M. Anderson co-discovered ACTH with James Bertram Collip and David Landsborough Thomson and , in a paper published in 1933 , explained its function in the body . Associated conditions ( edit ) Diseases of the pituitary , the gland that produces , among others , the hormone ACTH Hypopituitarism , the hyposecretion of ACTH in the pituitary , leading to secondary adrenal insufficiency ( a form of hypocorticism ) Addison 's disease , the primary adrenal insufficiency ( another form of hypocorticism ) Cushing 's syndrome , hypercorticism , one of the causes is hypersecretion of ACTH Small cell carcinoma , a common cause of ACTH secreted ectopically Congenital adrenal hyperplasia , diseases in the production of cortisol Nelson 's syndrome , the rapid enlargement of the ACTH producing pituitary after the removal of both adrenal glands Adrenoleukodystrophy , can be accompanied by adrenal insufficiency West syndrome ( `` infantile spasms '' ) , a disease where ACTH is used as a therapy Postorgasmic illness syndrome ( POIS ) , through production of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β - hydroxylase , which two enzymes comprise the biochemical mechanism by which norepinephrine and epinephrine are produced . See also ( edit ) Corticorelin Dexamethasone suppression test References ( edit ) Jump up ^ I.K. Morton ; Judith M. Hall ( December 6 , 2012 ) . Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents : Properties and Synonyms . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 84 -- . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 4439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dibner C , Schibler U , Albrecht U ( 2010 ) . `` The mammalian circadian timing system : organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 72 : 517 -- 49 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - physiol - 021909 - 135821 . PMID 20148687 Jump up ^ `` Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ( ACTH ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Pro-opiomelocortin precursor '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yalow RS , Glick SM , Roth J , Berson SA ( November 1964 ) . `` Radioimmunoassay of human plasma acth '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 ( 11 ) : 1219 -- 25 . doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 24 - 11 - 1219 . PMID 14230021 . Jump up ^ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN ; NCBI -- > POMC Retrieved on September 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Raikhinstein M , Zohar M , Hanukoglu I ( February 1994 ) . `` cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) receptor '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1220 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 4889 ( 94 ) 90157 - 0 . PMID 8305507 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Feuchtwanger R , Hanukoglu A ( November 1990 ) . `` Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system enzymes in adrenal cortex cells '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 265 ( 33 ) : 20602 -- 8 . PMID 2173715 . ^ Jump up to : Raikhinstein M , Hanukoglu I ( November 1993 ) . `` Mitochondrial - genome - encoded RNAs : differential regulation by corticotropin in bovine adrenocortical cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 90 ( 22 ) : 10509 -- 13 . Bibcode : 1993PNAS ... 9010509R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 90.22. 10509 . PMC 47806 . PMID 7504267 . Jump up ^ Isales CM , Zaidi M , Blair HC ( March 2010 ) . `` ACTH is a novel regulator of bone mass '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1192 : 110 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2010NYASA1192 ... 110I . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2009. 05231. x . PMID 20392225 . Jump up ^ Zhong Q , Sridhar S , Ruan L , Ding KH , Xie D , Insogna K , Kang B , Xu J , Bollag RJ , Isales CM ( May 2005 ) . `` Multiple melanocortin receptors are expressed in bone cells '' . Bone. 36 ( 5 ) : 820 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bone. 2005.01. 020 . PMID 15804492 . Jump up ^ Zaidi M , Sun L , Robinson LJ , Tourkova IL , Liu L , Wang Y , Zhu LL , Liu X , Li J , Peng Y , Yang G , Shi X , Levine A , Iqbal J , Yaroslavskiy BB , Isales C , Blair HC ( May 2010 ) . `` ACTH protects against glucocorticoid - induced osteonecrosis of bone '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 ( 19 ) : 8782 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.8782 Z . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0912176107 . PMC 2889316 . PMID 20421485 . Jump up ^ `` Simulated ACTH '' . Time . December 12 , 1960 . Jump up ^ Johstone , Rose ( 2003 ) . `` A Sixty - Year Evolution of Biochemistry at McGill University '' ( PDF ) . Scientia Canadensis. 27 : 27 -- 83 . doi : 10.7202 / 800458ar . Jump up ^ James B. Collip , Evelyn Anderson , D.L. Thomson ( August 12 , 1933 ) . `` The adrenotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe '' . Lancet . 222 ( 5737 ) : 347 -- 348 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 00 ) 44463 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Peptides : neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Dynorphin A Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Big dynorphin Leumorphin α - Neoendorphin β - Neoendorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Endorphins α - Endorphin β - Endorphin γ - Endorphin Enkephalins Met - enkephalin Leu - enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin - 4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinins Tachykinins : mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins U Orexins Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Carnosine Cocaine - and amphetamine - regulated transcript Delta sleep - inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin - like peptide Gastrin releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide RVD - Hpα VGF Appetite stimulants ( A15 ) Exogenous Amitriptyline Clonidine Cyproheptadine Dexamethasone Dronabinol / Tetrahydrocannabinol ( Cannabis ) Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Mirtazapine Nabilone Nandrolone Olanzapine Omega - 3 fatty acid Oxandrolone Pentoxifylline Prednisone Sugars Testosterone Thalidomide Endogenous ACTH / Corticotropin Adiponectin Agouti - related peptide Anandamide Cortisol / Hydrocortisone Cortisone Ghrelin Melanin - concentrating hormone Melatonin Neuropeptide Y Orexin / Hypocretin Melanocortin receptor modulators MC Agonists : ACTH ( corticotropin ) Afamelanotide ( melanotan I ) BMS - 470539 Bremelanotide HS - 014 HS - 024 MSH ( α , β , γ ) Melanotan II Modimelanotide PL - 8177 SHU - 8914 SHU - 9005 SHU - 9119 SNAP - 7941 Antagonists : ASIP MC Agonists : ACTH ( corticotropin ) Alsactide Codactide Giractide Norleusactide ( pentacosactride ) Seractide Tetracosactide ( tetracosactrin , cosyntropin ) Tosactide ( octacosactrin ) Tricosactide Tridecactide MC Agonists : ACTH ( corticotropin ) Afamelanotide ( melanotan I ) Bremelanotide MSH ( α , β , γ ) Melanotan II Modimelanotide PG - 931 Antagonists : AGRP ASIP HS - 014 ML - 00253764 PG - 106 SHU - 8914 SHU - 9005 SHU - 9119 MC Agonists : ACTH ( corticotropin ) Afamelanotide ( melanotan I ) AZD2820 BIM - 22493 Bremelanotide LY - 2112688 MSH ( α , β , γ ) Melanotan II MK - 0493 Modimelanotide PF - 00446687 PG - 931 PL - 6983 Ro 27 - 3225 Setmelanotide THIQ Antagonists : AGRP ASIP HS - 014 HS - 024 HS - 131 JKC - 363 MCL - 0020 MCL - 0042 MCL - 0129 ML - 00253764 MPB - 10 SHU - 8914 SHU - 9005 SHU - 9119 Unknown : Semax MC Agonists : ACTH ( corticotropin ) Afamelanotide ( melanotan I ) Bremelanotide HS - 014 HS - 024 MSH ( α , β , γ ) Melanotan II Modimelanotide SHU - 8914 SHU - 9005 SHU - 9119 Antagonists : ASIP ML - 00253764 Unknown : Semax Unsorted Agonists : Alsactide Codactide Giractide Norleusactide ( pentacosactride ) Seractide Tetracosactide ( tetracosactrin , cosyntropin ) Tosactide ( octacosactrin ) Tricosactide Tridecactide Others Propeptides : Lipotropin ( β , γ ) N - POMC ( NPP , pro-γ - MSH ) Proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenocorticotropic_hormone&oldid=831994561 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 2 Anterior pituitary hormones Peptide hormones Melanocortin receptor agonists World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from August 2017 Protein pages needing a picture All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 05 : 21 . 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4833356217892538516	Kebra Nagast	Kebra Nagast - wikipedia Kebra Nagast Jump to : navigation , search Illustrations to the Kebra Nagast , 1920s The Kebra Nagast ( var . Kebra Negast , Ge'ez ክብረ ነገሥት , kəbrä nägäśt ) is a 14th - century account written in Ge'ez , an ancient South Semitic language that originated in modern - day Ethiopia and Eritrea . Wallis Budge , an English Egyptologist , Orientalist , and philologist who worked for the British Museum created an English translation called The Glory of the Kings . It is considered to hold the genealogy of the new Solomonic dynasty , which followed the Ethiopian Orthodox Church . It contains an account of how the Queen of Sheba ( Queen Makeda of Ethiopia ) met King Solomon and about how the Ark of the Covenant came to Ethiopia with Menelik I ( Menyelek ) . It also discusses the conversion of the Ethiopians from the worship of the Sun , Moon and stars to that of the `` Lord God of Israel '' . As the Ethiopianist Edward Ullendorff explained in the 1967 Schweich Lectures , `` The Kebra Nagast is not merely a literary work , but it is the repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings . '' The Old Testament kingly pattern was dogmatically adopted in the Kebra Nagast , including Samuel 's call to end the weaknesses of the twelve Judges ( one for each of the tribes of Israel ) , and his establishment of one king with the people 's consent , to unify the state against enemy attack . By virtue of his personal strength , David made the throne more stable and unconditional , while Solomon brought about the zenith of virtue , wisdom and power ; all held in the monarchy . Thus , during the Era of the Judges legitimate descent from Solomon and Sheba remained the crucial test of eligibility for imperial office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of contents 2 Origins 3 Early European translations 4 Beginnings of modern scholarship of the book 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Summary of contents ( edit ) The Kebra Nagast is divided into 117 chapters , and is clearly a composite work ; Ullendorff describes its narrative as `` a gigantic conflation of legendary cycles . '' The document is presented in the form of a debate by the 318 `` orthodox fathers '' of the First Council of Nicaea . These fathers pose the question , `` Of what doth the Glory of Kings consist ? '' One Gregory answers with a speech ( chapters 3 - 17 ) which ends with the statement that a copy of the Glory of God was made by Moses and kept in the Ark of the Covenant . After this , the archbishop Domitius reads from a book he had found in the church of `` Sophia '' , which introduces what Hubbard calls `` the centerpiece '' of this work , the story of Makeda ( better known as the Queen of Sheba ) , King Solomon , Menelik I , and how the Ark came to Ethiopia ( chapters 19 - 94 ) . Although the author of the final redaction identified this Gregory with Gregory Thaumaturgus , who lived in the 3rd century before this Council , the time and the allusion to Gregory 's imprisonment for 15 years by the king of Armenia make Gregory the Illuminator a better fit . Queen Makeda learns from Tamrin , a merchant based in her kingdom , about the wisdom of King Solomon , and travels to Jerusalem to visit him . She is enthralled by his display of learning and knowledge , and declares `` From this moment I will not worship the sun , but will worship the Creator of the sun , the God of Israel '' ( chapter 28 ) . The night before she begins her journey home , Solomon tricks her into sleeping with him , and gives her a ring so that their child may identify himself to Solomon . Following her departure , Solomon has a dream in which the sun leaves Israel ( chapter 30 ) . On the journey home , she gives birth to Menelik ( chapter 32 ) . At the age of 22 , Menelik travels to Jerusalem by way of Gaza , seeking Solomon 's blessing , and identifies himself to his father with the ring . Overjoyed by this reunion , Solomon tries to convince Menelik to stay and succeed him as king , but Menelik insists on returning to his mother in Ethiopia . King Solomon then settles for sending home with him a company formed from the first - born sons of the elders of his kingdom . This company of young men , upset over leaving Jerusalem , then smuggle the Ark from the Temple and out of Solomon 's kingdom ( chapters 45 - 48 ) without Menelik 's knowledge . He had asked of Solomon only for a single tassel from the covering over the Ark , and Solomon had given him the entire cloth . During the journey home , Menelik learns the Ark is with him , and Solomon discovers that it is gone from his kingdom . The king attempts to pursue Menelik , but through the Ark 's mysterious power , his son with his entire entourage is miraculously flown home to Ethiopia before Solomon can leave his kingdom . King Solomon then turns to solace from his wife , the daughter of the Pharaoh of Egypt , and she seduces him into worshiping the idols of her land ( chapter 64 ) . After a question from the 318 bishops of the Council , Domitius continues with a paraphrase of Biblical history ( chapters 66 - 83 ) then describes Menelik 's arrival at Axum , where he is feasted and Makeda abdicates the throne in his favor . Menelik then engages in a series of military campaigns with the Ark , and `` no man conquered him , on the contrary , whosoever attacked him was conquered '' ( chapter 94 ) . After praising the book Domitius has found , which has established not only Ethiopia 's possession of the true Ark of the Covenant , but that the Solomonic dynasty is descended from the first - born son of Solomon ( chapter 95 ) . Gregory then delivers an extended speech with prophetic elements ( chapters 95 - 112 ) , forming what Hubbard calls a `` Patristic collection of Prophecies '' : `` There can be little doubt that chapters 102 - 115 are written as polemic against , if not an evangel to , the Jews . These chapters seek to prove by OT ( Old Testament ) allegories and proof - texts the Messianic purpose of Jesus , the validity of the Ethiopian forms of worship , and the spiritual supremacy of Ethiopia over Israel . '' Hubbard further speculates that this selection from the Old Testament might be as old as Frumentius , who had converted the Kingdom of Axum to Christianity . The Kebra Nagast concludes with a final prophecy that the power of Rome will be eclipsed by the power of Ethiopia , and describes how king Kaleb of Axum will subdue the Jews living in Najran , and make his younger son Gabra Masqal his heir ( chapter 117 ) . Origins ( edit ) According to the colophon attached to most of the existing copies , the Kebra Nagast originally was written in Coptic , then translated into Arabic in the Year of Mercy 409 ( dated to AD 1225 ) , and then into Ge'ez by a team of clerics in Ethiopia -- Yəsḥaq , Yəmḥarännä ˀAb , Ḥəzbä - Krəstos , Ǝndrəyas , Filəp̣p̣os , and Mäḥari ˀAb -- during the office of Abuna Abba Giyorgis and at the command of the governor of Enderta Ya'ibika Igzi ' . Based on the testimony of this colophon , `` Conti Rossini , Littmann , and Cerulli , inter alios , have marked off the period 1314 to 1321 - 1322 for the composition of the book . '' . Marcus ( 1994 ) indicated that the religious epic story was conflated in the fourteenth century by six Tigrayan scribes . Other sources put it as a work of the fourteenth century Nebura'ed Yeshaq of Aksum . Other historians to consider the evidence date parts of it as late as the end of the sixteenth century , when Muslim incursions and contacts with the wider Christian world made the Ethiopian Church concerned to assert its character and assert Jewish traditions . Careful study of the text has revealed traces of Arabic , possibly pointing to an Arabic vorlage , but no clear evidence of a previous Coptic version . Many scholars doubt that a Coptic version ever existed , and that the history of the text goes back no further than the Arabic vorlage . On the other hand , the numerous quotations in the text from the Bible were not translated from this hypothetical Arabic vorlage , but were copied from the Ethiopian translation of the Bible , either directly or from memory , and in their use and interpretation shows the influence of patristic sources such as Gregory of Nyssa . Hubbard details the many sources that the compiler of the Kebra Nagast drew on in creating this work . They include not only both Testaments of the Bible ( although heavier use is made of the Old Testament than the New ) , but he detects evidence of Rabbinical sources , influence from deuterocanonical or apocryphal works ( especially the Book of Enoch and Book of Jubilees , both canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , and such Syriac works as the Book of the Cave of Treasures , and its derivatives the Book of Adam and Eve and the Book of the Bee ) . Marcus thus describes it as `` a pastiche of legends ... ( that ) blended local and regional oral traditions and style and substance derived from the Old and New Testaments , various apocryphal texts , Jewish and Islamic commentaries , and Patristic writings '' . Early European translations ( edit ) One of the earliest collections of documents of Ethiopia came through the writings of Francisco Álvares , official envoy which king Manuel I of Portugal , sent to Dawit II of Ethiopia , under Ambassador Dom Rodrigo de Lima . In the papers concerning this mission , Álvares included an account of the Emperor of Ethiopia , and a description in Portuguese of the habits of the Ethiopians , titled The Prester John of the Indies , which was printed in 1533 . Additional information on the Kebra Nagast was included by the Jesuit priest Manuel de Almeida in his Historia de Etiopía . Almeida was sent out as a missionary to Ethiopia , and had abundant opportunity to learn about the Kebra Nagast at first hand , owing to his excellent command of the language . His manuscript is a valuable work . His brother , Apollinare , also went out to the country as a missionary and was , along with his two companions , stoned to death in Tigray . In the first quarter of the 16th century , P.N. Godinho published some traditions about King Solomon and his son Menelek , derived from the Kebra Nagast . Further information about the contents of the Kebra Nagast was supplied by Baltazar Téllez ( 1595 -- 1675 ) , the author of the Historia General de Etiopía Alta ( Coimbra , 1660 ) . The sources of Téllez 's work were the histories of Manuel de Almeida , Afonso Mendes and Jerónimo Lobo . Beginnings of modern scholarship of the Book ( edit ) It was not until the close of the eighteenth century when James Bruce of Kinnaird , the famous Scottish explorer , published an account of his travels in search of the sources of the Nile , that some information as to the contents of the Kebra Nagast came to be generally known amongst European scholars and theologians . When Bruce was leaving Gondar , Ras Mikael Sehul , the powerful Inderase ( regent ) of Emperor Tekle Haymanot II , gave him several of the most valuable Ethiopic manuscripts and among them was a copy of the Kebra Nagast . When the third edition of his Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile was published in 1813 , a description of the contents of the original manuscript was included . In due course these documents were given to the Bodleian Library at Oxford University ( shelfmark Bruce 87 ) . Although August Dillmann prepared a summary of the contents of the Kebra Nagast , and published its colophon , no substantial portion of the narrative in the original language was available until F. Praetorius published chapters 19 through 32 with a Latin translation . However 35 years passed before the entire text was published by Carl Bezold , with commentary , in 1905 . The first English translation was prepared by E.A. Wallis Budge , which was published in two editions in 1922 and 1932 . See also ( edit ) Fetha Nagast Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Edward Ullendorff , Ethiopia and the Bible ( Oxford : University Press for the British Academy , 1968 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ Gabre - Sellassie , Zewde ( 2014 ) . Yohannes IV : A Political Biography . Red Sea Press . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 1 - 56902 - 042 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ullendorff , Ethiopia and the Bible , p. 141 Jump up ^ Domitius is identified at the beginning of this section as `` Archbishop of Rom '' ( i.e. Constantinople ) , and at the end as of Antioch . This person might be identified with Patriarch Domnus II of Antioch , who was deposed at the Second Council of Ephesus . E.A. Wallis - Budge identifies him with Patriarch Timothy III of Alexandria without any explanation . Jump up ^ Hubard notes that it is `` a tendency common in Near Eastern writings to merge people of the same name . '' ( David Allan Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast '' ( St. Andrews , 1954 ) , p. 253 ) . Jump up ^ The Kebra Nagast identifies the country Makeda gives birth to Menelik in as BÂLÂ ZADÎSÂRE ( YÂ . Jump up ^ Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 352 . Jump up ^ S. Munro - Hay , The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant : The True History of the Tablets of Moses ( London , 2006 ) , 124 - 194 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , for example , claims to have found only one word which points to a Coptic version . `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 370 . Jump up ^ One example is that in chapters 106 - 107 all but three passages quoted also appear in Gregory of Nyssa 's Testimonia adversus Judeos . Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , p. 39 . Jump up ^ This is the stated aim of Hubbard 's doctoral thesis , `` The Literary Sources '' . Jump up ^ Harold G. Marcus . ( 1994 ) . A history of Ethiopia . Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22479 - 5 . Jump up ^ Phillipson , Daniel ' Foundations of an African Civilisation : Aksum and the Northern Horn , 1000 BC - AD 1300 ' ( Rochester , NY : 2012 ) pp66 Jump up ^ Fabula de Regina Sabaea apud Aethiopia . Dissertation . ( Halle : 1870 ) . Jump up ^ This overview is based on Hubbard , `` The Literary Sources '' , pp. 6 - 8 . External links ( edit ) An English translation of this book is available at Budge , E.A. Wallis , The Queen of Sheba and her only son Menelik , London 1932 . The original Gəʿəz ( Ethiopic ) text as it appeared edited in Carl Bezold , Kebra Nagast , Die Kerrlichkeit Der Könige : Nach Den Handschriften in Berlin , London , Oxford Und Paris ( Munich : K.B. Akademie de Wissenschaften , 1905 ) , is available at Kebra Nagast . Wendy Belcher , `` Medieval African and European Texts about the Queen of Sheba '' Leeman , Bernard . `` The Sabaean Inscriptions at Adi Kaweh '' , AFSAAP Conference University of Queensland September 30 - October 2 , 2009 , Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebra_Nagast&oldid=820718001 '' Categories : Ethiopian culture Rastafarian texts Ge'ez language Beta Israel Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Epics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands Norsk Occitan Patois Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 06 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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3773879095459245193	Characters of God of War	Characters of God of War - Wikipedia Characters of God of War Characters from the original God of War : ( front left ) Kratos with original blue coloring , the Body Burner , the Oracle of Athens , Kratos , his wife Lysandra , his daughter Calliope , the Boat Captain , the Gravedigger , Athenian soldiers , and ( lying in front ) the twins Zora and Lora . Behind the characters are several monsters from the game . The characters of the God of War video game franchise belong to a fictional universe loosely based on Greek mythology and Norse mythology . As such , the series features a range of traditional figures , including those from Greek mythology , such as the Olympian Gods , Titans , and Greek heroes , and those from Norse mythology , including the Æsir and Vanir gods and other beings . A number of original characters have also been created to supplement storylines . The overall story arc focuses on the series ' only playable single - player character , the protagonist Kratos , a Spartan warrior haunted by visions of himself accidentally killing his wife and child . The character finally avenges his family by killing his former master and manipulator , Ares , the God of War . Although Kratos becomes the new God of War , he is still plagued by nightmares and is eventually betrayed by Zeus , the King of the Olympian Gods -- revealed by the goddess Athena to be Kratos ' father . The constant machinations of the gods and Titans and their misuse of Kratos eventually drive him to destroy Mount Olympus . Many years following the destruction of Olympus , Kratos ends up in Midgard with a son named Atreus . He trains and teaches the boy while hiding his past from him . Their journey to keep a promise to the boy 's late mother ends with Kratos and Atreus becoming enemies to the Norse gods . God of War ( 2005 ) , created by Sony 's Santa Monica Studio , was the inaugural game in the series , the main part of which continued with God of War II ( 2007 ) , God of War III ( 2010 ) , and series prequel Ascension ( 2013 ) ; and side games Betrayal ( 2007 ) , Chains of Olympus ( 2008 ) , and Ghost of Sparta ( 2010 ) . These seven games comprised the Greek era of the series . The Norse era began with the sequel to God of War III , which is also titled God of War ( 2018 ) . The God of War mythos expanded into literature , with a novelization of the original God of War published in 2010 , and a six - issue comic series that introduced new characters and plot developments that was published from 2010 -- 11 . A novelization of God of War II was published in 2013 , and a film adaptation of the original God of War has been in development since 2005 . A prequel graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior ( 2012 -- 2013 ) was released in the lead up to Ascension 's release and is the backstory of the player 's multiplayer character . God of War has become a highly lucrative franchise on account of the commercial and critical success of the series . Products include action figures , artwork , clothing , Slurpee cups , sweepstakes , and special edition video game consoles . The character of Kratos received positive comments from reviewers , and was described as a `` sympathetic antihero '' by GameSpy . Game Guru claimed `` Practically anyone , even if they had n't played any of the God of War games , would know about Kratos . '' Several reviewers have praised the portrayal of other characters : PAL Gaming Network claimed that the original God of War 's voice acting is `` up there with the best '' , while IGN have complimented most of the games in the series , saying of God of War II that the characters were `` timeless '' and the voice acting was `` great '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Major characters 2.1 Kratos 2.2 Athena 2.3 Gaia 2.4 Zeus 2.5 Atreus 3 Gods 3.1 Olympians 3.2 Asgardians 4 Titans 5 Greek heroes 6 Greek mythological characters 7 Norse mythological characters 8 Original characters ( comic series and video games ) 8.1 Kratos ' family 8.2 Other original characters 9 Reception 9.1 Merchandise 10 References 10.1 Notes 11 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) During the creation of God of War , the game 's director David Jaffe attempted to create a version of Kratos that looked brutal but had a different appearance from what is considered to be the traditional Greek hero . The character 's traditional armor was removed to show the character 's individualism , and details such as hair and other `` flowing things '' were removed . Jaffe said of his final version of the character , that while `` ( Kratos ) may not totally feel at home in Ancient Greece from a costume standpoint , I think he achieves the greater purpose which is to give players a character who they can play who really does just let them go nuts and unleash the nasty fantasies that they have in their head . '' When designing Ares , Charlie Wen was advised that the character should be 90 % elemental and 5 -- 10 % human , then began sketching . He said that the rest of the team liked the designs , but were uncertain about execution . The transition towards Ares ' human form was slow , and Wen said of the final design , `` he 's still a huge guy , but he 's got all this armor on that allows him to do all these things . '' Like most of the Olympian gods in God of War ( 2005 ) , Zeus first appeared as a floating translucent head , and was modeled on the typical representation of the god in Greek mythology . Cory Barlog ( Game Director of God of War II ) said that for God of War II , they wanted to maintain Zeus ' appearance from literature , but also to add their own interpretation to the character . Zeus ' human appearance was originally designed by Charlie Wen for God of War II . This design was also used in God of War III , with updated graphics and the addition of an arm piece during the final fight . Andy Park was responsible for designing Zeus ' spirit form for the final fight . Park produced several sketches , and imagined Zeus as a `` massive tornado creature with lightning searing throughout the form . '' Park said that the ultimate goal was that `` we are looking at Zeus , but it is him transformed into a big cloud of smoke . '' Hades in God of War ( left ) and the reimagined appearance introduced in God of War II ( right ) . Hades first appeared in God of War ( 2005 ) ; the original design portrayed Hades as a fiery , demonic face with horns . Statues in the game adhered to this design . Hades ' character design was changed in God of War II , with the character now appearing in a more human - like form with spikes protruding from his body and wielding a pair of chained claws , similar to Kratos ' chained blades . The new design featured a helmet that appeared to cover a fiery face , which in God of War III , it is eventually revealed to be very grotesque but more human - like than the original design from God of War . Hermes was originally designed for God of War II by Andy Park and did appear in the final cut scene of the game . For God of War III , Park updated the design and painting of the character . Park said he `` wanted to create a character that was sly , cunning , and a bit comical in both appearance and personality '' and he imagined he would be `` much like a dancer . '' The Titan Oceanus was sketched by Erik San Juan and was originally intended to appear in God of War II in a completely watery form with no feet . This concept , however , was cut during development . Oceanus appeared in God of War III , with a similar appearance to the other Titans and with an emphasis on lightning instead of the original watery design . Oceanus 's original watery design was the basis of the design for Poseidon 's avatar sea construct for God of War III . The character Daedalus was designed by Izzy Medrano , who said that he imagined Daedalus as a brilliant architect gone mad , and that Daedalus , similar to Kratos , was a pawn of the gods . The character was originally intended to have long white hair , but was eventually rendered bald , `` as long hair is a difficult thing to manage . '' Icarus was conceived as an `` old disgusting man '' and portrayed as an evil , although slightly comedic , character . Medrano also designed Pandora , who he said is vital in reintroducing the player to the human side of Kratos . Medrano also said that they knew Pandora had to be young and reminiscent of Kratos ' daughter , Calliope , and that `` ( Pandora ) had to be pretty without being sexy and spunky without being saucy . '' Medrano said the character 's final attire was a `` Greek Punk '' fashion style . The first version of the Gorgon , Medusa , was to have five feet , but due to perceived animation difficulties , the final version had one tail . Other Gorgons in the game adhered to this design . The goddess Artemis was considered for inclusion in God of War : Ascension as a playable female character , offering alternative combat options . Game Director Todd Papy said she would have been depicted as half - human and half - feline , with the head and torso of a woman and the legs of a lioness . However , she was ultimately cut from the game and thus only appears in the original God of War as a translucent head . Major characters ( edit ) Kratos ( edit ) Main article : Kratos ( God of War ) Kratos is the protagonist of the God of War series . The character is a power - hungry Spartan who , to save his life , was eventually forced to serve the Olympian god Ares . During one murderous rampage , Kratos accidentally killed his wife and child . Kratos renounced Ares , became a tormented soul ( including imprisonment by the Furies ) , and served the gods for ten years in hopes of becoming free of the nightmares . He eventually killed Ares and became the God of War , but was betrayed by his father , Zeus . A series of attempts to free himself from the influence of the gods and Titans followed , culminating in a final confrontation with Zeus , ending in the god 's death and the reign of the Olympian Gods . In the aftermath , Athena appeared and Kratos sacrificed himself to prevent her from becoming the supreme goddess of the world . Many years later , surviving his fatal sacrifice , Kratos now lives in the world of the Norse gods in Midgard where he now has a son named Atreus . Following the death of his second wife Faye , he and Atreus journey to the highest peak of the nine realms to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes there . Along their journey , Kratos eventually reveals that he is a god to Atreus , and after defeating Baldur and in turn becoming an enemy of the Norse gods , he finally reveals his troubled past to his son and that they should learn from past mistakes . The character was originally voiced by Terrence C. Carson ; his final portrayal of the character was in 2013 's Ascension . Christopher Judge replaced TC Carson in 2018 's God of War . Antony Del Rio voiced the character as a child in Ghost of Sparta ( 2010 ) . Athena ( edit ) Athena was the Goddess of Wisdom and Kratos ' mentor and ally throughout the Greek era in the series . In Chains of Olympus , Athena initially tasked Kratos to find Helios as in the absence of light , the god Morpheus had caused many of the gods to fall into a deep slumber . In God of War ( 2005 ) , she gave Kratos the mission of killing Ares , as Zeus had forbidden divine involvement , and was instrumental in allowing Kratos to become the new God of War . Although she begged Kratos to stop his second quest for the Ambrosia of Asclepius in the comic series and lied to him about his brother Deimos in Ghost of Sparta , Athena was still sympathetic towards Kratos even after he renounced the gods and was betrayed by Zeus in God of War II . Athena died trying to protect Zeus from Kratos , and was resurrected and elevated to a new level of understanding in God of War III . With ulterior motives , Athena became Kratos ' ally once more and guided him to the Flame of Olympus surrounding Pandora 's Box , which allowed Kratos to kill Zeus and end the reign of Mount Olympus . Her spirit later returns to Kratos in God of War ( 2018 ) to haunt and taunt him about his past that he had kept secret from his son Atreus . As he was retrieving his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , she said he was nothing more than a monster , to which Kratos replied that he was not her monster anymore . The character was voiced by Carole Ruggier in 2005 's God of War , 2007 's God of War II , and 2018 's God of War . Erin Torpey voiced the character in Chains of Olympus ( 2008 ) , God of War III ( 2010 ) , and Ghost of Sparta ( 2010 ) . Gaia ( edit ) Gaia was the mother of the Titans and embodiment of Earth . At the request of Zeus ' mother Rhea , Gaia raised and protected the young Zeus to prevent Cronos from devouring him , as he had devoured his other children . When Zeus grew to manhood , he betrayed Gaia , freed his siblings , and Gaia was banished with her fellow Titans at the conclusion of the Great War . In God of War II , she saved Kratos from the Underworld after a disastrous encounter with Zeus , and directed the Spartan to find the Sisters of Fate in order to take revenge on Zeus . A successful Kratos plucked Gaia and the Titans from the moment in time before their defeat in the Great War to launch an abortive attack on Olympus . In God of War III , Gaia was wounded in the assault on Olympus and abandoned Kratos , stating he was a pawn of the Titans so that they could have their revenge . Kratos eventually found and crippled Gaia , but she returned and interrupted the final battle between the Spartan and Zeus . The pair entered Gaia 's neck wound , and with the Blade of Olympus , Kratos destroyed her heart , killing the Titan . The character was voiced by Linda Hunt in God of War II , and Susan Blakeslee in God of War III . Gaia was also the narrator during cut scenes in God of War , again voiced by Hunt . Zeus ( edit ) Zeus was the King of the Olympian Gods and the main antagonist of God of War II and God of War III . Zeus and Ares believed the destruction of Olympus would come at the hands of Kratos ' brother Deimos , so they had Deimos imprisoned and tortured by Thanatos . Many years later , in God of War ( 2005 ) , Zeus aided Kratos against Ares by bestowing him with the magic , `` Zeus ' Fury '' , and as the mysterious gravedigger . In God of War II , it is revealed that Zeus had become infected with fear . He tricked Kratos into draining his godly powers into the Blade of Olympus , stating it was required to deal with the new threat actually created by Zeus . Kratos , stripped of his power , was mortally wounded while human , and killed by Zeus . With the help of the Titan Gaia , Kratos used the power of the Sisters of Fate to return to the moment Zeus betrayed him and defeated Zeus after extensive combat . Zeus was saved by Athena , who sacrificed herself to preserve Olympus . Before dying , Athena revealed that Kratos is Zeus ' son , and that Zeus feared a perpetuation of the son - killing - father cycle , as Zeus imprisoned his father Cronos . This was confirmed in God of War III when Kratos discovered that Zeus was infected with fear when Kratos first opened Pandora 's Box and used its power to kill Ares . After a lengthy battle and an enlightening encounter with Pandora in his psyche , Kratos finally overcame and killed Zeus . Later in God of War ( 2018 ) , Zeus appears as a haunting vision to Kratos while in Helheim . The character was originally voiced by Paul Eiding in 2005 's God of War . Corey Burton , who had previously voiced Zeus in the animated Disney show based on the film Hercules , took over the role in God of War II . He continued it in God of War III , in the multiplayer mode of Ascension , where Zeus appears as one of the four gods that players can pledge their allegiance to , and in 2018 's God of War . Fred Tatasciore provided Zeus 's voice in Ghost of Sparta 's after - game `` Combat Arena '' mode . Zeus , as he appears in God of War III , is a downloadable playable character in PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale ( 2012 ) ; he became available on March 19 , 2013 . Atreus ( edit ) Atreus is the secondary protagonist of 2018 's God of War and the protagonist of a prequel story , A Call from the Wilds . He is the young son that Kratos bore with the giant named Faye and has the ability to telepathically hear the thoughts of other beings . His mother taught him archery and how to read runes . His first adventure into the wilderness in A Call from the Wilds brought him to an encounter with some draugr , and he had to be saved by his father Kratos , after which , the two battled a revenant . Following Faye 's death of an unknown cause in God of War , Atreus journey 's with his father Kratos to fulfill her promise to spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Atreus did not know about Kratos ' past or that he was a god . After Atreus falls ill due to a mental contradiction of a god thinking himself mortal , Kratos goes to Helheim to retrieve an item to heal him . After Atreus is cured , Kratos reveals that he is a god , but not about his past . Knowing he is a god and thinking he can do anything , Atreus becomes arrogant and murders Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . The two eventually make amends and team up to face Baldur . After Baldur 's defeat , Kratos reveals his past and tells Atreus that they should learn from the mistakes of their predecessors . The two then go to Jötunheim to complete their journey . There , they learn that Faye was a giant , making Atreus part - giant , part - god , and part - mortal . It was also revealed that his mother had originally named him Loki , but Kratos chose Atreus , a name of an honorable Spartan comrade of his . The two then spread her ashes at Jötunheim 's peak before going home . Atreus then has a vision that years later , at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will come for them . He was voiced by Sunny Suljic . Gods ( edit ) Olympians ( edit ) Aphrodite -- The Goddess of Love and Sexuality , and widow of Hephaestus . In God of War ( 2005 ) , Aphrodite helped Kratos by empowering the head of the slain Medusa and giving it to Kratos as a magical weapon . In God of War III , she offered advice regarding the architect Daedalus . After seducing Kratos , Aphrodite directed him to her estranged husband . She is the only god that Kratos did not kill that was present in God of War III . The character was voiced by Carole Ruggier in 2005 's God of War , and April Stewart in God of War III . Artwork of Ares , former God of War and main antagonist in God of War ( 2005 ) Ares -- The former God of War and main antagonist of 2005 's God of War . Ares captured Kratos ' brother Deimos and had him imprisoned and tortured due to a misinterpreted prophecy , and later chose Kratos as his champion during a successful wager with other Olympian Gods in the God of War comic series . Early on , Ares wanted to overthrow Zeus and entered into an alliance with the Furies to help him do so . Years later , as he deemed his own son Orkos unworthy , Ares saw an opportunity to create a warrior to help him . During a battle , Kratos called on the God of War , and pledged his life in servitude if Ares spared him from his foes and provided the power to destroy them . Ares granted Kratos ' wish and empowered his new servant with the Blades of Chaos . A victorious Kratos eventually renounced his servitude to Ares when the god tricked Kratos into accidentally killing his own wife and child . In God of War ( 2005 ) , while Ares waged war on the city of Athens , Kratos was tasked by Athena to find Pandora 's Box , an artifact capable of destroying Ares . Ultimately successful , Kratos ascended to Mount Olympus and replaced Ares as the new God of War . In Ascension 's multiplayer mode , Ares is one of the four gods that players can pledge their allegiance to . The character was voiced by Steven Blum in God of War ( 2005 ) , Ghost of Sparta , and Ascension . Fred Tatasciore provided Ares ' voice in God of War III during the psyche sequence . Artemis -- The Goddess of the Hunt . Artemis participated in the Olympian wager in the God of War comic series where her champion was Pothia . Years later in God of War ( 2005 ) , she aided Kratos in the Temple of Pandora by providing him with the `` Blade of Artemis '' which was the same blade that she used to slay a Titan . She did not appear in God of War III , leaving her fate unknown . The character was voiced by Claudia Black in 2005 's God of War . Eos -- The Goddess of Dawn and the sister of Helios . Eos told Kratos of the machinations of Morpheus , who had taken advantage of her brother 's disappearance . When Kratos found Eos in the Caves of Olympus , she advised him to find the Primordial Fires and free Helios ' loyal Fire Steeds , as they could find the Sun God . She also provided him with the magical ability , Light of Dawn . She did not appear in God of War III , leaving her fate unknown . The character was voiced by Erin Torpey in Chains of Olympus . Hades -- The former God of the Underworld . Hades participated in the Olympian wager in the God of War comic series and his champion was Alrik , who would later become the Barbarian King . In God of War ( 2005 ) , Hades aided Kratos in Pandora 's Temple by giving him the magic , Army of Hades . However , with the combined murders of Hades ' wife Persephone , niece Athena , and brother Poseidon , it drove him to near madness and a final confrontation with Kratos in God of War III , ending with Kratos taking Hades ' weapon , the Claws of Hades , and killing the god , which subsequently released all souls from the Underworld . In Ascension 's multiplayer mode , Hades is one of the four gods that players can pledge their allegiance to . The character was voiced by Nolan North in God of War ( 2005 ) , Clancy Brown in God of War III , and Fred Tatasciore in Ascension . In PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale , Hades appears as an environmental hazard on the God of War / Patapon inspired stage called `` Hades '' . Helios -- The former God of the Sun . Helios had entered into Ares ' wager , choosing the fiery - being Cereyon , who was drowned by Kratos in the God of War comic series . Years later , in Chains of Olympus , Helios was kidnapped by the Titan Atlas on behalf of the goddess Persephone , who intended to use Helios ' power to destroy the Pillar of the World , causing the destruction of Olympus . The plan was thwarted by Kratos , and Helios was rescued . When Kratos turned against the gods and lead the Titans in an assault against Olympus in God of War III , Helios was injured and left for dead by the Titan Perses . Found by Kratos , Helios remained loyal to Zeus and attempted to trick Kratos , but was decapitated by the Spartan , which caused worldwide darkness and storms . The Head of Helios became a weapon for Kratos , using it to cast a blinding light and reveal hidden doorways . The character was voiced by Dwight Schultz in Chains of Olympus , and by Crispin Freeman in God of War III . Hephaestus -- The former Smith God and husband of Aphrodite who had fallen from the grace of Olympus . The creator of Pandora and Pandora 's Box , Hephaestus concealed the truth about his artificial `` daughter '' from Zeus , advising that the Box should be stored in an impregnable temple on the back of Cronos instead of in the Flame of Olympus . When Kratos eventually penetrated the temple and opened the Box , it released previously trapped evils into the world . Infected by fear , Zeus beat and deformed Hephaestus as punishment for his deception before trapping him in his forge in the Underworld . Kratos encountered Hephaestus in his quest to find the Flame of Olympus and eventually found Pandora , the key to quenching the flame and opening Pandora 's Box . Hephaestus betrayed Kratos by sending him into what he had hoped to be a fatal confrontation with the Titan Cronos for the Omphalos Stone , but a triumphant Kratos returned with the stone , angered at Hephaestus . The surprised god then crafted the stone into a weapon for Kratos before attempting to kill the Spartan himself , but was killed by Kratos , who took the newly forged weapon , the Nemesis Whip . The character was voiced by Rip Torn ( who voiced Zeus in the 1997 animated Disney film Hercules ) in God of War III . Hera -- Zeus ' jaded wife and former Queen of the Gods . In Betrayal , Hera 's giant pet Argos was sent by the Gods to stop Kratos ' rampage across Greece . In God of War III , the drunken goddess ordered the demigod Hercules to kill Kratos , but Kratos killed Hercules . When encountered in her gardens , a drunken Hera insulted Pandora , resulting in Kratos killing her , which ended all plant life . The character was voiced by Adrienne Barbeau in God of War III . Hermes -- The former God of Speed and Commerce , the Messenger of the Gods , and the father of Ceryx . Hermes participated in the Olympian wager in the God of War comic series by choosing Danaus to be his champion . In God of War III , Hermes taunted Kratos about murdering his family during Kratos ' assault on Mount Olympus , leading to a chase through the city of Olympia . Kratos eventually caught Hermes off guard , killed him , which released a plague on the world , and took the Boots of Hermes as his own . The character was voiced by Greg Ellis in God of War III . Morpheus -- The God of Dreams and the silent ally of the goddess Persephone in Chains of Olympus . After Helios was taken from the sky by Atlas , which plunged the world into darkness , Morpheus forced both gods and mortals to slumber as his black fog covered the lands . An unseen character , Morpheus retreated into the shadows when Kratos killed Persephone , imprisoned the Titan Atlas , and returned Helios to the sky . Morpheus did not appear in any other game , leaving his fate unknown . Persephone -- The former Queen of the Underworld and main antagonist of Chains of Olympus . Bitter at being abandoned to the Underworld by her fellow gods , Persephone entered into an alliance with Morpheus and then freed and used the Titan Atlas to capture the god Helios , intending to use Helios ' power to destroy the Pillar of the World . Persephone offered to reunite Kratos with his daughter Calliope in the Fields of Elysium . This she did , but Kratos reluctantly abandoned Calliope and killed Persephone to stop her from destroying the Pillar , which would have in turn destroyed the Fields of Elysium and Calliope with it . In God of War III , Persephone 's remains were seen in a tree casket in Hades ' palace and her voice was heard in Kratos ' psyche . The character was voiced by Marina Gordon in Chains of Olympus . Poseidon -- The former God of the Sea . Poseidon also participated in the Olympian wager in the God of War comic series by choosing Herodius as his champion . Herodius was killed by Kratos , causing Poseidon to release his hippocampus to destroy Kratos ' ship , but Kratos and his men managed to escape . After becoming the champion of the gods , Poseidon later tasked Kratos with slaying the Hydra in God of War ( 2005 ) and granted him the magic , Poseidon 's Rage . Poseidon came to resent Kratos for his role in the destruction of Atlantis in Ghost of Sparta , and , in God of War III , he was killed by Kratos during the Spartan 's assault on Olympus , which caused the oceans to flood the world . In Ascension 's multiplayer mode , Poseidon is one of the four gods that players can pledge their allegiance to . The character was originally voiced by Fred Tatasciore in 2005 's God of War . Gideon Emery took over the role in God of War III , and continued it in Ghost of Sparta and Ascension . Thanatos -- The former God of Death , father of Erinys , and main antagonist of Ghost of Sparta . Ruler of the Domain of Death , Thanatos is responsible for imprisoning and torturing Kratos ' brother Deimos . While Kratos and Deimos were battling , Thanatos snatched Deimos from the battle and dropped him on the edge of a cliff . Deimos was saved by Kratos , who united with his brother to fight the God of Death , who transformed into a winged beast . Thanatos mocked Kratos for Ares ' mistaken decision and eventually killed Deimos , but was killed in turn by an angered Kratos . The character was voiced by Arthur Burghardt in Ghost of Sparta . Asgardians ( edit ) Baldur -- An Æsir god who is the son of Odin and Freya , the brother of Thor , uncle to Modi and Magni , and the main antagonist of 2018 's God of War . To protect her son because of a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to feel no pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . Odin sent him after Kratos and Atreus in order to kill Kratos ' wife Faye in order to prevent Ragnarök , but was unaware that she was already dead and had been tracking her by her ashes that Kratos was carrying . During their final battle , Baldur is pierced with a mistletoe arrow tip that was in Atreus ' quiver , which broke the spell on him ; mistletoe was the only thing that Freya could not prevent from breaking the spell and had kept it secret . He was then defeated and given the chance to retreat , but Baldur attempted to kill Freya , so Kratos killed him , ultimately being the catalyst for the beginning of Ragnarök , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . The character is voiced by Jeremy Davies . Freya -- The Vanir Goddess of Love and former Queen of the Valkyries . Her husband Odin banished her to Midgard for her betrayal as she tried to leave him as she did not truly love him . He also stripped her of her Valkyrie wings and cast a spell on her that prevented her from causing harm to any being . She aided Kratos and Atreus on their journey as the Witch of the Woods . After her identity was revealed by Mímir , Kratos distrusted her because of his distrust of gods in general . While in Helheim , they learn that she is the mother of Baldur and of the spell she cast on him . She was willing to die for Baldur , even if it meant that Baldur was the one who killed her . After the spell was broken and Kratos defeated Baldur , he gave him a chance to retreat , but Baldur instead tried to kill Freya , so Kratos killed Baldur . A grieving Freya then vowed revenge on Kratos for killing her son and taunted him for not revealing his past to Atreus . The character was voiced by Danielle Bisutti . Odin - The ruler of Asgard and father of Thor and Baldur . Although he does not appear in God of War ( 2018 ) , he is referenced several times and is portrayed to be a cruel and tyrannical god who is obsessed with preventing his death in Ragnarök . His ravens , called the Eyes of Odin , are scattered across the realms . Odin was mentioned to have imprisoned Mímir in a tree and tortured him daily , banished his wife Freya from Asgard for betraying him , and instructed Baldur to target Kratos in order to get to Faye . Thor -- The God of Thunder who is the son of Odin , brother of Baldur , and the father of Modi and Magni . Mímir tells stories of occasions where Thor killed giants , and regards the god as a brutal butcherer . He appears in the secret ending of God of War ( 2018 ) as a vision that Atreus has where Thor comes for them at the end of Fimbulwinter . Titans ( edit ) Atlas -- A four - armed Titan who was imprisoned in Tartarus after the Great War . In Chains of Olympus , Atlas was freed by the goddess Persephone and captured the god Helios on her behalf . Persephone directed Atlas to use Helios ' power to destroy the Pillar of the World . Atlas , however , was chained to the weakened pillar by Kratos , and was doomed to carry the weight of the world on his shoulders forever . After Kratos defeated Persephone , Atlas mocked Kratos and his choice to defend the gods . In God of War II , Atlas and Kratos met again , and although he was initially bitter towards Kratos , Atlas decided to help him reach the Sisters of Fate , providing him with the magic , Atlas Quake , and stated that they would meet again . This would be Atlas ' final appearance , however , leaving his fate unknown . The character was voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan in God of War II , and by Fred Tatasciore in Chains of Olympus . Cronos -- The father of Zeus , Hades , Poseidon , and Hera . Cronos learned of a prophecy that foretold that one of his children would become greater than he . In an attempt to cheat fate , Cronos devoured his own children and imprisoned them in his stomach . Due to the trickery by Cronos ' wife Rhea , the young child Zeus was spared the fate of his siblings , and secretly grew to manhood . Zeus freed his siblings and defeated Cronos and the Titans in the Great War . In an attempt to change his fate , Cronos offered a gift , the gigantic stone `` Steeds of Time '' , to the Sisters of Fate , but they declined his request . He also left magic , `` Cronos ' Rage '' , in the Steeds , which Kratos acquired during his quest for the Sisters . As punishment for Cronos ' role in the Great War , Zeus forced the Titan to crawl through the Desert of Lost Souls with Pandora 's Temple chained to his back . In God of War III , Kratos traveled to Tartarus in search of the Omphalos Stone where he was confronted by a vengeful Cronos ( who still had Pandora 's Temple chained to his back ) . The Titan blamed Kratos for Gaia 's death and his imprisonment , as when Kratos penetrated the Temple and retrieved the Box in God of War ( 2005 ) , a fearful Zeus cast Cronos into Tartarus . The Titan was then killed in battle by Kratos with the Blade of Olympus . The character was voiced by Lloyd Sherr in God of War II , and George Ball in God of War III . Perses -- The volcanic Titan of Destruction featured in God of War III . Perses participated in the assault on Olympus . After mortally wounding Helios , Perses attacked Kratos , but was wounded with the Blade of Olympus and fell off the mountain . He was not seen afterwards , leaving his fate unknown . Prometheus -- Punished by Zeus for giving mankind the Fires of Olympus , Prometheus was made mortal , and was attacked by an eagle that ripped out and ate his liver , which regrew instantly on a daily basis . Kratos encountered Prometheus near Typhon 's lair . Prometheus was eventually freed by Kratos , died by self - immolation in fire , and his ashes empowered Kratos , giving him the ability called the Rage of the Titans . The character was voiced by Alan Oppenheimer in God of War II . Rhea -- Featured in a flashback in God of War II , Rhea is the wife of Cronos . When Cronos devoured their children in an attempt to cheat the prophecy that one of his children would become greater than him , Rhea tricked Cronos and ensured the young Zeus was hidden away and protected by Gaia . Rhea 's fate is unknown . Thera -- A lava - based Titan , Thera is an original character that does not appear in Greek mythology . Imprisoned beneath the Methana Volcano just outside the city of Atlantis . Kratos freed the Titan , gained her power ( Thera 's Bane ) , and in addition to destroying the archimedean screws , the volcano erupted . The eruption destroyed the city , submerged it under the ocean , and caused great damage to the Island of Crete and its capital city Heraklion . The character was voiced by Dee Dee Rescher in Ghost of Sparta . Typhon -- A Titan imprisoned within a mountain after the Great War . Gaia directed Kratos to Typhon for aid . When Typhon refused to help him , Kratos blinded him and stole his magical bow Typhon 's Bane . His fate is unknown . The character was voiced by Fred Tatasciore in God of War II . Greek heroes ( edit ) Hercules -- A demigod and the half - brother of Kratos . Hercules sought to claim the throne of God of War after performing a thirteenth and unofficial labor : the murder of Kratos . Jealous of his half - brother , Hercules attacked Kratos , but was killed by the Spartan , who took Hercules ' Nemean Cestus as his own . The character also appears as a boss in Ascension on the Forum of Hercules multiplayer map . Hercules was voiced by Kevin Sorbo in God of War III and Ascension , who was chosen due to his previous portrayal of the character in the television series Hercules : The Legendary Journeys ( although his portrayal was done with a darker tone ) . Hercules was originally set to appear in God of War II and was to be voiced by Cam Clarke , but the character was cut early in the game 's development and only named in the credits . Perseus -- The second Greek hero Kratos encountered in his quest to find the Sisters of Fate . Perseus was also seeking the Sisters in the hope of reviving his dead love . Believing Kratos to be a test from the Sisters , he battled Kratos , but was killed by the Spartan . The character was voiced by Harry Hamlin in God of War II , who was chosen due to his previous portrayal of the character in the 1981 film Clash of the Titans . Theseus -- A servant of the Sisters of Fate guarding the Steeds of Time . Theseus challenged Kratos to determine who was the greatest warrior in all of Greece , but was killed in battle . The character was voiced by Paul Eiding in God of War II . Greek mythological characters ( edit ) Aegaeon -- Featured in Ascension , Aegaeon the Hecatonchires had pledged a blood oath to Zeus , but later betrayed the god . The first victim of the Furies , they captured and tortured the multi-armed creature . Instead of killing him , the Furies turned him to stone , making him the giant Prison of the Damned and becoming a symbol to all who may think of breaking a blood oath to a god . As Kratos attempted to escape the prison , Megaera used her parasitic insects to bring Aegaeon to life and control him as his many arms mutated into monstrous forms and began to attack the Spartan . Fending off two of its parasite - controlled arms , Megaera then infected Aegaeon 's head , which attacked Kratos , but the Spartan outsmarted and killed Megaera ; this also caused Aegaeon to die , freeing him from his suffering . Aletheia -- The former Oracle of Delphi who was gifted with prophetic sight . When she was encountered by Kratos , she was shown to be an elderly woman who had no eyes . Castor and Pollux crushed her under rocks so that Kratos could not see her . Her dying words to Kratos told him to seek the Eyes of Truth across the sea in the Lantern of Delos -- the Eyes being her own eyes that were taken by the Furies . The character was voiced by Adrienne Barbeau in Ascension . Argos -- The multi-eyed giant pet of the goddess Hera that was sent by the gods to stop Kratos ' rampage across Greece in Betrayal . After several skirmishes with Kratos , Argos was killed by an unknown assassin , who was attempting to frame Kratos for the murder . Castor and Pollux -- Featured in Ascension , they are elderly conjoined twins with Pollux a parasitic twin that Casto normally conceals . The two usurped the Oracle of Delphi and decided who could see her . When Kratos attempted to see the Oracle without any offerings , the twins used the Amulet of Uroboros to make themselves younger to fight Kratos and were killed only after they murdered the Oracle to hinder Kratos . Castor and Pollux were voiced by David W. Collins and Brad Grusnick , respectively , in Ascension . Ceryx -- The son of Hermes , a messenger of Olympus , and the main antagonist of Betrayal . He attempted to warn Kratos about the consequences of his bloody rampage across Greece , but Kratos killed him for interfering in his pursuit of the mysterious assassin . Charon -- The former ferryman of the River Styx in the Underworld who guided lost souls to their final destination . Kratos encountered Charon on the River Styx twice . Although he almost killed Kratos during their first encounter , Kratos returned and destroyed Charon , taking his power , Charon 's Wrath . The character was voiced by Dwight Schultz in Chains of Olympus . Circe -- A witch of the island of Aeaea in the graphic novel Rise of the Warrior . Circe was recruited by the Redeemed Warrior ( who becomes the player 's multiplayer character in Ascension ) ; she seemingly also wanted revenge against the general , who had killed the warrior 's father . Circe granted the soldiers magical weapons to aid them on their journey , and suggested that they see the Oracle of Delphi to discover whether the general had any weaknesses . They eventually encounter the general , who was revealed to be the warrior 's uncle and Circe 's lover . Circe only aided the warrior so he would reach the general . Circe offered the warrior a choice : serve the general and his men would be spared , or kill the general and she would kill his men . The warrior then declared that he would not slay Circe and defended the lives of his men , but tricked the general into drinking from a cup that he had secretly filled with poisonous Cerberus blood , which killed the general . Circe was aghast at the warrior 's vengeful act and retreated never to be seen again . Daedalus -- A brilliant architect , Daedalus constructed the labyrinth in which Pandora was imprisoned after Zeus discovered her existence . Zeus also promised to reunite Daedelus with his son Icarus as a reward , but never revealed that Icarus was already dead . Kratos encountered Daedalus hanging in a part of the labyrinth and the architect revealed that the labyrinth must be united to free Pandora . Daedelus was killed when Kratos united the labyrinth and left a message in blood encouraging Kratos to get even with Zeus for him . The character was voiced by Malcolm McDowell in God of War III . Erinys -- The daughter of Thanatos . After the destruction of Atlantis , Erinys searched for Kratos , killing various Spartans as a warning for Kratos to stop his quest to find Deimos . Erinys eventually found Kratos in the Mounts of Aroania , and after a land battle , an aerial battle ensued as Erinys shape shifted into an enormous bird before being killed by Kratos , after which , Kratos took her power , the Scourge of Erinys . The character was overdub voiced by Jennifer Hale and Erin Torpey in Ghost of Sparta . The Furies -- Born from drops of blood spilled during the war of the Primordials , the three Furies were the guardians of honor and enforcers of punishment . The sisters sought retribution from those who had betrayed the gods . They are the main antagonists of Ascension . Megaera -- The first of the three Furies , Megaera is ruthless in dealing punishment and can infect others with mutative parasites that enable her to control them . Having lost her right arm while capturing Kratos in Delos , Megaera accidentally facilitated Kratos ' freedom and died in the attempt to prevent his escape . The character was voiced by Nika Futterman . Tisiphone -- The second sister , she often confounded Kratos with illusions and was aided by her familiar , Daemon . Although Kratos seemingly killed her in Delos , it was an illusion . She facilitated in Kratos ' capture , but was killed by the Spartan along with Alecto . The character was voiced by Debi Mae West . Alecto -- The former Queen of the Furies , who aligned with Ares and bore their son Orkos . The leader of the sisters , she captured Kratos and attempted to keep him imprisoned by becoming an illusion of his wife Lysandra . Despite morphing into a giant sea monster , she was ultimately killed by Kratos . The character was voiced by Jennifer Hale . Gorgon Sisters - The Gorgons who lead the race of Gorgons . Medusa -- The former Queen of the Gorgons . She was decapitated by Kratos in God of War ( 2005 ) at the directive of Aphrodite ; Kratos took her head as a weapon to turn enemies to stone . Euryale -- A Gorgon and former servant of the Sisters of Fate . Euryale sought revenge against Kratos for killing her sister Medusa , but was killed and decapitated . As with Medusa , Kratos took her head to use it as a weapon to turn enemies to stone . The character was voiced by Jennifer Martin in God of War II . Gyges -- Featured in the God of War comics # 4 , # 5 , and # 6 , he was one of the three Chaos Giants with one hundred arms and fifty heads . During Kratos ' first quest for the Ambrosia , his battle with Cereyon burned off the hundred arms of Gyges . During Kratos ' second quest , Gyges revealed that he had planned to use the Ambrosia to revive his brothers , Briareus and Cottus , and then reclaim the world , but Kratos ' initial retrieval thwarted that plan . Kratos destroyed both Gyges and the Tree of Life -- which contained the Ambrosia -- with the Fire of Apollo . Icarus -- The son of Daedalus , who had become insane and obsessed with finding the Sisters of Fate . Kratos encountered Icarus by the Great Chasm and attacked him . The two battled while falling down the chasm . Kratos eventually stripped Icarus of his wings , took them , and allowed Icarus to fall to his death into the Underworld . The character was voiced by Bob Joles in God of War II . The Judges of the Underworld -- Featured in God of War III , King Minos , King Rhadamanthus , and King Aeacus were the judges of the dead . The statues of the trio held the Chain of Balance that connected Olympus to the Underworld . Kratos encountered the statues , who declared that he was not yet ready for the afterlife . Kratos later returned to the statues and destroyed the crystals behind the statues ' heads in order to raise the labyrinth so that Pandora could reach Pandora 's Box . King Minos , who was the only Judge to speak through his statue , was voiced by Mark Moseley . King Midas -- A king whose touch turned anything to gold , he was grief - stricken and hallucinating as he accidentally turned his daughter to gold . Kratos encountered Midas in the Mounts of Aroania where the Spartan killed him by throwing him into a lava river -- turning it to gold -- which created a passage for Kratos . The character was voiced by Fred Tatasciore in Ghost of Sparta . Orkos -- Also known as The Giver in Rise of the Warrior , he was the keeper of oaths sworn to the gods and is the son of Ares and Alecto . In Rise of the Warrior , he followed the redeemed warrior through his journey and imprisoned him in the Prison of the Damned due to the warrior breaking his father 's oath . Later in Ascension , Orkos helped Kratos by enabling him to see through illusions . He also provided Kratos with his Oath Stone , allowing Kratos to be in two places at once . Orkos revealed to Kratos that Ares and the Furies plot to overthrow Olympus , and that Ares chose Kratos to help him do so . After Kratos defeated the Furies , Orkos has Kratos to kill him to nullify the Spartan 's pact with Ares . The character was voiced by Troy Baker in Ascension . Pandora -- An animated creation of Hephaestus who became like a daughter to the god , and was neither living nor dead . Pandora was imprisoned in the labyrinth by Zeus when he was infected by the fear released from Pandora 's Box . Kratos rescued Pandora after he learned that she was the key to pacifying the Flame of Olympus that surrounded Pandora 's Box . Kratos reluctantly allowed Pandora to sacrifice herself to open the Box and mourned her death , as Pandora reminded him of his deceased child Calliope . Pandora reappeared in Kratos ' psyche and helped him find the power of hope locked deep inside himself , which allowed him to overcome and kill Zeus . The character was voiced by Natalie Lander in God of War III . Peirithous -- A prisoner of the Underworld who possessed the Bow of Apollo and was in love with Persephone ; he was imprisoned by Hades for trying to make off with her . He offered his bow to Kratos in exchange for freedom , but the uncaring Spartan ignored the offer , killed Peirithous , and took the bow anyway . The character was voiced by Simon Templeman in God of War III . The Sisters of Fate -- Featured in God of War II , they were the three sisters who controlled the fates of all mortals , gods , and Titans , and lived on the Island of Creation . All were eventually killed by Kratos when they refused to allow him to go back in time to seek revenge on Zeus . In God of War III , their voices were heard in Kratos ' psyche . Lakhesis -- The first Sister , she was determined to deny Kratos his revenge but ended up trapped within time . The character was voiced by Leigh - Allyn Baker in God of War II . Atropos -- The second Sister who concealed herself in Lakhesis 's body , she attempted to alter the result of Kratos ' battle with Ares . But she and Lakhesis end up being trapped within time . The character was voiced by Debi Mae West in God of War II , and Marina Gordon in God of War III during the psyche sequence . Clotho -- The final Sister who was the gigantic and grotesque keeper of the loom from which the threads of all life are spun , killed by Kratos when she attempted to stop him when he entered the loom 's chamber . The character was voiced by Susan Silo in God of War II , and Marina Gordon in God of War III during the psyche sequence . Norse mythological characters ( edit ) Andvari - The soul of the dwarf Andvari was trapped within a ring , although Atreus can hear his thoughts , and Andvari aids them to complete one of Brok 's favors . After returning to Brok , Brok wanted to melt the ring down for crafting , but Atreus convinced Kratos to keep the ring , becoming a useful enchantment for Kratos ' armor . Huldra Brothers - Brok and Sindri are two famous dwarf blacksmiths . Their weapons were used by the Æsir gods , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , and they are responsible for forging Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which they had originally forged for his wife Faye . Brok is rude and grouchy , whereas Sindri is nice , but does not like dirt and grime . When in their forges , Brok and Sindri can improve the weapons and equipment of Kratos as long as they have the necessary materials . They are first encountered separately , with disparaging things to say about one another , before eventually reuniting where they make amends and work together . Brok is voiced by Robert Craighead while Sindri is voiced by Adam Harrington . Jörmungandr - The World Serpent , Jörmungandr is the last remaining giant on Midgard and is so large that he wraps around the world . He speaks Jötunn , the language of the giants that only Mímir can understand and provides assistance to Kratos and Atreus . He hates the Æsir gods , in particular Thor , which was made evident when he swallowed a statue of the god which unknowingly contained Mímir 's missing eye , to which Kratos and Atreus have to go inside Jörmungandr 's belly to retrieve . Mímir reveals that Jörmungandr had already experienced the end of Ragnarök and his battle with Thor , but was sent back in time . During Kratos and Atreus ' battle with Baldur , Jörmungandr aids them and fends off the reanimated corpse of Thamur . Laufey - Kratos ' second wife , who he referred to as Faye , and Atreus ' mother . She was one of the few remaining giants on Midgard who concealed her true nature from everyone . Upon giving birth to Atreus , Faye made him his bow and had Kratos teach him to hunt when he came of age . Faye later died of an unknown cause and Kratos burns her body on a funeral pyre , as her last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the peak of Jötunheim , where the two learn who Faye really was and that she and the giants knew of everything that would happen . It is also learned that she had already walked the path of Kratos and Atreus ' journey , and left clues behind to help them so that they would complete their journey . Modi and Magni - Modi and Magni are the sons of Thor and the henchmen of their uncle Baldur . Like their father , they both can use the power of lightning , but instead of a hammer , the older of the two , Magni , uses a large sword , whereas Modi uses a mace and shield . The two team up to face Kratos and Atreus , which results in the death of Magni , and Modi flees . Modi later returns and ambushes Kratos and Atreus , and Atreus falls ill . Later on , a weakened Modi again returns , but is killed by Atreus . Modi is voiced by Nolan North and Magni is voiced by Troy Baker . Motsògnir - The Dwarf King and one of the Sons of Ivaldi , he ruled over humans in the lands of Veithurgard and Konùnsgard in Midgard . After having a dream about his people dying , he forced them to go out and hunt beasts . He captured three dragons , Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn , sacrificed his people , and was eventually killed by his people after they turned into Hel - Walkers . Mímir - A wise man that Odin imprisoned in a tree and tortured daily at the peak of Midgard and claims to be the smartest man alive . He had been imprisoned for hundreds of years . When Kratos and Atreus encounter him , believing they had reached their goal , Mímir reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim and that he can help them get there . He asks Kratos to behead him and have his head reanimated by the Witch of the Woods , revealed by Mímir to be the goddess Freya . Mímir then joins Kratos and Atreus on their journey and provides information about the world and the gods through his tales . The character is voiced by Alastair Duncan . Thamur - A stonemason giant who attempted to build a wall around Jötunheim to protect the giants against Thor in the war between the giants and the gods . He eventually battled with Thor , who killed the giant . During God of War ( 2018 ) , Kratos and Atreus journey to the giant 's corpse to retrieve a piece of his chisel , needed to get through certain blocked doorways . Later during the final fight with Baldur , Freya reanimates Thamur 's corpse to try and stop the fight , but is unsuccessful when Jörmungandr appears and attacks the reanimated giant . Thamur is loosely based on an unnamed stonemason giant in Norse mythology , who attempted to build a wall around Asgard to protect the realm , but ended up being killed by Thor due to the machinations of Loki . Valkyries - Female warriors and servants of Odin who are responsible for taking warriors to Valhalla upon their death in the mortal realm . Due to Freya 's betrayal , Odin cursed the nine Valkyries to remain in a physical form , an unnatural state for a Valkyrie , which drove them to insanity due to a prolonged period in that form . Kratos and Atreus discover the Valkyries across the realms in Odin 's hidden chambers . Upon killing them , they are freed from the curse of being in a physical form and return to Valhalla . Eir - The Healer , Eir is a quiet and calm Valkyrie . She heals the wounds of both mortals and gods . She was found in a hidden chamber in Midgard . Geirdriful - The Master of Arms in Valhalla . She was responsible for training Odin 's army , the einherjar , for Ragnarök . She was found in a hidden chamber in Midgard . Göndul - Thought of as the most stunning Valkyrie that she caused men to go insane . She was found at the top of the large volcano in Muspelheim as the sixth and final Trial of Muspelheim . Gunnr - The Mistress of War , Gunnr was one of Odin 's favorites and was the first on the battlefield to search for fallen men . She was found in a hidden chamber in Midgard Hildr - The Mistress of Battle , Hildr got along well with Odin , but not with the other Valkyries . She was found within the maze - like structure in Niflheim . Kara - Although calm and collected , she could easily unleash a fury . She was found in a hidden chamber in Midgard . Olrun - The daughter of a powerful chieftain , she fell protecting him and was taken to Valhalla where she was made a Valkyrie who had a pursuit for knowledge . Odin appointed her as the Valkyrie 's resident historian . She was found in a hidden chamber in Alfheim . Róta - One of the Choosers of the Slain , she was the first to go mad after being imprisoned in a physical form . She was found in a hidden chamber in Helheim , where Sigrun purposefully put her there to not harm herself or others . Sigrun - Queen of the Valkyries , she was only able to be summoned at the Council of the Valkyries once the other eight had been defeated and their helms placed on their respective thrones . Upon her defeat , she revealed that the true queen was the goddess Freya , but after Odin stripped her of her wings , Sigrun reluctantly took the position . After Odin cursed the Valkyries , Sigrun hid them throughout the realms . Original characters ( comic series and video games ) ( edit ) Kratos ' family ( edit ) Calliope -- Kratos ' daughter . As an infant , she was stricken with the plague and was to be killed due to Sparta 's law . Calliope was saved by Kratos when he obtained the Ambrosia of Asclepius , but was eventually killed with her mother by Kratos during a berserker rage in a temple dedicated to Athena . Kratos was briefly reunited with Calliope in the Underworld in the Fields of Elysium , but was forced to abandon her to save the world from Persephone and Atlas . Kratos later found a note from her in the Underworld , and when Kratos entered into his psyche during his final fight with Zeus , he was spiritually reunited with both Lysandra and Calliope . The character was voiced by Debi Derryberry in Chains of Olympus and God of War III . Callisto -- The mother of Kratos and Deimos . Kratos found his ailing mother in the city of Atlantis . As she attempted to reveal the identity of Kratos ' father , she was punished by Zeus and transformed into a deformed humanoid beast , which Kratos was forced to kill . Before dying , Callisto advised Kratos to find Deimos . Her body was later buried next to Deimos by the Gravedigger . Deanna Hurstold voiced the elder Callisto while Jennifer Hale voiced the younger Callisto in Ghost of Sparta . Deimos -- The younger brother of Kratos . He was kidnapped by Ares and imprisoned and tortured by Thanatos because of his unusual birthmarks , as a prophecy predicted the demise of Olympus would come at the hands of a `` marked warrior '' . As time passed , Deimos ' hatred for Kratos grew , as his hope of rescue decayed . When eventually reunited with his brother , Deimos was initially bitter for Kratos ' perceived failure and the two battled . When Kratos saved Deimos from falling to his death , he joined his brother and battled Thanatos . Deimos , however , was killed by Thanatos , who was killed in turn by Kratos . The character was voiced by Elijah Wood in God of War III during the psyche sequence , and Mark Deklin as an adult and Bridger Zadina as a child in Ghost of Sparta . Lysandra -- Kratos ' first wife . Although she was responsible in granting Kratos his quest for the Ambrosia to save Calliope , she was killed along with her daughter . After being spiritually reunited with both Lysandra and Calliope in his psyche , Lysandra aided Kratos in forgiving himself for his crime . The character was voiced by Gwendoline Yeo in God of War ( 2005 ) and God of War III , and Jennifer Hale in Ascension as an illusion created by Alecto . Other original characters ( edit ) Barbarian King Alrik -- The former ruler of a horde of barbarians . As the champion of Hades , he sought the Ambrosia to save his ailing father . Alrik was ultimately unsuccessful and was killed by Kratos . Resurrected by Hades , Prince Alrik learned that he had become King after the death of his father . Alrik sought vengeance against Kratos , and his barbarian horde threatened to overwhelm Kratos ' opposing Spartan army . Alrik almost killed Kratos in combat , but this was undone at the critical moment when Kratos offered up his life to Ares and was returned to battle equipped with the Blades of Chaos , which Kratos used to decapitate Alrik . Alrik eventually fought his way out of the Underworld , and intent on revenge , found and confronted Kratos on the Island of Creation . Kratos killed the Barbarian King once again , and took his hammer . The character was voiced by Bob Joles in God of War II , and Fred Tatasciore in God of War III during the psyche sequence . The Boat Captain -- A humorous addition , the Boat Captain encountered Kratos on several occasions , although these were always to the Boat Captain 's detriment . In God of War ( 2005 ) , Kratos ignored him when in the belly of the Hydra and brushed him aside in the Underworld . In God of War II , the Boat Captain fled from Kratos as a spirit even though summoned to fight him , and in God of War III , he left a note of hatred towards Kratos in the Underworld and his voice was heard in Kratos ' psyche . The character was voiced by Keith Ferguson in God of War ( 2005 ) and God of War II , and Josh Keaton in God of War III during the psyche sequence . The Body Burner -- Granted Kratos passage into Pandora 's Temple . The Body Burner was the first warrior to die while seeking Pandora 's Box . He was cursed by the gods to continue to live as a rotting corpse and act as custodian of the Temple , where he burned the dead bodies that the harpies brought to him . The character was voiced by Christopher Corey Smith in God of War ( 2005 ) . Captain Nikos -- Featured in the God of War comics # 2 , # 3 , and # 4 , Captain Nikos was a Spartan who Kratos met after he had slain the Hades Phoenix . Captain Nikos and his men assisted Kratos in his search for the Ambrosia of Asclepius . Nikos was injured in battle against Poseidon 's champion Herodius , but survived . Hades later sent fireballs from the sky to stop the Spartan army . As a fireball was about to strike Kratos , Nikos sacrificed himself to save him . Before dying , he passed the rank of Captain to Kratos . During Kratos ' second journey , Nikos ' corpse , and those of other Spartans , were reanimated by Hades , but Kratos easily defeated them . Cereyon -- Featured in God of War comic # 4 , he was the fiery champion of Helios . Although he never revealed his intent for finding the Ambrosia , he fought Kratos , but was drowned by the Spartan . Danaus -- Featured in God of War comic # 3 , he was the champion of Hermes that could magically command beasts . With the animals in his village dying of a plague , Danaus was forced to seek the Ambrosia . He was decapitated in battle by Barbarian Prince Alrik , who retained Danaus ' head as it could still command beasts . The Gravedigger -- A mysterious figure , eventually revealed to be Zeus , that was digging a grave in the midst of a war in God of War ( 2005 ) . The Gravedigger counseled Kratos and eventually rescued him from the Underworld . In Ghost of Sparta , he counseled Kratos against making enemies of the gods after Kratos partially caused the destruction of Atlantis . The Gravedigger later appeared where he buried the body of Deimos . After burying the body of Callisto , the Gravedigger quotes `` Now ... only one remains . '' The character was voiced by Paul Eiding in God of War ( 2005 ) and Ghost of Sparta . Herodius -- Featured in God of War comic # 4 , Herodius was a warrior from the village of Thera . Poseidon chose Herodius as his champion in Ares ' wager . His village was stricken with a plague , cast by Poseidon so that Herodius would search for the Ambrosia . Herodius was killed by Kratos , which did not go well for Poseidon . The King of Sparta -- Featured in God of War comic # 6 . The King 's Guard was convinced by Kratos ' wife Lysandra to allow Kratos to embark on a quest for the Ambrosia that would restore their plague - stricken daughter , Calliope . Kratos and his men were given until the next full moon to return before the King executed his daughter . Ultimately successful , Kratos returned , saved Calliope , and gave the rest of the elixir to the King . The King then officially awarded Kratos with the rank of Captain . The King of Sparta also appears as an illusion created by Tisiphone in Ascension where he honors Kratos for his service as his best general . Kratos believed what he was seeing at first until he saw Tisiphone 's ring on the king 's finger . He kicked Tisiphone off the balcony , dispelling her illusion . When Kratos was on the verge of victory over the Furies , Tisiphone changed into the form of the King once again , telling him that he was unworthy of being called a Spartan . The character was voiced by Crispin Freeman in Ascension . The Last Spartan -- A loyal follower of Kratos . In Ghost of Sparta , he ordered the replacement of a statue of Ares with one of Kratos and gave Kratos his former weapons , the `` Arms of Sparta '' , which Kratos had used as Captain of the Spartan Army . In God of War II , he witnessed the destruction of Sparta at the hands of a vengeful Zeus . Thinking Kratos dead , he attempted to find the Sisters of Fate to change the fate of Sparta . He was accidentally killed by Kratos , but revealed the extent of Zeus ' treachery before dying . His body is later devoured by the Kraken during Kratos ' battle with it . The character was voiced by Josh Keaton in God of War II , and Gideon Emery in Ghost of Sparta . The Narrator -- Voiced by Linda Hunt , she narrated every game , except Betrayal and the 2018 God of War video game , and only provided an introductory narration for God of War III . In God of War II only , the narrator and the Titan Gaia are the same character . The Oracle of Athens -- An oracle that lived in Athens . Shocked at Athena 's decision for choosing Kratos , the Oracle directed him to find Pandora 's Box . Kratos later returned to Athens and found her mortally wounded due to Ares ' war on the city . The character was voiced by Susan Blakeslee in 2005 's God of War . The Persian King -- Leader of the Persian forces that invaded the Greek city of Attica , he was killed in battle by Kratos who confiscated his Efreet as a magical ability . The character was voiced by Fred Tatasciore in Chains of Olympus . Pothia -- Featured in God of War comic # 3 , she was the warrior - queen of an Amazonian tribe . Pothia was seeking the Ambrosia to make the Amazons whole again as their children were stillborn . Artemis chose Pothia as her champion , but she was ultimately killed by Kratos . Redeemed Warrior - The Redeemed Warrior , also referred to as the champion , is the unnamed protagonist of the graphic novel Rise of the Warrior who becomes the player 's multiplayer character in Ascension . In Rise of the Warrior , it is shown that he was a native of Kirra whose father was killed by a general . Before dying , the warrior swore to his father that he would bring no harm to his family . The warrior then gathered soldiers of the village and sought after the general , also recruiting the witch Circe . Finding the general , he discovered that the general was actually his uncle and Circe 's lover . After negotiations , the warrior tricked his uncle into drinking poisonous Cerberus blood , killing his uncle . Circe was aghast and fled . Because he killed his uncle , it broke his oath to his father . The Giver appeared , revealing himself to be Orkos , and imprisoned the warrior in the Prison of the Damned . In Ascension during Kratos ' pursuit of Megaera , Kratos encountered the warrior , who was rejoiced to see an opportunity for freedom from his prison . Before being attacked by an arm of the Hecatonchires , the warrior vanished in a beam of light upon praying to the gods . This transported him to the Rotunda of Olympus . There , he started his trials for redemption to become a champion of the gods and was given a choice to either swear an allegiance to Ares , Hades , Poseidon , or Zeus . Several people are credited for the character in Ascension 's multiplayer : Dave Carter , Neil Kaplan , Kevin Killebrew , Alem Brhan Sapp , Isaac C. Singleton Jr. , Anthony Skordi , and Jimmie Wood . The Scribe of Hecatonchires -- The first mortal imprisoned by the Furies for breaking a blood oath to a god . To keep his sanity , he wrote meticulous records of the sisters and their schemes , which Kratos found throughout the prison . He informed Kratos that originally , although the Furies were cruel , they were fair , but became ruthless on account of Ares . The character was voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in Ascension . Unknown Assassin -- An unidentified assassin in Betrayal who framed Kratos for the murder of Argos . Kratos chased the assassin throughout Greece to discover the identity of the assassin 's master , but the assassin ultimately escaped when Ceryx intervened . The Village Oracle -- A female soothsayer who attempted to warn away Kratos -- still in the service of Ares -- when he arrived at a village dedicated to Athena . The Village Oracle cursed Kratos once he was tricked by Ares into killing his wife and child , and proclaimed that `` from this day forward , the mark of your terrible deed will be visible to all '' as the ashes of Kratos ' burnt family merged with his skin . This turned Kratos ' skin ash - white and earned him the title , `` Ghost of Sparta '' . The Village Oracle briefly appears as an illusion created by Tisiphone in Ascension . The character was voiced by Susan Blakeslee in God of War ( 2005 ) and Ascension . Reception ( edit ) God of War received praise for its voice acting . Chris Sell of PAL Gaming Network stated that the voice acting is `` up there with the best '' in comparison to other games , and that the cut scenes are `` superbly voiced , but it 's the narrator of the story that is the most professionally convincing throughout . '' Eric Blattberg of PlayStation Universe stated that the voice acting is a great feature of the game , that narrator Linda Hunt 's `` authentic voice really helps set the attitude during the unbelievable ( full motion video ) 's '' , and that Kratos `` acts and sounds like a badass . '' Kristan Reed of Eurogamer wrote , `` Even the straight - laced voice work is handled with an expertise so sadly lacking in most other videogames . '' Raymond M. Padilla of GameSpy , wrote that some of the voice acting and music tracks are overstated ; one of his few dislikes in the game . Matt Leone of 1UP wrote that `` There 's a mixture of in - game characters that speak to you and extremely nice CG sequences that show moments such as flashbacks , and it all blends together surprisingly well . '' God of War II received similar praise for its voice acting . Chris Roper of IGN said the characters were timeless and the voice acting was great . Kristan Reed said that the voice acting was `` top notch . '' Alex Navarro of GameSpot wrote that `` The voice acting is ... all - around excellent , though it 's not quite as enjoyable as it was in the last game '' , and that `` Kratos is as gruff and over the top as ever . '' He praised the supporting voice performances , such as Linda Hunt as Gaia and the narrator , Corey Burton as Zeus , and Harry Hamlin as Perseus , as `` top - notch work . '' However , Navarro said that a few of the performances felt `` a bit labored or overwrought . In particular , Michael Clarke Duncan as Atlas feels more wooden than imposing . The voice is right , but his performance is oddly subdued . '' With these exceptions , Navarro said that `` this is another enjoyable voice cast . '' GameSpy described Kratos as a `` sympathetic antihero '' and Game Guru claimed `` Practically anyone , even if they had n't played any of the God of War games , would know about Kratos . '' God of War III action figures produced by DC Unlimited featuring ( clockwise from bottom - center ) Kratos , Zeus , Hercules , and Hades God of War III received mixed reviews ; Chris Roper of IGN stated that the voice acting `` could be better '' , and that some of the characters are the `` biggest culprits '' to `` creating an uneven feeling in the visual presentation '' and that they `` do n't feature the same level of lighting quality or perhaps texture work as others . '' Roper also said that a few look `` fantastic ... but many are clearly not on the same level as Kratos , and some are even only passable as ' good ' . '' Chris Roper of IGN said that the voice acting on Chains of Olympus was nice . For God of War : Ghost of Sparta , Nicole Tanner of IGN wrote that it `` ( c ) ontinues the tradition of great voice acting '' that `` we 've come to expect from a God of War installment . '' Joe Juba of Game Informer said that the voice work was solid . Merchandise ( edit ) Two series of action figures based on God of War II have been produced by the National Entertainment Collectibles Association ( NECA ) . The first set included two versions of Kratos ; one wielding the Blades of Athena and the second wearing the Golden Fleece and holding a gorgon 's head . The second set included a twelve - inch figure that plays six game quotes . A second two - figure set was also released , with Kratos wearing the God of War armor . DC Unlimited produced a line of action figures based on God of War III , which included the characters Kratos , Zeus , Hades and Hercules . Between February 1 , 2010 and March 31 , 2010 , 7 - Eleven sold a limited edition Slurpee drink called `` Kratos Fury '' , available in four exclusive God of War III cups , which featured codes that could be used to access God of War III and Slurpee - themed downloadable content on the Slurpee website . Kratos ' visage has appeared on the PlayStation Portable Chains of Olympus exclusive bundle pack , and on the PlayStation 3 God of War III sweepstakes prize video game consoles . Other products include artwork , clothing , and sweepstakes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Del Ray announces first God of War novel for March 2010 `` . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` God of War II by Robert E. Vardeman '' . Random House . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Games to Film : God of War '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graziani , Gabe ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` Reviews : God of War II '' . GameSpy . IGN . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tandon , Tejasvi ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Kratos : An Unlikely Hero '' . Game Guru . Cellcast Group . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sell , Chris ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` God of War Review '' . PAL Gaming Network . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . p. 1 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . p. 3 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prima Games , ed. & ( 2005 ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ Prima Games , ed. & ( 2005 ) , p. 208 Jump up ^ Prima Games , ed. & ( 2005 ) , p. 200 Jump up ^ Heroic Possibilities . Sony Computer Entertainment . 2005 . Jump up ^ God of War : Monsters of Myth . Santa Monica Studio. 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Ishaan ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` God of War Character Concept Art : Kratos Before And After '' . Siliconera . Curse , Inc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Jump up ^ Zeus : The Making of a God . Santa Monica Studio. 2007 . Jump up ^ BradyGames , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Challenge of Hades . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War III . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Hades . Jump up ^ Brady Games , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ The Art of God of War : God of War II Concept Art . Santa Monica Studio. 2007 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War III . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Jump up ^ Brady Games , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Tough to Beat : The Bosses of God of War II . Santa Monica Studio. 2007 . Jump up ^ Brady Games , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Character Graveyard . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Aaron ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Watch the PAX 2012 God of War : Ascension Panel '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Varanini , Giancario ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Franchise Player : God of War III '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Voices of God of War II . Santa Monica Studio. 2007 . ^ Jump up to : God of War III : Voice Acting . Santa Monica Studio. 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ; Barlog , Cory ; Judge , Christopher ( June 14 , 2016 ) . God of War - E3 2016 LiveCast ( YouTube ) . 0 : 20 : PlayStation. Blog , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Sid Shuman : Christopher Judge , who are you ? Christopher Judge : I am fortunate enough to be playing Kratos . ^ Jump up to : Ready at Dawn . God of War : Ghost of Sparta . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Credits . Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn . God of War : Chains of Olympus . PlayStation Portable . Sony Computer Entertainment . Athena : Kratos , there is not much time ... Olympus needs your unquestioning obedience . The God of the Sun has been torn from the sky . This temple on which you stand is the chariot of Helios . Without their master to rein them , the Fire Steeds have driven the sun chariot into the Earth . And without Helios , there is no one to keep Morpheus from seizing permanent power . Many of the gods have fallen into a deep slumber . Soon , all will succumb to the black grip of Morpheus . You must find Helios and return him to the sky , lest the world of gods and man be lost forever . Only his light can release the grasp of Morpheus . ^ Jump up to : Sulic , Ivan ( March 18 , 2005 ) . `` God of War '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn . God of War : Ghost of Sparta . PlayStation Portable . Sony Computer Entertainment . Kratos : Athena ! You lied to me ! The gods lied to me ! My brother lives ! He lives ! ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Kratos ' Complete Olympian Hit List '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mahalo Video Games . `` God of War 3 Walkthrough '' . Mahalo.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2005 ) , pp. 32 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2007 ) , pp. 13 -- 18 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War II . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Gaia : I am the Titan , Gaia , ever present Mother of Earth . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 10 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio . God of War II . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Gaia : You know of the mighty Titan , Cronos . So fearful was Cronos of the Oracle 's prediction that his own children would rise against him that he decided to imprison all in his belly . Rhea stood by and watched as her children were devoured one by one . But when the time came for the last of her children to be eaten , she was unable to bare another such loss and devised a trick to save the baby Zeus . Rhea commanded the eagle to secretice on her way . He was taken to an island far beyond the watchful eyes of Cronos . It was I who cared for him . It was I who kept him safe . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War II . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Gaia : I nurtured his desire to free his brothers and sisters from Cronos . But my foolish act of compassion would haunt the Titans forever . For in sparing Zeus , we allowed him to return to us with vengeance in his heart . He betrayed all of the Titans for the sins of just one . The sins of his father , Cronos . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 18 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ready at Dawn . God of War : Ghost of Sparta . PlayStation Portable . Sony Computer Entertainment . Narrator : After the Great War with the Titans , the Oracle had foretold the demise of the Olympian Gods and the destruction of Olympus . She saw that it would be brought about not by the hands of the Titans who thirsted for revenge , but by the hands of a mortal . A marked warrior . Whoever controlled the marked warrior , controlled the fate of Olympus . ^ Jump up to : Mahalo Video Games . `` God of War 2 Walkthrough '' . Mahalo.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Killian , Seth ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` New PS All - Stars : Zeus & Isaac , MediEvil + The Unfinished Swan Level '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Aphrodite : Medusa , the queen of the Gorgons . Bring me her head Kratos , and I will give you the ability to wield its power ! . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War III ( 2010 ) PlayStation 3 credits '' . MobyGames . GameFly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( February 19 , 2004 ) . `` SCEA Santa Monica Gamers ' Day : Sony Announces God of War '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 2 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mahalo Video Games . `` God of War Walkthrough '' . Mahalo.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Greg ; Claiborn , Sam ; Tanner , Nicole ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Best God of War Boss Fights - Page 2 of 2 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Artemis : I offer you the very blade I used to slay a Titan . Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn . God of War : Chains of Olympus . PlayStation Portable . Sony Computer Entertainment . Eos : Retrieve the fire and it will light your path to the remaining steeds . They will guide you to their master . They will take you to my brother . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Hades : Your progress is impressive Kratos , but your skills will not carry you to your ultimate goal . I offer you the souls of Hades itself , the souls of the dead , set ready to fight by your side . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 12 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mahalo Video Games . `` God of War Chains of Olympus Walkthrough '' . Mahalo.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tom ( April 7 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' God of War ' Zeus of adventure games '' . CNN . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn . God of War : Ghost of Sparta . PlayStation Portable . Sony Computer Entertainment . Poseidon : You have desecrated my kingdom ! I shall not forget this , Ghost of Sparta ! You will answer for this affront ! Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Claiborn , Sam ; Tanner , Nicole ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Best God of War Boss Fights - Page 1 of 2 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 14 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Millikan , Ben ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta Walkthrough '' . GameFront . Break Media . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 16 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 17 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn . God of War : Ghost of Sparta . PlayStation Portable . Sony Computer Entertainment . Thera : It has been long since our kind waited for the one destined to free us . Gaia foretold of our salvation , Ghost of Sparta . Kratos : I have not come here for you or your kind . Thera : Do not be so naive , Kratos . Your path lead you to me . You need my help . Kratos : I need nothing from you , Thera . Thera : If you do not free me , then you will share my fate ! You will die here with me ! Free me . Free me and my power will be yours ! Without it , we will both remain prisoners of our torments ! Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War III . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Hercules : You were always Zeus ' favorite . Think about it brother , while I was stuck cleaning the Augean Stables , he chose you to destroy Ares . Not convinced ? How about this ? While you were being crowned the God of War , I was sent to find an apple . They called them labors , hah ! Perhaps he did allow me to kill the Nemean Lion , but he made your name known amongst the people . A fierce warrior . A killer made hero . A man made a god . But this time brother , this time I will destroy you . Call it my thirteenth and final labor . Soon I will become the God of War and claim the throne for myself . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2007 ) , pp. 13 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Alex ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . p. 1 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Staff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Watch the First 30 Minutes of God of War : Ascension '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Polygon Staff ( September 15 , 2013 ) . `` God of War Art Gallery '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 5 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Aletheia : Across the sea , the Lantern of Delos keeps the Eyes of Truth . Find the Eyes and they will show you the path to freedom . ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Orkos : Inside there are the Eyes of Truth . The very same eyes my mothers ruthlessly pulled from Aletheia . I learned of the plot between my parents to overthrow Olympus . I could not believe Aletheia 's words . Then , she showed me the truth that the God of War would bring down the very walls of Olympus . I knew I must stop them . Aletheia and I sought to warn Zeus , but when Ares learned of our attempt , he sent my mothers after us . The Eyes were brutally ripped from my beloved . ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Credits . Jump up ^ Javaground . God of War : Betrayal . Java ME . Sony Pictures Digital . Spartan Soldier : The battle has angered the gods . They have sent Hera 's giant Argos to slay us ! ^ Jump up to : Javaground . God of War : Betrayal . Java ME . Sony Pictures Digital . Kratos : Murderer of Argos ! What master do you serve that would try to turn the gods against me ? Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Castor : Place your offerings for Aletheia . We will decide if they are worthy at our will . You presume to seek an audience with the Oracle yet you bring no offerings ? Bold . Stupid , but bold . Although , you must have good reason to seek the Oracle carrying such a mark . Return when you have brought appropriate sacrifice . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 6 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Pollux : We will not tolerate your impudence . You will not see her ! Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Pollux : You have sealed the Oracle 's fate . You will never know the truth . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` God of War : Betrayal ( Mobile ) Review '' . Modojo . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Krawczyk , Marianne ( w ) , Shy , Christopher ( a ) . Rise of the Warrior ( ) , Sony Computer Entertainment America ^ Jump up to : Wolfman , Marv ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) , Temofonte , Saida ( let ) , Abernathy , Ben ( ed ) . God of War # 4 ( September 2010 ) , WildStorm Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 4 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : God of War : Ascension : Unchained -- Kratos Comes to Life . Santa Monica Studio. 2013 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mangled myths : How God of War 's mythology stacks up - Page 9 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Daniel . `` The Fortification of Asgard '' . Norse Mythology for Smart People . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wolfman , Marv ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) , Temofonte , Saida ( let ) , Abernathy , Ben ( ed ) . God of War # 1 ( March 2010 ) , WildStorm Jump up ^ Wolfman , Marv ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) , Temofonte , Saida ( let ) , Abernathy , Ben ( ed ) . God of War # 2 ( May 2010 ) , WildStorm ^ Jump up to : Wolfman , Marv ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) , Temofonte , Saida ( let ) , Abernathy , Ben ( ed ) . God of War # 3 ( July 2010 ) , WildStorm Jump up ^ God of War : Unearthing the Legend . Sony Computer Entertainment . 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolfman , Marv ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) , Temofonte , Saida ( let ) , Abernathy , Ben ( ed ) . God of War # 6 ( January 2011 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Multiplayer opening . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scribe of Hecatonchires : I was the first man to be put here by the Furies . See , I 've been keeping a record . Orkos was born here . Then his mothers . The they ... they became ... they used to be fair . Harsh , but fair . Had something to do with Ares , I imagine . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Village Oracle : From this night forward , the mark of your terrible dead will be visible to all ! The ashes of your wife and child will remain fastened to your skin , never to be removed ! Narrator : And with that curse , all would know him for the beast he had become , his skin white with the ash of his dead family . The ghost of Sparta had been born . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Eric ( April 1 , 2005 ) . `` God of War Review '' . PlayStation Universe . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kristan ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` God Of War Review '' . Eurogamer . Eurogamer Network . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Padilla , Raymond M. ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` God of War '' . GameSpy . IGN . p. 3 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leone , Matt ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` God of War '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kristan ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II Review '' . Eurogamer . Eurogamer Network . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` God of War III Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . p. 3 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` God of War III Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` God of War : Chains of Olympus Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . p. 3 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Nicole ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . p. 2 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kratos Gets Packaged '' . National Entertainment Collectibles Association . February 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Player Select God of War II Ares Armor Kratos Closed Mouth Action Figure '' . National Entertainment Collectibles Association . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` God of War Toys Coming '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brody , Evan ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Kratos Fury Invading Local 7 - Eleven Stores '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` God of War PSP Pack Now Available '' . IGN ( Press release ) . Ziff Davis Media . June 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Eric ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` God of War III Launch Special Tonight on Spike TV + Midnight Launch Events ! '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weissbaum , William ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` God of War Collection Spartan Army Sweepstakes '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) `` Art Gallery : Kratos '' . God of War : Official Game Guide . United States : Prima Games . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 5133 - 6 . The Art of God of War III ( God of War III Ultimate Edition ) . Canada : BradyGames. 2010 . Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2005 ) . God of War ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2007 ) . God of War II ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . External links ( edit ) God of War voice actors article God of War credits God of War II credits God of War : Chains of Olympus credits God of War III PlayStation 3 credits God of War : Ghost of Sparta voice credits hide God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_God_of_War&oldid=846396069 '' Categories : God of War ( series ) Lists of video game characters Hidden categories : Pages using cite comic with unknown parameters Featured lists Use mdy dates from December 2012 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 14 : 10 . 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6331948255841269975	Rice production in India	Rice production in India - Wikipedia Rice production in India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2014 ) Major cropping areas in India . Rice shaded in light jade green indicates the most important and extensive growing areas in the east of the country Working in a rice paddy Rice production in India is an important part of the national economy Dry productive Paddy Fields in South India India is one of the world 's largest producers of rice and brown rice , accounting for 20 % of all world rice production . Rice is India 's pre-eminent crop , and is the staple food of the people of the eastern and southern parts of the country . Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980 to 74.6 million tons in year 1990 , a 39 percent increase over the decade . By year 1992 , rice production had reached 181.9 kg , second in the world only to China with its 182 kg . Since 1950 the increase has been more than 350 percent . Most of this increase was the result of an increase in yields ; the number of hectares increased only 0 percent during this period . Yields increased from 1,336 kilograms per hectare in FY 1980 to 1,751 kilograms per hectare in FY 1990 . The per - hectare yield increased more than 262 percent between 1950 and 1992 . The country 's rice production had declined to 89.14 million tonnes in 2009 - 10 crop year ( July -- June ) from record 99.18 million tonnes in the previous year due to severe drought that affected almost half of the country . India could achieve a record rice production of 100 million tonnes in 2010 - 11 crop year on the back of better monsoon this year . The India 's rice production reached to a record high of 104.32 million tonnes in 2011 - 2012 crop year ( July -- June ) . no rice no life so play freerice Rice is one of the chief grains of India . Moreover , this country has the largest area under rice cultivation , as it is one of the principal food crops . It is in fact the dominant crop of the country . India is one of the leading producers of this crop . Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant , it flourishes comfortably in hot and humid climate . Rice is mainly grown in rain fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall . That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India . It demands temperature of around 25 degree Celsius and above and rainfall of more than 100 cm . Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receives comparatively less rainfall . Rice is the staple food of eastern and southern parts of India . In 2009 - 10 , total rice production in India amounted to 89.13 million tonnes , which was much less than production of previous year , 99.18 million tonnes . Rice can be cultivated by different methods based on the type of region . But in India , the traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice . The fields are initially ploughed and then fertiliser is applied which typically consists of cow dung and then the field is smoothed . The seeds are transplanted by hand and then through proper irrigation , the seeds are cultivated . Rice grows on a variety of soils like silts , loams and gravels . It can also tolerate alkaline as well as acid soils . However , clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop . Actually the clayey soil can be easily converted into mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily . Proper care has to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is under water during its growing years . Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water . In the plain areas , excess rainwater is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly . Rice raised in the well watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice . In the hilly areas , slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice . Thus , the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or upland rice . Interestingly , per hectare yield of upland rice is comparatively less than that of the wet rice . The regions cultivating this crop in India is distinguished as the western coastal strip , the eastern coastal strip , covering all the primary deltas , Assam plains and surrounding low hills , foothills and Terai region - along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal , Bihar , eastern Uttar Pradesh , eastern Madhya Pradesh , northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . India , being a land of eternal growing season , and the deltas of Kaveri River , Krishna River , Godavari River , Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set - up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam , permits farmers to raise two , and in some pockets , even three crops a year . Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible . Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana , known for their baked climate , to grow rice . They even export their excess to other states . Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes . The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are idyllically suited for rice farming , with age - old hill irrigational conveniences . High yielding kinds , enhanced planting methods , promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results . It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare . In some of the states like West Bengal , Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year . Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice . Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice . Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available . Thus , rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh , Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season . Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a short duration crop . At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India , rice crop of short duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration . Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low - lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season . Autumn rice is raised in Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Punjab and Himachal Pradesh . Summer , autumn and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh , Assam and Orissa . Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and on a small area . However , winter rice crop is actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all seasons in the country . Moreover , in the last few years , several steps in order to augment yield per hectare were taken up very seriously at all levels . India ranks fourth in the production of wheat in the world . Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation : In India , wheat is a winter crop . Wheat requires a moderate cool climate with moderate rain . In India , it is grown in winter . It needs temperature 10 degree C to 15 degree C for its cultivation . It thrives well in an average temperature of 16 - degree C. Warm and sunny weather is essential at the time of ripening . Wheat requires a rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm during the growing season . Too much rain is injurious to the plant . On irrigated lands , a rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm is sufficient . Light rainfall and cloudiness before the grain ripens increase the productivity . Alluvial level plains are ideal for wheat cultivation . Slightly rolling plains are also suitable . Plains should be well drained so that water can not stand there . Wheat requires fertile alluvial soil . Clay loamy soils or even black cotton soils are suitable . Soil should retain moisture . A certain amount of lime in the soil is beneficial . Labor factors are not as important in the wheat cultivation as in the case of rice . However , labor is essential for the cultivation . The other requirements of wheat cultivation include ( i ) irrigation , ( ii ) high yielding varieties of seeds and ( iii ) the same way Rice Production by State ( edit ) Rice Production by States India Rice Production by States ( Million Tonnes ) States Rank ( 2014 - 15 ) Actual Production ( 2014 - 15 ) % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Cumulative % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Average Production ( 2010 - 11 to 2014 - 15 ) Estimate ( 2015 - 16 ) India - 103.73 100.0 % 100 % 105.48 103.61 West Bengal 14.68 13.9 % 14 % 14.54 16.10 Uttar Pradesh 12.17 11.5 % 25 % 13.45 12.51 Punjab 11.11 10.5 % 36 % 11.03 11.64 Odisha 8.30 7.9 % 44 % 7.17 5.80 Andhra Pradesh 7.23 6.9 % 51 % 7.34 6.94 Bihar 6 6.36 6.0 % 57 % 5.93 6.11 Chhattisgarh 7 6.32 6.0 % 63 % 6.37 6.29 Tamil Nadu 8 5.73 5.4 % 68 % 5.68 5.72 Assam 9 5.22 4.9 % 73 % 4.91 5.12 Telangana 10 4.44 4.2 % 77 % 5.31 4.19 Haryana 11 4.01 3.8 % 81 % 3.84 4.18 Madhya Pradesh 12 3.63 3.4 % 85 % 2.65 3.49 Maharashtra 15 2.95 2.8 % 94 % 2.93 2.61 Gujarat 16 1.83 1.7 % 96 % 1.66 1.56 Uttarakhand 17 0.60 0.6 % 96 % 0.58 0.63 Kerala 18 0.56 0.5 % 97 % 0.53 0.70 Jammu & Kashmir 19 0.52 0.5 % 97 % 0.60 0.42 Rajasthan 20 0.37 0.4 % 98 % 0.28 0.35 Himachal Pradesh 21 0.13 0.1 % 98 % 0.13 0.10 Others - 2.44 2.3 % 100 % 2.37 2.31 References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paddy fields in India . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . ^ Jump up to : `` India : A Country Study : Crop Output '' . Library of Congress , Washington D.C. September 1995 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://data.gov.in/resources/state-wise-production-rice-2010-11-2014-15-ministry-agriculture-and-farmers-welfare World rice production Bangladesh Bhutan China Guyana Haiti India Indonesia Iran Japan Laos Nepal Pakistan Philippines Romania South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand United States Vietnam Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_production_in_India&oldid=842260111 '' Categories : Rice production in India Rice production by country Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the dominant grain crop of eastern india is	[ "In some of the states like West Bengal, Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year. Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice. Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice. Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available. Thus, rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season." ]	[ "Rice" ]
-3762196364292697486	America's Next Top Model (cycle 22)	America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) Cycle 22 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network The CW Original release August 5 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) -- December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Kelly Cutrone J. Alexander No. of contestants 14 Winner Nyle DiMarco Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 21 Next → Cycle 23 Season summary The twenty - second cycle of America 's Next Top Model ( subtitled as America 's Next Top Model : Guys & Girls ) premiered on August 5 , 2015 and is the sixteenth and final season to air on The CW . The network announced in mid-October that they were cancelling the show and the finale episode aired on December 4 , 2015 . Like the two previous seasons , cycle 22 featured both male and female contestants . However , for the first time since cycle 13 , the height restriction was removed and the competition was opened to contestants at any height . Tyra Banks , Kelly Cutrone and J. Alexander returned to the judging panel , with photographer Yu Tsai remaining as creative director . Unlike the last three cycles , social media was no longer included on the show . The scoring system remained in place , but only the combined challenge and judges ' scores were added into the final tally to determine who would be eliminated . While there was no international destination for this cycle , the models traveled to Las Vegas for two episodes . This is the second cycle in the series not to feature an international destination , after Cycle 13 . The winner of the competition was 25 - year - old Nyle DiMarco from Washington , D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the very first deaf contestant in the history of America 's Next Top Model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cycle summary 1.1 Prizes 1.2 Special guests 2 Contestants 3 Episode summaries 3.1 The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood 3.2 The Girl Who Walks Away 3.3 The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out 3.4 The Girl Who Has a Close Shave 3.5 The Guy Who Gets a Hickey 3.6 The Girl Who Gets Possessed 3.7 The Guy Who Acts a Fool 3.8 The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up 3.9 The Guy or Girl Who Came Back 3.10 The Girl Who Became Bootyful 3.11 And Then That Happened 3.12 The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas 3.13 The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark 3.14 The Guy Who Was a Momma 's Boy 3.15 Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash 3.16 Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Scoring chart 4.3 Photo shoot guide 4.4 Makeovers 5 Ratings 6 References Cycle summary Prizes Returning prizes included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management and a spread in Nylon magazine . Zappos became a new prize for the series , and the winner was chosen for a US $100,000 contract to become the face of the Zappos Couture 's 2016 re-launch . Special guests This cycle featured guest judges including interior designers Jonathan and Drew Scott , model Chrissy Teigen , fashion editor Joe Zee and cycle 10 winner Whitney Thompson . Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Outcome Place Dischert , Delanie ! Delanie Dischert 21 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Wilmington , Delaware Episode 3 14 Churchill , Stefano ! Stefano Churchill 23 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Episode 4 13 Capra , Ava ! Ava Capra 19 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) Los Angeles , California Episode 6 12 Molina , Ashley ! Ashley Molina 21 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Brooklyn , New York Episode 7 11 DuPerow , Courtney ! Courtney DuPerow 21 1.60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) Avon Lake , Ohio Episode 8 10 Sánchez , Bello ! Bello Sánchez 26 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Los Angeles , California 9 Kim , Justin ! Justin Kim 23 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Springfield , Virginia Episode 9 8 McNeer , Dustin ! Dustin McNeer 18 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Kernersville , North Carolina Episode 10 7 Richardson , Hadassah ! Hadassah Richardson 23 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Houston , Texas Episode 12 6 Clark , Devin ! Devin Clark 21 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) San Francisco , California Episode 13 5 Heverly , Mikey ! Michael Heverly 25 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Hollywood , Florida Episode 16 4 -- 3 Rogers , Lacey ! Lacey Rogers 18 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) El Dorado , Arkansas Adjei , Mamé ! Mamé Adjei 23 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Silver Spring , Maryland DiMarco , Nyle ! Nyle DiMarco 25 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Washington , D.C. Episode summaries The Guys and Girls make it to Hollywood Original Airdate : August 5 , 2015 The all new contestants of America 's Next Top Model are thrown to castings where they introduced themselves at the judges and photographed by Erik Asla . The first cuts were made and will move on to the next part of the competition . Featured photographer : Massimo Campana The Girl Who Walks Away Original Airdate : August 12 , 2015 The remaining contestants moved in their model house , they took their casting photo shoot and the judges made their decision to choose the cast . Featured photographers : Massimo Campana , Erik Asla Special guests : Drew Scott and Jonathan Scott ( Property Brothers ) , Patrick Tumey , Alexis Borges The Guy Who Gets Shipped out Original Airdate : August 19 , 2015 After the runway over the crane the final contestants were chosen . They did a photo shoot with Erik Asla being bonded in pairs . Delanie was the first person to be eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Devin 10 10 9 7 36.0 Justin 9 9 8.5 9 35.5 Lacey 8.7 9 8 9 34.7 Mikey 8 9.5 8 9 34.5 5 Ava 8.3 9 8 8 33.3 6 Mamé 8 7 8 10 33.0 7 Bello 8.9 8.5 7.9 7 32.3 8 Ashley 8 8.2 7 9 32.2 9 Courtney 7.9 7.8 8 7 30.7 10 Hadassah 8 7.3 6.8 8 30.1 11 Nyle 8 7 7 8 30.0 12 Dustin 7.3 6.4 6.8 9 29.5 13 Stefano 7.1 5.2 6 8 26.3 14 Delanie 7 5 6 8 26.0 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Alexis Borges , Erik Rosete The Girl Who has a Close Shave Original Airdate : August 26 , 2015 The remaining contestants received their makeovers . They did a photo shoot with veteran amputee soldiers . After the deliberation , Stefano was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Total Ava 10 9.2 9.3 28.5 Mikey 9.5 9.8 9 28.3 Bello 9.5 9 9.1 27.6 Devin 9.3 8.7 8.9 26.9 5 Courtney 9.1 8.8 8.8 26.7 6 Justin 9 8.3 8.7 26.0 7 Nyle 8.8 8.8 8.4 26.0 8 Lacey 8.3 8.4 8.9 25.6 9 Mamé 9 8.1 7.9 25.0 10 Dustin 7.7 8 7.9 23.6 11 Ashley 7.9 7.1 7.5 22.5 12 Hadassah 7.8 7.2 7.4 22.4 13 Stefano 7.9 7.2 7.2 22.3 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Alex Minsky , Melissa Stockwell , Joe Zee , Cristophe , Romina , Sharle , Dr. Julie Kim , Dr. Edgardo Falcon Jr . The Guy Who Gets a Hickey Original Airdate : September 2 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a challenge with un retouch photographs of compcards . They did a photo shoot where they will posed as gymnasts and the photographs are un retouched . After the deliberation , Dustin was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Lacey 9.8 9.8 8.6 9 37.2 Mamé 10 9.9 9.2 7 36.1 Devin 10 9.1 9.3 7 35.4 Mikey 8.5 8.3 7.9 10 34.7 5 Ashley 9.3 9.1 7.4 8 33.8 6 Bello 9.9 8.8 7.8 7 33.5 7 Nyle 8.3 8.8 6.8 8 31.9 8 Ava 7.9 7.9 6.7 9 31.5 9 Courtney 8.9 7.9 7.6 7 31.4 10 Justin 7.9 7.9 7.6 8 31.4 11 Hadassah 6.8 7.4 7.3 9 30.5 12 Dustin 7.3 7.2 6.9 7 28.4 Featured photographers : Massimo Campana ( challenge ) , Erik Asla ( photo shoot ) Special guests : Anthony De La Rosa The Girl Who Gets Possessed Original Airdate : September 9 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a challenge with Whitney Thompson . They participate in an exorcism photo shoot . After the deliberations , Ava was sent home . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Nyle 10 9.7 10 10 39.7 Lacey 8.8 9.2 9 8 35.0 Mamé 8.8 8.2 8.5 9 34.5 Hadassah 8.9 8.7 7.8 8 33.4 5 Justin 8 8.2 7.7 9 32.9 6 Devin 8.5 8 8.2 8 32.7 7 Ashley 8.7 8.4 8.1 7 32.2 8 Mikey 7.8 7.9 7.4 9 32.1 9 Bello 7.7 6.6 8.3 9 31.6 10 Courtney 7.5 8.8 8 7 31.3 11 Ava 7.7 7.5 7.2 7 29.4 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Whitney Thompson The Guy Who Acts a Fool Original Airdate : September 16 , 2015 The contestants participate in an acting challenge for CW . They did a commercial for a make - believe deodorant . After the deliberation , Ashley was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Lacey 9.5 9.1 8.5 10 37.1 Mamé 9.5 9.2 8.3 8 35.0 Nyle 8.9 9.1 7.7 9 34.7 Bello 10 8.7 8 7 33.7 5 Mikey 8.9 9.2 8 7 33.1 6 Justin 8.5 7.9 7.9 7 31.3 7 Hadassah 7.8 8.1 7.2 7 30.1 8 Courtney 7.6 7.2 7.7 7 29.5 9 Devin 7.4 7 8 6 28.4 10 Ashley 6.9 7 7.3 6 27.2 Featured director : Erik Asla Special guests : Lori Openden , Dana Theodoratos , Justin Rosenblatt , Brittany Williams ( Nyle 's friend ) The Girl Who Got all Dolled up Original Airdate : September 23 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a PSA vine challenge . They did a photo shoot as life sized dolls . After the deliberation , Courtney and Bello were eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Lacey 10 10 9.5 9 38.5 Nyle 10 9.2 9 9 37.2 Justin 9 9.3 8.5 9 35.8 Mikey 8.5 9.3 7.9 10 35.7 5 Hadassah 8.2 8.5 7.5 10 34.2 6 Mamé 7.6 6.5 7.5 10 31.6 7 Devin 8.1 8.3 7.1 8 31.5 8 Bello 7.8 8.1 7.1 8 31.0 9 Courtney 6.9 6 6.9 8 27.8 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Robert Behar , Brittany Furlan The Guy or Girl Who Came Back Original Airdate : October 2 , 2015 The remaining contestants were joined by the eliminated contestants for a go - see challenge . They did a photo shoot with different dogs . After the deliberation , Dustin re-entered the competition and the episode ended with Devin and Justin in the bottom two . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total 7 Ashley 6.5 7.1 6.5 7 27.1 6 Delanie 7 8.5 7 8 30.5 5 Bello 9.3 8.3 7 6 30.6 Courtney 9.3 9.3 7.9 6 32.5 Ava 9.7 9.2 8.1 7 34.0 Stefano 9.3 9.8 7.9 8 35.0 Dustin 10 9.1 8 8 35.1 ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Nyle 10 10 10 9 39.0 Hadassah 9.9 9.7 8 9 36.6 Lacey 9.8 9.6 9 8 36.4 Mamé 9 7.8 8.1 8 32.9 5 Mikey 8 7.9 7.5 9 32.4 6 Devin Justin Unknown 7 Featured photographer : Yu Tsai Special guests : Alexis Borges Jump up ^ The final scores were revealed the following episode The Girl Who became Bootyful Original Airdate : October 9 , 2015 Justin was eliminated . The remaining models traveled to Las Vegas . The contestants did a music video for Tyra 's new makeup line . After the deliberations Dustin was eliminated again . Eliminated : Justin Kim ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total 6 Devin 9 8 7.3 7 31.3 7 Justin 7.5 7.5 6.9 8 29.9 ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mikey 10 9.4 8.1 8 35.5 Devin 9.7 9.2 8.7 7 34.6 Lacey 8.9 9 8.4 8 34.3 Mamé 8.3 7.8 7.9 10 34.0 5 Nyle 9.1 9.1 8.5 7 33.7 6 Hadassah 8.7 8.3 7.8 8 32.8 7 Dustin 7 7.3 7.2 9 30.5 Featured photographer : Massimo Campana ( challenge ) Featured director : Tyra Banks Special guests : Don Benjamin And Then That Happened Original Airdate : October 23 , 2015 The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas Original Airdate : October 30 , 2015 The contestants did a runway show for a challenge . They did a photo shoot called fierce a grams . After the deliberations Hadassah was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mamé 9 8.7 7.9 10 35.6 Mikey 10 9.2 8 8 35.2 Devin 7.9 8.7 9 9 34.6 Nyle 8.3 8.3 8.3 9 33.9 5 Lacey 8 7.9 8.1 7 31.0 6 Hadassah 7.8 8 7.4 7 30.2 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Melissa Costa , Eileen Tetreault The Girl Who took a Shot in the dark Original Airdate : November 6 , 2015 The remaining contestants presented business ideas for a challenge . They did a photo shoot in the dark . After the deliberations , Devin was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mikey 9.8 9.2 8.5 10 37.5 Mamé 9.3 8.7 9 7 34.0 Lacey 8.8 8.2 7.9 9 33.9 Nyle 9 8.1 7.9 8 33.0 5 Devin 8.9 6.7 7.5 6 29.1 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Alli Webb , Marie - Pier St - Hilaire , Francis Libiran The Guy Who was a Momma 's Boy Original Airdate : November 13 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a Nylon challenge . They posed with their mothers for their photo shoot . After the deliberation , Lacey and Mikey were in the bottom two but no one was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mamé 10 9.5 9.6 8 37.1 Nyle 9.4 8.8 8.8 10 37.0 Lacey 9 8.7 8.5 9 35.2 Mikey 9 8.7 8.5 9 35.2 Featured photographer : Carolyn London Special guests : Chrissy Teigen , Michelle Lee , J. Errico Finale Part 1 : the Girl Who made a Splash Original Airdate : November 20 , 2015 The remaining contestants battle it out for the spot in the finale . They did a Nylon shoot and Zappos Couture shoot . Featured photographers : Mark `` The Cobra Snake '' Hunter ( Nylon magazine ) , Erik Asla ( Zappos Couture ) Special guests : J. Errico , Melissa Costa , Kevin Bailey , Keith Carlos Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... Original Airdate : December 4 , 2015 The final four presented their business presentation where in Nyle and Mame were chosen as the finalists . The final two battle it out for Rocky Gathercole . After the deliveration , Nyle was chosen as the 22nd winner of America 's Next Top Model . Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 Dustin Devin Ava Lacey Nyle Lacey Lacey Nyle Mikey Mamé Mikey Mamé Nyle Mamé Nyle Lacey Justin Mikey Mamé Lacey Mamé Nyle Hadassah Devin Mikey Mamé Nyle Mamé Mamé Lacey Bello Devin Mamé Nyle Justin Lacey Lacey Devin Lacey Lacey Mikey Lacey Mikey Justin Mikey Devin Mikey Hadassah Bello Mikey Mamé Mamé Nyle Nyle 5 Nyle Ava Courtney Ashley Justin Mikey Hadassah Mikey Nyle Lacey Devin 6 Stefano Mamé Justin Bello Devin Justin Mamé Devin Hadassah Hadassah 7 Ashley Bello Nyle Nyle Ashley Hadassah Devin Justin Dustin 8 Hadassah Ashley Lacey Ava Mikey Courtney Bello 9 Delanie Courtney Mamé Courtney Bello Devin Courtney 10 Bello Hadassah Dustin Justin Courtney Ashley 11 Ava Nyle Ashley Hadassah Ava 12 Mikey Dustin Hadassah Dustin 13 Courtney Stefano Stefano 14 Devin Delanie The contestant was eliminated from the competition The contestant was a part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 31 semi-finalists was reduced to the top 22 who moved on to the next round of casting . Episode 2 ended in a cliffhanger , and the elimination was postponed until the following week . In the beginning of episode 3 , the remaining pool of 21 semi-finalists ( minus one dropout from the week before ) was reduced to the final fourteen contestants . The first official elimination happened at the end of the episode . In episode 8 , there was a double elimination . Bello , Courtney and Devin were called forward as the bottom three . The scores were shown in reverse order , from lowest to highest , until Devin was revealed to be safe . In episode 9 , all fourteen contestants were present at panel . The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot , with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition . They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley , Delanie , Bello , Courtney , Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return . The safe contestants were called out separately , with Devin and Justin landing in the bottom two . The episode ended in a cliffhanger , with the elimination resuming at the beginning of the next episode . In the beginning of episode 10 , Justin was eliminated from the competition . Episode 11 was the recap episode . In episode 14 , Lacey and Mikey had a tied score while in the bottom two . As a result , neither of them was eliminated from the competition . Tyra announced that since no one had been sent home , one guy and one girl would be eliminated the following week . In episode 15 , no one was eliminated . The episode ended in a cliffhanger , and the elimination was postponed until the following episode . In episode 16 , only one contestant of each gender was put through to the finale . Nyle was chosen as the last remaining male , eliminating Mikey . Mamé was chosen as the last remaining female and second finalist , eliminating Lacey . Scoring chart Place Model Episodes Total score Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 Nyle 30 26.0 31.9 39.7 34.7 37.2 39.0 33.7 33.9 33.0 37.0 IN WIN 376.1 34.1 Mamé 33.0 25.0 36.1 34.5 35.0 31.6 32.9 34.0 35.6 34.0 37.1 IN OUT 368.8 33.5 3 - 4 Lacey 34.7 25.6 37.2 35.0 37.1 38.5 36.4 34.3 31.0 33.9 35.2 OUT 378.9 34.5 Mikey 34.5 28.3 34.7 32.1 33.1 35.7 32.4 35.5 35.2 37.5 35.2 OUT 374.2 34.0 5 Devin 36.0 26.9 35.4 32.7 28.4 31.5 31.3 34.6 34.6 29.1 320.5 32.0 6 Hadassah 30.1 22.4 30.5 33.4 30.1 34.2 36.6 32.8 30.2 280.3 31.1 7 Dustin 29.5 23.6 28.4 35.1 30.5 147.1 29.4 8 Justin 35.5 26.0 31.4 32.9 31.3 35.8 29.9 222.8 31.8 9 Bello 32.3 27.6 33.5 31.6 33.7 31.0 30.6 220.3 31.4 10 Courtney 30.7 26.7 31.4 31.3 29.5 27.8 32.5 209.9 29.9 11 Ashley 32.2 22.5 33.0 32.2 27.2 27.1 174.2 29.0 12 Ava 33.3 28.5 31.5 29.4 34.0 156.7 31.3 13 Stefano 26.3 22.3 35.0 83.6 27.8 14 Delanie 26.0 30.5 56.5 28.2 Indicates the contestant had the highest score that week . Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week . Indicates the contestant was in the bottom two that week . Indicates the contestant won the competition . Jump up ^ In episode 9 , all fourteen contestants were present at panel . The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot , with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition . They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley , Delanie , Bello , Courtney , Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return . Jump up ^ In episode 14 , Lacey and Mikey had a tied score of 35.2 while in the bottom two . As a result , neither of them was eliminated from the competition . Jump up ^ The contestants received scores for every single elimination round in the finals until the final four and the announcement of the winner . The eliminations in episode 16 happened without scoring . Lacey and Mikey were both were tied for third place . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimsuits on a double - decker bus ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Semi-nude holding up hashtags ( casting ) Episode 3 photo shoot : Nude and bound together in pairs Episode 4 photo shoot : Extreme posing with war veterans Episode 5 photo shoot : Unretouched geometrical sportswear Episode 6 photo shoot : Possessed and suspended in mid air Episode 7 commercial : Boom Boom Boom deodorant in pairs Episode 8 photo shoot : Living Life - Size dolls Episode 9 photo shoot : Look - alike editorial with dogs Episode 10 music video : `` BOOTYful '' -- Tyra Beauty theme song Episode 12 photo shoot : Cropped and uncropped Fierce - a-gram photos Episode 13 photo shoot : Night creatures in the dark Episode 14 photo shoot : Posing with mothers Episode 15 photo shoots : Nylon magazine spread ; Zappos couture campaign Makeovers Ashley - Tyra Banks inspired pixie cut and contacts Ava - Model mullet Bello - Long hair extensions Courtney - Layered gray ombre with a side fringe and teeth whitened Devin - Shaved near bald and dyed black Dustin - Sun kissed blonde Hadassah - Hair shaved on one side Justin - Faux hawk fade Lacey - Chic bowl cut Mamé - Curly voluminous weave Mikey - Trimmed and lightened Nyle - Trimmed and cleaned up Stefano - Blonde extension highlights Ratings No. in Series No. in Cycle Episode Air Date Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rating / Share Ref 274 `` The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood '' August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 1.15 0.4 / 2 275 `` The Girl Who Walks Away '' August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 1.21 0.4 / 2 276 `` The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' August 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) 1.20 0.4 / 2 277 `` The Girl Who Gets a Close Shave '' August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) 1.34 0.5 / 2 278 5 `` The Guy Who Gets a Hickey '' September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) 1.20 0.4 / 2 279 6 `` The Girl Who Gets Possessed '' September 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 09 ) 1.40 0.6 / 2 280 7 `` The Guy Who Acts a Fool '' September 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) 1.52 0.4 / 1 281 8 `` The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up '' September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 1.36 0.4 / 2 282 9 `` The Guy or Girl Who Came Back '' October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 1.07 0.4 / 1 283 10 `` The Girl Who Became Bootyful '' October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 1.00 0.3 / 1 284 11 `` And Then That Happened '' October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 0.73 0.2 / 1 285 12 `` The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas '' October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) 0.94 0.2 / 1 286 13 `` The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark '' November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) 0.95 0.3 / 1 287 14 `` The Guy Who Was a Momma 's Boy '' November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 1.03 0.3 / 1 288 15 `` Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash '' November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 0.95 0.3 / 1 289 16 `` Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... '' December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 1.16 0.3 / 1 References ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Next Top Model returns August 5 ; features new cycle of models '' . Springfield , Massachusetts : WWLP . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' To End After 22 Seasons '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Encinias , Shahrazad ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` UD junior to compete in ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . The News Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Houp , William ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Former Salem High School student to appear on `` America 's Next Top Model '' `` . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowsk , Elizabeth ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' narrows field to 10 finalists , the dream ends for Ava Capra '' . RealityTVWorld.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Rachel ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Contestants of ANTM : Ashley '' . KWBQ - TV . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wroten , Bryan ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Avon Lake resident competing on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Ohio : 2 Press Papers . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Olya , Gabrielle ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Bello Sanchez : I Went from Skid Row to America 's Next Top Model '' . People . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Michael D. ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Kim Goes From Small Town , USA to ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tom ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kernersville teen to be on ' Top Model ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Joey ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't mess with Texan on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowsk , Elizabeth ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' cuts Justin Kim and comeback contestant Dustin Mcneer again '' . RealityTVWorld.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Briana ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood model fierce enough for ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Sun Sentinel . South Florida . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spivey , Stacey ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` El Dorado native competes to be America 's Next Top Model '' . Little Rock , Arkansas : KATV - TV . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' returns '' . The Baltimore Sun . n.d. Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Caroline ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A with DC Native Nyle DiMarco , America 's Next Top Model 's First Deaf Contestant '' . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 : The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 2 : The Girl Who Walks Away '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3 : The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Has a Close Shave '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Gets a Hickey '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Gets Possessed '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Acts a Fool '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy or Girl Who Came Back '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Became Bootyful '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` And Than That Happened '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Was a Momma ' Boy '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' , ' MasterChef ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Last Comic Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' , ' Last Comic Standing ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carmichael Show ' & ' Extant ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . September 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Extant ' , ' The Carmichael Show ' or ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . TV by the Numbers . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Offer ' Adjusted Down , ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday ( Updated ) : ' Empire ' Still Huge , ' Rosewood ' has Solid Debut + ' The Goldbergs ' & ' The Middle ' Return Flat '' . TV by the Numbers . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Dr. Ken ' and ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusted up ; ' Reign , ' ' Undateable ' and other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Shark Tank ' and ' Blue Bloods ' rise , ' Truth Be Told ' and ' Reign ' falter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Grimm ' returns lower , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' ticks up vs. World Series '' . TV by the Numbers . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Reign ' keeps season high , ' World 's Funniest ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : No adjustments on a quiet night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Top Model ' finale and everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Natasha Galkina Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_22)&oldid=797282341 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2015 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won americas next top model season 22	[ "The winner of the competition was 25-year-old Nyle DiMarco from Washington, D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the very first deaf contestant in the history of America's Next Top Model." ]	[ "Nyle DiMarco" ]
-2482784990749487711	List of Modern Family episodes	List of Modern Family episodes - wikipedia List of Modern Family episodes Jump to : navigation , search Modern Family is an American family mockumentary comedy series that airs on ABC . It was created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan . The show follows the family lives of Jay Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) , his daughter Claire Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , and his son Mitchell Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) , who all live in Los Angeles . Claire is married to Phil Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) . They have three children : Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) , Alex ( Ariel Winter ) and Luke ( Nolan Gould ) . Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) , and is helping her raise her teenage son , Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) along with their new baby Fulgencio `` Joe '' Pritchett ( Jeremy Maguire ) . Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) have an adopted Vietnamese child , Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) . The series premiered on September 23 , 2009 . The series has been renewed for two additional seasons , with 22 episodes each , bringing the total amount of episodes up to 232 . As of November 1 , 2017 , 194 episodes of Modern Family have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 24 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 36 9.49 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 24 11.89 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 15 12.93 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 18 12.31 5 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 19 11.79 6 24 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 24 11.91 7 22 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 36 9.83 8 22 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 34 8.79 9 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan & Christopher Lloyd September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 1ARG79 12.60 `` The Bicycle Thief '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel September 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) 1ARG02 9.99 `` Come Fly with Me '' Reginald Hudlin Dan O'Shannon October 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) 1ARG04 8.82 `` The Incident '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan October 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 14 ) 1ARG05 9.35 5 5 `` Coal Digger '' Jason Winer Christopher Lloyd October 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) 1ARG03 8.66 6 6 `` Run for Your Wife '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) 1ARG01 9.32 7 7 `` En Garde '' Randall Einhorn Danny Zuker November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) 1ARG06 8.77 8 8 `` Great Expectations '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) 1ARG07 9.16 9 9 `` Fizbo '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) 1ARG09 7.12 10 10 `` Undeck the Halls '' Randall Einhorn Dan O'Shannon December 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) 1ARG11 9.67 11 11 `` Up All Night '' Michael Spiller Christopher Lloyd January 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) 1ARG10 10.22 12 12 `` Not in My House '' Chris Koch Caroline Williams January 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 13 ) 1ARG08 7.83 13 13 `` Fifteen Percent '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan January 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) 1ARG12 9.83 14 14 `` Moon Landing '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel February 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 03 ) 1ARG13 9.19 15 15 `` My Funky Valentine '' Michael Spiller Jerry Collins February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 1ARG16 9.84 16 16 `` Fears '' Reginald Hudlin Steven Levitan March 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) 1ARG18 8.01 17 17 `` Truth Be Told '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson March 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) 1ARG17 8.95 18 18 `` Starry Night '' Jason Winer Danny Zuker March 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 24 ) 1ARG15 9.18 19 19 `` Game Changer '' Kevin Sullivan Story by : Vanessa McCarthy & Joe Lawson Teleplay by : Joe Lawson & Alex Herschlag March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) 1ARG21 9.51 20 20 `` Benched '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker April 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 1ARG20 8.88 21 21 `` Travels with Scout '' Seth Gordon Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) 1ARG14 10.01 22 22 `` Airport 2010 '' Jason Winer Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel May 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) 1ARG19 9.48 23 23 `` Hawaii '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) 1ARG23 10.34 24 24 `` Family Portrait '' Jason Winer Ilana Wernick May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 1ARG22 10.14 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The Old Wagon '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 2ARG05 12.67 26 `` The Kiss '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 2ARG04 11.92 27 `` Earthquake '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 2ARG01 11.44 28 `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' Scott Ellis Danny Zuker October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 2ARG02 11.45 29 5 `` Unplugged '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) 2ARG06 11.97 30 6 `` Halloween '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) 2ARG09 13.14 31 7 `` Chirp '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) 2ARG03 12.24 32 8 `` Manny Get Your Gun '' Michael Spiller Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Danny Zuker November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 2ARG11 12.09 33 9 `` Mother Tucker '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) 2ARG07 10.57 34 10 `` Dance Dance Revelation '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) 2ARG08 11.07 35 11 `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) 2ARG12 11.83 36 12 `` Our Children , Ourselves '' Adam Shankman Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) 2ARG10 11.12 37 13 `` Caught in the Act '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 2ARG13 10.94 38 14 `` Bixby 's Back '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) 2ARG16 13.16 39 15 `` Princess Party '' Michael Spiller Elaine Ko February 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) 2ARG17 10.57 40 16 `` Regrets Only '' Dean Parisot Abraham Higginbotham February 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) 2ARG14 10.17 41 17 `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Carol Leifer March 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 02 ) 2ARG15 10.11 42 18 `` Boys ' Night '' Chris Koch Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman March 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 2ARG20 10.90 43 19 `` The Musical Man '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) 2ARG19 9.61 44 20 `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) 2ARG18 9.95 45 21 `` Mother 's Day '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Ilana Wernick May 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) 2ARG21 9.90 46 22 `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' Fred Savage Story by : Abraham Higginbotham Teleplay by : Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman May 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) 2ARG22 10.15 47 23 `` See You Next Fall '' Steven Levitan Danny Zuker May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 2ARG24 10.30 48 24 `` The One That Got Away '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 2ARG23 10.31 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Dude Ranch '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG03 14.52 50 `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG02 14.54 51 `` Phil on Wire '' Jason Winer Story by : Bianca Douglas & Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Danny Zuker September 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 3ARG01 13.45 52 `` Door to Door '' Chris Koch Bill Wrubel October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 3ARG04 13.24 53 5 `` Hit and Run '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 3ARG06 13.65 54 6 `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 3ARG07 13.04 55 7 `` Treehouse '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 3ARG08 13.37 56 8 `` After the Fire '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) 3ARG09 12.91 57 9 `` Punkin Chunkin '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin November 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 23 ) 3ARG05 12.72 58 10 `` Express Christmas '' Michael Spiller Cindy Chupack December 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) 3ARG10 12.20 59 11 `` Lifetime Supply '' Chris Koch Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel January 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) 3ARG11 14.03 60 12 `` Egg Drop '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 3ARG12 12.12 61 13 `` Little Bo Bleep '' Chris Koch Cindy Chupack January 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) 3ARG14 11.89 62 14 `` Me ? Jealous ? '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 3ARG13 12.90 63 15 `` Aunt Mommy '' Michael Spiller Abraham Higginbotham & Dan O'Shannon February 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) 3ARG15 11.23 64 16 `` Virgin Territory '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko February 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) 3ARG17 11.54 65 17 `` Leap Day '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) 3ARG19 11.63 66 18 `` Send Out the Clowns '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel March 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) 3ARG16 10.60 67 19 `` Election Day '' Bryan Cranston Ben Karlin April 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) 3ARG20 10.35 68 20 `` The Last Walt '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) 3ARG21 10.21 69 21 `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) 3ARG18 10.06 70 22 `` Disneyland '' James Bagdonas Cindy Chupack May 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) 3ARG22 10.58 71 23 `` Tableau Vivant '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 3ARG23 9.36 72 24 `` Baby on Board '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 3ARG24 10.07 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` Bringing Up Baby '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4ARG01 14.44 74 `` Schooled '' Jeff Melman Steven Levitan & Dan O'Shannon October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG03 12.08 75 `` Snip '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG02 12.31 76 `` The Butler 's Escape '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4ARG04 12.28 77 5 `` Open House of Horrors '' Jim Bagdonas Elaine Ko October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4ARG06 12.52 78 6 `` Yard Sale '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4ARG05 10.62 79 7 `` Arrested '' Gail Mancuso Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 4ARG07 12.43 80 8 `` Mistery Date '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4ARG08 11.89 81 9 `` When a Tree Falls '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 4ARG09 12.01 82 10 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Gail Mancuso Dan O'Shannon & Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 4ARG11 10.94 83 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' Fred Goss Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 4ARG13 12.04 84 12 `` Party Crasher '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker & Christopher Lloyd January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 4ARG10 11.01 85 13 `` Fulgencio '' Lev L. Spiro Bill Wrubel January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4ARG12 10.83 86 14 `` A Slight at the Opera '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 4ARG14 9.83 87 15 `` Heart Broken '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 4ARG18 10.05 88 16 `` Bad Hair Day '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 4ARG16 10.62 89 17 `` Best Men '' Steven Levitan Story by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham & Bianca Douglas Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 4ARG15 10.53 90 18 `` The Wow Factor '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 4ARG17 9.09 91 19 `` The Future Dunphys '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 4ARG20 10.88 92 20 `` Flip Flop '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel April 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 10 ) 4ARG19 10.38 93 21 `` Career Day '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 4ARG21 9.64 94 22 `` My Hero '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 4ARG22 9.02 95 23 `` Games People Play '' Alisa Statman Story by : Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Ben Karlin May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 4ARG24 10.03 96 24 `` Goodnight Gracie '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 4ARG23 10.01 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 97 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' James Bagdonas Jeffrey Richman September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG01 11.71 98 `` First Days '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG02 11.65 99 `` Larry 's Wife '' Jeffrey Walker Bill Wrubel October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) 5ARG05 11.12 100 `` Farm Strong '' Alisa Statman Elaine Ko October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 5ARG04 10.64 101 5 `` The Late Show '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Abraham Higginbotham October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 5ARG06 10.94 102 6 `` The Help '' Jim Hensz Danny Zuker October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 5ARG07 10.32 103 7 `` A Fair to Remember '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Emily Spivey November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 5ARG09 10.75 104 8 `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' Fred Savage Ben Karlin November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 5ARG08 10.19 105 9 `` The Big Game '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 5ARG03 9.47 106 10 `` The Old Man & the Tree '' Bryan Cranston Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 5ARG10 10.61 107 11 `` And One to Grow On '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 5ARG12 9.51 108 12 `` Under Pressure '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5ARG11 9.14 109 13 `` Three Dinners '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 5ARG15 9.59 110 14 `` iSpy '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 5ARG13 9.87 111 15 `` The Feud '' Ryan Case Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 5ARG14 8.52 112 16 `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' Gail Mancuso Ben Karlin March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 5ARG16 9.22 113 17 `` Other People 's Children '' Jim Hensz Megan Ganz March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 5ARG17 9.39 114 18 `` Las Vegas '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 5ARG18 10.09 115 19 `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz & Ben Karlin April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 5ARG20 9.00 116 20 `` Australia '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko & Danny Zuker April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 5ARG21 9.59 117 21 `` Sleeper '' Ryan Case Paul Corrigan , Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 5ARG22 8.39 118 22 `` Message Received '' Jeffrey Walker Steven Levitan May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 5ARG19 8.55 119 23 `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Ben Karlin & Jeffrey Richman May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 5ARG23 9.08 120 24 `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Alisa Statman Megan Ganz , Christopher Lloyd & Dan O'Shannon May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 5ARG24 10.45 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 121 `` The Long Honeymoon '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 6ARG01 11.38 122 `` Do Not Push '' Gail Mancuso Megan Ganz October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 6ARG02 10.56 123 `` The Cold '' Jim Hensz Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 6ARG03 10.30 124 `` Marco Polo '' Fred Savage Elaine Ko October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 6ARG05 9.71 125 5 `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 6ARG04 10.16 126 6 `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Abraham Higginbotham October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 6ARG06 9.92 127 7 `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' Jason Winer Stephen Lloyd November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 6ARG08 9.83 128 8 `` Three Turkeys '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 6ARG09 10.88 129 9 `` Strangers in the Night '' Fred Savage Chuck Tatham December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 6ARG07 9.02 130 10 `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 6ARG10 9.69 131 11 `` The Day We Almost Died '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) 6ARG13 9.29 132 12 `` The Big Guns '' Jeffrey Walker Vali Chandrasekaran January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 6ARG14 9.44 133 13 `` Rash Decisions '' Jim Hensz Story by : Anthony Lombardo & Clint McCray Teleplay by : Daisy Gardner February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 6ARG16 9.87 134 14 `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 6ARG15 9.77 135 15 `` Fight or Flight '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 6ARG18 8.80 136 16 `` Connection Lost '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Megan Ganz February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 6ARG12 9.32 137 17 `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 6ARG11 9.61 138 18 `` Spring Break '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 6ARG17 8.71 139 19 `` Grill , Interrupted '' James Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Jeffrey Richman April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 6ARG21 9.43 140 20 `` Knock ' Em Down '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 6ARG20 8.85 141 21 `` Integrity '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 6ARG19 8.00 142 22 `` Patriot Games '' Alisa Statman Vali Chandrasekaran May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 6ARG22 8.57 143 23 `` Crying Out Loud '' Ryan Case Megan Ganz & Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 6ARG23 8.13 144 24 `` American Skyper '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 6ARG24 7.20 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 145 `` Summer Lovin ' '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 7ARG01 9.46 146 `` The Day Alex Left for College '' Jeffrey Walker Danny Zuker September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 7ARG02 8.72 147 `` The Closet Case '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 7ARG03 7.99 148 `` She Crazy '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 7ARG04 7.88 149 5 `` The Verdict '' Alisa Statman Chuck Tatham October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 7ARG05 7.80 150 6 `` The More You Ignore Me '' Gail Mancuso Vali Chandrasekaran November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 7ARG06 8.15 151 7 `` Phil 's Sexy , Sexy House '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Stephen Lloyd November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 7ARG08 8.38 152 8 `` Clean Out Your Junk Drawer '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 7ARG07 7.35 153 9 `` White Christmas '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon & Jon Pollack December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 7ARG11 8.20 154 10 `` Playdates '' Claire Scanlon Jeffrey Richman January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 7ARG09 8.35 155 11 `` Spread Your Wings '' James Bagdonas Vanessa McCarthy & Ryan Walls January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 7ARG10 8.17 156 12 `` Clean for a Day '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 7ARG13 7.80 157 13 `` Thunk in the Trunk '' Phil Traill Elaine Ko February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7ARG12 7.48 158 14 `` The Storm '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 7ARG16 8.10 159 15 `` I Do n't Know How She Does It '' Ryan Case Jeffrey Richman March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 7ARG14 8.22 160 16 `` The Cover - Up '' Jim Hensz Chuck Tatham March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 7ARG15 8.14 161 17 `` Express Yourself '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 7ARG18 7.69 162 18 `` The Party '' Steven Levitan Vali Chandrasekaran April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 7ARG17 7.51 163 19 `` Man Should n't Lie '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) 7ARG19 7.44 164 20 `` Promposal '' Ken Whittingham Stephen Lloyd May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 7ARG20 7.42 165 21 `` Crazy Train '' Jim Hensz Jon Pollack & Ryan Walls May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 7ARG21 7.16 166 22 `` Double Click '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 7ARG22 6.79 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' Chris Koch Elaine Ko September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 8ARG01 8.24 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' Ryan Case Vali Chandrasekaran September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8ARG03 7.41 169 `` Blindsided '' Jim Hensz Christy Stratton & Danny Zuker October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 8ARG02 6.97 170 `` Weathering Heights '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 8ARG04 7.50 171 5 `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 8ARG06 7.38 172 6 `` Grab It '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8ARG05 7.23 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack & Chuck Tatham November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 8ARG08 7.33 174 8 `` The Alliance '' James Bagdonas Andy Gordon & Ryan Walls November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 8ARG09 6.81 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Christy Stratton & Stephen Lloyd December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 8ARG10 6.81 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' Jim Hensz Vali Chandrasekaran January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 8ARG11 7.57 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 8ARG07 7.59 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Gail Mancuso Jon Pollack February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 8ARG15 7.34 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' Jeffrey Walker Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 8ARG12 6.92 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' Ken Whittingham Danny Zuker February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 8ARG14 6.65 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham & Chuck Tatham March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 8ARG16 6.41 182 16 `` Basketball '' Jim Hensz Elaine Ko March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 8ARG13 6.49 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' Chris Koch Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 8ARG17 6.12 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 8ARG18 6.79 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Andy Gordon April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 8ARG19 6.25 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' Michelle MacLaren Christy Stratton & Ryan Walls May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 8ARG20 5.65 187 21 `` Alone Time '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham , Stephen Lloyd & Danny Zuker May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8ARG21 5.71 188 22 `` The Graduates '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack , Jeffrey Richman & Chuck Tatham May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 8ARG22 6.20 Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 189 `` Lake Life '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 9ARG03 7.01 190 `` The Long Goodbye '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 9ARG02 6.36 191 `` Catch of the Day '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 9ARG01 6.27 192 `` Sex , Lies and Kickball '' John Riggi Abraham Higginbotham October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 9ARG05 6.22 193 5 `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Phil Dunphy '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jon Pollack October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 9ARG04 5.96 194 6 `` Ten Years Later '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 9ARG08 5.51 195 7 `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 9ARG06 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Renewed for Seasons 9 and 10 as Cast Inks Rich New Deals to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . ( May 27 , 2010 ) Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season -- . Deadline.com . Retrieved on July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 - 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed by ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` TV Ratings , Glee rises to a 3.3 , Criminal Minds to a 3.8 ; Eastwick drops to a 2.3 in finals '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast finals : Modern Family , Cougar Town , Glee , Criminal Minds tick up in finals ; Old Christine down a tick '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Glee , The Middle , Jay Leno tick up , CBS comedies , Mercy , L&O : SVU tick down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings , Broadcast finals : Glee , Modern Family , Cougar Town , Criminal Minds tick up ; Mercy , Old Christine , SVU , Eastwick tick down '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday broadcast & cable finals : Glee , America 's Next Top Model tick up '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` TV Ratings : Overnight Nielsen Ratings Wednesday , November 25 , 2009 : The Biggest Loser : Where Are They Now ratings , Modern Family ratings , Cougar Town ratings , The Middle ratings , Glee ratings , So You Think You Can Dance ratings , The New Adventures of Old Christine ratings , Gary Unmarried ratings , Criminal Minds ratings , CSI : NY ratings , and The Jay Leno Show ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Glee rises to season high ; Criminal Minds up ; The Middle , Gary Unmarried down a tick '' . TVbythenumbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 07 ) . `` TV Ratings , Sunday Night Football , Big Bang Theory , Biggest Loser and CSI top weekly broadcast charts '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Second Night Down ; Ugly Betty 's Ratings ' Pants Are On The Ground '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Idol , Modern Family Up ; Gary , Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) . `` TV Ratings : Wednesday Broadcast Final Ratings ; Idol Ticks Up , Ugly Betty Ticks Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ABC 's Entire Lineup Drops By 1 / 10th with Adults 18 - 49 ; Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Drop '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman . `` TV Ratings : Nielsen Overnight TV Show Ratings , TV Ratings : American Idol Dominates ; The Middle , Modern Family and Oprah Take a Dive '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Down , But Still Dominates ; Modern Family Rebounds '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Idol , Survivor , ANTM Rise Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' and `` American Idol '' Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Cougar Town Adjusted Up ; Ugly Betty Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Modern Family , American Idol , Top Model Adjusted Up ; High Society Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : `` American Idol , '' `` The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' `` Cougar Town '' and `` CSI : NY '' Adjusted Up `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 19 , 2010 '' . YourEntertainmentNow.com . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Better With You , The Middle , Modern Family , Survivor , Law & Order : SVU , Law & Order : LA Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town , Whole Truth Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . ' Jump up to : ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , ' The Middle , ' Modern Family , ' SVU , ' The Defenders Up ; Cougar Town , ' The Whole Truth Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Middle , Modern Family , L&O : SVU , Top Model Adjusted Up ; 20 / 20 , Undercovers Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Buster Posey ( NLCS ) , Criminal Minds The Defenders , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor : Nicaragua , The Middle Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Criminal Minds , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Hell 's Kitchen Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Sing Off ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down ; ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Mr. Sunshine , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CM : Suspect Behavior ' All Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Better With You ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor , ' ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mr. Sunshine ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Minute , ' ' Shedding ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' The Middle ' ' Better With You , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law & Order : LA , ' ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Season 's Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' Survivor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' L&O : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Up All Night , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory , ' ' Modern Family ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Harry 's Law , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up to Series High ; ' X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' Mobbed ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Up All Night , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Next Top Model ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Are You There , Chelsea ? , ' ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' CSI , ' ' SVU , ' Among Many Downward Adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory , ' ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor : One World ' , ' CSI ' , ' One Tree Hill ' , ' Are You There , Chelsea ? ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjust Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' Up ; ' Rock Center ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers , ' Best Friends Forever ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up , ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' I Get That AQ Lot ' Adjusted Down ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Sleepy Hollow ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Back in the Game ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Toy Story of TERROR ! ' & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Survivor Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law and Order : SVU ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Super Fun NIght ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Mixology ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Mixology ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' Encore Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' and ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Modern Family ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' reruns adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago PD ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 906 ) `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Episode guide at ABC.com List of Modern Family episodes on IMDb List of Modern Family episodes at TV.com Episode Guide at Guidebox.com ( hide ) Modern Family Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Bicycle Thief '' `` Come Fly with Me '' `` The Incident '' `` Coal Digger '' `` Run for Your Wife '' `` En Garde '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Fizbo '' `` Undeck the Halls '' `` Up All Night '' `` Not in My House '' `` Fifteen Percent '' `` Moon Landing '' `` My Funky Valentine '' `` Fears '' `` Truth Be Told '' `` Starry Night '' `` Game Changer '' `` Benched '' `` Travels with Scout '' `` Airport 2010 '' `` Hawaii '' `` Family Portrait '' Season 2 `` The Old Wagon '' `` The Kiss '' `` Earthquake '' `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' `` Unplugged '' `` Halloween '' `` Chirp '' `` Manny Get Your Gun '' `` Mother Tucker '' `` Dance Dance Revelation '' `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' `` Our Children , Ourselves '' `` Caught in the Act '' `` Bixby 's Back '' `` Princess Party '' `` Regrets Only '' `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' `` Boys ' Night '' `` The Musical Man '' `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' `` See You Next Fall '' `` The One That Got Away '' Season 3 `` Dude Ranch '' `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' `` Phil on Wire '' `` Door to Door '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' `` Treehouse '' `` After the Fire '' `` Punkin Chunkin '' `` Express Christmas '' `` Lifetime Supply '' `` Egg Drop '' `` Little Bo Bleep '' `` Me ? Jealous ? '' `` Aunt Mommy '' `` Virgin Territory '' `` Leap Day '' `` Send Out the Clowns '' `` Election Day '' `` The Last Walt '' `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' `` Disneyland '' `` Tableau Vivant '' `` Baby on Board '' Season 4 `` Bringing Up Baby '' `` Schooled '' `` Snip '' `` The Butler 's Escape '' `` Open House of Horrors '' `` Yard Sale '' `` Arrested '' `` Mistery Date '' `` When a Tree Falls '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' `` New Year 's Eve '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Fulgencio '' `` A Slight at the Opera '' `` Heart Broken '' `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Best Men '' `` The Wow Factor '' `` The Future Dunphys '' `` Flip Flop '' `` Career Day '' `` My Hero '' `` Games People Play '' `` Goodnight Gracie '' Season 5 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' `` First Days '' `` Larry 's Wife '' `` Farm Strong '' `` The Late Show '' `` The Help '' `` A Fair to Remember '' `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' `` The Big Game '' `` The Old Man & the Tree '' `` And One to Grow On '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Three Dinners '' `` iSpy '' `` The Feud '' `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' `` Other People 's Children '' `` Las Vegas '' `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' `` Australia '' `` Sleeper '' `` Message Received '' `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Season 6 `` The Long Honeymoon '' `` Do Not Push '' `` The Cold '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' `` Three Turkeys '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' `` The Day We Almost Died '' `` The Big Guns '' `` Rash Decisions '' `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Connection Lost '' `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' `` Spring Break '' `` Grill , Interrupted '' `` Knock ' Em Down '' `` Integrity '' `` Patriot Games '' `` Crying Out Loud '' `` American Skyper '' Season 7 `` Summer Lovin ' '' `` The Day Alex Left for College '' `` The Closet Case '' `` The Verdict '' `` Playdates '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` Clean for a Day '' Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Modern_Family_episodes&oldid=808327011 '' Categories : Modern Family episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 05 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does new modern family come on 2017	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nViewers\n(in millions)\n\n\n\n1\n24\nSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23)\nMay 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)\n36\n9.49[2]\n\n\n\n2\n24\nSeptember 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)\nMay 25, 2011 (2011-05-25)\n24\n11.89[3]\n\n\n\n3\n24\nSeptember 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)\nMay 23, 2012 (2012-05-23)\n15\n12.93[4]\n\n\n\n4\n24\nSeptember 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)\nMay 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)\n18\n12.31[5]\n\n\n\n5\n24\nSeptember 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)\nMay 21, 2014 (2014-05-21)\n19\n11.79[6]\n\n\n\n6\n24\nSeptember 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)\nMay 20, 2015 (2015-05-20)\n24\n11.91[7]\n\n\n\n7\n22\nSeptember 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)\nMay 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)\n36\n9.83[8]\n\n\n\n8\n22\nSeptember 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)\nMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)\n34\n8.79[9]\n\n\n\n9\n22\nSeptember 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "September 27, 2017" ]
-734541364368447818	Baby's Day Out	Baby 's Day Out - wikipedia Baby 's Day Out This article is missing information about production for the film . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( January 2015 ) Baby 's Day Out Theatrical release poster Directed by Patrick Read Johnson Produced by John Hughes Richard Vane Written by John Hughes Starring Joe Mantegna Lara Flynn Boyle Joe Pantoliano Brian Haley Music by Bruce Broughton Cinematography Thomas E. Ackerman Edited by David Rawlins Production company Hughes Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $16.7 million Baby 's Day Out is a 1994 American family comedy adventure film , written by John Hughes , produced by Richard Vane and John Hughes , and directed by Patrick Read Johnson . The film stars Joe Mantegna , Lara Flynn Boyle , Joe Pantoliano and Brian Haley . The plot centers on a wealthy baby 's abduction by three kidnappers , his subsequent escape and adventure through Chicago while being pursued by the kidnappers . Baby 's Day Out was released on July 1 , 1994 in the United States and was a critical and financial failure , grossing only $16.7 million against a $48 million budget . However , it enjoyed tremendous popularity in India and other South Asian markets . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 3.3 Popularity in South Asia and remakes 4 Video game 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bennington Austin `` Bink '' Cotwell IV ( Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton ) has adoring parents Laraine ( Lara Flynn Boyle ) and Bennington ( Matthew Glave ) , lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago , and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper . Three klutzy would - be kidnappers -- Edgar `` Eddie '' Mauser ( Joe Mantegna ) , Norbert `` Norby '' LeBlaw ( Joe Pantoliano ) and Victor `` Veeko '' Riley ( Brian Haley ) -- , the main antagonists , disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him . After the kidnapping , they have difficulty controlling him . Norby attempts to put Bink to sleep by reading Bink 's favorite book , `` Baby 's Day Out '' , only to fall asleep himself and leaving Bink unattended . Looking through the book , Bink notices a bird on the page and then by the window . He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers , with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin . The FBI arrives at the mansion , headed by Dale Grissom ( Fred Dalton Thompson ) , where they try to piece together clues along with Bink 's parents and his loving nanny Gilbertine ( Cynthia Nixon ) . Meanwhile , Bink , now outside on the ground and crawling about , finds another part of his book -- the blue bus , which he then boards . The kidnappers realize he is missing and start chasing the bus in their van , but their efforts are in vain . Meanwhile , on the bus , Bink crawls into the bag of an obese lady ( Robin Baber ) , who gets off at her stop shortly afterwards . By the time the trio catches the bus , they realize Bink is not on board and follow the lady . An altercation ensues after they insult her ( when she insults them ) , and while they attempt their escape , Bink crawls up to a revolving door at the entrance to a department store and is forced inwards by its momentum . Crawling through the Marshall Fields department store , Bink is stopped by a worker ( Dawn Maxey ) who works for the store 's day care center , believing he is another baby who escaped from there . He later escapes the store and eventually crawls into traffic after a ride on a taxi cab . The kidnappers attempt to follow him but keep getting injured in the process as he makes his way to the city zoo . They are shocked to find him in the primate house with a gorilla , which shows a maternal side and does not injure him . The kidnappers try to retrieve him , but the gorilla notices and hits Veeko 's hand , throws Norby into the air using a mop as a catapult , and hurls Eddie against the bars of the opposite cage . The kidnappers eventually corner and catch Bink in the zoo 's park , but are confronted by two friendly police officers , who have noticed that their van 's engine is still running . During the conversation , Eddie hides Bink under his coat in his lap , but he reaches Eddie 's cigarette lighter , sets his crotch on fire , and sneaks off as soon as the officers are gone . Veeko extinguishes the fire by stomping repeatedly on Eddie 's groin . They follow Bink to a construction yard , but are still unable to catch him , with Veeko getting thrown off the building and into the back of a garbage truck , Norby falling into a vat of wet cement , and Eddie getting stranded on a crane after being drenched in glue . The sun sets as Bink leaves the construction yard . The kidnappers manage to escape , but decide to give up and go home . Bink 's parents are notified of various sightings of him in the city and Gilbertine deduces that he has been following his favorite book ( or `` Boo - Boo '' , as Bink calls it ) , and will most likely head for the Old Soldiers ' Home next . Sure enough , they find him there , but on the way home , he begins to call out `` Boo - Boo '' toward the kidnappers ' flat . The FBI move in and arrest the kidnappers , who return Bink 's book . Back home , Bink is put to bed by his parents . As they discuss having his picture taken by a normal photographer in the morning , he wakes up and gets ready to read another book , Baby 's Trip to China . Cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as Edgar `` Eddie '' Mauser Brian Haley as Victor `` Veeko '' Riley Joe Pantoliano as Norbert `` Norby '' LeBlaw Lara Flynn Boyle as Laraine Cotwell Matthew Glave as Bennington Austin `` Bing '' Cotwell III Cynthia Nixon as Gilbertine Fred Dalton Thompson as Dale Grissom John Neville as Mr. Andrews Robin Baber as Ursula Trevor Dalton as Norm Eddie Bracken as Old Soldier Dawn Maxey as Teenage Employee Anna Thomson as Mrs. McCray Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton as Bennington Austin `` Baby Bink '' Cotwell IV Verne Troyer as Bink 's stunt double Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) Baby 's Day Out was panned by critics , and holds a 21 % `` rotten '' approval rating at the review website Rotten Tomatoes , with 3 positive reviews from 14 . On the Siskel & Ebert show , critic Roger Ebert wrote that `` Baby 's Day Out contains gags that might have worked in a Baby Herman cartoon , but in live action , with real people , taxis , buses , streets , and a real baby , they 're just not funny . The Worton twins are adorable as Baby Bink , however ; the audience produced an audible coo the first time they saw him on the screen . '' He gave the film 1 1 / 2 stars . His partner , Gene Siskel , however , liked the film because he thought that young children would love it for the humor . Hal Hinson , writing for the Washington Post , wrote : `` The pace is quick and efficient but never frantic ... almost everything in the picture is just right , including the two - bit crooks who abduct the superhero toddler and end up bruised and begging hilariously for mercy . Best of all , though , is the Binkman himself , whose tiny face is so expressive that he brings new meaning to the phrase ' conquering with a smile . ' '' Box Office ( edit ) The film opened with takings of $4,044,662 at the start of July 1994 . The film finally grossed $16,827,402 at the domestic box office , a disappointing return considering the $48 million production budget for the film . It ranked at # 83 for the best performing films of 1994 . It was also the 26th best performing PG - rated family film of the year in 1994 . Popularity in South Asia and remakes ( edit ) Baby 's Day Out was tremendously popular in South Asia , including India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh . In India , the movie was played at the largest theater in Calcutta for over a year . Recalling a trip to Calcutta , Roger Ebert says , `` I asked if Star Wars had been their most successful American film . No , I was told , it was Baby 's Day Out ... '' It was remade twice , first in Telugu in 1995 under the title Sisindri and then in Malayalam in 1999 under the title James Bond . Video Game ( edit ) A video game version of the film was planned , completed , and slated to be released on Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Sega Genesis and Game Boy in October 1994 , but was cancelled at the last minute . Two prototypes of the Genesis port can be found for download on several ROM sites . One is a near completed version while the other is a very early beta . Instead of playing as Bink , the player controls what appears to be Bink 's guardian angel to guide Bink to safety in the vein of Pac - Man 2 : The New Adventures . Home media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on VHS on April 4 , 1995 . The film was released on DVD on January 29 , 2001 . It includes Patrick Read Johnson 's commentary , a featurette , and a trailer for the film . The film was re-released on DVD on October 11 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baby 's Day Out at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 1 , 1994 ) . `` Baby 's Day Out review '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( July 1 , 1994 ) . `` ' Baby 's Day Out ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 1 -- 4 , 1994 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth of July Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . July 7 , 1994 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baby 's Day Out -- Box Office Data '' . thenumbers.com . The Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : In Memory '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Joshua ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Legacy of Baby 's Day Out , the Only Comedy Movie I 've Ever Walked Out On '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ videoreviewchris ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Baby 's Day Out - Video Game Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Baby 's Day Out '' . GamePro ( 64 ) . IDG . November 1994 . p. 104 . External links ( edit ) United States portal Film portal 1990s portal Baby 's Day Out on IMDb Baby 's Day Out at Rotten Tomatoes Baby 's Day Out at AllMovie Films directed by Patrick Read Johnson Spaced Invaders ( 1990 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Angus ( 1995 ) When Good Ghouls Go Bad ( 2001 ) The Genesis Code ( 2010 ) 5 - 25 - 77 ( 2017 ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby%27s_Day_Out&oldid=865614235 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s criminal comedy films 20th Century Fox films American adventure comedy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American criminal comedy films American films Child superheroes Films about abduction Films about babies Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Patrick Read Johnson Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in amusement parks Films set in Chicago Films set in zoos Films shot in Chicago Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Slapstick films Films scored by Bruce Broughton Cancelled Game Boy games Cancelled Super Nintendo Entertainment System games Cancelled Sega Genesis games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español Estremeñu فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Svenska Türkçe 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 01 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the baby in babys day out	[ "Bennington Austin \"Bink\" Cotwell IV (Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton) has adoring parents Laraine (Lara Flynn Boyle) and Bennington (Matthew Glave), lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago, and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper. Three klutzy would-be kidnappers – Edgar \"Eddie\" Mauser (Joe Mantegna), Norbert \"Norby\" LeBlaw (Joe Pantoliano) and Victor \"Veeko\" Riley (Brian Haley) –, the main antagonists, disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him. After the kidnapping, they have difficulty controlling him. Norby attempts to put Bink to sleep by reading Bink's favorite book,\"Baby's Day Out\", only to fall asleep himself and leaving Bink unattended. Looking through the book, Bink notices a bird on the page and then by the window. He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers, with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin.\n", "Bennington Austin \"Bink\" Cotwell IV (Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton) has adoring parents Laraine (Lara Flynn Boyle) and Bennington (Matthew Glave), lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago, and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper. Three klutzy would-be kidnappers – Edgar \"Eddie\" Mauser (Joe Mantegna), Norbert \"Norby\" LeBlaw (Joe Pantoliano) and Victor \"Veeko\" Riley (Brian Haley) –, the main antagonists, disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him. After the kidnapping, they have difficulty controlling him. Norby attempts to put Bink to sleep by reading Bink's favorite book,\"Baby's Day Out\", only to fall asleep himself and leaving Bink unattended. Looking through the book, Bink notices a bird on the page and then by the window. He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers, with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin.\n" ]	[ "Adam Robert", "Jacob Joseph Worton" ]
-315053720387700149	Category:Towns in New Castle County, Delaware	Category : towns in New Castle county , Delaware - wikipedia Help Category : towns in New Castle county , Delaware Jump to : navigation , search This category has only the following subcategory . ► Middletown , Delaware ‎ ( 2 C , 5 P ) Pages in category `` towns in New Castle county , Delaware '' The following 8 pages are in this category , out of 8 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Bellefonte , Delaware Clayton , Delaware Elsmere , Delaware Middletown , Delaware Newport , Delaware Odessa , Delaware Smyrna , Delaware Townsend , Delaware Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Towns_in_New_Castle_County,_Delaware&oldid=555872161 '' Categories : Towns in Delaware by county Populated places in New Castle County , Delaware Talk Help About Wikipedia فارسی Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2013 , at 00 : 50 . About Wikipedia	list of towns in new castle county de	[]	[]
-7618038942699592781	Economic planning	Economic planning - wikipedia Economic planning Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html Triggered by \ beconlib \. org \ b on the local blacklist Part of a series on Economic systems By ideology ( show ) Anarchist Capitalist Corporate Dirigist Laissez - faire Mercantilist Neo-mercantilist Protectionist Social market State capitalist Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Christian Islamic Socialist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Syndicalist Traditionalist Communalist Corporatist Distributist Feudalism By coordination ( show ) Closed ( autarky ) Decentralized Digital Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual By regional model ( show ) Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean European Anglo - Saxon German Nordic Rhenish Soviet Sectors ( show ) Common property Private Public Voluntary Property types ( show ) Collective ownership Commons Private ownership Public ownership Social ownership Transition ( show ) Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Coordination ( show ) Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planned In kind Cybernetic Indicative Material balancing Price Self - managed Peer - to - peer Shared Open access Other types ( show ) Expeditionary Hunter - gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Islamic economics Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource - based Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portal Economic planning is a resource allocation mechanism that is contrasted with the market mechanism . As a coordinating mechanism for socialist economics , economic planning substitutes factor markets and is defined as a direct allocation of resources . This is contrasted with the indirect allocation mechanism of a market economy . There are various types that economic planning procedures and forms planning can take . The level of centralization in decision - making in planning depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed . As such , one can distinguish between centralized planning and decentralized planning . An economy primarily based on central planning is referred to as a planned economy . In a centrally planned economy the allocation of resources is determined by a comprehensive plan of production which specifies output requirements . Planning may also take the form of directive planning or indicative planning . Most modern economies are mixed economies incorporating various degrees of markets and planning . A distinction can be made between physical planning ( as in pure socialism ) and financial planning ( as practiced by governments and private firms in capitalism ) . Physical planning involves economic planning and coordination conducted in terms of disaggregated physical units , whereas financial planning involves plans formulated in terms of financial units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Socialist economic planning 1.1 Concept of socialist planning 1.2 Planning versus Command 1.3 Decentralized planning 1.4 Material balances 1.5 Lange - Lerner - Taylor model 2 Planning in capitalism 2.1 Intra-firm and intra-industry planning 2.2 State development planning 3 In practice 3.1 Soviet Union 3.2 United States 3.3 East Asian Tigers 3.4 France 3.5 Great Britain 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 Notes Socialist economic planning ( edit ) See also : Socialist economics Part of a series on Socialism Development ( show ) History of socialism Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas ( show ) Socialist mode of production Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Commune ( model of government ) Economic democracy Economic planning Equal opportunity Free association Industrial democracy Input -- output model Internationalism Labor - time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer ‐ to ‐ peer economics ( Sharing economy ) Production for use Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in One Country State ownership To each according to his contribution / needs Workplace democracy Workers ' self - management Models ( show ) Decentralized planning Participatory economics Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Planned economy Soviet - type OGAS Project Cybersyn Socialist market economy Socialist - oriented market Variants ( show ) African Arab Agrarian Anarchist Authoritarian Blanquism Communism Democratic Ethical Ecological Feminist Gandhian Guild Liberal Libertarian Market Marhaenism Marxism Municipal Owenism Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Scientific Social democracy Socialist nationalism State Syndicalism Technocracy Third World Utopian Zionist 21st - century History by country ( show ) Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Estonia Hong Kong India Iran Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Tunisia French Left United Kingdom United States People ( show ) Thomas More Tommaso Campanella Henri de Saint - Simon François - Noël Babeuf Robert Owen Charles Fourier William Thompson Thomas Hodgskin Étienne Cabet Louis Auguste Blanqui Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Louis Blanc Moses Hess Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris Mary Harris Jones Peter Kropotkin Eduard Bernstein Errico Malatesta Fred M. 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Mikhail Gorbachev Bernie Sanders Muammar Gaddafi Tariq Ali Daniel Ortega Abdullah Öcalan Slavoj Žižek Thomas Sankara Jeremy Corbyn Jack Layton Jean - Luc Mélenchon Cornel West Hugo Chávez Pushpa Kamal Dahal Chris Hedges Evo Morales Yanis Varoufakis Rafael Correa Alexis Tsipras Pablo Iglesias Turrión Organizations ( show ) First International ( International Workingmen 's Association ) Second International Third International ( Comintern ) Fourth International Fifth International Labour and Socialist International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement International Committee of the Fourth International Progressive Alliance Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Economic system List of socialist economists Nanosocialism Progressivism Right - wing socialism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist Party Socialist state Socialism portal Economics portal Politics portal Different forms of economic planning have been featured in various models of socialism . These range from decentralized - planning systems , which are based on collective decision - making and disaggregated information , to centralized systems of planning conducted by technical experts who use aggregated information to formulate plans of production . In a fully developed socialist economy , engineers and technical specialists , overseen or appointed in a democratic manner , would coordinate the economy in terms of physical units without any need or use for financial - based calculation . The economy of the Soviet Union never reached this stage of development , so planned its economy in financial terms throughout the duration of its existence . Nonetheless , a number of alternative metrics were developed for assessing the performance of non-financial economies in terms of physical output ( i.e. net material product versus gross domestic product ) . In general , the various models of socialist economic planning exist as theoretical constructs that have not been implemented fully by any economy , partially because they depend on vast changes on a global scale ( see mode of production ) . In the context of mainstream economics and the field of comparative economic systems , `` socialist planning '' usually refers to the Soviet - type command economy , regardless of whether or not this economic system actually constituted a type of socialism or state capitalism or a third , non-socialist and non-capitalist type of system . In some models of socialism , economic planning completely substitutes the market mechanism , supposedly rendering monetary relations and the price system obsolete . In other models , planning is utilized as a complement to markets . Concept of socialist planning ( edit ) The classical conception of socialist economic planning held by Marxists involved an economic system where goods and services were valued , demanded and produced directly for their use - value , as opposed to being produced as a by - product of the pursuit of profit by business enterprises . This idea of `` production for use '' is a fundamental aspect of a socialist economy . This involves social control over the allocation of the surplus product and in its most extensive theoretical form calculation - in - kind in place of financial calculation . For Marxists in particular , planning entails control of the surplus product ( profit ) by the associated producers in a democratic manner . This differs from planning within the framework of capitalism , which is based on the planned accumulation of capital in order to either stabilize the business cycle ( when undertaken by governments ) or to maximize profits ( when undertaken by firms ) , as opposed to the socialist concept of planned production for use . In such a socialist society based on economic planning , the primary function of the state apparatus changes from one of political rule over people ( via the creation and enforcement of laws ) into a technical administration of production , distribution and organization , that is the state would become a coordinating economic entity rather than a mechanism of political and class - based control and thereby ceasing to be a state in the traditional sense . Planning versus command ( edit ) The concept of a command economy is differentiated from the concept of a planned economy ( or economic planning ) , especially by socialists and Marxists who liken command economies ( such as that of the former Soviet Union ) to that of a single capitalist firm , organized in a top - down administrative fashion based on bureaucratic organization akin to that of a capitalist corporation . Economic analysts have argued that the economy of the former Soviet Union actually represented an administered or command economy as opposed to a planned economy because planning did not play an operational role in the allocation of resources among productive units in the economy , since in actuality the main allocation mechanism was a system of command - and - control . As a result , the phrase administrative command economy gained currency as a more accurate descriptor of Soviet - type economies . Decentralized planning ( edit ) See also : Decentralized planning ( economics ) Decentralized economic planning is a planning process that starts at the user - level in a bottom - up flow of information . As such , decentralized planning often appears as a complement to the idea of socialist self - management ( most notably by libertarian socialists and democratic socialists ) . The theoretical postulates for models of decentralized socialist planning stem from the thought of Karl Kautsky , Rosa Luxemburg , Nikolai Bukharin and Oskar Lange . This model involves economic decision - making based on self - governance from the bottom - up ( by employees and consumers ) without any directing central authority . This often contrasts with the doctrine of orthodox Marxist -- Leninism , which advocates directive administrative planning where directives are passed down from higher authorities ( planning agencies ) to agents ( enterprise managers ) , who in turn give orders to workers . Two contemporary models of decentralized planning are participatory economics , developed by the economist Michael Albert ; and negotiated coordination , developed by the economist Pat Devine . Material balances ( edit ) Material balance planning was the type of economic planning employed by Soviet - type economies . This system emerged in a haphazard manner during the collectivisation drive under Joseph Stalin and emphasized rapid growth and industrialization over efficiency . Eventually this method became an established part of the Soviet conception of `` socialism '' in the post-war period and other socialist states emulated it in the latter half of the 20th century . Material balancing involves a planning agency ( Gosplan in the case of the Soviet Unio ) taking a survey of available inputs and raw materials , using a balance - sheet to balance them with output targets specified by industry , thereby achieving a balance of supply and demand . Lange - Lerner - Taylor model ( edit ) See also : Lange model The economic models developed in the 1920s and 1930s by American economists Fred M. Taylor and Abba Lerner and by Polish economist Oskar Lange involved a form of planning based on marginal cost pricing . In Lange 's model , a central planning board would set prices for producer goods through a trial - and - error method , adjusting until the price matched the marginal cost , with the aim of achieving Pareto - efficient outcomes . Although these models were often described as `` market socialism '' , they actually represented a form of `` market simulation '' planning . Planning in capitalism ( edit ) Intra-firm and intra-industry planning ( edit ) See also : Enterprise resource planning Large corporations use planning to allocate resources internally among its divisions and subsidiaries . Many modern firms also utilize regression analysis to measure market demand in order to adjust prices and to decide upon the optimal quantities of output to be supplied . Planned obsolescence is often cited as a form of economic planning employed by large firms to increase demand for future products by deliberately limiting the operational lifespan of its products . The internal structures of corporations have been described as centralized command economies that employ both planning and hierarchical organization and management . According to J. Bradford DeLong , a significant portion of transactions in Western economies do not pass through anything resembling a market . Many transactions are actually movements of value among different branches and divisions within corporations , companies and agencies . Furthermore , a significant portion of economic activity is planned in a centralized manner by managers within firms in the form of production planning and marketing management where consumer demand is estimated , targeted and included in the firm 's overall plan ; and in the form of production planning . In The New Industrial State , the American economist John Kenneth Galbraith posited that large firms manage both their prices and consumer demand for their products through sophisticated statistical methods . Galbraith also pointed out that , because of the increasingly complex nature of technology and specialization of knowledge , management had become increasingly specialized and bureaucratized . The internal structures of corporations and companies had been transformed into what he called a `` technostructure '' , where specialized groups and committees are the primary decision - makers , and specialized managers , directors and financial advisers operate under formal bureaucratic procedures , replacing the individual entrepreneur 's role ( see also intrapreneurship ) . He states that both the obsolete notion of `` entrepreneurial capitalism '' and democratic socialism ( defined as democratic management ) are impossible organizational forms for managing a modern industrial system . Joseph Schumpeter , an economist associated with the Austrian school and Institutional school of economics , argued that the changing nature of economic activity -- specifically the increasing bureaucratization and specialization required in production and management -- was the major reason for why capitalism would eventually evolve into socialism . The role of the businessman was increasingly bureaucratic and specific functions within the firm required increasingly specialized knowledge which could just as easily be supplied by state functionaries in publicly owned enterprises . In the first volume of Capital , Karl Marx identified the process of capital accumulation as central to the law of motion of capitalism . Increased industrial capacity from increasing returns to scale further socializes production . Capitalism eventually socializes labor and production to a point where the traditional notions of private ownership and commodity production become increasingly insufficient for further expanding the productive capacities of society , necessitating the emergence of a socialist economy where the means of production are socially owned and the surplus value is controlled by the workforce . Many socialists viewed these tendencies , specifically the increasing trend toward economic planning in capitalist firms , as evidence of the increasing obsolescence of capitalism and inapplicability of ideals like perfect competition to the economy , with the next stage of evolution being the application of society - wide economic planning . State development planning ( edit ) See also : Industrial policy and Developmental state State development planning or national planning refers to macroeconomic policies and financial planning conducted by governments to stabilize the market or promote economic growth in market - based economies . This involves the use of monetary policy , industrial policy and fiscal policy to `` steer '' the market toward targeted outcomes . Industrial policy includes government taking measures `` aimed at improving the competitiveness and capabilities of domestic firms and promoting structural transformation '' . In contrast to socialist planning , state development planning does not replace the market mechanism and does not eliminate the use of money in production . It only applies to privately owned and publicly owned firms in the strategic sectors of the economy and seeks to coordinate their activities through indirect means and market - based incentives ( such as tax breaks or subsidies ) . In practice ( edit ) Soviet Union ( edit ) Main articles : Analysis of Soviet - type economic planning and Economy of the Soviet Union The Soviet model of economic planning is an economic system where decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by Gosplan ( state planning agency ) through the process of material balances . Economic information , including consumer demand and enterprise resource requirements , are aggregated and used to balance supply ( from available resource inventories ) with demand ( based on requirements for individual economic units and enterprises ) through a system of iterations . The Soviet economy operated in a centralized and hierarchical manner where directives were issued to lower - level organizations . As a result , the Soviet economic model was often referred to as a command economy or an administered economy because plan directives were enforced through inducements in a vertical power - structure , where planning played little functional role in the allocation of resources . United States ( edit ) The United States utilized economic planning during the First World War . The Federal Government supplemented the price system with centralized resource allocation and created a number of new agencies to direct important economic sectors ; notably the Food Administration , Fuel Administration , Railroad Administration and War Industries Board . During the Second World War , the economy experienced staggering growth under a similar system of planning . In the postwar period , U.S. governments utilized such measures as the Economic Stabilization Program to directly intervene in the economy to control prices , wages , et cetera in different economic sectors . From the start of the Cold War and up until the present day , the federal government of the United States has directed a significant amount of investment and funding into research and development ( R&D ) , often initially through the Department of Defense . The government performs 50 % of all R&D in the United States , with a dynamic state - directed public - sector developing most of the technology that later becomes the basis of the private sector economy . As a result , Noam Chomsky has referred to the United States economic model as a form of state capitalism . Examples include laser technology , the internet , nanotechnology , telecommunications and computers , with most basic research and downstream commercialization financed by the public sector . This includes research in other fields including healthcare and energy , with 75 % of most innovative drugs financed through the National Institutes of Health . East Asian tigers ( edit ) See also : State - sponsored capitalism The development models of the East Asian Tiger economies involved varying degrees of economic planning and state - directed investment in a model sometimes described as `` state development capitalism '' or the `` East Asian Model '' . The governments of Malaysia and South Korea instituted a series of macroeconomic plans ( First Malaysia Plan and Five - Year Plans of South Korea ) to rapidly develop and industrialize their mixed economies . The economy of Singapore was partially based on economic planning involving an active government industrial policy and high levels of state - owned industry in a free - market economy . France ( edit ) See also : Dirigisme Under dirigisme , France utilized indicative planning and established a number of state - owned enterprises in strategic sectors of the economy . The concept behind indicative planning is the early identification of oversupply , bottlenecks and shortages so that state investment behavior can be modified in a timely fashion to reduce the incidence of market disequilibrium , with the goal of sustaining stable economic development and growth . Under this system France experienced its `` Trente Glorieuses '' period of economic prosperity . Great britain ( edit ) The need for long - term economic planning to promote efficiency was a central component of Labour Party thinking down to the 1970s . and the Conservative Party largely agreed , thus producing the post-war consensus or broad bipartisan agreement on major policies . Criticisms ( edit ) See also : Economic calculation problem The most notable critique of economic planning came from Austrian economists Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises . Hayek argued that central planners could not possibly accrue the necessary information to formulate an effective plan for production because they are not exposed to the rapid changes in the particular time and place that take place in an economy and are unfamiliar with these circumstances . The process of transmitting all the necessary information to planners is therefore inefficient . Proponents of decentralized economic planning have also criticized central economic planning . For example , Leon Trotsky believed that central planners , regardless of their intellectual capacity , operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and would therefore be unable to respond to local conditions quickly enough to effectively coordinate all economic activity . See also ( edit ) Calculation in kind Council democracy Cybernetics Decentralized planning ( economics ) Dirigisme Economic democracy Econometrics Enterprise resource planning Indicative planning Industrial policy Input - output planning Material Product System Material balance planning Mixed economy Nonmarket forces Participatory planning Peer - to - peer economy Planned economy Socialist calculation debate Socialization ( economics ) Socialist economics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mandel , Ernest ( September -- October 1986 ) . `` In defense of socialist planning '' . New Left Review . New Left Review . I ( 159 ) : 5 -- 37 . Planning is not equivalent to ' perfect ' allocation of resources , nor ' scientific ' allocation , nor even ' more humane ' allocation . It simply means ' direct ' allocation , ex ante . As such , it is the opposite of market allocation , which is ex post . Pdf . Jump up ^ Gregory , Paul R. ; Stuart , Robert C. ( 2003 ) . Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty - First Century . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 26181 - 8 . Centralization is commonly identified with plan and decentralization with market , but there is no simple relationship between the level of decision making and the use of market or plan as a coordinating mechanism . In some economies , it is possible to combine a considerable concentration of decision - making authority and information in a few large corporations with substantial state involvement and yet to have no system of planning as such ... To identify an economy as planned does not necessarily reveal the prevalent coordinating mechanism , or for that matter , the degree of centralization in decision making . Both depend on the type of planning mechanism . Jump up ^ Alec Nove ( 1987 ) , `` planned economy '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 879 - 80 . Jump up ^ Ellman , Michael ( 1989 ) . Socialist Planning . Cambridge University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35866 - 3 . Planning in the traditional model is primarily an activity that takes place in physical terms . That is , it is concerned with allocating tonnes of this , cubic metres of that , etc. rather than being concerned with allocating financial flows . Jump up ^ Bockman , Johanna ( 2011 ) . Markets in the Name of Socialism : The Left - Wing Origins of Neoliberalism . Stanford University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7566 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schweickart , David ; Lawler , James ; Ticktin , Hillel ; Ollman , Bertell ( 1998 ) . `` Definitions of Market and Socialism '' . Market Socialism : The Debate Among Socialists . New York : Routledge . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91967 - 3 . For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist , socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned . Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves . Put it differently , the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process ... The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative . Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole . No one controls anyone else . Jump up ^ `` Socialism : Utopian and Scientific '' . Marxists.org . In 1816 , he declares that politics is the science of production , and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics . The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo . Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms : Command Economy '' . marxists.org . Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia . For an overview of the Soviet experience , see Myant , Martin ; Jan Drahokoupil ( 2010 ) . Transition Economies : Political Economy in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Central Asia . Hoboken , New Jersey : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 1 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 59619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wilhelm , John Howard ( 1985 ) . `` The Soviet Union Has an Administered , Not a Planned , Economy '' . Soviet Studies . 37 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 130 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668138508411571 . Jump up ^ Dowlah , Abu F. ( 1992 ) . `` Theoretical Expositions of Centralized versus Decentralized Strands of Socialist Economic Systems '' . International Journal of Social Economics . Emerald. 19 ( 7 / 8 / 9 ) : 210 -- 258 . doi : 10.1108 / EUM0000000000497 . Jump up ^ Montias , J.M. ( 1959 ) . `` Planning with Material Balances in Soviet - Type Economies '' . American Economic Review . 49 ( 5 ) : 963 -- 985 . JSTOR 1813077 . Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong ( 1997 ) . `` The Corporation as a Command Economy '' ( PDF ) . UC Berkeley and National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , John K. ( 2007 ) ( 1967 ) . The new industrial state . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691131412 . Abridge version : Part I : The History and Nature of the New Industrial State , 1972 . Jump up ^ Marx and Engels Selected Works , Lawrence and Wishart , 1968 , p. 40 . Capitalist property relations put a `` fetter '' on the productive forces . Jump up ^ Capital , Volume 1 , by Marx , Karl . From `` Chapter 32 : Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation '' : `` Self - earned private property , that is based , so to say , on the fusing together of the isolated , independent laboring - individual with the conditions of his labor , is supplanted by capitalistic private property , which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others , i.e. , on wage - labor . As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently decomposed the old society from top to bottom , as soon as the laborers are turned into proletarians , their means of labor into capital , as soon as the capitalist mode of production stands on its own feet , then the further socialization of labor and further transformation of the land and other means of production into socially exploited and , therefore , common means of production , as well as the further expropriation of private proprietors , takes a new form . That which is now to be expropriated is no longer the laborer working for himself , but the capitalist exploiting many laborers . '' Jump up ^ UNCTAD & UNIDO 2011 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hugh Rockoff -- U.S. Economy in World War I , 2010 Jump up ^ Zeh , Jr. , Herbert J. ( 1990 ) . `` The Federal Funding of R&D : Who Gets the Patent Rights ? '' . JOM . The Minerals , Metals & Materials Society . 42 ( 4 ) : 69 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 18 May 2005 ) . `` State and Corp '' . Z Net . Z Communications . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mazzucato , Mariana ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Myth of the `` Meddling '' State `` . Public Finance International . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glen O'Hara , From dreams to disillusionment : economic and social planning in 1960s Britain ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2007 ) online PhD version Jump up ^ Hayek , Friedrich ( September 1945 ) . `` The use of knowledge in society '' . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association via JSTOR. 35 ( 4 ) : 519 -- 530 . JSTOR 1809376 . Full text . Jump up ^ Writings 1932 - 33 , P. 96 , Leon Trotsky . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_planning&oldid=821373881 '' Categories : Socialism Economic ideologies Economic planning Economic systems Hidden categories : Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a centrally planned economy most often refers to an economic system that is under comprehensive	[ "The level of centralization in decision-making in planning depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed. As such, one can distinguish between centralized planning and decentralized planning.[2] An economy primarily based on central planning is referred to as a planned economy. In a centrally planned economy the allocation of resources is determined by a comprehensive plan of production which specifies output requirements.[3] Planning may also take the form of directive planning or indicative planning." ]	[ "plan of production which specifies output requirements" ]
8387111611301144769	Treasure Island	Treasure Island - Wikipedia Treasure Island This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Treasure Island ( disambiguation ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Treasure Island First edition Author Robert Louis Stevenson Country Scotland Language English Genre Adventure fiction Young adult literature Publisher London : Cassell and Company Publication date 14 Nov 1883 ( serialized 1881 -- 82 ) Treasure Island is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson , narrating a tale of `` buccaneers and buried gold '' . Its influence is enormous on popular perceptions of pirates , including such elements as treasure maps marked with an `` X '' , schooners , the Black Spot , tropical islands , and one - legged seamen bearing parrots on their shoulders . Treasure Island was originally considered a coming - of - age story and is noted for its atmosphere , characters , and action . It is one of the most frequently dramatized of all novels . It was originally serialized in the children 's magazine Young Folks from 1881 through 1882 under the title Treasure Island , or the mutiny of the Hispaniola , credited to the pseudonym `` Captain George North '' . It was first published as a book on 14 November 1883 , by Cassell & Co . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Main characters 3.1 Minor characters 3.2 Timeframe 4 Historical allusions 4.1 Real pirates and piracies 4.2 Other allusions 5 Possible allusions 5.1 Characters 5.2 Treasure Island 5.3 Admiral Benbow 5.4 Spyglass Tavern 5.5 Flint 's death house 6 Related works 6.1 Sequels and prequels 6.2 References in other works 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Theatre 7.4 Radio 7.5 Audio recordings 7.6 Books 7.7 Music 7.8 Software 8 Original manuscripts 9 In popular culture 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Stevenson 's map of Treasure Island Jim Hawkins hiding in the apple - barrel , listening to the pirates This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PART I -- `` THE OLD BUCCANEER '' An old sailor , calling himself `` the captain '' -- real name Billy Bones -- comes to lodge at the Admiral Benbow Inn on the west English coast during the mid-18th - century , paying the innkeeper 's son , Jim Hawkins , a few pennies to keep a lookout for `` a one - legged seafaring man '' . A seaman with intact legs , but lacking two fingers , shows up to confront Billy about sharing his treasure map . After running the stranger off in a violent fight , Billy , who drinks far too much rum , has a stroke and tells Jim that his former shipmates covet the contents of his sea chest . After a visit from an evil blind man named Pew who gives him `` the black spot '' as a summons to share the treasure , Billy has another stroke and dies ; Jim and his mother ( his father has also died just a few days before ) unlock the sea chest , finding some money , a journal , and a map . The local physician , Dr. Livesey and the district squire , Trelawney , deduce that the map is of the island where a deceased pirate , Captain Flint buried his treasure . Squire Trelawney proposes buying a ship and going after the treasure , taking Livesey as ship 's doctor and Jim as cabin boy . PART II -- `` THE SEA COOK '' Several weeks later , the Squire introduces Jim and Dr. Livesy to `` Long John '' Silver , a one - legged Bristol tavern - keeper whom he has hired as ship 's cook . ( Silver enhances his outre attributes -- crutch , pirate argot , etc. -- with a talking parrot . ) They also meet Captain Smollett , who tells them that he dislikes most of the crew on the voyage , which it seems everyone in Bristol knows is a search for treasure . After taking a few precautions , however , they set sail on Trelawney 's schooner , the Hispaniola , for the distant island . During the voyage , the first mate , a drunkard , disappears overboard . And just before the island is sighted , Jim -- concealed in an apple barrel -- overhears Silver talking with two other crewmen . Most of them are former `` gentlemen o'fortune '' ( as Long John Silver refers to pirates ) from Flint 's crew and have planned a mutiny . Jim alerts the captain , doctor , and squire , and they calculate that they will be seven to 19 against the mutineers and must pretend not to suspect anything until the treasure is found when they can surprise their adversaries . PART III -- `` MY SHORE ADVENTURE '' But after the ship is anchored , Silver and some of the others go ashore , and two men who refuse to join the mutiny are killed -- one with so loud a scream that everyone realizes that there can be no more pretence . Jim has impulsively joined the shore party and covertly witnessed Silver committing one of the murders ; now , in fleeing , he encounters a half - crazed Englishman , Ben Gunn , who tells him he was marooned there and that he can help against the mutineers in return for passage home and part of the treasure . PART IV -- `` THE STOCKADE '' Meanwhile , Smollett , Trelawney , and Livesey , along with Trelawney 's three servants and one of the other hands , Abraham Gray , abandon the ship and come ashore to occupy an old abandoned stockade . The men still on the ship , led by the coxswain Israel Hands , run up the pirate flag . One of Trelawney 's servants and one of the pirates are killed in the fight to reach the stockade , and the ship 's gun keeps up a barrage upon them , to no effect , until dark when Jim finds the stockade and joins them . The next morning , Silver appears under a flag of truce , offering terms that the captain refuses , and revealing that another pirate has been killed in the night ( by Gunn , Jim realizes , although Silver does not ) . At Smollett 's refusal to surrender the map , Silver threatens an attack , and , within a short while , the attack on the stockade is launched . PART V -- `` MY SEA ADVENTURE '' After a battle , the surviving mutineers retreat , having lost five men , but two more of the captain 's group have been killed and Smollett himself is badly wounded . When Livesey leaves in search of Gunn , Jim runs away without permission and finds Gunn 's homemade coracle . After dark , he goes out and cuts the ship adrift . The two pirates on board , Hands and O'Brien , interrupt their drunken quarrel to run on deck , but the ship -- with Jim 's boat in her wake -- is swept out to sea on the ebb tide . Exhausted , Jim falls asleep in the boat and wakes up the next morning , bobbing along on the west coast of the island , carried by a northerly current . Eventually , he encounters the ship , which seems deserted , but getting on board , he finds O'Brien dead and Hands badly wounded . He and Hands agree that they will beach the ship at an inlet on the northern coast of the island . As the ship is about to beach , Hands attempts to kill Jim but is himself killed in the attempt . Then , after securing the ship as well as he can , Jim goes back ashore and heads for the stockade . Once there , in utter darkness , he enters the blockhouse -- to be greeted by Silver and the remaining five mutineers , who have somehow taken over the stockade in his absence . PART VI -- `` CAPTAIN SILVER '' Silver and the others argue about whether to kill Jim , and Silver talks them down . He tells Jim that , when everyone found the ship was gone , the captain 's party agreed to a treaty whereby they gave up the stockade and the map . In the morning , the doctor arrives to treat the wounded and sick pirates and tells Silver to look out for trouble when they find the site of the treasure . After he leaves , Silver and the others set out with the map , taking Jim along as hostage . They encounter a skeleton , arms apparently oriented toward the treasure , which seriously unnerves the party . Eventually , they find the treasure cache -- empty . The pirates are about to charge at Silver and Jim , but shots are fired by Livesey , Gray , and Gunn , from ambush . One pirate is killed and George Merry wounded , but quickly killed by Silver . The other three run away , and Livesey explains that Gunn had already found the treasure and taken it to his cave . In the next few days , they load much of the treasure onto the ship , abandon the three remaining mutineers ( with supplies and ammunition ) and sail away . At their first port in Spanish America , where they will sign on more crew , Silver steals a bag of money and escapes . The rest sail back to Bristol and divide up the treasure . Jim says there is more left on the island , but he for one will not undertake another voyage to recover it . Background ( edit ) Treasure Island , illustrated by George Wylie Hutchinson ( 1894 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stevenson conceived the idea of Treasure Island ( originally titled , The Sea Cook : A Story for Boys ) from a map of an imaginary , romantic island idly drawn by Stevenson and his stepson Lloyd Osbourne on a rainy day in Braemar , Scotland . Stevenson had just returned from his first stay in America , with memories of poverty , illness , and adventure ( including his recent marriage ) , and a warm reconciliation between his parents had been established . Stevenson himself said in designing the idea of the story that , `` It was to be a story for boys ; no need of psychology or fine writing ; and I had a boy at hand to be a touchstone . Women were excluded ... and then I had an idea for Long John Silver from which I promised myself funds of entertainment ; to take an admired friend of mine ... to deprive him of all his finer qualities and higher graces of temperament , and to leave him with nothing but his strength , his courage , his quickness , and his magnificent geniality , and to try to express these in terms of the culture of a raw tarpaulin . '' Completing 15 chapters in as many days , Stevenson was interrupted by illness and , after leaving Scotland , continued working on the first draft outside London . While there , his father provided additional impetus , as the two discussed points of the tale , and Stevenson 's father was the one who suggested the scene of Jim in the apple barrel and the name of Walrus for Captain Flint 's ship . Two general types of sea novels were popular during the 19th century : the navy yarn , which places a capable officer in adventurous situations amid realistic settings and historical events ; and the desert island romance , which features shipwrecked or marooned characters confronted by treasure - seeking pirates or angry natives . Around 1815 , the latter genre became one of the most popular fictional styles in Great Britain , perhaps because of the philosophical interest in Rousseau and Chateaubriand 's `` noble savage . '' Treasure Island was a climax of this development . The growth of the desert island genre can be traced back to 1719 when Daniel Defoe 's legendary Robinson Crusoe was published . A century later , novels such as S.H. Burney 's The Shipwreck ( 1816 ) , and Sir Walter Scott 's The Pirate ( 1822 ) continued to expand upon the strong influence of Defoe 's classic . Other authors , however , in the mid 19th - century , continued this work , including James Fenimore Cooper 's The Pilot ( 1823 ) . During the same period , Anthony M. Lopez wrote , MS Found in a Bottle ( 1833 ) and the intriguing tale of buried treasure , The Gold - Scar ( 1843 ) . All of these works influenced Stevenson 's end product . Specifically , however , Stevenson consciously borrowed material from previous authors . In a July 1884 letter to Anthony M. Lopez , he writes `` Treasure Island came out of Kingsley 's At Last , where I got the Dead Man 's Chest -- and that was the seed -- and out of the great Captain Johnson 's History of the Notorious Pirates . '' Stevenson also admits that he took the idea of Captain Flint 's pointing skeleton from Poe 's The Gold - Bug , and he constructed Billy Bones ' history from the pages of Washington Irving , one of his favorite writers . One month after he conceived of The Sea Cook , chapters began to appear in the pages of Young Folks magazine . Eventually , the entire novel ran in 17 weekly installments from 1 October 1881 , through 28 January 1882 . Later the book was republished as the novel Treasure Island and the book proved to be Stevenson 's first financial and critical success . William Gladstone ( 1809 - 1898 ) , the zealous Liberal politician who served four terms as British prime minister between 1868 and 1894 , was one of the book 's biggest fans . Main characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jim Hawkins : The first - person point of view , of almost the entire novel . Jim is the son of an innkeeper near Bristol , England , and is probably in his mid teens . He is eager and enthusiastic to go to sea and hunt for treasure . He is a modest narrator , never boasting of the remarkable courage and heroism he consistently displays . Jim is often impulsive and impetuous , but he exhibits increasing sensitivity and wisdom . Dr. David Livesey : The local doctor and magistrate . Dr. Livesey is wise and practical , and Jim respects but is not inspired by him . Some years previously , he had been in the British Army which fought ( and lost ) the 1745 Battle of Fontenoy . Livesey exhibits common sense and rational thought while on the island , and his idea to send Ben to spook the pirates reveals a deep understanding of human nature . He is fair - minded , magnanimously agreeing to treat the pirates with just as much care as his own wounded men . As his name suggests , Livesey represents the steady , modest virtues of everyday life rather than fantasy , dream , or adventure . Long John Silver : The cook on the voyage to Treasure Island . Silver is the secret ringleader of the pirate band . His physical and emotional strength are impressive . Silver is deceitful and disloyal , greedy and visceral , and does not care about human relations . Yet he is always kind toward Jim and genuinely fond of the boy . Silver is a powerful mixture of charisma and self - destructiveness , individualism and recklessness . The one - legged Silver was based in part on Stevenson 's friend and mentor William Ernest Henley . Captain Alexander Smollett : The captain of the voyage to Treasure Island . Captain Smollett is savvy and is rightly suspicious of the crew Trelawney has hired . Smollett is a real professional , taking his job seriously and displaying significant skill as a negotiator . Like Livesey , Smollett is too competent and reliable to be an inspirational figure for Jim 's teenage mind . Smollett believes in rules and does not like Jim 's disobedience . Squire John Trelawney : A local wealthy landowner ; his name suggests he has Cornish origins ( a traditional Cornish rhyme states `` By Tre , Pol and Pen , Ye shall know all Cornishmen '' ) . Trelawney arranges the voyage to the island to find the treasure . Trelawney is excessively trustful as the ease with which the pirates trick him into hiring them as his crew demonstrates . Billy Bones : The old seaman who resides at Jim 's parents ' inn . Billy , who used to be a member of Flint 's crew , is surly and rude . He hires Jim to be on the lookout for a one - legged man , thus involving the young Jim in the pirate life . Billy 's sea chest and treasure map set the whole adventure in motion . His gruff refusal to pay his inn bills symbolizes the pirates ' general opposition to law , order , and civilization . His illness and his fondness for rum symbolize the weak and self - destructive aspects of the pirate lifestyle . He dies of a stroke as a result of drinking too much rum . Minor characters ( edit ) Pew : A vicious , deadly , and sinister blind beggar who served as a member of Flint 's crew . Despite his blindness , he proves to be a dangerous fighter and can even be considered a ringleader amongst his fellow crewmen . He is the second messenger to approach Billy Bones and the one to deliver the Black Spot . He is trampled to death by the horses of revenue officers riding to assist Jim Hawkins after the raid on his family 's inn . Silver claims Pew spent his share of Flint 's treasure at a rate of £ 1,200 per year and that for two years until his accident at the `` Admiral Benbow '' he begged , stole , and murdered . Stevenson avoided predictability by making the two most fearsome characters a blind man and an amputee . In the play Admiral Guinea ( 1892 ) , Stevenson gives him the full name `` David Pew '' . Stevenson 's novel Kidnapped ( 1886 ) also features a dangerous blind man . Alan : A sailor who does not mutiny . He is killed by the mutineers for his loyalty and his dying scream is heard across the island . Allardyce : One of the six members of Flint 's Crew who , after burying the treasure and silver and building the blockhouse on Treasure Island , are all killed by Flint . His body is lined up by Flint as a compass marker to the cache . According to The Adventures of Ben Gunn , his first name was Nic , he was surgeon on Flint 's crew , and Ben Gunn was his servant and friend from back home . Job Anderson : The ship 's boatswain and one of the leaders of the mutiny . He participates in the storming of the blockhouse and is killed by Gray while attacking Jim . One of Flint 's old pirate hands ( though this is never stated ) . Along with Hands and Merry , he tipped a Black Spot on Silver and forced Silver to start the mutiny before the treasure was found . Mr. Arrow : The first mate of the Hispaniola . He is an alcoholic and is useless as a first mate . He disappears before they get to the island and his position is filled by Job Anderson . ( Silver had secretly given Mr. Arrow alcohol and he fell drunkenly overboard on a stormy night . ) In his BBC adaptation of 1977 , John Lucarotti gives him the first name ' Joshua ' . Black Dog : Formerly a member of Flint 's pirate crew , later one of Pew 's companions who visits the Admiral Benbow to confront Billy Bones . He is spotted by Jim in Silver 's tavern and slips out to be chased by two of Silver 's men ( in order to maintain the ruse that Silver and his men are unassociated with him ) . Two fingers are missing from his left hand . Mr. Dance : Chief revenue officer ( titled : Supervisor ) who ascends with his men upon the Admiral Benbow , driving out the pirates , and saving Jim Hawkins and his mother . He then takes Hawkins to see the squire and the doctor . Dogger : One of Mr. Dance 's associates , who doubles Hawkins on his horse to the squire 's house . Captain Flint : John Flint , the fictional pirate Captain of the Walrus . After robbing and looting towns and ships among the Spanish Main , in August 1750 , he took six of his own crew onto Treasure Island . After building a stockade and burying the bulk of his looted treasure , he killed all six men . In July 1754 , he died at Savannah , Georgia , of Cyanosis , caused by drinking too much rum . While dying , he gives his treasure map to Billy Bones . Long John Silver 's parrot is named after Captain Flint . Several members of his crew figure in the story : William `` Billy '' Bones , the ship 's first mate ; Long John Silver , the ship 's quartermaster ; Israel Hands , the ship 's chief gunner ; Allardyce , used as Flint 's `` pointer '' to the treasure ; Job Anderson , the Hispaniola boatswain and mutineer ; Dirk , one of Pew 's henchmen in the assault on the Admiral Benbow inn ; Black Dog , another of Pew 's henchmen in the assault on the Admiral Benbow inn ; Benjamin Gunn , the island maroon ; John , a Hispaniola mutineer , possibly one of Pew 's henchmen on the assault on the Admirial Benbow inn ; Tom Morgan , a Hispaniola mutineer ; Pew , the blind murderous beggar ; and an unnamed mutineer of the Hispaniola marooned with Morgan and Johnson on Treasure Island . Abraham Gray : A ship 's carpenter on the Hispaniola . He is almost incited to mutiny but remains loyal to the Squire 's side when asked to do so by Captain Smollett . He saves Hawkins ' life by killing Job Anderson during an attack on the stockade , and he helps shoot the mutineers at the rifled treasure cache . He later escapes the island together with Jim Hawkins , Dr. Livesey , Squire Trelawney , Captain Smollett , Long John Silver , and Ben Gunn . He spends his part of the treasure on his education , marries , and becomes part owner of a full - rigged ship . Benjamin `` Ben '' Gunn : A former member of Flint 's crew who became half insane after being marooned for three years on Treasure Island , having convinced another ship 's crew that he was capable of finding Flint 's treasure . Helps Jim by giving him the location of his homemade boat and kills two of the mutineers . After Dr. Livesey gives him what he most craves ( cheese ) , Gunn reveals that he has found the treasure . In Spanish America , he lets Silver escape , and in England spends his share of the treasure ( £ 1,000 ) in 19 days , becoming a beggar until he becomes keeper at a lodge and a church singer `` on Sundays and holy days '' . Israel Hands : The ship 's coxswain and Flint 's old gunner . He is killed on the Hispaniola by Jim Hawkins when he tries to murder him . Mr. and Mrs. Hawkins : The parents of Jim Hawkins . Mr. Hawkins dies shortly after the beginning of the story . John Hunter : The other manservant of Squire Trelawney . He also accompanies him to the island but is later knocked unconscious at an attack on the stockade . He dies of his injuries while unconscious . John : A mutineer who is injured while trying to storm the blockhouse . He is later shown with a bandaged head and ends up being killed at the rifled treasure cache . Dick Johnson : The youngest of the mutineers , who has a Bible . The pirates use one of its pages to make a Black Spot for Silver , only to have him predict bad luck on Dick for sacrilege . Soon becoming mortally ill with malaria , Dick ends up being marooned on the island after the deaths of George Merry and John . Richard Joyce : One of the manservants of Squire Trelawney , he accompanies him to the island . He is shot through the head and killed by a mutineer during an attack on the stockade . George Merry : A mutinous and hostile member of Silver 's crew , who disobeys orders and occasionally challenges Silver 's authority . He launches the mutiny prematurely , forcing Long John to flee to the island with Jim as an improvised hostage . With Anderson and Hands , he forces Silver to attack the blockhouse instead of waiting for the treasure to be found . Later killed at the empty cache just as he is about to kill both Silver and Hawkins . Tom Morgan : An ex-pirate from Flint 's old crew . He ends up marooned on the island with Dick and one other mutineer . O'Brien : A mutineer who survives the attack on the boathouse and escapes . He is later killed by Israel Hands in a drunken fight on the Hispaniola . Tom Redruth : The gamekeeper of Squire Trelawney , he accompanies the Squire to the island but is shot and killed by the mutineers during an attack on the stockade . Tom : An honest sailor . He starts to walk away from Silver who throws his crutch at him , breaking Tom 's back . Silver kills Tom by stabbing him twice in the back . Among other minor characters whose names are not revealed are the four pirates who were killed in an attack on the stockade along with Job Anderson ; the pirate killed by the honest men minus Jim Hawkins before the attack on the stockade ; the pirate shot by Squire Trelawney when aiming at Israel Hands , who later died of his injuries ; and the pirate marooned on the island along with Tom Morgan and Dick . Timeframe ( edit ) Stevenson deliberately leaves the exact date of the novel obscure , Hawkins writing that he takes up his pen `` in the year of grace 17 -- . '' Stevenson 's map of Treasure Island includes the annotations Treasure Island 1 August 1750 J.F. and Given by above J.F. to M W. Bones Maste of y Walrus Savannah this twenty July 1754 WB . Other dates mentioned include 1745 , the date Dr. Livesey served as a soldier at Fontenoy and also a date appearing in Billy Bones ' log . Historical allusions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Real pirates and piracies ( edit ) Five real - life pirates mentioned are William Kidd ( active 1696 -- 99 ) , Blackbeard ( 1716 -- 18 ) , Edward England ( 1717 -- 20 ) , Howell Davis ( 1718 -- 19 ) , and Bartholomew Roberts ( 1718 -- 22 ) . Kidd buried treasure on Gardiners Island , though the booty was recovered by authorities soon afterwards . The name `` Israel Hands '' was taken from that of a real pirate in Blackbeard 's crew , whom Blackbeard maimed ( by shooting him in the knee ) simply to ensure that his crew remained in terror of him . Allegedly , Hands was taken ashore to be treated for his injury and was not at Blackbeard 's last fight ( the incident is depicted in Tim Powers ' novel On Stranger Tides ) , and this alone saved him from the gallows . Supposedly , he later became a beggar in England . Silver refers to `` three hundred and fifty thousand '' pieces of eight at the `` fishing up of the wrecked plate ships '' . This remark conflates two related events : first , the salvage of treasure from the 1715 Treasure Fleet which was wrecked off the coast of Florida in a hurricane ; second , the seizure of 350,000 salvaged pieces of eight the following year ( out of several million ) by privateer Henry Jennings . This event is mentioned in the introduction to Johnson 's General History of the Pyrates . Silver refers to a ship 's surgeon from Roberts ' crew who amputated his leg and was later hanged at Cape Coast Castle , a British fortification on the Gold Coast of Africa . The records of the trial of Roberts ' men list Peter Scudamore as the chief surgeon of Roberts ' ship Royal Fortune . Scudamore was found guilty of willingly serving with Roberts ' pirates and various related criminal acts , as well as attempting to lead a rebellion to escape once he had been apprehended . He was , as Silver relates , hanged , in 1722 . Stevenson refers to the Viceroy of the Indies , a ship sailing from Goa , India ( then a Portuguese colony ) , which was taken by Edward England off Malabar while John Silver was serving aboard England 's ship the Cassandra . No such exploit of England 's is known , nor any ship by the name of the Viceroy of the Indies . However , in April 1721 , the captain of the Cassandra , John Taylor ( originally England 's second in command who had marooned him for being insufficiently ruthless ) , together with his pirate partner , Olivier Levasseur , captured the vessel Nostra Senhora do Cabo near Réunion island in the Indian Ocean . The Portuguese galleon was returning from Goa to Lisbon with the Conde da Ericeira , the recently retired Viceroy of Portuguese India , aboard . The viceroy had much of his treasure with him , making this capture one of the richest pirate hauls ever . This is possibly the event that Stevenson referred to , though his ( or Silver 's ) memory of the event seems to be slightly confused . The Cassandra was last heard of in 1723 at Portobelo , Panama , a place that also briefly figures in Treasure Island as `` Portobello '' . The preceding two references are inconsistent , as the Cassandra ( and presumably Silver ) was in the Indian Ocean during the time that Scudamore was surgeon on board the Royal Fortune , in the Gulf of Guinea . Other allusions ( edit ) Robert Louis Stevenson 1689 : A pirate whistles `` Lillibullero '' ( 1689 ) . 1702 : The Admiral Benbow Inn where Jim and his mother live is named after the real life Admiral John Benbow ( 1653 -- 1702 ) . 1733 : Foundation of Savannah , Georgia where Captain Flint died in 1754 . 1745 : Doctor Livesey was at the Battle of Fontenoy ( 1745 ) . 1747 : Squire Trelawney and Long John Silver both mention `` Admiral Hawke '' , i.e. Edward Hawke , 1st Baron Hawke ( 1705 -- 81 ) , promoted to Rear Admiral in 1747 . 1749 : The novel refers to the Bow Street Runners ( 1749 ) . Treasure Island was in part inspired by R.M. Ballantyne 's The Coral Island , which Stevenson admired for its `` better qualities . '' Stevenson alludes to Ballantyne in the epigraph at the beginning of Treasure Island , `` To the Hesitating Purchaser '' , `` ... If studious youth no longer crave , His ancient appetites forgot , Kingston , or Ballantyne the brave , Or Cooper of the wood and wave ... '' Possible allusions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( September 2018 ) Characters ( edit ) Squire Trelawney may have been named for Edward Trelawney , Governor of Jamaica 1738 -- 52 . Dr. Livesey may have been named for Joseph Livesey ( 1794 -- 1884 ) , a famous 19th - century temperance advocate , founder of the tee - total `` Preston Pledge '' . In the novel , Dr. Livesey warns the drunkard Billy Bones that `` the name of rum for you is death . '' Treasure Island ( edit ) Dead Chest Island as viewed from Deadman 's Bay , Peter Island View of Fidra from Yellowcraigs Map of Unst Island within Shetland Various claims have been made that one island or another inspired Treasure Island : Isla de Pinos near Cuba which served as a supply base for pirates for about 300 years is believed to have inspired Treasure Island . Norman Island in the British Virgin Islands was supposedly mentioned to Stevenson by a sailor uncle , and also possesses a `` Spyglass Hill '' like the fictional Treasure Island . Cocos Island off Costa Rica has many similarities with the fictional treasure island . British trader Captain William Thompson buried the stolen treasury of Peru there in 1820 ; an original inventory showed 113 gold religious statues ( one a life - sized Virgin Mary ) , 200 chests of jewels , 273 swords with jeweled hilts , 1,000 diamonds , solid - gold crowns , 150 chalices , and hundreds of gold and silver bars . The real treasure has never been found , despite more than 300 expeditions to the island . Stevenson mentions the buried treasure and Captain Thompson in an 1881 letter to W.E. Henley , where he also provides the earliest known title for the book : `` The Sea Cook , or Treasure Island : a Story for Boys '' . Dead Chest Island , a barren rock in the British Virgin Islands , which Stevenson found mentioned in Charles Kingsley 's At Last : A Christmas in the West Indies , and which he said `` was the seed '' for the phrase `` Dead Man 's Chest '' . Small pond in Queen Street Gardens in Edinburgh , said to have been visible from Stevenson 's bedroom window in Heriot Row . The Napa Valley , California , where Stevenson spent his honeymoon in 1880 , as narrated in his The Silverado Squatters ( 1883 ) . Osborn Island ( now Nienstedt Island ) in the Manasquan River in Brielle , New Jersey . Stevenson supposedly visited there in May 1888 ( five years after writing Treasure Island ) and christened it `` Treasure Island '' Fidra in the Firth of Forth , visible from North Berwick where Stevenson had spent many childhood holidays . Unst , one of the Shetland Islands , to which the map of Treasure Island bears a very vague resemblance . R.F. Delderfield suggests that its real name is Kidd 's Island in The Adventures of Ben Gunn , and identifies it as an outlying island of the Leeward and Windward Islands , south - south - west of Tobago ( p. 119 - 120 ) . Admiral Benbow ( edit ) The Llandoger Trow in Bristol is claimed to be the inspiration for the Admiral Benbow , though the inn is described in the book as being in a rural area and it is necessary to travel to Bristol . There is an Admiral Benbow Inn in Penzance , Cornwall . Stevenson visited Cornwall and Penzance between 7 and 16 August 1877 and this may have inspired him to feature the Inn in Treasure Island . Spyglass tavern ( edit ) The Hole in the Wall , Bristol is claimed to be the Spyglass Tavern . Flint 's death House ( edit ) The Pirate 's House in Savannah , Georgia is where Captain Flint is claimed to have spent his last days , and his ghost is claimed to haunt the property . Related works ( edit ) Sequels and prequels ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stevenson 's play Admiral Guinea ( published 1892 ) , written with W.E. Henley , features the blind ex-pirate Pew as a character under the name of `` David Pew '' . In his collection Fables ( 1896 ) , Stevenson wrote a vignette called `` The Persons of the Tale '' , in which puppets Captain Smollet and Long John Silver discuss authorship . A.D. Howden Smith ( 1924 ) wrote a prequel , Porto Bello Gold , that tells the origin of the buried treasure , recasts many of Stevenson 's pirates in their younger years , and gives the hidden treasure some Jacobite antecedents not mentioned in the original . H.A. Calahan ( 1935 ) wrote a sequel Back to Treasure Island . Calahan argued in his introduction that Robert Louis Stevenson wanted to write a continuation of the story . R.F. Delderfield ( 1956 ) wrote The Adventures of Ben Gunn , which follows Ben Gunn from parson 's son to pirate and is narrated by Jim Hawkins in Gunn 's words . Leonard Wibberley ( 1972 ) wrote a sequel `` Flint 's Island '' noting in the Introduction that it had long been a dream of his to do so . Frank Delaney ( 2001 ) wrote a sequel , Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island using the pseudonym `` Francis Bryan '' . Michael Kernan ( 2001 ) wrote a prequel Before , published in the Netherlands as Vóór Schateiland Pascal Bertho and artist Tom McBurnie ( 2007 ) created a comic - book sequel Sept Pirates . Xavier Dorison and artist Mathieu Lauffray started the French graphic novel in four books Long John Silver in 2007 . John Drake wrote a prequel , Flint & Silver ( 2008 ) . Two more books followed : Pieces of Eight ( 2009 ) and Skull and Bones ( 2010 ) . John O'Melveny Woods ( 2010 ) wrote a sequel , Return to Treasure Island . Robert Levine and Jonathon E Steinberg ( 2014 - 2017 ) created the TV Series Black Sails which tells the story of Captain Flint and John Silver leading up to the Treasure Island story . The TV Series consisted of four seasons . John Amrhein , Jr. ( 2011 ) wrote a true life prequel , Treasure Island : The Untold Story . Andrew Motion ( 2012 ) , former Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom , wrote a sequel Silver : Return to Treasure Island . References in other works ( edit ) In the novel Peter and Wendy ( 1911 ) by J.M. Barrie , it is said that Captain Hook is the only man ever feared by the Old Sea Cook ( Long John Silver ) ; Captain Flint and the Walrus are also referenced . There are a few other references . Long John Silver and Treasure Island make an appearance in the 1994 film The Pagemaster . Spike Milligan wrote a parody , Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan ( 2000 ) . In the Swallows and Amazons series by Arthur Ransome , the Amazons ' ( Blacketts ' ) Uncle Jim has the nickname of Captain Flint and a parrot . The Strong Winds trilogy of children 's adventures by Julia Jones draws freely from events and names in Treasure Island . In the animated series Fox 's Peter Pan and the Pirates ( based in part on the original Peter Pan stories ) , Captain Flint is referenced in the episode `` Peter on Trial '' , as Captain Hook is stated as being the only man that a pirate named Barbecue is stated to fear , with the following statement being that ' Even Flint feared Barbecue ' , referring to Captain Flint from Treasure Island . In the same episode , Flint is referenced as being the pirate who supposedly conceived of the idea of pirates putting members of their crew or their prisoners as the case might be , on trial in an event called ' Captain 's Mast ' . In Blade Runner 2049 , Rick Deckard explicitly references Ben Gunn 's craving for cheese upon first meeting the protagonist . In Blade Runner , a deleted scene shows the character of Holden reading Stevenson 's novel whilst recovering from an injury . In the teen fiction novel One for Sorrow written by Philip Caveney the main character Tom Afflick is reading Treasure Island which serves as the catalyst for his adventure . One for Sorrow was published by Scottish - based publisher Fledgling Press in May 2015 . Treasure Island make an appearance in Doraemon the Movie : Nobita 's Treasure Island , the 2018 entry of the popular Doraemon movie series which is also a loose adaptation of the book . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Poster for the 1934 film version , the first talkie adaptation of the novel There have been over 50 movie and TV versions made . They include : Treasure Island ( 1918 ) , a silent version released by Fox Film Corporation and directed by Sidney Franklin Treasure Island ( 1920 ) , a silent version starring Charles Ogle and Shirley Mason , released by Paramount Pictures and directed by Maurice Tourneur . Lost film . Treasure Island ( 1934 ) , starring Jackie Cooper and Wallace Beery . An MGM production , the first sound film version . Treasure Island ( ru ) ( 1937 ) , a loose Soviet adaptation starring Osip Abdulov and Nikolai Cherkasov , with a score by Nikita Bogoslovsky . Treasure Island ( 1950 ) , starring Bobby Driscoll and Robert Newton . Notable for being the Walt Disney Studios ' first completely live action film . The first version in color . A sequel to this version was made ( but not by Disney ) in 1954 , entitled Long John Silver . Treasure Island ( ru ) ( 1971 ) , a Soviet ( Lithuanian ) film starring Boris Andreyev as Long John Silver , with a score by Alexei Rybnikov . Animal Treasure Island ( 1971 ) , an anime film directed by Hiroshi Ikeda and written by Takeshi Iijima and Hiroshi Ikeda with story consultation by famous animator Hayao Miyazaki . This version replaced several of the human characters with animal counterparts . Treasure Island ( 1972 ) , starring Orson Welles . This adaptation was produced by National General Pictures , directed by John hough , Andrew White and John Salway . The Treasure Planet ( 1982 ) , ( Planetata na sakrovishtata ) a Bulgarian animated science fiction adaptation directed by Rumen Petkov . Treasure Island ( 1982 ) , a Soviet film in three parts ; almost entirely faithful to the text of the novel . Featuring Oleg Borisov as Long John Silver . L'Île au trésor ( 1985 ) , a Chilean - French adaptation starring Vic Tayback as Long John Silver . Il Pianeta Del Tesoro -- Treasure Planet ( 1987 ) , Italian / German science - fiction adaptation , also known as Treasure Island in Outer Space , starring Anthony Quinn as Long John Silver . Treasure Island ( 1988 ) , a critically acclaimed Soviet animation film in two parts . Released in the United States ( 1992 ) as Return to Treasure Island . Treasure Island ( 1990 ) , starring Charlton Heston , Christian Bale , Oliver Reed , Christopher Lee and Pete Postlethwaite . A made - for - TV film written , produced and directed by Heston 's son , Fraser C. Heston . Treasure Island Pirate ( 1991 ) Treasure Island ( 1995 ) , a made - for - TV movie directed by Ken Russell and starring Hetty Baynes as Long Jane Silver . Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) , a film produced by The Jim Henson Company and released by Walt Disney Pictures , starring the Muppets , including Kermit the Frog as Captain Smollett , Miss Piggy as a female Benjamin Gunn , named Benjamina Gunn , Fozzie Bear as Squire Trelawney , Dr. Bunsen Honeydew as Dr. Livesey , and Sam the Eagle as Mr. Samuel Arrow . The Great Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat play themselves , being best friends to Jim Hawkins . The human performers include Tim Curry as Long John Silver , Billy Connolly as Billy Bones , Jennifer Saunders as Mrs. Bluberidge , and newcomer Kevin Bishop as Jim Hawkins . Treasure Island ( 1999 ) , starring Jack Palance as Long John Silver , Patrick Bergin as Billy Bones , Christopher Benjamin as Squire Trelawney and Kevin Zegers as Jim Hawkins . Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) , a version from Walt Disney Animation Studios set in space , with Long John Silver as a cyborg and many of the original characters re-imagined as aliens and robots , except for Jim , his mother and his father , who are human . Pirates of Treasure Island ( 2006 ) , a direct - to - DVD film by The Asylum , which was released one month before Dead Man 's Chest . Television ( edit ) The Adventures of Long John Silver ( 1955 ) , 26 episodes shot at Pagewood Studios , Sydney , Australia filmed in full colour and starring Robert Newton . Mr. Magoo 's Treasure Island ( 1964 ) , a two - part episode of the cartoon series The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo , was based on the novel , with Mr. Magoo in the role of Long John Silver . Die Schatzinsel ( de ) ( 1966 ) , a German - French co-production for German television station ZDF . Treasure Island ( 1968 ) , a BBC series of nine 25 - minute episodes starring Peter Vaughn . Treasure Island ( 1977 ) , a BBC adaptation Starring Ashley Knight and Alfred Burke . Treasure Island ( Takarajima ) ( 1978 ) , a Japanese animated series adapted from the novel . Treasure Island ( 1988 ) , an episode of Alvin and the Chipmunks starring Alvin as Jim Hawkins , Dave as Long John Silver , Simon as Dr. Livesey , Theodore as Squire Trelawney , and Brittany as Mrs. Hawkins . The Legends of Treasure Island ( 1993 ) , an animated series loosely based on the novel , with the characters as animals . In the Wishbone episode `` Salty Dog '' , Wishbone explores the story in a children 's adapted version . Treasure Island : The Adventure Begins ( 1994 ) , a TV movie special promoting the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino . Treasure Island ( 2012 ) , two - part mini-series shown on Sky1 ( United Kingdom ) from 1 -- 2 January . Black Sails ( 2014 ) , a prequel drama series that premiered in 2014 on Starz ( United States ) . This series is said to take place 20 years before the events of the book , in 1715 . However , this is 40 years before the dates given by Stevenson . In the Survivor : Heroes vs Villains episode `` Jumping Ship '' , the castaways Amanda , Colby and Danielle won an overnight trip to the former home of Robert Louis Stevenson and a screening of the 1934 version of Treasure Island . Treasure Island ( L'isola del tesoro ) ( 2015 ) , an Italian CGI animated series by Rai Fiction and Mondo TV . It mixes the original work with new characters and mythical elements such as voodoo . A number of sequels have been produced , including a 1954 film titled Return to Treasure Island , a 1986 Disney mini-series , a 1992 animation version , and a 1996 and 1998 TV version . Theatre ( edit ) There have been over 24 major stage adaptations made . The number of minor adaptations remains countless . In 1947 , a production was mounted at the St. James 's Theatre in London , starring Harry Welchman as Long John Silver and John Clark as Jim Hawkins . For a time , in London , there was an annual production of the musical Treasure Island , based on a book by Bernard Miles and Josephine Wilson . The music was composed by Cyril Ornadel and the lyrics by Hal Shaper . The musical was performed at the Mermaid Theatre , originally under the direction of Bernard Miles , who played Long John Silver , a part he also played in a television version . Comedian Spike Milligan would often play Ben Gunn in these productions , and in 1981 , Tom Baker played Long John Silver . Pieces of Eight , a musical adaptation by Jule Styne , premiered in Edmonton , Alberta , in 1985 . In 2007 an adaptation of Treasure Island by Ken Ludwig premiered at the Alley Theatre , Houston , played at the Theatre Royal , Haymarket on London 's West End in 2008 , and won the AATE Distinguished Play Award for Best Adaptation of the Year . The Henegar Center for the Arts in downtown historic Melbourne , Florida ran an adaptation in August 2009 . The story is also a popular plot and setting for a traditional pantomime where Mrs. Hawkins , Jim 's mother is the dame . An alternative pantomime based on the novel but including gay , lesbian and trans characters , `` Treasure Island : the Curse of the Pearl Necklace '' by Jon Bradfield and Martin Hooper played a sold out run at London 's Above The Stag Theatre in 2014 - 15 . On 18 February 2011 , a play adaptation by Richard Rose opened at Barter Theatre in Abingdon , Virginia . In 2011 , Tom Hewitt starred in B.H. Barry and Vernon Morris 's stage adaptation of the novel , which officially opened 5 March at the Irondale Center in Brooklyn . In July 2011 , Bristol Old Vic staged a large - scale outdoor production of Treasure Island outside the theatre on King Street , Bristol directed by Sally Cookson , with music by Benji Bower . From October 2013 to 2014 , Mind the Gap Theatre Company , the UK 's leading theatre company working with actors with learning disabilities embarks on a national tour of Treasure Island , retold with a twist by Olivier award - winning writer Mike Kenny . In 2013 , YouthPlays published Long Joan Silver by Arthur M. Jolly , an adaptation where all of the pirates are women . A new version by Bryony Lavery and directed by Polly Findlay was produced at London 's Royal National Theatre from December 2014 to April 2015 . In this version of the play , Jim is a girl . Another Doctor Who alumnus , Arthur Darvill , played Silver in the 2014 National Theatre production of Treasure Island . As part of their 2017 Season , the Stratford Festival of Canada premiered a new adaptation of Treasure Island by Canadian playwright Nicolas Billon . Radio ( edit ) Orson Welles broadcast a radio adaptation via The Mercury Theatre on the Air on July 1938 ; half in England , half on the Island ; omits `` My Sea Adventure '' ; music by Bernard Herrmann ; Available online . William Redfield played Silver on the May 14 , 1948 Your Playhouse of Favorites adaptation . Ronald Colman hosted an adaptation of the novel on the April 27 , 1948 broadcast of Favorite Story . James Mason played Silver opposite Bobby Driscoll 's `` Jim Hawkins '' on the Lux Radio Theatre 's adaptation on January 29 , 1951 . There have been two BBC Radio adaptations of Treasure Island , with Silver being played by Peter Jeffrey in 1989 , and Jack Shepherd in 1995 . The author John Le Carre performed an abridged reading of the novel in five parts as part of BBC Radio 4 's Afternoon Reading . Audio recordings ( edit ) Basil Rathbone starred as both The Narrator and Silver in a 1944 audio recording for Columbia Masterworks Records . James Kennedy played Silver in the Tale Spinners for Children audio adaptation of Treasure Island ( United Artists Records , UAC 11013 ) . A 2013 Big Finish Productions audiobook adaption of Treasure Island was written and directed by Barnaby Edwards and starred Tom Baker as Long John Silver , Nicholas Farrell as the Narrator , and Edward Holtom as the story 's main protagonist , Jim Hawkins . Books ( edit ) Charles Sheffield 's 1993 novel Godspeed was a science - fictional retelling of Treasure Island , recasting the search for pirate treasure as the search for lost faster - than - light drive technology . Music ( edit ) The Ben Gunn Society album released in 2003 presents the story centered around the character of Ben Gunn , based primarily on Chapter XV `` Man of the Island '' and other relevant parts of the book . Treasure Island song from Running Wild 's album named Pile of Skulls ( 1992 ) . This song tells the novel 's story . The Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik performed the songs `` I 'm Still Here ( Jim 's Theme ) '' and `` Always Know Where You Are '' for Disney 's animated film Treasure Planet . Skull & Bones ' album The Cursed Island ( 2014 ) is based on Treasure Island . Introduction to the novel Treasure Island , the poem `` To the hesitating purchaser '' ( `` If sailor tales ... '' ) , was set to music ( for piano and baritone ) by the Lithuanian composer Giedrius Alkauskas and released on the album `` Enchanted Time '' in 2014 . Software ( edit ) Main article : Treasure Island ( 1984 video game ) A computer game based loosely on the novel was written by Greg Duddle , published by Mr. Micro ( and often rebranded by Commodore ) on the Commodore 16 , Commodore Plus / 4 , Commodore 64 , and ZX Spectrum . A graphical adventure game , the player takes the part of Jim Hawkins travelling around the island dispatching pirates with cutlasses before getting the treasure and being chased back to the ship by Long John Silver . Another Treasure Island adventure game based upon the novel was released in 1985 , published by Windham Classics . LucasArts adventure Monkey Island is partly based on Treasure Island , lending many of its plotpoints and characters and using many humorous references to the book . Disney has released various video games based on the animated film Treasure Planet , including Treasure Planet : Battle at Procyon . Treasure Island ( 2010 ) is a hidden objects game launched by French publisher Anuman Interactive . The arcade game Captain Silver , follows a protagonist names Jim Aykroyd in his quest to find Captain Silver 's hidden treasure , which to find , he must battle an undead Captain Silver . Original manuscripts ( edit ) Half of Stevenson 's original manuscripts are lost , including those of Treasure Island , The Black Arrow , and The Master of Ballantrae . Stevenson 's heirs sold Stevenson 's papers during World War I ; many of Stevenson 's documents were auctioned off in 1918 . In popular culture ( edit ) On 13 November 2010 , Google commemorated the 160th anniversary of Robert Louis Stevenson 's birth by featuring a Google Doodle based on Treasure Island and his other works . At the beginning of the Arthur episode `` You Are Arthur , '' Arthur was seen reading Treasure Island . In the 2010 film The Way Back , one of the prisoners in the Russian Gulag briefly narrates some of Treasure Island to his fellow inmates . He mentions the characters Jim and Long John Silver . In the 2017 film Blade Runner 2049 , the character Rick Deckard makes a continued allusion to Treasure Island during the scene he is revealed . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cordingly , David ( 1995 ) Under the Black Flag : the romance and reality of life among the pirates ; p. 7 Jump up ^ Louis , Stevenson , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` My First Book -- Treasure Island '' . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Chapter 16 : `` I was not new to violent death -- I have served his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland , and got a wound myself at Fontenoy -- but I know my pulse went dot and carry one . '' Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil The Straight Dope : Did pirates bury their treasure ? Did pirates really make maps where `` X marks the spot '' ? Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . 5 October 2007 Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 2009 ) , Victorian Literature and Postcolonial Studies , Edinburgh University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 3304 - 3 , p 33 Jump up ^ `` The Coral Island '' , Children 's Literature Review , January 2009 , retrieved 4 May 2012 -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Reed , Thomas L. ( 2006 ) . The Transforming Draught : Jekyll and Hyde , Robert Louis Stevenson , and the Victorian Alcohol Debate mustache . Pages 71 - 73 . Jump up ^ Hothersall , Barbara . `` Joseph Livesey '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cuba 's hidden treasure : La Isla de la Juventud Jump up ^ Treasure Island Jump up ^ `` Where 's Where '' ( 1974 ) ( Eyre Methuen , London ) ISBN 0 - 413 - 32290 - 4 Jump up ^ At Last : A Christmas in the West Indies ( 1871 ) Jump up ^ David Cordingly . Under the Black Flag : The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42560 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson . `` To Sidney Colvin . Late May 1884 '' , in Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson . Page 263 . Jump up ^ `` Brilliance of ' World 's Child ' will come alive at storytelling event '' Archived 23 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , ( Scotsman , 20 October 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Harding Davis ( 1916 ) . Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis , page 5 . From Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) History of Brielle Jump up ^ `` Fidra '' . Gazetteer for Scotland . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Unst island website Archived 22 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bristol 's history '' . Visit Bristol . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Townsend ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` Hole in the Wall Queen Square Bristol '' . Flickr . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirates House history '' . Thepirateshouse.com . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost of Captain Flint '' . CNN . 31 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Robert Louis . Fables Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Publisher Conserve '' . Jump up ^ John Drake books at WorldCat Jump up ^ Return to Treasure Island at WorldCat Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Black Sails '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island : The Untold Story or The Real Treasure Island '' . New Maritima Press . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver : Return to Treasure Island by Andrew Motion Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. -- review by Ian Sansom in The Guardian , 30 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Strong Winds Trilogy : The Salt - Stained Book by Julia Jones and Claudia Myatt '' . The Bookbag . June 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Characters develop nicely in book two '' . Otago Daily Times . 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dury , Richard . Film adaptations of Treasure Island Archived 2 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` SilentEra entry '' . Silentera.com . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Terry . Character - Based Film Series Part 2 . Lulu.com . ISBN 9781365021305 . Jump up ^ `` John Hough '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Dury , Richard . Stage and Radio adaptations of Treasure Island Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Tom Hewitt Is Long John Silver in Treasure Island , Opening March 5 in Brooklyn '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island '' . London Box Office . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/11287625/Treasure-Island-National-Theatre-review-yo-ho-hum.html Jump up ^ http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Favorite-Story.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007jwxp Jump up ^ https://soundcloud.com/puffin-books-uk/treasure-island-bbc-audiobook-extract-bbc-radio-4-full-cast-dramatisation Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008kf0m Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/RobertLewisStevensonTREASUREISLAND Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/treasure-island-838 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQx5_SKezuw Jump up ^ `` Score of `` To the hesitating purchaser '' on IMSLP `` . Jump up ^ Treasure Island at MobyGames ; Treasure Island Archived 18 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . at GameFAQs ; Sol Guber : Treasure Island , Antic Vol. 5 Nr. 1 , 5 / 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts '' . BBC News . 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Google Doodle Archived 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gripper , Ann ( 13 November 2010 ) . `` Robert Louis Stevenson 's 160th birthday celebrated with Google doodle '' . Mirror . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . References ( edit ) Barker - Benfield , Simon ( 2014 ) . The Annotated Treasure Island . ISBN 978 - 1 - 937075 - 01 - 9 Cordingly , David ( 1995 ) . Under the Black Flag : The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42560 - 8 . Letley , Emma , ed. ( 1998 ) . Treasure Island ( Oxford World 's Classics ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283380 - 4 . Pietsch , Roland ( 2010 ) . The Real Jim Hawkins : Ships ' Boys in the Georgian Navy . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84832 - 036 - 9 . Reed , Thomas L. ( 2006 ) . The Transforming Draught : Jekyll and Hyde , Robert Louis Stevenson , and the Victorian Alcohol Debate . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2648 - 9 . Watson , Harold ( 1969 ) . Coasts of Treasure Island : A Study of the Backgrounds and Sources for Robert Louis Stevenson 's Romance of the Sea . ISBN 0 - 8111 - 0282 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treasure Island Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treasure Island . Editions Treasure Island at Project Gutenberg Treasure Island , scanned and illustrated books at Internet Archive . Notable editions include : Treasure Island , 1911 Scribner 's , illustrated by N.C. Wyeth . See also alternate edition ( better quality scan , some images missing ) . Treasure Island , 1915 Harpers , illustrated by Louis Rhead . Treasure Island , 1912 Scribner 's `` Biographical Edition '' , includes essays by Mr and Mrs Stevenson . Treasure Island , 1911 Ginn and Company , lengthy introduction and notes by Frank Wilson Cheney Hersey ( Harvard University ) . Treasure Island , with an introduction and notes by Franklin T Baker ( Columbia University , 1909 ) . Fully annotated online . Treasure Island public domain audiobook at LibriVox Treasure Island -- Full text and audio website . Treasure Island , A.L. Burt Company , 1890 . Treasure Island on The Mercury Theater on the Air : July 18 , 1938 Basil Rathbone stars in Treasure Island : Columbia Masterworks , 1944 Treasure Island on Lux Radio Theater : January 29 , 1951 Download Treasure Island on Tale Spinners for Children The 1989 BBC Radio Treasure Island on Archive.org Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island Characters Billy Bones Captain Alexander Smollett Captain Flint Ben Gunn Israel Hands Jim Hawkins Dr. Livesey Long John Silver Squire Trelawney Films Treasure Island ( 1918 ) Treasure Island ( 1920 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) The Secret of Treasure Island ( 1938 ) Treasure Island ( 1950 ) Long John Silver ( 1954 ) Return to Treasure Island ( 1954 ) Animal Treasure Island ( 1971 ) Treasure Island ( 1972 , live - action ) Treasure Island ( 1972 , animated ) The Treasure Planet ( 1982 ) Treasure Island ( 1982 ) Treasure Island ( 1985 ) Treasure Island ( 1987 ) Treasure Island ( 1988 ) Treasure Island ( 1990 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Treasure Island ( 1999 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Pirates of Treasure Island ( 2006 ) Hawkins and Silver ( TBA ) Television The Adventures of Long John Silver ( 1958 ) Treasure Island ( 1977 ) Treasure Island ( 1978 ) Return to Treasure Island ( 1986 ) Treasure Island in Outer Space ( 1987 ) The Legends of Treasure Island ( 1993 ) Treasure Island ( 2012 ) Black Sails ( 2014 ) Video games Pirate Adventure ( 1978 ) Treasure Island ( 1984 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Treasure Planet : Battle at Procyon ( 2002 ) Destination : Treasure Island ( 2006 ) Other adaptations Pieces of Eight ( musical ) Godspeed ( novel ) The Resurrection Casket ( novel ) Related Black Spot Legend of the Cybermen Silver `` Shiver my timbers '' `` Dead Man 's Chest '' Robert Louis Stevenson Books An Inland Voyage ( 1878 ) Edinburgh : Picturesque Notes ( 1878 ) Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes ( 1879 ) The Silverado Squatters ( 1883 ) Memories and Portraits ( 1887 ) Across the Plains ( 1892 ) Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa ( 1892 ) The Amateur Emigrant ( 1895 ) Novels Treasure Island ( 1883 ) Prince Otto ( 1885 ) Kidnapped ( 1886 ) The Black Arrow ( 1888 ) The Master of Ballantrae ( 1889 ) The Wrong Box ( 1889 ) The Wrecker ( 1892 ) Catriona ( 1893 ) The Ebb - Tide ( 1894 ) Weir of Hermiston ( 1896 ) St. Ives ( 1897 ) Short story collections The Suicide Club ( 1878 ) The Rajah 's Diamond ( 1878 ) New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) More New Arabian Nights : The Dynamiter ( 1885 ) The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables ( 1887 ) Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) Tales and Fantasies ( 1905 ) Short stories `` The Pavilion on the Links '' ( 1880 ) `` The Merry Men '' ( 1882 ) `` The Body Snatcher '' ( 1884 ) `` Markheim '' ( 1885 ) `` Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde '' ( 1886 ) `` The Bottle Imp '' ( 1891 ) `` The Beach of Falesá '' ( 1892 ) `` The Isle of Voices '' ( 1893 ) Poetry A Child 's Garden of Verses ( 1885 ) Underwoods ( 1887 ) Songs of Travel and Other Verses ( 1896 ) Related Lloyd Osbourne Fanny Stevenson Isobel Osbourne Mount Vaea Writers ' Museum Robert Louis Stevenson State Park The Story of a Recluse ( unfinished ) Book Category Piracy Periods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age Republic of Pirates Libertatia 21st century Types of pirate Baltic Slavic pirates Barbary pirates ( corsairs ) Brethren of the Coast Buccaneers Cilician pirates Cossack pirates Fillibusters Moro pirates Narentines Privateers ( confederate privateer ) River pirate Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate Ushkuiniks Uskoks Vikings Wōkòu Areas Anglo - Turkish piracy Barataria Bay Barbary Coast British Virgin Islands Caribbean Falcon Lake Gulf of Guinea Indonesia Lagos Lake Nicaragua Lundy Persian Gulf Port Royal Saint - Malo Salé Somali Coast South China Coast Spanish Main Strait of Malacca Sulu Sea Tortuga Major figures Pirates Mansel Alcantra Chui A-poo Louis - Michel Aury Joseph Baker Hayreddin Barbarossa Joseph Barss Samuel Bellamy Charlotte de Berry Black Caesar Blackbeard Eli Boggs Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Hippolyte Bouchard Abshir Boyah Roche Braziliano Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí William Dampier Liang Daoming Diabolito Peter Easton Henry Every Alexandre Exquemelin Vincenzo Gambi Charles Gibbs Pedro Gilbert Nathaniel Gordon Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Zheng Jing Jørgen Jørgensen Shirahama Kenki William Kidd Fūma Kotarō Jean Lafitte Limahong Samuel Hall Lord John Hawkins Bully Hayes Piet Pieterszoon Hein Moses Cohen Henriques Albert W. Hicks Nicholas van Hoorn Benjamin Hornigold Pierre Lafitte Olivier Levasseur Edward Low Hendrick Lucifer John Newland Maffitt Samuel Mason Henry Morgan Shap Ng - tsai Gan Ning François l'Olonnais Samuel Pallache Lawrence Prince Cai Qian Redbeard Bartholomew Roberts Lai Choi San Dan Seavey Ching Shih Benito de Soto Klaus Störtebeker Henry Strangways Cheung Po Tsai Dominique You Wang Zhi Zheng Zhilong Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Meta Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Category Portal WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12160379z ( data ) GND : 4421736 - 5 LCCN : n2001080045 SUDOC : 030125243 VIAF : 174717427 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasure_Island&oldid=866140170 '' Categories : Treasure Island 1883 British novels Bristol in fiction British adventure novels British novels adapted into films British children 's novels British young adult novels Cassell ( publisher ) books Debut novels Epic novels Fictional islands Georgia ( U.S. state ) in fiction Hispaniola Nautical fiction Novels by Robert Louis Stevenson Novels first published in serial form Novels set in Haiti Novels set in the Caribbean Novels set in the Dominican Republic Pirate books Scottish children 's literature Works originally published in Young Folks ( magazine ) Works published under a pseudonym Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Novels set in the 18th century 1880s children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2012 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 All articles that may contain original research Use dmy dates from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2018 All articles with style issues Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from September 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2018 Articles with weasel words from September 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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7395578969723982064	Visa policy of Singapore	Visa policy of Singapore - wikipedia Visa policy of Singapore Singapore visa vignette issued to a stateless person Visitors to Singapore can either enter the country without a visa or in some cases they must first obtain a visa . Citizens of almost 80 % of the world 's countries may travel to Singapore for a period of 30 days or 90 days without a visa , depending on their nationality . Countries requiring visas are categorized into countries eligible to apply for an electronic visa and countries whose citizens need a visa vignette . All visitors to Singapore must : hold a passport or a travel document valid for more than 6 months at the time of departure , hold an onward or return ticket , have sufficient funds to stay in Singapore , have entry documents ( including a visa ) to their next destination , if required , have a completed Disembarkation / Embarkation Card , and , have a visa and / or a yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into Singapore ( if applicable ) . Contents 1 Visa policy map 2 Visa - free 3 Visa required 3.1 Assessment Level I Countries 3.2 Assessment Level II Countries 3.3 Non-ordinary passports 4 APEC Business Travel Card 5 Visa - free transit 5.1 Visa Free Transit Facility ( VFTF ) 5.1. 1 Nationals of India 5.1. 2 Nationals of the Commonwealth of Independent States , Georgia , Turkmenistan and Ukraine 6 Mandatory yellow fever vaccination 7 Statistics 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Singapore Visa - Free ( edit ) Citizens of all countries not included in Assessment Level I and Assessment Level II lists are allowed a maximum stay of 30 days without a visa in Singapore , except the holders of the following passports who are allowed to stay for 90 days : All European Union citizens Australia Norway South Korea Switzerland United States Holders of Taiwan passports who do not have the right of abode in Taiwan must have a valid Taiwan re-entry permit . Visa required ( edit ) Singapore groups visa requiring nationals into two groups -- Assessment Level I and Assessment Level II countries . Assessment Level I countries ( edit ) Holders of normal passports or travel documents issued by the following countries and territories may obtain a visa online through a local Singaporean contact or a strategic partner in Singapore , or at the nearest Singaporean diplomatic mission or one of its authorized visa agents outside Singapore . Visa will normally be issued in 1 working day , and the applicant can travel with a printout of the e-visa . Visa requirement does not apply to holders of non-ordinary passports of these countries except North Korea . Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus China Georgia India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova North Korea Russia Tajikistan Ukraine Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Holders of Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes Holders of Macao Special Administrative Region Travel Permit Assessment Level II countries ( edit ) Citizens of the following countries must obtain a visa in advance . They may apply for a visa through a local Singaporean contact or a strategic partner in Singapore , or at the nearest Singaporean diplomatic mission or one of its authorized visa agents outside Singapore . Visa will normally be issued in 3 working days , and a visa vignette is affixed on the applicant 's passport . Afghanistan Algeria Bangladesh Egypt Iran Iraq Jordan Kosovo Lebanon Libya Mali Morocco Nigeria Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia Yemen Holders of temporary passports issued by the United Arab Emirates Holders of Refugee travel documents issued by Middle - East countries Stateless persons ( holder of alien 's passport , such as certificate of identity and refugee travel document , is considered as stateless by ICA , regardless the nationality appearing on the holder 's travel document ) Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Other than non-ordinary passport holders of Assessment Level I countries ( except North Korea ) , visa requirement does not apply to holders of diplomatic or official / service passports of Bangladesh , Jordan , Tunisia and of diplomatic passports of Saudi Arabia and Morocco . APEC business travel Card ( edit ) Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) containing the `` SGP '' code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to Singapore can enter visa - free for business trips for up to 60 days . ABTCs are issued to nationals of : Australia Brunei Chile China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Visa - Free transit ( edit ) Nationals of Assessment Level I and II countries do not require a visa to transit through Singapore Changi Airport as long as they fulfill the following requirements : have an onward ticket , remain in the transit area , have their luggages checked to their final destination , do not clear immigration to enter Singapore , and , are not travelling on a low - cost airline ( except for passengers travelling on Scoot with Scoot - thru and passengers traveling on Tigerair with Tigerconnect ) . Nationals of certain Assessment Level I countries may enter Singapore under the Visa Free Transit Facility . Visa Free transit Facility ( VFTF ) ( edit ) Nationals of India ( edit ) Nationals of India may enter Singapore without a visa for 96 hours if they are in transit to or from any third country by air , when possessing a valid visa or long - term residence permit with validity of at least one month issued by Australia , Canada , Germany , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland , United Kingdom or United States . Single journey visas issued by these eight countries are also acceptable for transit , but if using the VFTF on the return journey ( i.e. after the single journey visa has been used ) the traveller must travel directly from the visa - issuing country and directly back to the home country , and they must have not returned to their home country since the single journey visa was last used . Nationals of India are only allowed to use the VFTF once in their itinerary ( either on the forward or the return journey but not both ) . They must also enter and depart by air . Nationals of the commonwealth of independent States , Georgia , turkmenistan and ukraine ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries may enter Singapore without a visa for 96 hours if they are in transit to or from any third country . These nationals may use the VFTF on both the forward and the return journey . They may enter Singapore by any mode of transport but must depart by air . Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Mandatory yellow fever Vaccination ( edit ) Any person entering Singapore over one year of age , regardless of nationality , are required to have a valid International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever if they have been in or have passed through any country at risk of yellow fever within the preceding six days . From 1 May 2016 , the International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever is valid for life . This lifetime validity applies to all existing and new certificates , beginning 10 days after the date of vaccination . Angola Argentina Benin Bolivia Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Colombia Congo Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of Congo Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia French Guiana Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Kenya Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Panama Paraguay Peru Senegal Sierra Leone South Sudan Sudan Suriname Togo Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Venezuela Statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Singapore on short term basis were from the following countries of nationality : show Country or territory 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 China 3,226,929 2,863,582 2,106,164 1,722,380 2,269,870 2,034,177 1,577,522 Indonesia 2,954,384 2,893,614 2,731,690 3,025,178 3,088,859 2,837,537 2,592,222 India 1,272,069 1,097,186 1,013,986 943,636 933,553 894,993 868,991 Malaysia 1,168,356 1,151,480 1,171,077 1,233,035 1,280,942 1,231,686 1,140,935 Australia 1,081,987 1,027,309 1,043,568 1,074,878 1,125,179 1,050,373 956,039 Japan 792,813 783,721 789,179 824,741 832,845 757,116 656,417 Philippines 736,456 691,555 673,374 676,481 687,794 656,804 677,723 South Korea 631,359 566,503 577,082 536,975 471,768 445,184 414,879 United States 565,250 516,276 499,509 484,912 491,946 477,213 440,576 Vietnam 531,359 469,409 418,266 424,408 380,495 366,234 332,231 Thailand 531,307 546,384 516,409 506,509 497,409 477,654 472,708 United Kingdom 518,903 489,205 473,810 451,931 461,459 446,497 442,611 Hong Kong 465,769 537,964 609,888 631,029 539,810 472,167 464,375 Taiwan 395,549 394,173 378,026 337,431 350,308 282,203 238,488 Germany 342,336 328,762 286,732 263,513 251,560 252,433 219,952 Total 17,422,826 16,402,593 15,231,469 15,095,152 15,567,923 14,496,091 13,171,303 See also ( edit ) Singapore portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Singapore . Visa requirements for Singaporean citizens References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Check if You Need an Entry Visa '' . ICA . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Jump up ^ `` Entry Requirements '' . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Passport Information Jump up ^ `` ABTC Summary '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Flight transfer ^ Jump up to : `` Visa Free Transit Facility '' . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` International Visitor Arrivals '' . Singapore Tourism Board . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Excludes Malaysian citizens arriving by land . 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133968652126326313	List of North American dinosaurs	List of North American dinosaurs - wikipedia List of North American dinosaurs This is a list of dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from North America . North America has a rich dinosaur fossil record with great diversity of dinosaurs . Contents 1 History 2 Criteria for inclusion 3 List 4 Timeline 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) The earliest record of dinosaurs in North America comes from rare , unidentified ( possibly theropod ) footprints and teeth in the Middle - Late Triassic Pekin Formation of North Carolina . Later in the Triassic period , dinosaurs left more recognizable remains , and could thus be identified as specific genera . Examples of later Triassic North American dinosaur genera include Coelophysis , Chindesaurus , Gojirasaurus , and Tawa . Fossils of Tawa have also been found in South America , which has important indications about paleogeography . During the Early Jurassic Period , dinosaurs such as Dilophosaurus , Anchisaurus , Megapnosaurus ( formerly known as Syntarsus ) , and the early thyreophoran Scutellosaurus lived in North America . The latter is believed to have been the ancestor of all stegosaurs and ankylosaurs . The Middle Jurassic is the only poorly represented time period in North America , although several Middle Jurassic localities are known from Mexico . Footprints , eggshells , teeth , and fragments of bone representing theropods , sauropods , and ornithopods have been found , but none of them are diagnostic to the genus level . Play media VOA report about North American dinosaurs The Late Jurassic of North America , however , is the exact opposite of the Middle Jurassic . The Late Jurassic Morrison Formation is found in several U.S. states , including Colorado , Utah , Wyoming , Montana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , South Dakota , and Texas . It is notable as being the most fertile single source of dinosaur fossils in the world . The roster of dinosaurs from the Morrison is impressive . Among the theropods , Allosaurus , Saurophaganax , Torvosaurus , Ceratosaurus , Coelurus , Ornitholestes , Tanycolagreus , Stokesosaurus , and Marshosaurus are found in the Morrison . An abundance of sauropods has been found there , including Apatosaurus , Diplodocus , Barosaurus , Brachiosaurus , Camarasaurus , Brontosaurus and Amphicoelias . Three genera of stegosaurs , Alcovasaurus , Stegosaurus and Hesperosaurus , have been found there . Finally , ornithopods found in the Morrison include Dryosaurus , Camptosaurus , Drinker , Othnielia , and Othnielosaurus . During the Early Cretaceous , new dinosaurs evolved to replace the old ones . Sauropods were still present , but they were not as diverse as they were in the Jurassic Period . Theropods from the Early Cretaceous of North America include dromaeosaurids such as Deinonychus and Utahraptor , Acrocanthosaurus , and Microvenator . Sauropods included Astrodon , Brontomerus , and Sauroposeidon . Ornithischians were more diverse than they were in the Jurassic Period . Tenontosaurus , Dakotadon , Protohadros , and Eolambia are some of the ornithopods that lived during this time period . Ankylosaurs replaced their stegosaur cousins in the Cretaceous . Ankylosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of North America include Sauropelta and Gastonia . Therizinosaurs such as Falcarius are also known from the Early Cretaceous of North America . Finally , the Late Cretaceous Period , the greatest abundance and diversity of dinosaurs of all time lived in North America . During the early part of the Late Cretaceous , the therizinosaur Nothronychus and the ceratopsian Zuniceratops lived . During the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous , an enormous diversity of dinosaurs is known . Theropods included the tyrannosaurs Albertosaurus , Gorgosaurus , Daspletosaurus , Teratophoneus , Bistahieversor , and Appalachiosaurus , and the dromaeosaurids Dromaeosaurus , Saurornitholestes , Atrociraptor , and Bambiraptor . Ceratopsians , such as Pachyrhinosaurus , Styracosaurus , Centrosaurus , Monoclonius , Brachyceratops and Pentaceratops also existed . Among hadrosaurs , Hypacrosaurus , Gryposaurus , Kritosaurus , Parasaurolophus , Corythosaurus , Lambeosaurus and Prosaurolophus existed . During the latest Cretaceous , the Maastrichtian age , the diversity of dinosaurs saw a decline from the preceding Campanian stage . North American herbivorous dinosaurs from this time period include the titanosaur sauropod Alamosaurus , the ceratopsians Bravoceratops , Regaliceratops , Triceratops , Leptoceratops , Torosaurus , Nedoceratops ( a possible species of Triceratops ) , Tatankaceratops ( another possible species of Triceratops ) , and Ojoceratops , the pachycephalosaurs Pachycephalosaurus , Stygimoloch , Dracorex , and Sphaerotholus , the hadrosaurs Augustynolophus , Saurolophus and Edmontosaurus , the ornithopod Thescelosaurus the ankylosaur Ankylosaurus and the nodosaurs Denversaurus , Glyptodontopelta and Edmontonia . Predatory dinosaurs from this time period included the tyrannosaurids Tyrannosaurus , Nanotyrannus ( which may just be a juvenile of the former ) and Dryptosaurus , the ornithomimids Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus , the oviraptorids Anzu , Leptorhynchos and Ojoraptorsaurus , the troodontids Pectinodon , Paronychodon and Troodon , the coelurosaur Richardoestesia and the dromaeosaurs Acheroraptor and Dakotaraptor . The only dinosaur fossil from Central America is a femur of a ornithopod. , discovered in the central part of Honduras in the year 1971 near San Luis , Comayagua Department , by Bruce Simonson and Gregory Horne . It was found in the highest part of the Valle de Angeles Redbeds . The fossil bone is in the US National Museum of Natural History in Washington ( catalog number USNM PAL 181339 ) . It was identified as ornithopod bone by John Ostrom , and by Nicholas Hotton as the right femur of a small hadrosaur . There is also an older report of dinosaur fossil from Honduras documented only in US newspapers at 1933 , but not scientifically documented . This report comments the discovery of a dinosaur ankle bone near the town of Olanchito , Yoro Department , Honduras ; by the explorer Gregory Mason . This information is described on page 9 of The Washington Post of August 23 , 1933 , on page 8 of the newspaper The Norwalk Hour August 24 , 1933 and on page 6 of Nebraska newspaper The Plattsmouth Journal of August 21 of 1933 Criteria for inclusion ( edit ) Inclusion criteria : The creature must appear on the List of dinosaurs . Fossils of the creature must have been found in North America . This list is a complement to Category : Dinosaurs of North America . List ( edit ) Alamosaurus . Albertaceratops . Allosaurus . Anchiceratops . Ankylosaurus . Apatosaurus . Barosaurus . Brachyceratops . Brachylophosaurus . Camarasaurus . Cerasinops . Ceratosaurus . Coelophysis . Coelurus . Corythosaurus . Deinonychus . Diabloceratops . Dilophosaurus . Diplodocus . Edmontonia . Edmontosaurus . Gryposaurus . Hypacrosaurus . Monoclonius . Rubeosaurus . Saurolophus . Scutellosaurus . Stegosaurus . Titanoceratops . Torvosaurus . Triceratops . Tyrannosaurus . Utahceratops . Utahraptor . Zuniceratops . Key Nomen dubium Invalid Nomen nudum Name Period Diet Notes Abydosaurus Early Cretaceous herbivore Last known sauropod until appearance of Alamosaurus Achelousaurus Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Acheroraptor Late Cretaceous carnivore -- Acristavus Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Acrocanthosaurus Early Cretaceous carnivore -- Acrotholus Early Cretaceous herbivore -- Agathaumas Late Cretaceous herbivore Dubious , see article Agujaceratops Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Ahshislepelta Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Akainacephalus Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Alamosaurus Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Alaskacephale Cretaceous herbivore -- Albertaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Albertadromeus Cretaceous herbivore -- Albertonykus Cretaceous carnivore / insectivore -- Albertosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Alcovasaurus Jurassic herbivore - Aletopelta Cretaceous herbivore -- Allosaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Amphicoelias Jurassic herbivore -- Anasazisaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Anatotitan Cretaceous herbivore -- Anchiceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Anchisaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Angulomastacator Cretaceous herbivore -- Animantarx Cretaceous herbivore -- Ankylosaurus Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Anodontosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Antrodemus Jurassic carnivore Probably synonymous with Allosaurus , see article Anzu Cretaceous omnivore -- Apatodon Jurassic carnivore Highly dubious , see article Apatosaurus Jurassic herbivore Formerly known as Brontosaurus Appalachiosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Arkansaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Arrhinoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Astrodon Cretaceous herbivore -- Astrophocaudia Cretaceous herbivore -- Atlantosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Atrociraptor Cretaceous carnivore -- Augustynolophus Cretaceous herbivore -- Aublysodon Cretaceous carnivore -- Avaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Bambiraptor Cretaceous carnivore -- Barosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Beelemodon Jurassic carnivore -- Bistahieversor Cretaceous carnivore -- Brachiosaurus Jurassic / Cretaceous herbivore -- Brachyceratops Cretaceous herbivore Only juvenile fossils found so far Brachylophosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Bravoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Brontomerus Cretaceous herbivore -- Brontosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Camarasaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Camposaurus Triassic carnivore -- Camptosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Capitalsaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Caseosaurus Triassic carnivore -- Cathetosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Cedarosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Cedarpelta Cretaceous herbivore -- Cedrorestes Cretaceous herbivore -- Centrosaurus Cretaceous herbivore Not to be confused with Kentrosaurus Cerasinops Cretaceous herbivore -- Ceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Ceratosaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Chasmosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Chindesaurus Triassic carnivore -- Chirostenotes Cretaceous carnivore -- Cionodon Cretaceous herbivore -- Claorhynchus Cretaceous herbivore Dubious , see article Claosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Coahuilaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Coelophysis Triassic carnivore -- Coelurus Jurassic carnivore -- Coelosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Colepiocephale Cretaceous herbivore -- Comanchesaurus Triassic carnivore -- Coronosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Corythosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Daemonosaurus Triassic carnivore -- Dakotadon Cretaceous herbivore -- Dakotaraptor Late Cretaceous carnivore Latest known dromaeosaurid Deinodon Cretaceous carnivore Dubious , see article Deinonychus Cretaceous carnivore -- Diabloceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Diclonius Cretaceous herbivore -- Dilophosaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Diplodocus Jurassic herbivore -- Diplotomodon Cretaceous carnivore -- Dracorex Cretaceous herbivore -- Drinker Jurassic herbivore -- Dromaeosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Dromiceiomimus Cretaceous omnivore -- Dryosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Dryptosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Dyoplosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Dynamoterror Cretaceous carnivore -- Dysganus Cretaceous herbivore -- Dyslocosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Dystrophaeus Jurassic herbivore -- Edmontonia Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Edmontosaurus Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Einiosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Eolambia Cretaceous herbivore -- Eotrachodon Cretaceous herbivore -- Epanterias Jurassic carnivore -- Epichirostenotes Cretaceous carnivore -- Euoplocephalus Cretaceous herbivore -- Falcarius Cretaceous ( unknown ) '' Fruitadens Jurassic herbivore -- Galeamopus Jurassic herbivore -- Gargoyleosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Gastonia Cretaceous herbivore -- Geminiraptor Cretaceous carnivore -- Glishades Cretaceous herbivore -- Glyptodontopelta Cretaceous herbivore -- Gojirasaurus Triassic carnivore -- Gorgosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Gravitholus Cretaceous herbivore -- Gryphoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Gryposaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Hadrosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Hagryphus Cretaceous carnivore -- Hanssuesia Cretaceous herbivore -- Haplocanthosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Hesperonychus Cretaceous carnivore -- Hesperosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Hippodraco Cretaceous herbivore -- Hoplitosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Huehuecanauhtlus Cretaceous herbivore -- Hypacrosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Hypsibema Cretaceous herbivore -- Iguanacolossus Cretaceous herbivore -- Jeyawati Cretaceous herbivore -- Judiceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Kaatedocus Jurassic herbivore -- Kayentavenator Jurassic carnivore -- Koparion Jurassic carnivore -- Kosmoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Kritosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Labocania Cretaceous carnivore -- Lambeosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Laosaurus Jurassic / Cretaceous herbivore -- Latenivenatrix Cretaceous carnivore -- Latirhinus Cretaceous herbivore -- Leptoceratops Late Cretaceous herbivore -- Leptorhynchos Late Cretaceous omnivore -- Lophorhothon Cretaceous herbivore -- Lythronax Cretaceous carnivore -- Magnapaulia Cretaceous herbivore -- Magulodon Cretaceous herbivore -- Maiasaura Cretaceous herbivore -- Marshosaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Martharaptor Cretaceous carnivore -- Megapnosaurus Jurassic carnivore Formerly known as Syntarsus Medusaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Mercuriceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Microcephale Cretaceous herbivore -- Microvenator Cretaceous carnivore -- Moabosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Mojoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Monoclonius Cretaceous herbivore -- Montanoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Mymoorapelta Jurassic herbivore -- Naashoibitosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Nanosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Nanuqsaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Nanotyrannus Cretaceous carnivore Possibly a T. rex juvenile Nasutoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Nedcolbertia Cretaceous carnivore -- Nedoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Niobrarasaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Nodocephalosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Nodosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Nothronychus Cretaceous herbivore -- Ojoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Ojoraptorsaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Oohkotokia Cretaceous herbivore -- Orcomimus Cretaceous carnivore -- Ornitholestes Jurassic carnivore -- Ornithomimus Cretaceous omnivore -- Orodromeus Cretaceous herbivore -- Oryctodromeus Cretaceous herbivore -- Osmakasaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Othnielia Jurassic herbivore -- Othnielosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Pachycephalosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Pachyrhinosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Palaeopteryx Jurassic insectivore Dubious , see article Palaeoscincus Cretaceous herbivore -- Paluxysaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Panoplosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Parasaurolophus Cretaceous herbivore -- Parksosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Paronychodon Cretaceous carnivore -- Pawpawsaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Peloroplites Cretaceous herbivore -- Pectinodon Cretaceous carnivore -- Pentaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Planicoxa Cretaceous herbivore -- Pleurocoelus Cretaceous herbivore -- Podokesaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Polyonax Cretaceous herbivore -- Prenoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Priconodon Cretaceous herbivore -- Propanoplosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Prosaurolophus Cretaceous herbivore -- Protoavis Triassic carnivore Dubious , see article Protohadros Cretaceous herbivore -- Pteropelyx Cretaceous herbivore -- Richardoestesia Cretaceous carnivore -- Rubeosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Sarahsaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Saurolophus Cretaceous herbivore -- Sauropelta Cretaceous herbivore -- Saurophaganax Jurassic carnivore Possibly the top land predator of the Late Jurassic Sauroposeidon Cretaceous herbivore -- Saurornitholestes Cretaceous carnivore -- Scelidosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Scolosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Scutellosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Segisaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Seitaad Jurassic omnivore -- Siats Cretaceous carnivore -- Silvisaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Sonorasaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Sphaerotholus Cretaceous herbivore -- Spinops Cretaceous herbivore -- Stegoceras Cretaceous herbivore -- Stegopelta Cretaceous herbivore -- Stegosaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Stenonychosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Stephanosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Stokesosaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Struthiomimus Cretaceous omnivore -- Stygimoloch Cretaceous herbivore -- Styracosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Supersaurus Jurassic herbivore -- Suuwassea Jurassic herbivore -- Talos Cretaceous carnivore -- Tanycolagreus Jurassic carnivore -- Tatankacephalus Cretaceous herbivore -- Tatankaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Tawa Triassic carnivore -- Tenontosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Teratophoneus Cretaceous carnivore -- Texacephale Cretaceous herbivore -- Texasetes Cretaceous herbivore -- Theiophytalia Cretaceous herbivore -- Thescelosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Thespesius Cretaceous herbivore -- Tichosteus Jurassic herbivore -- Titanoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Torosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Torvosaurus Jurassic carnivore -- Trachodon Cretaceous herbivore Dubious , see article Triceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Troodon Cretaceous carnivore Includes Stenonychosaurus and Polyodontosaurus . Tyrannosaurus Cretaceous carnivore -- Unescoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Utahceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Utahraptor Cretaceous carnivore -- Uteodon Jurassic herbivore -- Vagaceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Velafrons Cretaceous herbivore -- Venenosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Xenoceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Yurgovuchia Cretaceous carnivore -- Zapsalis Cretaceous carnivore -- Ziapelta Cretaceous herbivore -- Zephyrosaurus Cretaceous herbivore -- Zuniceratops Cretaceous herbivore -- Zuul Cretaceous herbivore - Timeline ( edit ) This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above . Time is measured in Ma , megaannum , along the x-axis . See also ( edit ) Dinosaurs portal North America portal List of North American birds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CGS Interactive Field Trips '' . www.ncgeology.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ LUCAS , S.G. , 2014 : Vertebrate paleontology in Central America : 30 years of progress. - Rev. Geol . Amér . Central , Número ^ Jump up to : Horne , Gregory S. , M.G. Atwood , and Allen P. King . 1974 . `` Stratigraphy , Sedimentology , and Paleoenvironment of Esquias Formation of Honduras . '' AAPG Bulletin 58 ( 2 ) : 176 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Horne , Gregory S. 1994 . `` A Mid-Cretaceous Ornithopod from Central Honduras . '' Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 50 Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TVcpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EW4FAAAAIBAJ&hl=es&pg=3853%2C4175165 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Diet is sometimes hard to determine for dinosaurs and should be considered a `` best guess '' Lists of Dinosaurs by Continent List of African dinosaurs List of Asian dinosaurs List of European dinosaurs List of Indian and Madagascan dinosaurs List of North American dinosaurs List of South American dinosaurs List of Australian and Antarctic dinosaurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_American_dinosaurs&oldid=866202903 '' Categories : Mesozoic dinosaurs of North America Lists of dinosaurs by landmass Lists of animals of North America Extinct animals of North America Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles which contain graphical timelines Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 23 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where in the united states did dinosaurs live	[]	[]
-2994839671772818238	Shameless (season 8)	Shameless ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 8 ) DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showtime Original release November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season , which premiered on November 5 , 2017 , consisted of a total of 12 episodes . This is also the last season to feature Isidora Goreshter as series regular , as she announced her departure from the series following the season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special Guest 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Yevgenivna Fisher Special Guest ( edit ) Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Richard Flood as Ford Recurring ( edit ) Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Alan Rosenberg as Professor Youens Ruby Modine as Sierra Morton Zack Pearlman as Neil Elliot Fletcher as Trevor Juliette Angelo as Geneva Alicia Coppola as Sue Scott Michael Campbell as Brad Levy Tran as Eddie Jessica Szohr as Nessa Chabon Perry Mattfeld as Mel David Brackett as Duran Sharon Lawrence as Margo Mierzejewski Faran Tahir as Adeeb Raffi Barsoumian as Bahir Sammi Hanratty as Kassidi Gallagher Chet Hanks as Charlie Tina Ivlev as Freelania Alexeyevich Scarlet Spencer as Xan Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' Iain B. MacDonald John Wells November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.86 Fiona begins renovating and selling apartments in her new building . Frank returns from the monastery and begins to apologize to everyone he has wronged in the past . Lip tries to get his drinking problem under control while also trying to win back Sierra . Debbie gets a new job and begins night school where she 's learning to become a welder . Ian tries to win back the heart of Trevor by helping teens at the youth center . Carl begins selling the meth that Monica left him and his siblings before she passed away while also staying in shape for military school over the summer break . Liam is used by the faculty of his new school to show off the school 's diversity for prospective parents . Kevin learns some disturbing news about his health and Veronica tries to take back the Alibi from Svetlana . 86 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.37 Fiona grapples with evicting someone from the apartment building . Frank finds a job for the first time and tries to be a respectable citizen . Lip tries to sabotage Sierra 's relationship . Ian goes with Trevor to a chub bar in an effort to fix their relationship . Carl tries to sell Ian 's portion of Monica 's meth but makes a troubling discovery about her . Liam visits a rich friend 's house and is astonished by the luxury that others have . Kevin is sent off to a cancer support group and finds people he can relate to , trying to be ready for the operation that is coming . 87 `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' Michael Morris Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1.34 While Kevin 's tumour is benign , he becomes obsessed with being healthy and , upon researching his genetics , discovers that he comes from an inbred community in Kentucky . Fiona 's evicted tenant destroys her room so Fiona attempts to find a new renter but comes into conflict with Nessa 's girlfriend , Mel . Neil breaks up with Debbie . Ian continues to struggle with Monica 's death . Lip tries to help Professor Yeouens deal with his alcoholism . Frank , now going by Francis , remains committed to becoming a better person . Svetlana tries to sell the Alibi , forcing Veronica to visit her in prison and make a deal , resulting in her release and partial - ownership of the bar . Monica 's partner threatens the Gallaghers and they dig up her body in order to retrieve the meth . 88 `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' Regina King Dominique Morisseau November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.59 Frank is helping as much as he can at Liam 's school , and meets a potential love interest amongst the mothers . Fiona is furious when Sean , now clean and married , returns to try and make amends . Lip is sex - crazed , and ends up sleeping with his co-worker , Eddie ( Levy Tran ) . Ian lets a shelter girl of Trevor 's sleep over to help her out of a bad spot , and gets chewed out by Trevor for it , but later they make amends , and Ian promises to try and find a living situation for some of the shelter kids . Debbie has moved back in , and is sad to be missing Frannie 's growing up because of work . Carl attempts to catch a junkie breaking into houses on the block . Another black child join Liam 's school . Kevin and Veronica meet Kevin 's family ; Kev is overwrought with emotion , whereas Veronica fears his family is racist . 89 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' Iain B. MacDonald Sheila Callaghan December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1.51 Fiona tries to raise the profile of the neighborhood ; Ian helps Trevor raise money for a youth shelter ; Carl loses his scholarship ; Lip stands up to a friend ; Frank teaches parents about the working class . 90 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Steilen December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.52 After she discovers one of her tenants dead , Fiona is forced to reflect on her own life , as the rift between her and Ian grows deeper . Meanwhile , Lip enlists Carl 's help to search for his AA sponsor , Brad , after he started drinking again . After having sex with Duran , Debbie has a pregnancy scare and tries to get a morning - after pill . Frank enjoys having his first - ever credit card , while Kev and V are making discoveries about their sexualities . 91 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' Iain B. MacDonald Molly Smith Metzler December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.58 Ian keeps testing Fiona 's patience , and starts a `` Occupy Fiona '' movement next to her building . With the support of Brad , Lip tries to help Youens for his DUI trial , after the latter 's fifth drunk driving conviction . Meanwhile , an unemployed Frank goes on a job hunt , while Debbie is facing a rude doctor at her own work . Carl gets close to Kassidi , one of his rehab clients , who comes up with a plan to get him easy money . An unsure Kev is learning how to sexually dominate V . 92 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' Emmy Rossum Nancy M. Pimental December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) 0.81 Fiona considers moving into one of her apartments , while she tries to get closer to Ford . Frank starts a business , by smuggling Muslims and drugs through the US - Canada border . Meanwhile , Lip interviews new AA sponsors , and discovers something about Charlie , Sierra 's boyfriend . Ian confronts a pastor preaching gay conversion , as Carl tries to reconcile his job with Kassidi , his new mercurial ) girlfriend . As she tries to find a new job and some money , Debbie thinks she may be pregnant again . Kev starts showing his dominating tricks against Svetlana at work , to the pleasure of V . 93 9 `` The Fugees '' Jeffrey Reiner Dominique Morisseau January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.65 Frank 's business takes a turn for the worse , as it sends him on the run through the Great White North . Ian 's run - in with a minister brings about some unexpected and new allies . Meanwhile , Fiona tries and fails to fit in with Ford 's group of friends , while Carl 's new girlfriend Kassidi suffers separation anxiety . As he gets closer to Eddie , Lip must decide whether to tell Sierra about Charlie 's secret baby or not . Debbie finds a new money opportunity thanks to the dog she is watching . After a visit from a former employee , Svetlana reveals to Kevin and V how bad she feels about her current miserable life . 94 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' Anna Mastro Sheila Callaghan January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.52 Ian tries to get a handle on his newfound fame and attention from his `` followers '' , as Frank finds a way to cash in . Meanwhile , Fiona struggles with her conscience as she decides to help the worker who fell off her roof . Lip deals with the sudden death of someone important to him , while Debbie starts doing some dangerous welding gigs . As Carl finds himself forced to marry Kassidi , Kev and V decide to help Svetlana to find a sugar daddy . 95 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' Iain B. MacDonald Mark Steilen January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.52 Fiona 's homeless tenants sue her , while barricading themselves inside her apartment . Frank considers his retirement , while Lip decides to help a terrified Sierra against her newly released father . Despite warnings , Ian wants to provide sanctuary to a runaway teen , as Carl is showing Kassidi his life before dating her . After her injury , Debbie decides to sacrifice her toes surgery over her school , as she ca n't pay for both . As Kev and V are unable to get her a sugar daddy , Svetlana finds an unconventional solution to her problem . 96 12 `` Sleepwalking '' John Wells John Wells January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.73 With the help of Ford , Fiona decides to `` go Gallagher '' to get rid of her homeless tenants and their lawsuit . Frank enrolls Liam in planning a burglary at his rich friend 's house , but Liam is having second thoughts . After things got out of hand , Ian is forced to hide from the authorities . Debbie considers joint custody of Franny with Derek , in exchange for child support . As Lip makes a decision regarding his life and his relationship with Sierra , Carl tries to find a way to go back to military school behind Kassidi 's back . Meanwhile , Kev and V help Svetlana to go through with her scheme . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' November 5 , 2017 0.7 1.86 0.5 1.16 1.2 3.02 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' November 12 , 2017 0.5 1.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' November 19 , 2017 0.5 1.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' November 26 , 2017 0.6 1.59 0.6 1.26 1.2 2.86 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' December 3 , 2017 0.6 1.51 0.5 1.42 1.1 2.93 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' December 10 , 2017 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.40 1.1 2.92 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' December 17 , 2017 0.5 1.58 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' December 31 , 2017 0.2 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` The Fugees '' January 7 , 2018 0.7 1.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' January 14 , 2018 0.6 1.52 0.5 1.37 1.1 2.90 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' January 21 , 2018 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.38 1.1 2.89 12 `` Sleepwalking '' January 28 , 2018 0.6 1.73 0.5 1.27 1.1 3.00 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goreshter , Isidora ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` All good things must come to an end '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Nashville ' grows by 400 percent in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=825896913 '' Categories : Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 01 : 43 . About Wikipedia	when does season 8 episode 10 of shameless air	[ "\n94\n10\n\"Church of Gay Jesus\"\nAnna Mastro\nSheila Callaghan\nJanuary 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)\n1.52[24]\n" ]	[ "January 14, 2018" ]
5998195110809465914	Legal immunity	Legal immunity - Wikipedia Legal immunity Legal immunity , or immunity from prosecution , is a legal status wherein an individual or entity can not be held liable for a violation of the law to facilitate societal aims that outweigh the value of imposing liability in such cases . Such legal immunity may be from criminal prosecution or from civil liability ( being subject of lawsuit ) or both . The most notable forms of legal immunity are diplomatic immunity , judicial immunity , and witness immunity . One author has described legal immunity as `` the obverse of a legal power : '' A party has an immunity with respect to some action , object or status , if some other relevant party -- in this context , another state or international agency , or citizen or group of citizens -- has no ( power ) right to alter the party 's legal standing in point of rights or duties in the specified respect . There is a wide range of legal immunities that may be invoked in the name of the right to rule . In international law , immunities may be created when states assert powers of derogation , as is permitted , for example , from the European Convention on Human Rights ' in times of war or other public emergency ' . Equally familiar examples include the immunities against prosecution granted to representatives ( MPs or councillors ) and government officials in pursuit of their duties . Such legal immunities may be suspect as potential violations of the rule of law , or regarded as quite proper , as necessary protections for the officers of the state in the rightful pursuit of their duties . Contents 1 Criticism 2 Types 2.1 Immunity of government officials 2.2 Immunity of citizens participating in the legal process 3 References Criticism ( edit ) Legal immunities may be subject to criticism because they institute a separate standard of conduct for those who receive them . For example , as one author notes : In the United Kingdom , some exercises of the royal prerogative , which seems to give the government of the day opportunities for massive and unaccountable discretion , rightly come under suspicion , whereas the immunity from libel proceedings of Members of Parliament speaking in the House , or of persons giving evidence in a court of law , is generally regarded as an acceptable protection against powerful ( and wealthy ) interests who would otherwise constrain public debate or the administration of justice . Types ( edit ) Immunity of government officials ( edit ) Many forms of immunity are granted to government officials to enable them to carry out their functions without fear of being sued or charged with a crime for so doing : Absolute immunity , a type of immunity for government officials that confers total immunity when acting in the course of their duties Qualified immunity , in the United States , immunity of individuals performing tasks as part of the government 's actions Judicial immunity , immunity of a judge or magistrate in the course of their official duties Parliamentary immunity , immunity granted to elected officials during their tenure and in the course of their duties Speech and Debate Clause , a provision in the United States Constitution that provides immunity to members of Congress for statements made in either house Sovereign immunity , the prevention of lawsuits or prosecution against rulers or governments without their given consent Sovereign immunity in the United States bars suit against federal , state , and tribal governments , which can not be sued without their consent . Governmental consent to be sued is expressed through legislation as a limited waiver of sovereign immunity Grants of immunity are particularly important in intergovernmental relations , where traditions have arisen to prevent the diplomatic representatives of a country from being harassed by their host countries . Diplomatic immunity , agreement between sovereign governments to exclude diplomats from local laws Immunity from prosecution ( international law ) , exclusion of governments or their officials from prosecution under international law State immunity , principle of international law that the government of a state is not amenable before the courts of another state Such immunities may be granted by law ( statutory or constitutional ) or by treaty . Immunity of citizens participating in the legal process ( edit ) Amnesty law , a law that provides immunity for past crimes Spousal privilege , also called spousal immunity , protects a spouse from testifying against the defendant Witness immunity , immunity granted to a witness in exchange for testimony Reporter 's privilege , a limited First Amendment right many jurisdictions by statutory law or judicial decision have by which journalists may not be prosecuted for protecting their confidential sources from discovery Charitable immunity , immunity from liability granted to charities in many countries from the 19th century to the mid-20th century Such immunities may be granted by law or , for witness immunity , by prosecutors or other authorities on a case by case basis , commonly as an agreement with the witnesses . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dudley Knowles , Political Obligation : A Critical Introduction ( 2009 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` LexMedia '' . lexmedia.com.au . This law - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_immunity&oldid=827571011 '' Categories : Law stubs Legal immunity Legal doctrines and principles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 14 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when can immunity from arrest of a member of congress not be invoked	[]	[]
5855777625563365182	Separation of powers under the United States Constitution	Separation of powers under the United States Constitution - wikipedia Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the separation of powers specifically in the United States . For the theory of separation of powers , see separation of powers . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Capitol dome as seen from the Supreme Court Building Play media U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about separation of powers and checks and balances of the U.S. Government Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws , in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches , each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others . This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution , according to which the Legislative , Executive , and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . During the Age of Enlightenment , philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as Thomas Hobbes , strongly opposed it . Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution . Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution . Under the UK Westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , Parliament ( consisting of the Sovereign ( King - in - Parliament ) , House of Lords and House of Commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . The executive branch acted in the name of the King ( `` His Majesty 's Government '' ) , as did the judiciary . The King 's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament , and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons . One minister , the Lord Chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords . Therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . In New Jersey , the Governor also functioned as a member of the state 's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature . The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents . In both Delaware and Pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . On the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government `` separate and distinct . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative power 2 Executive power 3 Judicial power 4 Checks and balances 4.1 Executive 4.2 Judicial 5 Equality of the branches 6 Views on separation of powers 7 Judicial independence 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Legislative power ( edit ) Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States . Under the nondelegation doctrine , Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . In this vein , the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v . The city of New York that Congress could not delegate a `` line - item veto '' to the President , by powers vested in the government by the Constitution . Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the Supreme Court has been less stringent . One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. ( 10 Wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between `` important '' subjects and mere details . Marshall wrote that `` a general provision may be made , and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . '' Marshall 's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers . It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v . The United States , 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935 ) , Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of `` fair competition . '' It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . The Court , however , has deemed that phrases such as `` just and reasonable , '' `` public interest '' and `` public convenience '' suffice . Executive power ( edit ) Executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the President . By law ( Section 2 . ) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy , Militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office `` with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , '' receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers , and `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' ( Section 3 . ) By using these words , the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President . Congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . Bodies such as the War Claims Commission ( created by the War Claims Act of 1948 ) , the Interstate Commerce Commission , and the Federal Trade Commission -- all quasi-judicial -- often have direct Congressional oversight . Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws Congress passes . In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha ( 1983 ) , the Supreme Court decided ( a ) The prescription for legislative action in Art . I , § 1 -- requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives -- and § 7 -- requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two - thirds of the Senate and House -- represents the Framers ' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure . This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers . Further rulings clarified the case ; even both Houses acting together can not override Executive vetos without a ⁄ majority . Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers . Judicial power ( edit ) See also : Article I and Article III tribunals and Jurisdiction stripping Judicial power -- the power to decide cases and controversies -- is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress . The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . If a court 's judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States . Courts exercising the judicial power are called `` constitutional courts . '' Congress may establish `` legislative courts , '' which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions , whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges . Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States . In Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. ( 1856 ) , the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide `` a suit at the common law , or in equity , or admiralty , '' as such a suit is inherently judicial . Legislative courts may only adjudicate `` public rights '' questions ( cases between the government and an individual and political determinations ) . Checks and balances ( edit ) Legislative Writes and enacts laws Enacts taxes , authorizes borrowing , and sets the budget Has sole power to declare war May start investigations , especially against the executive branch The Senate considers presidential appointments of judges and executive department heads The Senate ratifies treaties The House of Representatives may impeach , and the Senate may remove , executive and judicial officers Creates federal courts except for the Supreme Court , and sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court May override presidential vetoes Executive May veto laws Vice president presides over the Senate Wages war at the direction of Congress ( Congress makes the rules for the military ) Makes decrees or declarations ( for example , declaring a state of emergency ) and promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders Influences other branches of its agenda with the State of the Union address . Appoints judges and executive department heads Has power to grant pardons to convicted persons , except in cases of impeachment Executes and enforces orders of the court through federal law enforcement . Judicial Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Determines whether a law is unconstitutional . ( The power of judicial review is not expressly granted in the Constitution , but was held by the judiciary to be implicit in the constitutional structure in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . ) Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process , but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . ( The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review , determined by the type of case in question . ) Polices its own members Executive ( edit ) The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills , but Congress may override any veto ( excluding the so - called `` pocket veto '' ) by a two - thirds majority in each house . When the two houses of Congress can not agree on a date for adjournment , the president may settle the dispute . Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president . The Vice President serves as president of the Senate , but he may only vote to break a tie . The president , as noted above , appoints judges with the Senate 's advice and consent . He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves . Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate , or even to acceptance by the recipient . The President is not mandated to carry out the orders of the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court does not have any enforcement power ; the enforcement power lies solely with the executive branch . Thus , the executive branch can place a check on the Supreme Court through refusal to execute the orders of the court . For example , in Worcester v. Georgia , President Jackson refused to execute the orders of the Supreme Court . The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States . He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis . However , only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se , as well as to raise , fund and maintain the armed forces . Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate , such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice , and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office . Judicial ( edit ) Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review . This concept is not written into the Constitution , but was envisioned by many of the Constitution 's Framers ( for example , The Federalist Papers mention it ) . The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison . There were protests by some at this decision , born chiefly of political expediency , but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves . For this reason , precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional . A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality ; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts . But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation . Decisions of a Court of Appeals , for instance , are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction . The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress , which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts . The only constitutional limit on Congress ' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court ; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors , ministers or consuls . The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president 's impeachment trial . The rules of the Senate , however , generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer . Thus , the Chief Justice 's role in this regard is a limited one . Equality of the branches ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government . However , James Madison wrote in Federalist 51 , regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others , that `` it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self - defense . In republican government , the legislative authority necessarily predominates . '' One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches . In fact , its power to exercise judicial review -- its sole meaningful check on the other two branches -- is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution . The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War : in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) and Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review . Throughout America 's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see - saw struggle between Congress and the president . Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president 's vetoes . They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress , such as the Tenure of Office Act . Johnson 's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power . However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century . Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms . The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power : George Washington only vetoed two bills , James Monroe one , and John Adams , Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none . James Madison , a firm believer in a strong executive , vetoed seven bills . None of the first six Presidents , however , used the veto to direct national policy . It was Andrew Jackson , the seventh President , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon . During his two terms in office , he vetoed 12 bills -- more than all of his predecessors combined . Furthermore , he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ( `` Indian Removal '' ) ; he stated ( perhaps apocryphally ) , `` John Marshall has made his decision . Now let him enforce it ! '' Some of Jackson 's successors made no use of the veto power , while others used it intermittently . It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress . Andrew Johnson , a Democrat , vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the `` Radical Republicans . '' Congress , however , managed to override fifteen of Johnson 's twenty - nine vetoes . Furthermore , it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act . The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials . When Johnson deliberately violated the Act , which he felt was unconstitutional ( Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position ) , the House of Representatives impeached him ; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote . Grover Cleveland worked to restore power to the Presidency after Andrew Johnson 's impeachment . Johnson 's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency , which came to be almost subordinate to Congress . Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead , with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto prime minister . Grover Cleveland , the first Democratic President following Johnson , attempted to restore the power of his office . During his first term , he vetoed over 400 bills -- twice as many bills as his 21 predecessors combined . He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system , replacing them with more `` deserving '' individuals . The Senate , however , refused to confirm many new nominations , instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions . Cleveland steadfastly refused , asserting , `` These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate , and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment . '' Cleveland 's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees . Furthermore , Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration . Overall , this meant that Cleveland 's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination . Several 20th - century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency . Theodore Roosevelt , for instance , claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law -- in direct contrast to his immediate successor , William Howard Taft . Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression . Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority ; in Panama Refining v. Ryan , the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers . The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , another separation of powers case , was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt 's presidency . In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions , Roosevelt introduced a `` Court Packing '' plan , under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill . Such a plan ( which was defeated in Congress ) would have seriously undermined the judiciary 's independence and power . Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power . He asserted , for example , that `` the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation '' authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge 's warrant . Nixon also asserted that `` executive privilege '' shielded him from all legislative oversight ; furthermore , he impounded federal funds ( that is to say , he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs ) . In the specific cases aforementioned , however , the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon . This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes , even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege . Since then , Nixon 's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight . Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon 's , one may still conclude that the presidency 's power has been greatly augmented since the 18th and 19th centuries . Views on separation of powers ( edit ) Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism . In particular , John W. Kingdon made this argument , claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States . He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States , in part , to the separation of powers ; it gives groups more places to try to influence , and creates more potential group activity . He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation . Judicial independence ( edit ) Separation of powers has again become a current issue of some controversy concerning debates about judicial independence and political efforts to increase the accountability of judges for the quality of their work , avoiding conflicts of interest , and charges that some judges allegedly disregard procedural rules , statutes , and higher court precedents . Many legislators hold the view that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches ; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues ( other than perhaps minor questions ) , but must obtain some form of agreement across branches . That is , it is argued that `` checks and balances '' apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches -- for example , in the regulation of attorneys and judges , and the establishment by Congress of rules for the conduct of federal courts , and by state legislatures for state courts . Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court , the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court 's expertise , but can withdraw that delegation at any time . On the other side of this debate , many judges hold the view that separation of powers means that the Judiciary is independent and untouchable within the judicial sphere . In this view , separation of powers means that the Judiciary alone holds all powers relative to the judicial function and that the Legislative and Executive branches may not interfere in any aspect of the Judicial branch . An example of the second view at the state level is found in the Florida Supreme Court holding that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida , and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts . The State of New Hampshire also follows this system . See also ( edit ) Constitution of the Roman Republic Commander - in - Chief Fourth branch of government Signing statement The Imperial Presidency Unitary executive theory References ( edit ) Davis , Zoe ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Dean , John W. ( 2004 ) . `` The U.S. Supreme Court and The Imperial Presidency '' . Find Law . Kilman , Johnny H. & Costello , George , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Kunhardt , Philip B. , Jr. ; Kunhardt , Philip B. , III & Kunhardt , Peter W. ( 1999 ) . The American President . New York : Penguin . Madison , James ( 1788 ) . `` The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 17 . Calabresi , Steven G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Divorce : The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause '' . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . 157 : 134 -- 137 . SSRN 1294671 . Prakash , Saikrishna Bangalore ( 2009 ) . `` Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of President '' . Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy . 4 : 143 -- 151 . Mount , Stephen J.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Rewriting the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Two , Section 1 . Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton , 203 F. 3d 19 ( D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who believed in separation of powers and checks and balances	[ "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances." ]	[ "Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu" ]
392532223468053210	Six (TV series)	Six ( TV series ) - wikipedia Six ( TV series ) Six Genre Drama Action Created by William Broyles David Broyles Starring Barry Sloane Kyle Schmid Juan Pablo Raba Edwin Hodge Brianne Davis Nadine Velazquez Dominic Adams Walton Goggins Composer ( s ) Marco Beltrami Dennis Smith Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Leslie Linka Glatter Alfredo Barrios Jr . Bruce C. McKenna Harvey Weinstein Bob Weinstein David C. Glasser Nicolas Chartier Barry Jossen William Broyles David Broyles George W. Perkins Production location ( s ) Wilmington , North Carolina Santa Clarita , California British Columbia Cinematography David Klein Armando Salas Editor ( s ) Philip Neel Camera setup Single - camera Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Paint Rock Productions A + E Studios The Weinstein Company Distributor A + E Networks Release Original network History Original release January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) -- August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) External links Website Six ( stylized as SIX ) was an American television drama series . The series was ordered by the History channel with an eight - episode initial order . The first two episodes were directed by Lesli Linka Glatter . Six premiered on January 18 , 2017 . Six was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes on February 23 , 2017 , which premiered on May 28 , 2018 , with the second new episode airing during its regular timeslot on May 30 , 2018 . On June 29 , History announced they had cancelled the series after two seasons . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series chronicles the operations and daily lives of operators who are part of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) , more commonly known as SEAL Team Six , which is one of the U.S. Armed Forces ' primary counter-terrorism units . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Barry Sloane as Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator ( E-8 ) Joe `` Bear '' Graves a.k.a. Foxtrot Delta 1 / FD1 Kyle Schmid as Chief Special Warfare Operator ( E-7 ) Alex Caulder a.k.a. Foxtrot Delta 2 / FD2 Juan Pablo Raba as Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator ( E-8 ) Ricky `` Buddha '' Ortiz a.k.a. Foxtrot Delta 3 / FD3 Jaylen Moore as Chief Special Warfare Operator ( E-7 ) Armin `` Fishbait '' Khan a.k.a. Foxtrot Delta 5 / FD5 Edwin Hodge as Special Warfare Operator First Class ( E-6 ) Robert Chase a.k.a. Foxtrot Delta 6 / FD6 Brianne Davis as Lena Graves Nadine Velazquez as Jackie Ortiz Dominic Adams as Michael Nasry Walton Goggins as Former Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator ( E-8 ) Richard `` Rip '' Taggart Eric Ladin as Special Warfare Operator First Class ( E-6 ) Trevor Wozniak a.k.a. Foxtrot Delta 4 / FD4 ( season 2 ) Nikolai Nikolaeff as Tamerlin Shishoni , a Chechen / Jihadi mastermind ( season 2 ) Olivia Munn as Gina Cline , a high - level CIA Operations Officer ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Nondumiso Tembe as Na'omi Ajimuda Lindsley Register as Dharma Caulder Tyla Harris as Esther Jarreth J. Merz as Emir Hatim Al - Muttaqi Donny Boaz as Special Warfare Operator First Class ( E-6 ) Beauregard `` Buck '' Buckley a.k.a Foxtrot Delta 5 / FD5 ( season 1 ) Rus Blackwell as Commander ( O - 5 ) Atkins , the commanding officer of White Squadron . Zeeko Zaki as Akmal Barayev Joshua Gage as Ricky Ortiz , Jr . Jessica Garza as Anabel Ortiz Britt Rentschler as Tammi Buckley Angela Relucio as Lieutenant Junior Grade ( O - 2 ) Camille Fung Katherine Evans as Marissa ( season 2 ) Erik Palladino as Commander Scott Hughes , the new commanding officer of White Squadron . ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 10 May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Lesli Linka Glatter David Broyles & William Broyles January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 1.73 While on a mission in Afghanistan in 2014 , U.S. Navy SEAL troop leader Rip Taggart makes a questionable decision when he takes out a possible threat , working for the terrorist Muttaqi , who claims he 's American . Two years later , Rip is disbanded from his team and is working as a private security contractor in Nigeria helping to protect an all girls school . While on assignment , Rip is captured by terrorist organization Boko Haram , prompting Rip 's former squadmates within SEAL Team Six , including one new member , to locate and rescue him . It is revealed that the brother of the boy Rip killed is alive and active . `` Her Name Is Esther '' Lesli Linka Glatter David Broyles January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 1.50 While Rip sits in captivity resigned to his death at the hands of his captors , the rest of his old team engages a terrorist cell on a boat who has knowledge of his whereabouts . Bear and his wife visit a fertility clinic despite his reservations about the cost . Buddha is having troubles with his family . `` Tour of Duty '' Kimberly Peirce Bruce C. McKenna February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.74 The reasons behind Rip 's departure from SEAL Team Six are revealed . In conjunction with executing the prisoner in Afghanistan , he was also known to be an alcoholic , straining his relationship with his then - wife . While his whereabouts were known to his old teammates through a videoclip that the Boko Haram have transmitted , Rip unsuccessfully tries to escape . Michael , the brother of the American killed by Rip who now works for Muttaqi , plots revenge against him by planning to pay the ransom that Boko Haram put on Rip 's head and keeping him after . `` Man Down '' Mikael Salomon Alfredo Barrios Jr . February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 1.55 SEAL Team Six attempt to rescue Rip , as well as the kidnapped school girls and their teacher from the Boko Haram . However upon arrival in the camp , they discover the hostages gone , and the Boko Haram captors dead . They get themselves into a firefight with a group of soldiers left behind by Michael , who wounded SEAL operative Buckley . 5 5 `` Collateral '' Peter Werner Karen Campbell February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 1.60 SEAL Team Six deal with the loss of their teammate Buckley , who had died from his wounds at the Boko Haram compound . Meanwhile , Michael relocates the prisoners to Chad , where Muttaqi has a recruitment center for anyone who wants to enlist in his terrorist organization . Rip is forced to admit his `` war crimes '' on live television , particularly the time when he killed Michael 's brother . 6 6 `` Confession '' Clark Johnson William Broyles & Bruce C. McKenna February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.48 SEAL Team Six deal with the fallout over Rip 's confession video . They infiltrate the home of the sister of Michael 's colleague , Akmal , who owns the jihad training center in Chad . Caulder 's adultery is revealed while Bear 's frustrations with his previous mission strains his marriage to Lena . Meanwhile , Michael 's decision to capture Rip and kill his captors in the process comes to the attention of Muttaqi , who punishes him by honoring Rip 's offer of exchanging him and the school girls for 20 of his imprisoned colleagues and giving Michael to Boko Haram to execute him . 7 7 `` Blood Brothers '' Mikael Salomon David Broyles & Bruce C. McKenna March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 1.35 SEAL Team Six learns of the training facility 's location in Chad and performs a reconnaissance mission to identify present targets and locate Rip and the hostages . Meanwhile , Rip and Michael form an uneasy alliance to create a power struggle within Muttaqi 's organization , barely persuading Akmal in turning on his leader . 8 8 `` End Game '' Alex Graves David Broyles & Alfredo Barrios Jr . March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 1.59 During the assault on the training facility , Rip kills Muttaqi before attempting an escape with the hostages . Michael assumes leadership of the group and attempts to recapture the prisoners . SEAL Team Six intervenes and successfully rescues the hostages while Michael recaptures Rip . A team composed of Caulder , Chase , and Ortiz corners Michael and Rip , taking Michael into custody . During the aftermath of the rescue , a withdrawn Rip attempts to disappear , only to be mortally wounded by Marisa , one of Michael 's recent recruits . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The History Channel aired an hour - long special entitled `` Mission Debrief '' on May 23 , 2018 , as a recap of season 1 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Critical '' Colin Bucksey David Broyles May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 0.93 During the aftermath of Rip 's shooting , Rip succumbs to his gunshot wounds , deeply affecting Graves , Ortiz , and Caulder . While tracing the person responsible for ordering Rip 's shooting , CIA Operations officer Gina Cline coerces intelligence from the girlfriend of Bosnian ringleader Dragan . The team 's pursuit of Dragan fails when the latter detonates his suicide vest in order to prevent capture , but instead recover Dragan 's codebook . Analysis by the CIA leads Cline to believe that an unknown jihadi leader code - named `` The Prince '' , gave the order , and that Michael Nasry had business connections with him . To follow up on this intelligence , Cline visits Nasry at a CIA blacksite . 10 `` Ghosts '' Kimberly Peirce Bruce C. McKenna May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 0.79 While interrogating Nasry to turn on The Prince , Gina reveals her story of a double - cross created by former CIA asset Tamerlin Shishoni during an operation in Bosnia in 2004 , contextualizing Ortiz 's animosity with her . Meanwhile , Caulder narrowly avoids death after overdosing on Oxycodone to deal with his injuries from Dragan 's explosion . Graves has hallucinations that involve having conversations with Rip . 11 `` Dua '' Stephen Surjik Alfredo Barrios Jr . June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) 0.67 Intelligence given by Nasry deploys the SEAL team to a surveillance and kill / capture mission in Bosnia . During the operation , the SEALs tail Shishoni 's convoy to a mixed - martial arts gym and attempt to apprehend him , but instead kill a body double , capture a henchman , with Caulder being wounded in the process . Back in Virginia , Marissa kills her motel neighbor in order to cover up her assignment ; and Jackie purchases a gun for self - defense . 12 `` Seesaw '' Steve Shill Emmy Grinwis June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 0.89 Cline resumes her interrogation with Nasry in order to properly vet his reliability as a source of information , and learns of his group 's potential ties with Russia . Back in Virginia , Marissa resumes her surveillance activities on the Ortiz family ; Graves attempts to reconcile with Lena ; Caulder struggles with his medical recovery ; and Khan struggles with keeping his cousin 's family together . The Prince then kidnaps Andrew Hall , an American businessman who is a friend of the U.S. President and has ties to the American oil industry . 13 5 `` Masks '' Peter Werner Max Adams June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 0.76 While undergoing therapy , Caulder makes an emotional connection with a female veteran . Meanwhile , Nasry and Cline coerce information out of the SEALs ' prisoner . Intelligence recovered by Nasry leads the team to a safe house in Azerbaijan . During the aftermath of the raid , only one secretary is saved , Hall had been relocated , and the Prince sends the CIA a video showing Hall 's assistant 's decapitated head . In the video , the Prince demands that the CIA hand over Nasry in exchange for Hall . 14 6 `` Indian Country '' Scott Mann David Broyles & Bruce C. McKenna June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 0.79 Shortly after the Azerbaijan raid , Cline conducts another contentious operation with the SEALs in Georgia in order to escort Nasry to the Prince 's designated exchange spot in Chechnya . Meanwhile , Caulder bonds with his daughter over a shooting session , while Jackie faces a moment of uncertainty in encountering a man who may or may not be an enemy . 15 7 `` FUBAR '' Mikael Salomon Alfredo Barrios Jr . July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 0.77 THE SEALs and Cline take shelter in the village of Khishnet to perform the prisoner exchange . However , the Prince has instead sent a platoon of fighters to kill Nasry and the SEALs and capture Cline alive . The ambush is repelled by the SEALs with the aid of the villagers , and Nasry is released from captivity in an attempt to help undermine the Prince 's leadership . Back in Virginia , Caulder faints and learns that his next brain injury could be fatal ; Marisa befriends Anabel and Jackie . 16 8 `` Scorpions in a Bottle '' Michael Morris Vincent Pagano July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 0.63 Shortly after returning to the United States , Cline is dismissed from the C.I.A. for executing her prisoner . Using her retirement funds , Cline asks a foreign intelligence agency to trace some phone calls on her behalf and learns of the Prince 's ties to the Russian F.S.B. While surrendering himself to the Prince , Michael makes a brief video conference call with Marissa , promising her to kill all of the SEALs . Michael also kills the FSB agents to prove his loyalty to the Prince , and provides a covert proof - of - life call to Cline . Meanwhile , Marissa makes a failed attempt to assassinate Ortiz . 17 9 `` The Reckoning '' Stephen Kay Bruce C. McKenna & Max Adams July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 0.63 Intelligence by Nasry leads the SEALs to an abandoned copper mine in Ititala , Azerbaijan . Caulder makes the decision to rejoin the team at the cost of burning his relationship with his daughter . While conducting the raid , the SEALs successfully rescue Hall , but run into complications during extraction . The local villagers who are loyal to the Prince ambush the team , and wound Khan in the process . Bear , Wozniak , and Caulder remain in hostile territory to protect Khan while the rest of the team is extracted . 18 10 `` Danger Close '' Kimberly Peirce David Broyles & Bruce C. McKenna August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 0.69 While Bear , Wozniak , and Caulder give Khan medical attention , Cline is forced to make the call between assassinating the Prince and preserving Nasry 's life . After being convinced by Ortiz that Nasry is a traitor , Cline orders a drone strike on Nasry 's last position . Meanwhile , Nasry separates himself from the Prince after the latter suspected him of working with the C.I.A. , avoiding the drone strike in the process . During the aftermath of the drone strike , Cline has one final conversation with the Prince before being killed by his suicide grenade . Back in Virginia , Caulder writhes in agony after having suffered a concussion from his last deployment ; Marissa attempts to kill the Ortiz family , but only successfully kills Lena before being killed by Jackie . Production ( edit ) Joe Manganiello was originally cast as Rip Taggart but left the series in April 2016 `` due to a ' manageable ' preexisting health issue '' . About a week after Manganiello 's departure , Walton Goggins was cast as his replacement . All of the already done shoots with Manganiello 's character , nearly two full episodes , had to be re-shot . Also Christopher Backus had been cast , but left the project to be on the series Roadies before the series started shooting . Season two , which consists of 10 episodes , is being produced by a new production company , Six 2 North Productions Inc . Kimberly Peirce and Colin Bucksey are directors , with George Perkins the executive producer . Season two began filming on July 17 , 2017 , in Metro Vancouver , around Pemberton , and throughout British Columbia , and will complete filming on November 23 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 62 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Six 's well - crafted action and engaging characters are intriguing in spite of the show 's trite premise and familiar narrative . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` History Orders Navy SEAL Drama Series ' Six ' -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Lesli Linka Glatter To Direct History 's Military Drama ' Six ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Six ' : History 's Military Drama Gets 2017 Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` History 's Military Drama ' Six ' Renewed for Season Two '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Six ' : History 's Navy SEAL Drama Series Gets Season 2 Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Six ' Canceled By History After 2 Seasons '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Barry Sloane To Star In History 's Military Drama Series ' Six ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Six ' : Kyle Schmid To Co-Star In History 's Military Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Six ' : Juan Pablo Raba Cast In History 's Navy SEAL Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Edwin Hodge Joins History 's Military Drama Series ' Six ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Nadine Velazquez & Brianne Davis Join History 's Military Drama Series ' Six ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Six ' : Dominic Adams Lands Lead In History 's Military Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Walton Goggins Replaces Joe Manganiello In ' Six ' ; Production Set To Restart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Six ' : Eric Ladin Joins Season 2 Of History 's Navy SEAL Drama As New Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` ' Six ' : Jaylen Moore Promoted , Nikolai Nikolaeff & Katherine Evans Join Season 2 Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Six ' : Olivia Munn Joins Season 2 Of History 's Navy SEAL Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` ' Six ' : Erik Palladino Set To Recur In Season 2 Of History Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - six on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 1.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Joe Manganiello To Co-Star In History 's Military Drama Series ' Six ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Joe Manganiello Leaves ' SIX ' for Health Reasons -- History 's Navy Seal Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Roadies ' : Rainn Wilson & Christopher Backus Join Crowe Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` SIX Renewed for a Beefier Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of filming : Duffey Lake Road / Hwy 99 and Lillooet Forest Service Road ( Upper Pemberton Meadows ) : July 17 - 19 , 2017 '' . Squamish - Lillooet Regional District . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . Creative BC . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Miranda Sings , Riverdale , Janelle Monáe , Steve Carrell , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Six : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . 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-4219218972433675121	On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)	On the Road Again ( Canned Heat song ) - wikipedia On the Road Again ( Canned Heat song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` On the Road Again '' Single by Canned Heat from the album Boogie with Canned Heat B - side `` Boogie Music '' Released April 24 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 24 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded September 6 , 1967 Studio Liberty , Los Angeles Genre Blues rock , psychedelic rock Length 3 : 28 Label Liberty ( no . 56038 ) Songwriter ( s ) Floyd Jones , Alan Wilson Producer ( s ) Cal Carter Canned Heat singles chronology `` Evil Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` On the Road Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Going Up the Country '' ( 1968 ) `` On the Road Again '' is a song recorded by the American blues - rock group Canned Heat in 1967 . A driving blues - rock boogie , it was adapted from earlier blues songs and includes mid-1960s psychedelic rock elements . Unlike most of Canned Heat 's songs from the period , second guitarist and harmonica player Alan Wilson provides the distinctive falsetto vocal . `` On the Road Again '' first appeared on their second album , Boogie with Canned Heat , in January 1968 ; when an edited version was released as a single in April 1968 , `` On the Road Again '' became Canned Heat 's first record chart hit and one of their best - known songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier songs 2 Recording and composition 3 Personnel 4 Releases and charts 5 Influence 6 Notes 7 External links Earlier songs ( edit ) With his record company 's encouragement , Chicago blues musician Floyd Jones recorded a song titled `` On the Road Again '' in 1953 . It was a remake of his successful 1951 song `` Dark Road '' . Both songs are based on Mississippi Delta bluesman Tommy Johnson 's 1928 song `` Big Road Blues '' ( Canned Heat took their name from Johnson 's 1928 song `` Canned Heat Blues '' ) . Johnson 's lyrics include : `` Well I ai n't goin ' down that big road by myself ... If I do n't carry you gon na carry somebody else '' . Jones `` reshaped Tommy Johnson 's verses into an eerie evocation of the Delta '' . In `` Dark Road '' he added : Whoaa well my mother died and left me Ohh when I was quite young , when I was quite young ... Said Lord have mercy ooo , on my wicked son And in `` On the Road Again '' he added Whoaa I had to travel , whoaa in the rain and snow in the rain and snow My baby had quit me ooo ( 2 × ) Have no place to go Both songs share a `` hypnotic one - chord drone piece '' - arrangement that one - time Floyd Jones musical partner Howlin ' Wolf used for his songs `` Crying at Daybreak '' and the related `` Smokestack Lightning '' . Recording and composition ( edit ) `` On the Road Again '' was among the first songs Canned Heat recorded as demos in April 1967 at the RCA Studios in Chicago with original drummer Frank Cook . At over seven minutes in length , it has the basic elements of the later album version , but is two minutes longer with more harmonica and guitar soloing . During the recording for their second album , Canned Heat recorded `` On the Road Again '' with new drummer Adolfo `` Fito '' de la Parra . The session took place September 6 , 1967 , at the Liberty Records studio in Los Angeles . Alan Wilson used verses from Floyd Jones ' `` On the Road Again '' and `` Dark Road '' and added some lines of his own : Well I 'm so tired of cryin ' but I 'm out on the road again , I 'm on the road again ( 2 × ) I ai n't got no woman just to call my special friend For the instrumental accompaniment , Canned Heat uses a `` basic E / G / A blues chord pattern '' or `` one - chord boogie riff '' adapted from John Lee Hooker 's 1949 hit `` Boogie Chillen ' '' . Expanding on Jones ' hypnotic drone , Wilson used an Eastern string instrument called a tambura to give the song a psychedelic ambience . Although Bob Hite was the group 's primary vocalist , `` On the Road '' features Wilson as the singer , `` utilizing his best Skip James - inspired falsetto vocal '' . Wilson also provides the harmonica parts . The basic riff is used again by Canned Heat on `` Fried Hockey Boogie '' , an eleven - minute boogie by Larry Taylor which showcases the band 's musicality with a series of virtuoso solo performances by members . Personnel ( edit ) Alan Wilson -- vocal , harmonica , electric guitar , tambura Henry Vestine -- electric guitar Larry Taylor -- bass guitar Adolfo de la Parra -- drums Releases and Charts ( edit ) `` On the Road Again '' is included on Canned Heat 's second album , Boogie with Canned Heat , released January 21 , 1968 , by Liberty Records . After receiving strong response from airplay on American `` underground '' FM radio , Liberty issued the song as a single on April 24 , 1968 . To make the song more Top - 40 AM radio - friendly , Liberty edited it from the original length of 4 : 55 to a 3 : 33 single version . It became Canned Heat 's first single to appear in the record charts . Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Top 40 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada RPM Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) 14 Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) U.K. ( Official Singles Chart ) 8 U.S. ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 16 On the singles , Floyd Jones and Alan Wilson are listed as the composers , while the album credits Jim Oden / James Burke Oden ( also known as St. Louis Jimmy Oden ) . `` On the Road Again '' appears on several Canned Heat compilation albums , including Let 's Work Together : The Best of Canned Heat ( 1989 ) and Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat ( 1994 ) . Also , it is featured on the soundtrack to Wim Wenders 1974 film Alice in the Cities . Influence ( edit ) Although songs inspired by John Lee Hooker 's `` Detroit - era boogie '' had been recorded over the years by a variety of blues musicians , Canned Heat 's `` On the Road Again '' popularized the guitar - boogie or E / G / A riff in the rock world . As a result , `` it 's been a standard rock and roll pattern ever since '' . Canned Heat used it frequently as the starting point for several of their extended jam songs , including the 40 minute live opus `` Refried Boogie ( Part I & II ) '' from their late 1968 Living the Blues album . When Hooker recorded an updated version of `` Boogie Chillen ' '' , titled `` Boogie Chillen No. 2 '' , with the group in 1970 for Hooker ' n Heat , it had come full circle . Several other musicians have recorded `` On the Road Again '' , including Katie Melua on her album Piece by Piece ( 2005 ) and Canadian band Sloan in a medley with the Stereolab song `` Transona Five '' on Recorded Live at a Sloan Party ! ( 1997 ) . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` On the Road Again , Canned Heat : This song ... is psychedelic blues - rock that benefits from studio overdubbing technology . '' Jump up ^ Bob Hite prefaces the recording with `` OK ... light and greasy , do n't let it go down '' . Jump up ^ One author described Wilson 's vocal style as `` reminiscent of Skip James at his most ectoplasmic '' . Jump up ^ Wilson 's harmonica solo has a note that is not playable without an overblow ; he re-tuned his harmonica 's six hole up a half step . Jump up ^ Canned Heat 's first single , `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' , appeared in Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 115 in July 1967 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Jimmy Oden was a part - owner of J.O.B. Records , the label that issued Floyd Jones ' singles . Citations Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Gioia ) 2008 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ J.O.B. Records 1013 Jump up ^ J.O.B. 1001 Jump up ^ Victor Records 21409 Jump up ^ Koda 1996 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Rowe 1991 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer 1981 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Russo 1994 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` Canned Heat : On the Road Again -- Song review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer 1981 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Russo 1994 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Russo 1994 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` On the Road Again in Australian Chart '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Canned Heat -- On the Road Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` On the road again in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On the road again in French Chart '' ( in French ) . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Canned Heat '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Canned Heat -- On The Road Again '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` On the road again in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . 2nd result when searching `` On the Road Again '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : C '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Canned Heat '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Canned Heat -- On the Road Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Canned Heat -- On the Road Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Canned Heat -- Singles '' . Official Charts . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russo 1994 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Gioia 2008 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 395 . References Evans , David ( 2005 ) . The NPR Curious Listener 's Guide to Blues . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 53072 - 2 . Gioia , Ted ( 2008 ) . Delta Blues . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33750 - 1 . Koda , Cub ( 1996 ) . Erlewine , Michael , ed . All Music Guide to the Blues . Miller Freeman Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 424 - 3 . Murray , Charles Shaar ( 2002 ) . Boogie Man : The Adventures of John Lee Hooker in the American Twentieth Century . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27006 - 3 . Palmer , Robert ( 1981 ) . Deep Blues . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006223 - 8 . Rowe , Mike ( 1991 ) . Blues Is Killing Me ( Album notes ) . Various artists . Paula Records . PCD - 19 . Russo , Greg ( 1994 ) . Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat ( CD compilation booklet ) . Canned Heat . EMI / Liberty . 7243 8 29165 2 9 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Canned Heat Bob Hite Alan Wilson Henry Vestine Larry Taylor Adolfo de la Parra Harvey Mandel Studio albums Canned Heat Boogie with Canned Heat Living the Blues Hallelujah Future Blues Vintage Hooker ' n Heat Historical Figures and Ancient Heads The New Age One More River to Cross Reheated Live albums Canned Heat ' 70 Concert Live in Europe Live at Topanga Corral Compilations Let 's Work Together : The Best of Canned Heat Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat Singles `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' `` On the Road Again '' `` Going Up the Country '' `` Let 's Work Together ( Let 's Stick Together ) '' Other songs `` Spoonful '' `` Got My Mojo Working '' `` Pretty Thing '' `` Dimples '' `` Talk to Me Baby ( I Ca n't Hold Out ) '' `` Evil Is Going On '' `` Goin ' Down Slow '' `` Catfish Blues '' `` Dust My Broom '' `` Help Me '' `` The Hunter '' `` Mean Old World '' `` Pony Blues '' `` Terraplane Blues '' `` Big Fat ( The Fat Man ) '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` It Hurts Me Too '' `` That 's All Right ( Mama ) '' `` Bring It On Home '' `` Killing Floor '' `` Meet Me in the Bottom '' `` Driftin ' Blues '' `` Boogie Chillen No. 2 '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Chicken Shack Boogie '' `` Take Me to the River '' Related articles Discography Tommy Johnson Floyd Jones Jug band Boogie rock Johnny Otis John Lee Hooker List of band members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Road_Again_(Canned_Heat_song)&oldid=807266615 '' Categories : 1968 singles Blues songs Canned Heat songs 1967 songs Liberty Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Euskara Français Italiano Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 23 : 00 . About Wikipedia	who sings i'm on the road again	[ "\"On the Road Again\" is a song recorded by the American blues-rock group Canned Heat in 1967. A driving blues-rock boogie,[2] it was adapted from earlier blues songs and includes mid-1960s psychedelic rock elements. Unlike most of Canned Heat's songs from the period, second guitarist and harmonica player Alan Wilson provides the distinctive falsetto vocal. \"On the Road Again\" first appeared on their second album, Boogie with Canned Heat, in January 1968; when an edited version was released as a single in April 1968, \"On the Road Again\" became Canned Heat's first record chart hit and one of their best-known songs." ]	[ "Canned Heat" ]
8852609760020846089	Deacon	Deacon - wikipedia Deacon This article is about the office in Christian churches . For other uses , see Deacon ( disambiguation ) . Saint Stephen , one of the first seven deacons in the Christian Church , holding a Gospel Book in a 1601 painting by Giacomo Cavedone . A deacon is a member of the diaconate , an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind , but which varies among theological and denominational traditions . Some Christian churches , such as the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican church , view the diaconate as part of the clerical state ; in others , the deacon remains a layperson . The word deacon is derived from the Greek word diákonos ( διάκονος ) , which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning `` servant '' , `` waiting - man '' , `` minister '' , or `` messenger '' . One commonly promulgated speculation as to its etymology is that it literally means `` through the dust '' , referring to the dust raised by the busy servant or messenger . It is generally assumed that the office of deacon originated in the selection of seven men by the apostles , among them Stephen , to assist with the charitable work of the early church as recorded in Acts 6 . The title deaconess ( διακόνισσα diakónissa ) is not found in the Bible . However , one woman , Phoebe , is mentioned at Romans 16 : 1 -- 2 as a deacon ( διάκονος diákonos ) of the church in Cenchreae . Nothing more specific is said about her duties or authority , although it is assumed she carried Paul 's Letter to the Romans . The exact relationship between male and female deacons varies . In some traditions a female deacon is simply a member of the order of deacons , while in others , deaconesses constitute a separate order . In some traditions , the title `` deaconess '' was also sometimes given to the wife of a deacon . Female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. 112 . `` I believed it was necessary to find out from two female slaves ( ex duabus ancillis ) who were called deacons ( ministrae ) , what was true -- and to find out through torture ( per tormenta ) '' This is the earliest Latin text that appears to refer to female deacons as a distinct category of Christian minister . A biblical description of the qualities required of a deacon , and of his household , can be found in 1 Timothy 3 : 1 -- 13 . Among the more prominent deacons in history are Stephen , the first Christian martyr ( the `` protomartyr '' ) ; Philip , whose baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch is recounted in Acts 8 : 26 -- 40 ; St. Phoebe , who is mentioned in the letter to the Romans ; Saint Lawrence , an early Roman martyr ; Saint Vincent of Saragossa , protomartyr of Spain ; Saint Francis of Assisi , founder of the mendicant Franciscans ; Saint Ephrem the Syrian ; and Saint Romanos the Melodist , a prominent early hymnographer . Prominent historical figures who played major roles as deacons and went on to higher office include Athanasius of Alexandria , Thomas Becket , and Reginald Pole . On June 8 , 536 , a serving Roman deacon was raised to Pope , Silverius . The title is also used for the president , chairperson , or head of a trades guild in Scotland ; and likewise to two officers of a Masonic lodge . Contents 1 Catholicism , Orthodoxy , Anglicanism 1.1 Roman Catholicism 1.2 Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism 1.3 Anglicanism 1.4 Deaconesses 2 Calvinistic churches 2.1 Church of Scotland 2.2 Presbyterian Church ( PCUSA , PCA , OPC , etc . ) 2.3 Dutch Reformed churches 3 Methodist churches 4 Other traditions 4.1 Iglesia ni Cristo 4.2 Amish 4.3 Church of the Brethren 4.4 Baptists 4.5 Uniting Church in Australia 4.6 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 4.7 Church of Christ 4.8 New Apostolic Church 4.9 Jehovah 's Witnesses 5 Cognates 6 Scots usage 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 9.1 Church of Christ 9.2 Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 9.3 Lutheran Church 10 External links Catholicism , orthodoxy , anglicanism ( edit ) The diaconate is one of the major orders in the Catholic , Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox churches . The other major orders are those of bishop and presbyter ( priest ) and , historically sub-deacon . While the diaconate as a vocation was maintained from earliest Apostolic times to the present in the Eastern churches ( Orthodox and Catholic ) , it mostly disappeared in the Western church ( with a few notable exceptions such as St. Francis of Assisi ) during the first millennium , with Western churches retaining deacons attached to diocesan cathedrals . The diaconate continued in a vestigial form as a temporary , final step along the course toward ordination to priesthood . In the 20th century , the diaconate was restored as a vocational order in many Western churches , most notably in the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion , and the United Methodist Church . In Catholic , Orthodox , and Anglican churches , deacons assist priests in their pastoral and administrative duties , but often report indirectly to the bishops of their diocese . They have a distinctive role in the liturgy of the Eastern and Western Churches . In the Eastern Church , deacons have a profound liturgical presence in the Divine Liturgy . In the Western Church , Pope St. Gregory the Great greatly reduced the liturgical role of the deacon in the Roman Rite , limiting them to serving the bishop , the proclamation of the Gospel , assisting the celebrant at the altar aside from the deacon 's calling of charity . Today , deacons are also granted permission to preach . Roman catholicism ( edit ) Part of a series on the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Saint Peter Ecclesiastical titles ( order of precedence ) Pope Cardinal Cardinal Vicar Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic Delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar Apostolic Apostolic Exarch Apostolic Prefect Assistant at the Pontifical Throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Bishop Archbishop Bishop Emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles ( show ) Acolyte Consecrator Lector Reader Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles ( show ) Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Defender of the Bond Definitor Devil 's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Episcopal vicar Exorcist Judicial vicar Lay brother Lay cardinal Monsignor Officialis Pastor Assistant pastor Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Priest Protonotary Apostolic Saint Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar forane Vicar general Consecrated and professed titles ( show ) Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand Master Hermit Master general Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles ( show ) Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Captain General of the Church Chorbishop Commissary Apostolic Datarius Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Precentor Prince - bishop Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Organization titles ( show ) Grand Master Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Catholicism portal In Poland , a Catholic deacon chants the Exsultet at the Easter Vigil . Beginning around the fifth century , there was a gradual decline in the permanent diaconate in the Latin church . It has however remained a vital part of the Eastern Catholic Churches . From that time until the years just prior to the Second Vatican Council , the only men ordained as deacons were seminarians who were completing the last year or so of graduate theological training , so - called `` transitional deacons '' , who received the order after they complete their third year at the theological seminary , several months before priestly ordination . Following the recommendations of the council ( in Lumen gentium , 29 ) , in 1967 Pope Paul VI issued the motu proprio Sacrum Diaconatus Ordinem , restoring the ancient practice of ordaining to the diaconate men who were not candidates for priestly ordination . These men are known as permanent deacons in contrast to those continuing their formation , who were then called transitional deacons . There is no sacramental or canonical difference between the two , however , as there is only one order of deacons . Ornately embroidered dalmatic , the proper vestment of the deacon ( shown from the back with an appareled amice ) The permanent diaconate formation period in the Roman Catholic Church varies from diocese to diocese as it is determined by the local ordinary . But it usually entails a year of prayerful preparation , a four - or five - year training period that resembles a collegiate course of study , and a year of post-ordination formation as well as the need for lifelong continuing education credits . Diaconal candidates receive instruction in philosophy , theology , study of the Holy Scriptures ( the Bible ) , homiletics , sacramental studies , evangelization , ecclesiology , counseling , and pastoral care and ministry before ordination . Although they are assigned to work in a parish -- which for permanent deacons will usually be their home parish who sponsored them and possibly nearby parishes and certain other ministries ( judge on the tribunal , marriage counselor , diocesan vice chancellor , hospital or school vice chaplain ) -- by the diocesan bishop , once assigned , deacons are under the supervision of the parish pastors and , for those working in diocesan ministries , the priest or other individual overseeing those offices , if the deacon is not in charge there . Unlike most clerics , permanent deacons who also have a secular profession have no right to receive a salary for their ministry , but many dioceses opt to remunerate them anyway . The ministry of the deacon in the Roman Catholic Church is described as one of service in three areas : the Word , the Liturgy and Charity . The deacon 's ministry of the Word includes proclaiming the Gospel during the Mass , preaching and teaching . The deacon 's liturgical ministry includes various parts of the Mass proper to the deacon , including being an ordinary minister of Holy Communion and the proper minister of the chalice when Holy Communion is administered under both kinds . The ministry of charity involves service to the poor and marginalized and working with parishioners to help them become more involved in such ministry . As clerics , deacons are required to pray the Liturgy of the Hours . Deacons , like priests and bishops , are ordinary ministers of the sacrament of Baptism and can serve as the church 's witness at the sacrament of Holy Matrimony , which the bride and groom administer to each other ( though if the exchange of vows takes place in a wedding Mass , or Nuptial Mass , the Mass is celebrated by the priest and the deacon acts as another witness ) . Deacons may preside at funeral rites not involving a Mass ( e.g. , the final commendation at the gravesite or the reception of the body at a service in the funeral home ) , and may assist the priest at the Requiem Mass . They can preside over various services such as Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament , and they may give certain blessings . They can not hear confession and give absolution , anoint the sick , or celebrate Mass . At Mass , the deacon is the ordinary minister of the proclamation of the Gospel ( in fact , a priest , bishop , or even the Pope should not proclaim the Gospel if a deacon is present ) and of Holy Communion ( primarily , of the Precious Blood ) . As ordained clerics , and if granted faculties by their bishops , deacons may preach the homily at a public Mass , unless the priest celebrant retains that ministry to himself at a given Mass . Catholic deacon wearing a dalmatic The vestments most particularly associated with the Western Rite Catholic deacon are the alb , stole and dalmatic . Deacons , like priests and bishops , must wear their albs and stoles ; deacons place the stole over their left shoulder and it hangs across to their right side , while priests and bishops wear it around their necks . The dalmatic , a vestment especially associated with the deacon , is worn during the celebration of the Mass and other liturgical functions ; its use is more liberally applied than the corresponding vestment of the priest , the chasuble . In the United States , some deacons only wear the dalmatic at Masses that are considered feasts , solemnities , or solemn or important occasions , such as ordinations , weddings , funerals , Baptisms , or dedication ceremonies . At certain major celebrations , such as ordinations , the diocesan bishop wears a dalmatic under his chasuble , to signify that he enjoys the fullness of the three degrees of Holy Orders -- deacon , priest , and Bishop . Permanent deacons often serve in parish or other ministry as their time permits , since they typically have other full - time employment . They may also act as parish administrators ( canon 217 of the Code of Canon Law ) . With the passage of time , more and more deacons are serving in full - time ministries in parishes , hospitals , prisons , and in diocesan positions . Deacons often work directly in ministry to the marginalized inside and outside the church : the poor , the sick , the hungry , the imprisoned . The transitional diaconate is to be conferred on seminarians ( continuing to the priesthood ) no sooner than 23 years of age ( canon 1031 of the Code of Canon Law ) . The permanent diaconate can be conferred on single men 25 or older , and on married men 35 or older , but an older age can be required by the episcopal conference . If a married deacon is widowed , he must maintain the celibate state . Under some very rare circumstances , however , deacons who have been widowed can receive permission to remarry . This is most commonly done when the deacon is left as a single father . In some cases , a widowed deacon will seek priestly ordination , especially if his children are grown . ( See also clerical celibacy . ) The wife of a permanent deacon may be sometimes considered a partner in his ordained ministry . In many dioceses , the wife of the diaconal candidate undertakes the same education and training her husband does . A deacon is not styled `` Father '' as a priest would be , but as `` Deacon '' , ( in Spanish , `` Diácono '' ) abbreviated variously as `` Dn . '' or `` Dcn . '' This preferred method of address is stated in the 2005 document of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , National Directory for the Formation , Ministry and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States . The proper address in written correspondence for all Deacons of the Latin ( Roman Rite ) Catholic Church in the United States is `` Deacon Name '' , although it is not uncommon to see `` Rev. Mr . '' sometimes used . `` Rev. Mr . '' , however , is more often used to indicate a transitional deacon ( i.e. , preparing for ordination to the priesthood ) or one who belongs to a religious institute , while Rev. Deacon is used as the honorific for permanent deacons in many dioceses ( e.g. Rev. Deacon John Smith , or Deacon John Smith ) . The decision as to whether deacons wear the Roman collar as street attire is left to the discretion of each bishop for his own diocese . Where clerical garb is approved by the bishop , the deacon can choose to wear or not wear the `` collar '' . Where it is not permitted , the deacon must wear secular clothing . It is becoming more common to see deacons wearing a clerical suit especially in prisons and jails . Deacons , like seminarians , religious , and the two other orders , bishops and priests , pray the Liturgy of the Hours ; however , deacons are usually only required to pray Morning and Evening Prayer . In solemn Masses today and more so in older Rites of the Mass , one deacon will serve as the Deacon of the Word ( proclaiming the Gospel and the Kyrie , and some other parts ) , and the Deacon of the Eucharist , who assists the priest during the Liturgy of the Eucharist . Before the reforms of Vatican Council II and the restoration of the permanent diaconate , it was common for a priest to vest as a deacon at High Mass and perform the parts assigned for the deacon . Those who have embraced the reforms of the Council generally consider it an abuse for a priest to vest as a deacon . If a priest or priests have to undertake certain duties normally allowed to a deacon -- the homily , being a minister of the chalice , visiting prisons or hospitals , etc. , he will vest as a priest , wearing the chasuble -- or at least the stole and alb -- at Mass and solemn ceremonies , and the clerical suit with collar elsewhere . Eastern orthodoxy and Eastern catholicism ( edit ) Greek Orthodox deacon in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem , wearing an orarion over his sticharion . On his head he wears the clerical kamilavka . In addition to proclaiming the Gospel and assisting in the distribution of Holy Communion , the deacon censes the icons and people , calls the people to prayer , leads the litanies , and has a role in the dialogue of the Anaphora . In keeping with Eastern tradition , he is not permitted to perform any Sacred Mysteries ( sacraments ) on his own , except for Baptism in extremis ( in danger of death ) , conditions under which anyone , including the laity , may baptize . When assisting at a normal baptism , it is often the deacon who goes down into the water with the one being baptized ( Acts 8 : 38 ) . In contrast to the Roman Catholic Church , deacons in the Eastern Churches may not preside at the celebration of marriages , as in Eastern theology the sacrament is conferred by the nuptial blessing of a priest . Diaconal vestments are the sticharion ( dalmatic ) , the orarion ( deacon 's stole ) , and the epimanikia ( cuffs ) . The last are worn under his sticharion , not over it as does a priest or bishop . The deacon usually wears a simple orarion which is only draped over the left shoulder but , if elevated to the rank of archdeacon , he wears the `` doubled - orarion '' , meaning it is passed over the left shoulder , under the right arm , and then crossed over the left shoulder ( see photograph , right ) . In modern Greek practice , a deacon wears this doubled orarion from the time of his ordination . Also , in the Greek practice , he wears the clerical kamilavka ( cylindrical head covering ) with a rim at the top . In Slavic practice , a hierodeacon ( monastic deacon ) wears the simple black kamilavka of a monk ( without the rim ) , but he removes the monastic veil ( see klobuk ) when he is vested ; a married deacon would not wear a kamilavka unless it is given to him by the bishop as an ecclesiastical award ; the honorary kamilavka is purple in colour , and may be awarded to either married or monastic clergy . As far as street clothing is concerned , immediately following his ordination the deacon receives a blessing to wear the Exorasson ( Arabic : Jib'be , Slavonic : Riassa ) , an outer cassock with wide sleeves , in addition to the Anterion ( Slavonic : Podraznik ) , the inner cassock worn by all orders of clergy . In the Slavic practice , married clergy may wear any of a number of colours , but most often grey , while monastic clergy always wear black . In certain jurisdictions in North America and Western Europe , a Roman collar is often worn , although this is not a traditional or widespread practice . A protodeacon ( Greek : πρωτοδιάκονος : protodiakonos , `` first deacon '' ) is a distinction of honor awarded to senior deacons , usually serving on the staff of the diocesan bishop . An archdeacon is similar , but is among the monastic clergy . Protodeacons and archdeacons use a double - length orarion even if it is not the local tradition for all deacons to use it . In the Slavic tradition a deacon may be awarded the doubled - orarion even if he is not a protodeacon or archdeacon . Painting of a Russian Orthodox deacon leading an ektenia ( litany ) According to the practice of the Greek Orthodox Church of America , in keeping with the tradition of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the most common way to address a deacon is `` Father '' . Depending on local tradition , deacons are addressed as either `` Father '' , `` Father Deacon '' , `` Deacon Father '' , or , if addressed by a bishop , simply as `` Deacon '' . The tradition of kissing the hands of ordained clergy extends to the diaconate as well . This practice is rooted in the Holy Eucharist and is in acknowledgement and respect of the eucharistic role members of the clergy play in preparing , handling and disbursing the sacrament during the Divine Liturgy , and in building and serving the church as the Body of Christ . Anciently , the Eastern churches ordained women as deaconesses . This practice fell into desuetude in the second millennium , but has been revived in some Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches . Saint Nectarios of Aegina ordained a number of nuns as deaconesses in convents . Deaconesses would assist in anointing and baptising women , and in ministering to the spiritual needs of the women of the community . As churches discontinued ordaining women as deacons , these duties largely fell to the nuns and to the priests ' wives . ( See also clerical celibacy . ) Anglicanism ( edit ) An Anglican priest vested as a deacon with an alb and a purple stole over his left shoulder In Anglican churches , deacons often work directly in ministry to the marginalized inside and outside the church : the poor , the sick , the hungry , the imprisoned . Unlike Orthodox and Catholic deacons who may be married only before ordination , Anglican deacons are permitted to marry freely before or after ordination , as are Anglican priests . Most deacons are `` transitional '' , that is , preparing for the priesthood and they are usually ordained priests about a year after their diaconal ordination . However , there are some deacons who do not go on to receive priestly ordination , so called `` permanent deacons '' . Many provinces of the Anglican Communion ordain both women and men as deacons . Many of those provinces that ordain women to the priesthood previously allowed them to be ordained only to the diaconate . The effect of this was the creation of a large and overwhelmingly female diaconate for a time , as most men proceeded to be ordained priests after a short time as a deacon . Certificate of ordination as a deacon in the Church of England given by Richard Terrick , the Bishop of London , to Gideon Bostwick . February 24 , 1770 Anglican deacons may baptize and in some dioceses are granted licences to solemnize matrimony , usually under the instruction of their parish priest and bishop . Deacons are not able to preside at the Eucharist ( but can lead worship with the distribution of already - consecrated communion elements where this is permitted ) , nor can they pronounce God 's absolution of sin or pronounce the Trinitarian blessing . In most cases , deacons minister alongside other clergy . An Anglican deacon wears an identical choir dress to an Anglican priest : cassock , surplice , tippet and academic hood . However , liturgically , deacons usually wear a stole over their left shoulder and fastened on the right side of their waist . This is worn both over the surplice and the alb . A deacon might also wear a dalmatic . Deaconesses ( edit ) Main article : Deaconess The title `` woman deacon '' or `` deaconess '' appears in many documents from the early Church period , particularly in the East . Their duties were often different from that of male deacons ; women deacons prepared adult women for baptism and they had a general apostolate to female Christians and catechumens ( typically for the sake of modesty ) . Women appear to have been ordained as deacons to serve the larger community until about the 6th century in the West and in the East until modern times . Liturgies for the ordination of women deacons are quite similar to those for male deacons and the ancient ordination rites have been noted by groups like Womenpriests . Although it is sometimes argued that women deacons of history were not sacramentally ordained in the full sense used in the present day in Canons 1008 and 1009 of the Code of Canon Law , some modern scholars argue that the ordination of women deacons would have been equally sacramental to that of male deacons . Currently , the Catholic Church is investigating the possibility of restoring women to the diaconate , but as of yet does not permit female deacons . Unlike in the case of priestly ordination , the Vatican has declined to state that ordination of women to the diaconate is not possible . The Russian Orthodox Church had a female diaconate into the 20th century . The Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of Greece restored a monastic female diaconate in 2004 . Calvinistic churches ( edit ) Church of Scotland ( edit ) There are two distinct offices of deacon in the Church of Scotland . The best - known form of diaconate are trained , paid pastoral workers , often working in parishes with considerable social and economic deprivation . The permanent diaconate was formerly exclusively female , and it was in the centenary year of the diaconate ( 1988 ) that men were admitted to the office of deacon . Women could not be ordained as ministers until 1968 . The offices of deacon and minister are now both open to both women and men ; deacons are now ordained ( they were previously `` commissioned '' ) . The other office of deacon can be found in congregations formerly belonging to the pre-1900 Free Church of Scotland , with a `` Deacons ' Court '' having responsibility for financial and administrative oversight of congregations . Only a few congregations still retain this constitutional model , with most having since adopted the Church of Scotland 's `` Model Constitution '' ( with a Kirk Session and Congregational Board ) or `` Unitary Congregation '' ( with just a Kirk Session ) . Most of the Free Church congregations united with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland in 1900 creating the United Free Church of Scotland , which itself united with the Church of Scotland in 1929 . The congregations of the Free Church of Scotland ( post 1900 ) which did not join the UF Church in 1900 continue to have Deacons . Presbyterian Church ( pcusa , pca , opc , etc. . ) ( edit ) Individual congregations of these church denominations also elect deacons , along with elders . However , in some churches the property - functions of the diaconate and session of elders is commended to an independent board of trustees . John Calvin 's legacy of restoring a servant - ministry diaconate lives on in the Presbyterian churches . Deacons are specially charged with ministries of mercy , especially toward the sick and the poor . Dutch Reformed churches ( edit ) In many Dutch Reformed churches deacons are charged with ministries of mercy . As such , the deacons are also members of the local church council . A special feature of the Dutch Reformed churches is the fact that the diaconate of each local church is its own legal entity with its own financial means , separated from the church itself , and governed by the deacons . Methodist churches ( edit ) In Methodism , deacons began as a transitional order before ordination as elders ( presbyters ) . In 1996 , the United Methodist Church ended the transitional deacon and established a new Order of Deacons to be equal in status with the Order of Elders . Both men and women may be ordained as deacons . Deacons serve in a variety of specialized ministries including , but not limited to , Christian education , music , communications and ministries of justice and advocacy . Unlike United Methodist elders , deacons must find their own place of service . Nevertheless , the bishop does officially approve and appoint deacons to their selected ministry . Deacons may assist the elder in the administration of Sacraments , but must receive special approval from a bishop before presiding over Baptism and Holy Communion . United Methodist deacons are present in North America , Europe and Africa . The Methodist Church of Great Britain also has a permanent diaconate -- based on an understanding of the New Testament that deacons have an equal , but distinct ministry from presbyters . Deacons are called to a ministry of service and witness , and `` to hold before them the needs and concerns of the world '' . The original Wesleyan Deaconess Order was founded by Thomas Bowman Stephenson in 1890 , following observation of new ministries in urban areas in the previous years . The order continued as the Wesley Deaconess Order following Methodist Union in 1932 , but , following the admission of women to `` The Ministry '' ( as presbyteral ministry is commonly termed in the Methodist Church ) , a number of deaconesses transferred and recruitment for the WDO ceased from 1978 . The 1986 Methodist Conference re-opened the order to both men and women and the first ordinations to the renewed order occurred during the 1990 Conference in Cardiff , which coincided with celebrations of 100 years of diaconal service in British Methodism ; deaconesses had previously been ordained at their annual convocation . The Methodist Church of Southern Africa ordains deacons who constitute a diaconal order , similar to that in the British church . Other traditions ( edit ) Deacons are also appointed or elected in other Protestant denominations , though this is less commonly seen as a step towards the clerical ministry . The role of deacon in these denominations varies greatly from denomination to denomination ; often , there will be more emphasis on administrative duties than on pastoral or liturgical duties . In some denominations , deacons ' duties are only financial management and practical aid and relief . Elders handle pastoral and other administrative duties . Iglesia ni Cristo ( edit ) Iglesia ni Cristo 's deacons serve as worship service 's strict etiquette checkers in male 's seatings , deaconesses are their female counterparts . They also serve as offering collectors and other Church duties during worship services . Deacons are required to be married people and have their faith strong and be a good example to others if you want to be a deacon . There is also a head deacon , who leads the congregation in prayer before the sermon and the prayer for voluntary offerings . Amish ( edit ) The Amish have deacons , but they are elected by a council and receive no formal training . Church of the Brethren ( edit ) The Church of the Brethren also have deacons , as do other Brethren denominations . They are elected by the congregation to serve in ministries of compassion . They are elected for life in some congregations . Baptists ( edit ) Baptists have traditionally followed the principle of the autonomy of the local church congregation , giving each church the ability to discern for themselves the interpretation of scripture . Thus , the views among Baptist churches as to who becomes a deacon and when , as well as what they do and how they go about doing it , vary greatly . Baptists recognize two ordained positions in the church as Elders ( Pastors ) and Deacons , as per 1 Timothy 3 . There are Baptist churches where the deacons decide many of the church affairs . There are churches where deacons serve in a family ministry only . There are Baptist churches ( especially in the United Kingdom , but also in the U.S. and elsewhere ) where women are allowed to be deacons ; while many Baptist churches ( including most churches that are affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention as well as many Independent Baptist ) do not allow women to serve as deacons . Many Baptists also interpret Scripture as prohibiting divorced men from serving as deacons while some even prohibit men who have never been married from serving as deacons . In the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches , deacons can be any adult male member of the congregation who is in good standing . In some African American Missionary Baptist churches and in churches affiliated with the National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc. male and female deacons serve as one board . Other churches may have two separate boards of deacons and deaconesses . Most often the deacon or deacon candidate is a long - standing member of the church , being middle aged , but younger deacons may be selected from among members of a family that has had several generations in the same church . They are elected by quorum vote annually . Their roles are semi-pastoral in that they fill in for the pastor on occasion , or support the pastor vocally during his sermon . They may also lead a special prayer service , generally known as `` The Deacon 's Prayer . '' Their other roles are to accompany the pastor during Communion by handing out the remembrances of bread and wine ( or grape juice ) and to set a good example for others to follow . Their administrative duties sometimes include oversight of the treasury , Sunday school curriculum , transportation , and various outreach ministries . See Baptist Distinctives for a more detailed treatment of Deacons in churches in other Associations , particularly the UK . Uniting Church in Australia ( edit ) In the Uniting Church in Australia , the diaconate is one of two offices of ordained ministry . The other is Minister of the Word . Deacons in the Uniting Church are called to minister to those on the fringes of the church and be involved in ministry in the community . Deacons offer leadership in a ministry of service to the world . The primary focus of the ministry of Deacon is on care and compassion for the poor and oppressed and in seeking social justice for all people . They take both an active role in leadership in such actions themselves , but are also play a key role in encouraging other Uniting Church members in similar action . Some examples of service that Deacons may take include : prison chaplaincy , acting as youth or community workers , in community service agencies , in schools and hospitals , or in mission placements in Australia or overseas . Although the primary responsibility for worship in congregations lies with the Ministers of the Word , Deacons have a liturgical role appropriate to their distinctive ministry , including ministries where their main leadership is within a congregation . In the Uniting Church both ministers of the word and deacons are styled The Reverend . The Uniting Church has recognised deacons since union , but it was not until the 6th Assembly in 1991 that the Uniting Church began ordaining deacons . This was partly because the historical , theological and sociological roles of deaconesses and deacons was being widely discussed in Churches throughout the world at the time that the Basis of Union was being drafted The Church of jesus Christ of latter - day saints ( edit ) Main articles : Deacon ( Latter Day Saints ) and Priesthood ( Latter Day Saints ) The office of Deacon is generally open to all 12 - and 13 - year - old male members of the church ; all are encouraged to become Deacons . Duties include : Gather fast offerings . Pass the sacrament . Serve as the bishop 's messenger . Care for the grounds and physical facilities of the church . Assist in service projects or welfare assignments as assigned by the bishop . Watch over the Church and act as standing ministers ( see D&C 84 : 111 ) . Be involved in missionary and reactivation efforts ( see D&C 20 : 58 -- 59 ) . Assist teachers in all their duties as needed ( see D&C 20 : 53 , 57 ) . Give talks in Church meetings . Help the priest in his duties and help inspire the church 's laity . Church of Christ ( edit ) In accordance with Church of Christ doctrine and practice , only males may serve as deacons ( deaconesses are not recognized ) , and must meet Biblical qualifications ( generally I Timothy 3 : 8 - 13 is the Biblical text used to determine if a male is qualified to serve as deacon ) . A deacon may also be qualified to serve as an elder ( and , in fact , may move into that role after a period of time if his service as deacon is considered acceptable ) . The role of the deacon varies , depending on the local congregation . Generally a deacon will have responsibility for a specific non-spiritual function ( e.g. finance , building and grounds , benevolence ) ; however , the deacons ( like the rest of the congregation ) are under the subjection of the elders , who have spiritual and administrative authority over the deacon 's function . In congregations which lack qualified elders ( where , in their absence , the men of the congregation handle leadership duties ) , a deacon would have ruling authority , but not due to his position as a deacon . New Apostolic Church ( edit ) In the New Apostolic Church , the deacon ministry is a local ministry . A deacon mostly works in his home congregation to support the priests . If a priest is unavailable , a deacon will hold a divine service , without the act of communion ( Only Priests and up can consecrate Holy Communion ) . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) Deacons among Jehovah 's Witnesses are referred to as ministerial servants , claiming it preferable to translate the descriptive Greek term used in the Bible rather than merely transliterate it as though it were a title . Appointed ministerial servants aid elders in congregational duties . Like the elders , they are adult baptized males and serve voluntarily . Cognates ( edit ) The Greek word diakonos ( διάκονος ) gave rise to the following terms from the history of Russia , not to be confused with each other : `` dyak '' , `` podyachy '' , `` dyachok '' , in addition to `` deacon '' and `` protodeacon '' . Scots usage ( edit ) In Scots , the title deacon is used for a head - workman , a master or chairman of a trade guild , or one who is adept , expert and proficient . The term deaconry refers to the office of a deacon or the trade guild under a deacon `` . The most famous holder of this title was Deacon Brodie who was a cabinet - maker and president of the Incorporation of Wrights and Masons as well as being a Burgh councillor of Edinburgh , but at night led a double life as a burglar . He is thought to have inspired the story of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Archdeacon Cardinal deacon Deaconess Diakonissa Protodeacon Subdeacon Gabbai Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` deacon '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed . ) . Bartleby. 2000 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1889 ) . An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 910206 - 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ( 1983 ) . Origins : A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English . New York : Greenwich House . ISBN 0 - 517 - 41425 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Herbert ( 1913 ) . `` Deacons '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hopko , Thomas . `` Holy Orders '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Madigan , Kevin ( 2011 ) . Ordained Women in the Early Church . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7932 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archdiocese of Newark - '' . www.rcan.org . Archived from the original on 26 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Wilson , A few additional observations url = `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ USCCB Diaconate FAQ -- Section 5 `` Is a Deacon ordained for the Parish or the Diocese ? '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Canon 281 § 3 . Jump up ^ Details about the permanent diaconate in the United States are outlined in a 2005 document of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , National Directory for the Formation , Ministry and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States . url = http://nccbuscc.org/deacon/DeaconDirectory.pdf Jump up ^ `` Divine Worship '' . www.usccb.org . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sacrum Diaconatus Ordinem ( June 18 , 1967 ) - Paul VI '' . www.vatican.va . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ( National Directory for the Formation , Ministry and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States , 2005 , p. 36 ) Jump up ^ `` Deacon Trinidad Soc '' , Church of Our Lady of Sorrows , bulletin , May 3 , 2015 , p. ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Diácono Trinidad Soc '' , Parroquia Nuestra Señora de los Dolores , bulletin , May 3 , 2015 , p. ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ The Official Catholic Directory 2013 , A-30 Jump up ^ `` Etiquette and Protocol '' . Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Christian Faith : Ch 63 - Ordination - ( 2 ) As a Sacrament '' . www.katapi.org.uk . Archived from the original on 29 December 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ John Wijngaards , The Tasks of Women Deacons url = `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . and Duane L.C.M. Galles , Women Deacons -- Are they Possible ? url = `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Matthew Smythe , Deaconesses in Late Antique Gaul url = `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Herbert ( 1908 ) . `` Deaconesses '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . IV . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 01 . and `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aimé Georges Martimort , Deaconesses : An Historical Study ( Ignatius Press , 1986 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 114 - 7 ) Jump up ^ R. Gryson , The Ministry of Women in the Early Church ( Collegeville 1976 , p. 120 ) ; C. Vagaggini `` L'Ordinazione delle diaconesse nella tradizione greca e bizantina '' , ( Orientalia Christiana Periodica 40 ( 1974 ) 145 -- 89 ; here p. 188 ) ; P. Hünermann , `` Conclusions regarding the Female Diaconate '' ( Theological Studies 36 ( 1975 ) 325 -- 33 ; here pp. 327 -- 28 ) ; A Thiermeyer , `` Der Diakonat der Frau '' ( Theologisch Quartalschrift 173 ( 1993 ) 226 -- 36 ; here pp. 233 -- 34 ) ; P. Hofrichter , `` Diakonat und Frauen im kirchlichen Amt '' ( Heiliger Dienst 50 ( 1996 ) 140 -- 58 ; esp. 152 -- 54 ) ; A. Jensen , `` Das Amt der Diakonin in der kirchlichen Tradition der ersten Jahrtausend '' ( Diakonat . Ein Amt für Frauen in der Kirche -- Ein frauengerechtes Amt ? , Ostfildern 1997 , pp. 33 -- 52 ; here p. 49 ) ; D. Ansorge , `` Der Diakonat der Frau . Zum gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand '' in T. Berger / A. Gerhards ( ed . ) , Liturgie und Frauenfrage , St. Odilien 1990 , 31 -- 65 ; here pp. 46 -- 47 ; Chr . Böttigheimer , `` Der Diakonat der Frau '' ( Münchener Theologische Zeitschrift 47 ( 1996 ) 253 -- 66 ; here pp. 261 -- 62 ) ; K. Karidoyanes Fitzgerald ( Women Deacons in the Orthodox Church , Brookline 1998 , pp. 120 -- 21 ) ; P. Zagano , Holy Saturday . An Argument for the Restoration of the Female Diaconate in the Catholic Church ( New York 2000 , pp. 98 -- 102 ) ; D. Reininger , Diakonat der Frau in der einen Kirche ( Ostfildern 1999 , p. 126 ) ; G. Macy , W.T. Ditewig , P. Zagano Women Deacons : Past , Present , Future ( Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press 2010 ) ; and J. Wijngaards , Women Deacons in the Early Church . Historical Texts and Contemporary Debates ( Herder & Herder , New York 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Francis institutes commission to study female deacons , appointing gender - balanced membership '' . ncronline.org. 2 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ url = `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Book of Church Order ( BCO ) - Presbyterian Church in America : Administrative Committee '' . www.pcaac.org . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deacons and Diaconal Ministers '' . General Board of Higher Education and Ministry -- The United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church , 2008 , para. 328 Jump up ^ `` Deacons and Presbyters '' . Methodist Diaconal Order . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the MDO '' . Methodist Diaconal Order . Archived from the original on 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Order of Deacons '' . The Methodist Church of Southern Africa . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ McCaughey , J.D. Commentary on the Basis of Union , Uniting Church Press : Melbourne , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Questions From Readers '' , The Watchtower , June 15 , 1962 , pp. 383 − 84 , `` The religious words or titles ' bishop ' and ' deacon ' are simply words that have been more or less closely transliterated into the English language ; that is , they are carried over much like the way they appear in the Greek instead of being translated . These two words are epískopos and diákonos ... However , at an early time the apostate church made titles out of these designations and applied them to men who held positions ... known as ' bishops ' and ' deacons ' ... New World Translation as well as certain others , such as An American Translation , do not render epískopos and diákonos as titles but according to the meaning of the words , as ' overseers ' or ' superintendents ' and as ' assistants ' or ' ministerial servants ' . '' ( emphasis retained from original ) Jump up ^ `` Those ' Acquiring a Fine Standing ' '' , Our Kingdom Ministry , September 1978 , p. 1 , `` The Bible sets high standards for a ministerial servant . ( 1 Tim . 3 : 8 -- 10 , 12 ) Brothers recommended should clearly be meeting these . Becoming a ministerial servant is no routine thing ; it is not as if almost every adult , baptized male should have the position as a sort of titleholder . Ministerial servants should be exemplary , spiritual men . '' Jump up ^ `` Congregations for Building Up in Love and Unity '' , Doing God 's Will , 1986 Watch Tower , p. 12 , `` As in the first century , so today , qualified , mature , and experienced Christian men are designated as elders , or overseers ( among Jehovah 's Witnesses ) . These supervise the congregation and look after its spiritual needs . They are assisted by other faithful men known as ministerial servants . These men receive no salary or other financial benefit but serve voluntarily , meeting their own expenses '' References ( edit ) Church of Christ ( edit ) Introducing the Church of Christ . Star Bible Publications , Fort Worth , Texas 76182 . Evangelicalism & the Stone - Campbell Movement ( William R. Baker , ed . Downers Grove : InterVarsity Press , 2002 ) for essays on Church of Christ ecclesiology . Thatcher , Tom ; `` The Deacon in the Pauline Church '' in Christ 's Victorious Church : Essays on Biblical Ecclesiology and Eschatology ( Jon A. Weatherly , ed . Eugene , OR : Wipf and Stock Publishers , 2001 ) . Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church ( edit ) Deacons -- St Mary 's Malankara Orthodox Syrian Cathedral ( Philadelphia , PA , US ) Lutheran Church ( edit ) Concordia Deaconess Conference Lutheran Deaconess Association External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deacons . Look up deacon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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9194048255545320459	Hexafluorophosphate	Hexafluorophosphate - wikipedia Hexafluorophosphate Hexafluorophosphate Names IUPAC name Hexafluorophosphate Systematic IUPAC name Hexafluoro - λ - phosphanuide ( substitutive ) Hexafluoridophosphate ( 1 - ) ( additive ) Identifiers 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 30201 ChEMBL ChEMBL181124 ChemSpider 9502 Gmelin Reference 2704 PubChem CID 9886 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / F6P / c1 - 7 ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) 6 / q - 1 Key : LJQLCJWAZJINEB - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) F ( P - ) ( F ) ( F ) ( F ) ( F ) F Properties Chemical formula ( PF ) Molar mass 144.964181 g mol Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Hexafluorophosphate is an anion with chemical formula of PF . It is an octahedral species . It imparts no color to its salts . PF is isoelectronic with sulfur hexafluoride , SF , and the hexafluorosilicate dianion , SiF , and fluoroantimonate SbF . Being poorly nucleophilic , hexafluorophosphate is classified as a non-coordinating anion . Contents 1 Synthesis 2 Quantitative analysis 3 Reactions 3.1 Organometallic and inorganic synthesis 3.2 Hydrolysis of hexafluorophosphate complexes 4 Applications 4.1 Secondary batteries 4.2 Ionic liquids 5 References Synthesis ( edit ) Crystals of ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate , ( Fe ( C H ) ) PF . Hexafluorophosphate salts can be prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride and alkali or ammonium halide in a solution of hydrofluoric acid : PCl + MCl + 6 HF → MPF + 6 HCl Hexafluorophosphoric acid can be prepared by direct reaction of hydrogen fluoride with phosphorus pentafluoride . It is a strong Brønsted acid that is typically generated in situ immediately prior to its use . PF + HF → HPF These reactions require specialized equipment to safely handle the hazards associated with hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride . Quantitative analysis ( edit ) Several methods of Quantitative analysis for the hexafluorophosphate ion have been developed . Tetraphenylarsonium chloride , ( ( C H ) As ) Cl , has been used both for titrimetric and gravimetric quantifications of hexafluorophosphate . Both of these determinations depend on the formation of tetraphenylarsonium hexafluorophosphate : ( ( C H ) As ) + PF → ( ( C H ) As ) PF Hexafluorophosphate can also be determined spectrophotometrically with ferroin . Reactions ( edit ) Hydrolysis is extremely slower under basic conditions . Acid - catalyzed hydrolysis to the phosphate ion is also slow . Nonetheless , hexafluorophosphate is prone to decomposition with the release of hydrogen fluoride in ionic liquids . Hexafluorophosphate bears a partial ( delocalized ) negative charge on the fluoride centers . Organometallic and inorganic Synthesis ( edit ) Hexafluorophosphate is a common counteranion for cationic metal complexes . It is one of three widely used non-coordinating anions are hexafluorophosphate , tetrafluoroborate BF , and perchlorate ClO . Of these , the hexafluorophosphate ion has the least coordinating tendency . Hexafluorophosphate salts can be prepared by reactions of silver hexafluorophosphate with halide salts . Precipitation of insoluble silver halide helps drive this reaction to completion . Since hexafluorophosphate salts are often insoluble in water but soluble in polar organic solvents , even the addition of ammonium hexafluorophosphate ( NH PF ) to aqueous solutions of many organic and inorganic salts gives solid precipitates of hexafluorophosphate salts . One example is the synthesis of rhodocenium salts : The overall conversion equation is RhCl xH O + 2 C H + NH PF → ( ( η - C H ) Rh ) PF + 2 HCl + NH Cl + x H O Tetrakis ( acetonitrile ) copper ( I ) hexafluorophosphate is produced by the addition of hexafluorophosphoric acid to a suspension of copper ( I ) oxide in acetonitrile : Cu O + 2 HPF + 8 CH CN → 2 ( Cu ( CH CN ) ) PF + H O Hydrolysis of hexafluorophosphate complexes ( edit ) While the hexafluorophosphate ion is generally inert and hence a suitable counterion , its solvolysis can be induced by highly electrophilic metal centers . For example , the tris ( solvento ) rhodium complex ( ( η - C Me ) Rh ( Me CO ) ) ( PF ) undergoes solvolysis when heated in acetone , forming a difluorophosphate - bridged complex ( ( η - C Me ) Rh ( μ - OPF O ) Rh ( η - C Me ) ) PF . Applications ( edit ) Practical uses of the hexafluorophosphate ion typically exploit one or more of the following properties : that it is a non-coordinating anion ; that hexafluorophosphate compounds are typically soluble in organic solvents , particularly polar ones , but have low solubility in aqueous solution ; or , that it has a high degree of stability , including resistance to both acidic and basic hydrolysis . Secondary batteries ( edit ) The main commercial use of hexafluorophosphate is as its lithium salt , lithium hexafluorophosphate . This salt , in combination with dimethyl carbonate , is a common electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries such as lithium - ion cells . This application exploits the high solubility of hexafluorophosphate salts in organic solvents and the resistance of these salts to reduction by the alkali metal cathode . Since the lithium ions in these batteries are generally present as coordination complexes within the electrolyte , the non-coordinating nature of the hexafluorophosphate ion is also a useful property for these applications . Ionic liquids ( edit ) Room temperature ionic liquids such as 1 - butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( typically abbreviated as bmimPF ) have been prepared . The advantage of the anion exchange in favour of a non-coordinating anion is that the resulting ionic liquid has much greater thermal stability . 1 - Butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium chloride decomposes to N - methylimidazole and 1 - chlorobutane or to N - butylimidazole and chloromethane . Such decompositions are not possible for bmimPF However , thermal decompositions of hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids to generate hydrogen fluoride gas are known . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hexafluorophosphate ( 1 - ) ( CHEBI : 30201 ) '' . Chemical Entities of Biological Interest ( ChEBI ) . UK : European Bioinformatics Institute . Jump up ^ Davies , J.A. ( 1996 ) . Synthetic Coordination Chemistry : Principles and Practice . World Scientific . p. 165 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2084 - 7 . Jump up ^ Constant , S. ; Lacour , J. ( 2005 ) . Majoral , J. - P. , ed . New Trends in Hexacoordinated Phosphorus Chemistry . New Aspects in Phosphorus Chemistry . 5 . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 22498 - X . Jump up ^ Woyski , M.M. ( 1950 ) . `` Hexafluorophosphates of Sodium , Ammonium , and Potassium '' . Inorg . Synth. 3 : 111 -- 117 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132340. ch29 . Jump up ^ Molnar , A. ; Surya Prakash , G.K. ; Sommer , J. ( 2009 ) . Superacid Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley - Interscience . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 59668 - X . Jump up ^ Affsprung , H.E. ; Archer , V.S. ( 1963 ) . `` Determination of Hexafluorophosphate by Amperometric Titration with Tetraphenylarsonium Chloride '' . Anal . Chem. 35 ( 8 ) : 976 -- 978 . doi : 10.1021 / ac60201a017 . Jump up ^ Affsprung , H.E. ; Archer , V.S. ( 1963 ) . `` Gravimetric Determination of Hexafluorophosphate as Tetraphenylarsonium Hexafluorophosphate '' . Anal . Chem. 35 ( 12 ) : 1912 -- 1913 . doi : 10.1021 / ac60205a036 . Jump up ^ Archer , V.S. ; Doolittle , F.G. ( 1967 ) . `` Spectrophotometric Determination of Hexafluorophosphate with Ferroin '' . Anal . Chem. 39 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 373 . doi : 10.1021 / ac60247a035 . Jump up ^ Ryss , I.G. ; Tulchinskii , V.B. ( 1964 ) . `` Kinetika Gidroliza Iona Geksaftorofosfata PF `` . Zh . Neorg . Khim. 9 ( 4 ) : 836 -- 840 . Jump up ^ Gebala , A.E. ; Jones , M.M. ( 1969 ) . `` The Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Hexafluorophosphate '' . J. Inorg . Nucl . Chem. 31 ( 3 ) : 771 -- 776 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 69 ) 80024 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Dyson , P.J. ( 2005 ) . Geldbach , T.J. , ed . Metal Catalysed Reactions in Ionic Liquids . Catalysis by Metal Complexes. 29 . Springer Science & Business . p. 27 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3914 - X . Jump up ^ Mayfield , H.G. ; Bull , W.E. ( 1971 ) . `` Co-ordinating Tendencies of the Hexafluorophosphate Ion '' . J. Chem. Soc . A ( 14 ) : 2279 -- 2281 . doi : 10.1039 / J19710002279 . Jump up ^ Baghurst , D.R. ; Mingos , D.M.P. ; Watson , M.J. ; Watson , Michael J. ( 1989 ) . `` Application of Microwave Dielectric Loss Heating Effects for the Rapid and Convenient Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds '' . J. Organomet . Chem. 368 ( 3 ) : C43 -- C45 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 328X ( 89 ) 85418 - X . Jump up ^ Kubas , G.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Tetrakis ( acetonitirile ) copper ( I ) Hexaflurorophosphate '' . Inorg . Synth. 19 : 90 -- 91 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132593. ch15 . Jump up ^ Thompson , S.J. ; Bailey , P.M. ; White , C. ; Maitlis , P.M. ( 1976 ) . `` Solvolysis of the Hexafluorophosphate Ion and the Structure of ( Tris ( μ - difluorophosphato ) bis ( penta - methylcyclopentadienylrhodium ) ) Hexafluorophosphate '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 15 ( 8 ) : 490 -- 491 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 197604901 . Jump up ^ White , C. ; Thompson , S.J. ; Maitlis , P.M. ( 1977 ) . `` Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl - rhodium and - iridium Complexes XIV . The Solvolysis of Coordinated Acetone Solvent Species to Tris ( μ - difluorophosphato ) bis ( η - pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium ( III ) ) Hexafluorophosphate , to the η - ( 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 1 - oxapenta - 1 , 3 - dienyl ) ( pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ) iridium Cation , or to the η - ( 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methylpentadienyl ) ( η - pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ) iridium Cation '' . J. Organomet . Chem. 134 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 325 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 328X ( 00 ) 93278 - 9 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , J.B. ; Kim , Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries '' . Chem. Mater. 22 ( 3 ) : 587 -- 603 . doi : 10.1021 / cm901452z . Jump up ^ `` MSDS : National Power Corp Lithium Ion Batteries '' ( PDF ) . tek.com . Tektronix Inc. 7 May 2004 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordon , C.M. ; John D. Holbrey ; Alan R. Kennedy ; Kenneth R. Seddon ( 1998 ) . `` Ionic liquid crystals : hexafluorophosphate salts '' . Journal of Materials Chemistry . 8 ( 12 ) : 2627 -- 2636 . doi : 10.1039 / a806169f . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexafluorophosphate&oldid=855474092 '' Categories : Hexafluorophosphates Non-coordinating anions Hidden categories : Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without InChI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the electron domain geometry about phosphorus in the hexafluorophosphate anion (pf 6 − )	[ "Hexafluorophosphate is an anion with chemical formula of PF−6. It is an octahedral species. It imparts no color to its salts. PF−6 is isoelectronic with sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, and the hexafluorosilicate dianion, SiF2−6, and fluoroantimonate SbF−6. Being poorly nucleophilic, hexafluorophosphate is classified as a non-coordinating anion.[2][3] \n" ]	[ "octahedral" ]
4369378286787536638	Pearl Harbor	Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Pearl Harbor For its current operations as a military base , see Joint Base Pearl Harbor -- Hickam . For the attack in 1941 , see Attack on Pearl Harbor . For other uses , see Pearl Harbor ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aerial view of Pearl Harbor , Ford Island in center . The Arizona memorial is the small white dot on the left side above Ford Island Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ 04 '' N 157 ° 58 ′ 38 '' W / 21.3679 ° N 157.9771 ° W / 21.3679 ; - 157.9771 Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu , Hawaii , west of Honolulu . It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States , before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 . Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep - water naval base . It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet . The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887 . The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7 , 1941 , was the immediate cause of the United States ' entry into World War II . Contents 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 Naval presence ( 1899 -- present ) 1.2. 1 Post-World War II 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History See also : History of Hawaii Pearl Harbor was originally an extensive shallow embayment called Wai Momi ( meaning , `` Waters of Pearl '' ) or Pu ʻuloa ( meaning , `` long hill '' ) by the Hawaiians . Pu ʻuloa was regarded as the home of the shark goddess , Ka ʻahupahau , and her brother ( or son ) , Kahi ʻuka , in Hawaiian legends . According to tradition , Keaunui , the head of the powerful Ewa chiefs , is credited with cutting a navigable channel near the present Pu ʻuloa saltworks , by which he made the estuary , known as `` Pearl River , '' accessible to navigation . Making due allowance for legendary amplification , the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is ; but Keaunui is typically given the credit for widening and deepening it . 19th century See also : Kingdom of Hawaii Pearl Harbor in the 1880s . During the early 19th century , Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance . The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling , shipping and trading activity in the Pacific . As early as 1820 , an `` Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen '' was appointed to look after American business in the Port of Honolulu . These commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian political body . Throughout the 1820s and 1830s , many American warships visited Honolulu . In most cases , the commanding officers carried letters from the U.S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers . In 1841 , the newspaper Polynesian , printed in Honolulu , advocated that the U.S. establish a naval base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry . The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie , remarked in 1840 that `` ... my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States . '' From the conclusion of the Civil War , to the purchase of Alaska , to the increased importance of the Pacific states , the projected trade with countries in Asia and the desire for a duty - free market for Hawaiian staples , Hawaiian trade expanded . In 1865 , the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast and Hawaii . Lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands , `` a locality of great and increasing interest and importance . '' This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan . As a result , the United States claimed Midway Island . The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his annual report of 1868 , that in November 1867 , 42 American flags flew over whaleships and merchant vessels in Honolulu to only six of other nations . This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters . It also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulu 's . In the following year , Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1 , 1869 , to deepen the approaches to this harbor . Astronaut photograph of Pearl Harbor from October 2009 After 1868 , when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests , naval officers played an important role in internal affairs . They served as arbitrators in business disputes , negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law and order . Periodic voyages among the islands and to the mainland aboard U.S. warships were arranged for members of the Hawaiian royal family and important island government officials . When King Lunalilo died in 1873 , negotiations were underway for the cession of Pearl Harbor as a port for the duty - free export of sugar to the U.S. With the election of King Kalākaua in March 1874 , riots prompted landing of sailors from USS Tuscarora and Portsmouth . The British warship , HMS Tenedos , also landed a token force . During the reign of King Kalākaua the United States was granted exclusive rights to enter Pearl Harbor and to establish `` a coaling and repair station . '' Although this treaty continued in force until August 1898 , the U.S. did not fortify Pearl Harbor as a naval base . As it had for 60 years , the shallow entrance constituted a formidable barrier against the use of the deep protected waters of the inner harbor . The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom signed the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 as supplemented by Convention on December 6 , 1884 , the Reciprocity Treaty was made by James Carter and ratified it in 1887 . On January 20 , 1887 , the United States Senate allowed the Navy to exclusive right to maintain a coaling and repair station at Pearl Harbor . ( The US took possession on November 9 that year ) . The Spanish -- American War of 1898 and the desire for the United States to have a permanent presence in the Pacific both contributed to the decision . Naval presence ( 1899 -- present ) Main article : Naval Station Pearl Harbor USS Arizona , during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom , the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899 . On December 7 , 1941 , the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines , causing the American entry into World War II . One of the main reasons that Pearl Harbor happened was because the United States had major communication breakdowns among several branches of the U.S. armed services and departments of the U.S. government . This led to the surprise Japanese attack at the Hawaiian air base . There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii , for American commanders had no understanding of the capabilities and proper employment of air power . As it was , had the Pacific Fleet acted on the war warnings it undoubtedly would have sortied and been at sea on December 7 , where the major ships would have been sunk in deep water , making salvage impossible . Shortly after the devastating Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor two American military commanders , Lt. Gen. Walter Short and Adm. Husband Kimmel were demoted of their full ranks . The two American commanders later sought to restore their reputations and full ranks . Post-world War II Over the years , Pearl Harbor remained a main base for the US Pacific Fleet after World War II along with Naval Base San Diego . In 2010 , the Navy and the Air Force merged their two nearby bases ; Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam Air Force Base to create Joint Base Pearl Harbor - Hickam . On February 18 , 2016 , a tourist helicopter fell into Pearl Harbor , injuring four people ; one person was missing and is thought to be dead . In December 2016 , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made a joint visit to Pearl Harbor with US President Barack Obama . This trip marked the 75 year anniversary of the attack , and was the first official visit by a sitting Japanese leader . See also Ford Island Admiral Clarey Bridge Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge References Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil : The U.S. Navy in Hawaii , 1826 - 1945 : An Administrative History Jump up ^ FDR Pearl Harbor Speech . December 8 , 1941 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . December 7th , 1941 , a day that will live in infamy . Jump up ^ Apple , Russell A. ; Benjamin Levy ( February 8 , 1974 ) . `` Pearl Harbor '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor '' ( pdf ) . Photographs . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Places - The History of Pearl Harbor '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Spots - Pearl Harbor - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Burtness , Paul ; Warren , Ober ( 2013 ) . `` Communication Lapses Leading to the Pearl Harbor Disaster '' . 75 ( 4 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dale ( 1997 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : A lesson in air power '' . Air Power History . 44 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Remember Pearl Harbor '' . Christian Science Monitor : 2 . January 6 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Molly Roecker . `` Honolulu Tourist Helicopter Crashes in Pearl Harbor '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Steve Almasy , CNN ( 19 February 2016 ) . `` Pearl Harbor helicopter crash : 1 critically injured '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ito , Shingo ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` We did our jobs : Japanese participant remembers Pearl Harbor '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Pearl Harbor ( category ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Pearl Harbor . British Pathé Online archive of Pearl Harbor and related footage Pearl Harbor at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Pearl Harbor on The History Channel BNF : cb126501610 ( data ) GND : 4044991 - 9 NARA : 10046453 NDL : 00637814 VIAF : 135657338 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Harbor&oldid=854508940 '' Categories : Attack on Pearl Harbor Bays of Oahu Geography of Honolulu County , Hawaii World War II sites in the United States Ports and harbors of Hawaii Oahu Landforms of Oahu Superfund sites in Hawaii Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is pearl harbor located on a map	[ "Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887.[1] The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.[2][3][4]\n" ]	[ "a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu" ]
1493989684115282232	Kinesiology	Kinesiology - wikipedia Kinesiology This article is about the scientific study of human movement . For the alternative medicine technique , see Applied kinesiology . A series of images that represent research ( left ) and practice ( right ) in the field of Academic Kinesiology Kinesiology is the scientific study of human or non-human body movement . Kinesiology addresses physiological , biomechanical , and psychological dynamic principles and mechanisms of movement . Applications of kinesiology to human health ( i.e. , human kinesiology ) include biomechanics and orthopedics ; strength and conditioning ; sport psychology ; methods of rehabilitation , such as physical and occupational therapy ; and sport and exercise . Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems , electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity , various methods for monitoring physiological function , and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques . The word comes from the Greek κίνησις kínēsis , `` movement '' ( itself from κινεῖν kineîn , `` to move '' ) , and - λογία - logia , `` study '' . Contents 1 Basics 2 Principles 2.1 Adaptation through exercise 2.2 Neuroplasticity 2.3 Motor redundancy 3 Scope of practice 4 Licensing and regulation 4.1 Canada 5 Health service 6 History of Kinesiology 7 Technology in Kinesiology 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Basics ( edit ) Kinesiology is the study of human and nonhuman animal - body movements , performance , and function by applying the sciences of biomechanics , anatomy , physiology , psychology , and neuroscience . Applications of kinesiology in human - health include physical education teacher , rehabilitation , health and safety , health promotion , workplaces , sport and exercise industries . A bachelor 's degree in kinesiology can provide strong preparation for graduate study in biomedical research , as well as in professional programs , such as medicine . Whereas the term `` kinesiologist '' is neither a licensed nor professional designation in the United States nor most countries ( with the exception of Canada ) , individuals with training in this area can teach physical education , provide consulting services , conduct research and develop policies related to rehabilitation , human motor performance , ergonomics , and occupational health and safety . In North America , kinesiologists may study to earn a Bachelor of Science , Master of Science , or Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Kinesiology or a Bachelor of Kinesiology degree , while in Australia or New Zealand , they are often conferred an Applied Science ( Human Movement ) degree ( or higher ) . Many doctoral level faculty in North American kinesiology programs received their doctoral training in related disciplines , such as neuroscience , mechanical engineering , psychology , and physiology . The world 's first kinesiology department was launched in 1967 at the University of Waterloo , Canada . Principles ( edit ) Adaptation through exercise ( edit ) Summary of long - term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise . Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations , including an increase in stroke volume ( SV ) and maximal aerobic capacity ( VO max ) , as well as a decrease in resting heart rate ( RHR ) . Long - term adaptations to resistance training , the most common form of anaerobic exercise , include muscular hypertrophy , an increase in the physiological cross-sectional area ( PCSA ) of muscle ( s ) , and an increase in neural drive , both of which lead to increased muscular strength . Neural adaptations begin more quickly and plateau prior to the hypertrophic response . Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations . Exercise is a simple and established intervention for many movement disorders and musculoskeletal conditions due to the neuroplasticity of the brain and the adaptability of the musculoskeletal system . Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve neuromotor control and motor capabilities in both normal and pathological populations . There are many different types of exercise interventions that can be applied in kinesiology to athletic , normal , and clinical populations . Aerobic exercise interventions help to improve cardiovascular endurance . Anaerobic strength training programs can increase muscular strength , power , and lean body mass . Decreased risk of falls and increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to balance intervention programs . Flexibility programs can increase functional range of motion and reduce the risk of injury . As a whole , exercise programs can reduce symptoms of depression and risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . Additionally , they can help to improve quality of life , sleeping habits , immune system function , and body composition . The study of the physiological responses to physical exercise and their therapeutic applications is known as exercise physiology , which is an important area of research within kinesiology . Neuroplasticity ( edit ) Main article : Neurobiological effects of physical exercise Adaptive plasticity along with practice in three levels . In behavior level , performance ( e.g. , successful rate , accuracy ) improved after practice . In cortical level , motor representation areas of the acting muscles enlarged ; functional connectivity between primary motor cortex ( M1 ) and supplementary motor area ( SMA ) is strengthened . In neuronal level , the number of dendrites and neurotransmitter increase with practice . Neuroplasticity is also a key scientific principle used in kinesiology to describe how movement and changes in the brain are related . The human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on this principle , which includes both adaptive and maladaptive brain changes . Adaptive plasticity Recent empirical evidence indicates the significant impact of physical activity on brain function ; for example , greater amounts of physical activity are associated with enhanced cognitive function in older adults . The effects of physical activity can be distributed throughout the whole brain , such as higher gray matter density and white matter integrity after exercise training , and / or on specific brain areas , such as greater activation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus . Neuroplasticity is also the underlying mechanism of skill acquisition . For example , after long - term training , pianists showed greater gray matter density in sensorimotor cortex and white matter integrity in the internal capsule compared to non-musicians . Maladaptive plasticity Maladaptive plasticity is defined as neuroplasticity with negative effects or detrimental consequences in behavior . Movement abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain injuries due to abnormal remodeling in central nervous system . Learned non-use is an example commonly seen among patients with brain damage , such as stroke . Patients with stroke learned to suppress paretic limb movement after unsuccessful experience in paretic hand use ; this may cause decreased neuronal activation at adjacent areas of the infarcted motor cortex . There are many types of therapies that are designed to overcome maladaptive plasticity in clinic and research , such as constraint - induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) , body weight support treadmill training ( BWSTT ) and virtual reality therapy . These interventions are shown to enhance motor function in paretic limbs and stimulate cortical reorganization in patients with brain damage . Motor redundancy ( edit ) Animation illustrating the concept of motor redundancy : the motor action of bringing the finger in contact with a point in space can be achieved using a wide variety of limb configurations . Motor redundancy is a widely used concept in kinesiology and motor control which states that , for any task the human body can perform , there are effectively an unlimited number of ways the nervous system could achieve that task . This redundancy appears at multiple levels in the chain of motor execution : Kinematic redundancy means that for a desired location of the endpoint ( e.g. the hand or finger ) , there are many configurations of the joints that would produce the same endpoint location in space . Muscle redundancy means that the same net joint torque could be generated by many different relative contributions of individual muscles . Motor unit redundancy means that for the same net muscle force could be generated by many different relative contributions of motor units within that muscle . The concept of motor redundancy is explored in numerous studies , usually with the goal of describing the relative contribution of a set of motor elements ( e.g. muscles ) in various human movements , and how these contributions can be predicted from a comprehensive theory . Two distinct ( but not incompatible ) theories have emerged for how the nervous system coordinates redundant elements : simplification and optimization . In the simplification theory , complex movements and muscle actions are constructed from simpler ones , often known as primitives or synergies , resulting in a simpler system for the brain to control . In the optimization theory , motor actions arise from the minimization of a control parameter , such as the energetic cost of movement or errors in movement performance . Scope of practice ( edit ) In Canada , kinesiology is a professional designation as well as an area of study . In the province of Ontario the scope has been officially defined as , `` the assessment of human movement and performance and its rehabilitation and management to maintain , rehabilitate or enhance movement and performance '' Kinesiologists work in a variety of roles as health professionals . They work as rehabilitation providers in hospitals , clinics and private settings working with populations needing care for musculoskeletal , cardiac and neurological conditions . They provide rehabilitation to persons injured at work and in vehicular accidents . Kinesiologists also work as functional assessment specialists , exercise therapists , ergonomists , return to work specialists , case managers and medical legal evaluators . They can be found in hospital , long term care , clinic , work , and community settings . Additionally , kinesiology is applied in areas of health and fitness for all levels of athletes , but more often found with training of elite athletes . Licensing and Regulation ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Kinesiology has been designated a regulated health profession in Ontario . Kinesiology was granted the right to regulate in the province of Ontario in the summer of 2007 and similar proposals have been made for other provinces . The College of Kinesiologists of Ontario achieved proclamation on April 1 , 2013 , at which time the professional title `` Kinesiologist '' became protected by law . In Ontario only members of the college may call themselves a Registered Kinesiologist . Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research , the fitness industry , clinical settings , and in industrial environments . They also work in cardiac rehabilitation , health and safety , hospital and long - term care facilities and community health centers just to name a few . Health service ( edit ) The analysis of recorded human movement , as pioneered by Eadweard Muybridge , figures prominently in kinesiology . Health Promotion Kinesiologists working in the health promotion industry work with individuals to enhance the health , fitness , and well - being of the individual . Kinesiologists can be found working in fitness facilities , personal training / corporate wellness facilities , and industry . Clinical / Rehabilitation Kinesiologists work with individuals with disabling conditions to assist in regaining their optimal physical function . They work with individuals in their home , fitness facilities , rehabilitation clinics , and at the worksite . They also work alongside physiotherapists and occupational therapists . Ergonomics Kinesiologists work in industry to assess suitability of design of workstations and provide suggestions for modifications and assistive devices . Health and Safety . Kinesiologists are involved in consulting with industry to identify hazards and provide recommendations and solutions to optimize the health and safety of workers . Disability Management / Case Coordination Kinesiologists recommend and provide a plan of action to return an injured individual to their optimal function in all aspects of life . Management / Research / Administration / Health and Safety Kinesiologists frequently fulfill roles in all above areas , perform research , and manage businesses . Health Education Kinesiologists working in health education teach people about behaviors that promote wellness . They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities . Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or communities . Athletic Training Kinesiologists working in athletic training work in cooperation with physicians . Athletic trainers strive to prevent athletes from suffering injuries , diagnose them if they have suffered an injury and apply the appropriate treatment . Athletic Coaches and Scouts Kinesiologists who pursue a career as an athletic coach develop new talent and guide an athlete 's progress in a specific sport . They teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport . Many coaches are also involved in scouting . Scouts look for new players and evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college , amateur , or professional level . Physical Education Teacher Kinesiologists working as physical education teachers are responsible for teaching fitness , sports and health . They help students stay both mentally and physically fit by teaching them to make healthy choices . History of kinesiology ( edit ) In 1886 , Swedish baron Nils Posse ( 1862 - 1895 ) introduced the term Kinesiology in the U.S.A. , 1894 he wrote the book `` The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics '' . Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm , Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium , Boston , MA . Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics ( sv ) G.C.I. was founded 1813 in Stockholm , Sweden by Pehr Henrik Ling . It was the first Physiotherapy School in the world , training hundreds of medical gymnasts who spread the Swedish physical therapy around the entire world . In 1887 , Sweden was the first country in the world to give a national state licence to physiotherapists / physical therapists . The Swedish medical gymnast and kinesiologist Carl August Georgii ( sv ) , Professor at the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute GCI in Stockholm , was the one who created and coined the new international word Kinesiology in 1854 . The term Kinesiology is a literal translation to Greek + English from the original Swedish word Rörelselära , meaning `` Movement Science '' . It was the foundation of the Medical Gymnastics , the original Physiotherapy and Physical Therapy , developed during 100 years in Sweden ( starting 1813 ) . The new medical therapy created in Sweden was originally called Rörelselära ( sv ) , and later in 1854 translated to the new and invented international word `` Kinesiology '' . The Kinesiology consisted of nearly 2,000 physical movements and 50 different types of massage therapy techniques . They were all used to affect various dysfunctions and even illnesses , not only in the movement apparatus , but also into the internal physiology of man . Thus , the original classical and Traditional Kinesiology was not only a system of rehabilitation for the body , or biomechanics like in modern Academic Kinesiology , but also a new therapy for relieving and curing diseases , by affecting the autonomic nervous system , organs and glands in the body. , In 1886 , the Swedish Medical Gymnast Nils Posse ( 1862 - 1895 ) introduced the term kinesiology in the U.S. Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm , Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium in Boston , MA . He was teaching at Boston Normal School of Gymnastics BNSG . The Special Kinesiology Of Educational Gymnastics was the first book ever written in the world with the word `` Kinesiology '' in the title of the book . It was written by Nils Posse and published in Boston , 1894 - 1895 . Technology in kinesiology ( edit ) Motion capture technology has application in measuring human movement , and thus kinesiology . Historically , motion capture labs have recorded high fidelity data . While accurate and credible , these systems can come at high capital and operational costs . Modern - day systems have increased accessibility to mocap technology . See also ( edit ) Anatomical terms of motion Exercise physiology Kinanthropometry Kinesiogenomics Physical therapy ( USA ) Mental Practice of Action Motor imagery Movement Assessment Musculoskeletal system Neurology Sports science Kinesiological stretching References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bodo Rosenhahn , Reinhard Klette and Dimitris Metaxas ( eds . ) . Human Motion - Understanding , Modelling , Capture and Animation . Volume 36 in Computational Imaging and Vision , Springer , Dordrecht , 2007 Jump up ^ Ahmed Elgammal , Bodo Rosenhahn , and Reinhard Klette ( eds . ) Human Motion - Understanding , Modelling , Capture and Animation . 2nd Workshop , in conjunction with ICCV 2007 , Rio de Janeiro , Lecture Notes in Computer Science , LNCS 4814 , Springer , Berlin , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Home - Kinesiology '' . uwaterloo.ca. 20 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , E ; Næss , MS ; Hoff , J ; Albert , TL ; Pham , Q ; Richardson , RS ; Helgerud , J ( Nov 16 , 2013 ) . `` Exercise - training - induced changes in metabolic capacity with age : the role of central cardiovascular plasticity '' . Age ( Dordrecht , Netherlands ) . 36 ( 2 ) : 665 -- 676 . doi : 10.1007 / s11357 - 013 - 9596 - x . PMC 4039249 . 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CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Hoffman , S.J. ( 2008 ) . Shirl J. Hoffman , ed . Introduction to Kinesiology ( 3 ed . ) . Human Kinetics . ISBN 9780736076135 . Jump up ^ `` Kinesiology Act , 2007 , S.O. 2007 , c. 10 , Sched . O '' . E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2007 - 06 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie '' . Cka.ca . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie '' . Cka.ca . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor , Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2016 - 17 Edition , Health Educators and Community Health Workers '' . 20 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 . 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Sjukgymnasten - vart tog han vägen ? En undersökning av sjukgymnastyrkets maskulinisering och avmaskulinisering 1813 - 1934 . Gothenburg Sweden , Göteborg Sverige : Doctoral Theses from University of Gothenburg . ISBN 978 - 91 - 88614 - 56 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ www.Kinesiology.com , Mac Pompeius Wolontis , . `` Kinesiology.com - manual muscle testing MMT '' . kinesiology.com . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Motion capture '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of kinesiology at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinesiology&oldid=866070543 '' Categories : Ergonomics Applied sciences Human physiology Motor control Exercise physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 02 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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6234540111769817925	Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan	Hell 's Kitchen , Manhattan - wikipedia Hell 's Kitchen , Manhattan Jump to : navigation , search `` Hell 's Kitchen '' and `` Clinton , Manhattan '' redirect here . For other uses , see Hell 's Kitchen ( disambiguation ) and Clinton ( disambiguation ) . Neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City , New York , United States Hell 's Kitchen Neighborhood of Manhattan Looking south on Ninth Avenue from 49th Street Nickname ( s ) : HK , Clinton Hell 's Kitchen Location of Hell 's Kitchen Hell 's Kitchen Hell 's Kitchen ( New York City ) Hell 's Kitchen Hell 's Kitchen ( New York ) Hell 's Kitchen Hell 's Kitchen ( the US ) Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 40.76250 ° N 73.99333 ° W / 40.76250 ; - 73.99333 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 40.76250 ° N 73.99333 ° W / 40.76250 ; - 73.99333 Country United States State New York City New York City Borough Manhattan Area Total 0.841 sq mi ( 2.18 km ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 45,884 Density 55,000 / sq mi ( 21,000 / km ) Ethnicity White 56.4 % Asian or Pacific Islander 15.0 % Hispanic 19.3 % Black 6.3 % Other 3.0 % Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) ZIP Codes 10018 , 10019 , 10036 Area code ( s ) 212 , 646 , 917 Hell 's Kitchen , also known as Clinton , is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City . It is traditionally considered to be bordered by 34th Street to the south , 59th Street to the north , Eighth Avenue to the east , and the Hudson River to the west . The area provides transport , medical , and warehouse - infrastructure support to Midtown 's business district . Once a bastion of poor and working class Irish Americans , Hell 's Kitchen 's location in Midtown has changed its personality since the 1970s . Though Hell 's Kitchen 's gritty reputation had long held real - estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan , by 1969 , the City Planning Commission 's Plan for New York City reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were driving people of modest means from the area . Since the early 1990s , the area has been gentrifying , and rents have risen rapidly . Located close to both Broadway theaters and the Actors Studio training school , Hell 's Kitchen has long been a home to learning and practicing actors , and , in recent years , to young Wall Street financiers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Boundaries 2 Name 3 History 3.1 Early history and development 3.2 Unity with the city and deterioration 3.3 First wave of gentrification 3.3. 1 Special Clinton zoning district 3.3. 2 Windermere 3.3. 3 Failed rezoning attempts 3.4 September 11 , 2001 3.5 Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification 4 Demographics 5 Parks and recreation 6 Culture 6.1 Entertainment industry 6.2 Food 6.3 USS Intrepid Museum 7 Transportation 8 Education 9 In popular culture 9.1 Comics 9.2 Literature 9.3 Television 9.4 Film 9.5 Music 9.6 Video games 10 Notable residents 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Boundaries ( edit ) Location map of Hell 's Kitchen in Manhattan The name `` Hell 's Kitchen '' generally refers to the area from 34th to 59th Streets . Starting west of Eighth Avenue and north of 43rd Street , city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories . As a result , most of the buildings are older , and are often walk - up apartments . For the most part , the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP Codes 10019 and 10036 . The post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station , the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue . To the east , the neighborhood overlaps the Times Square Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue . On its southeast border , it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue . Here , two landmarks reside -- the New Yorker Hotel and the dynamic Manhattan Center building ( at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Eighth Avenue ) . Included in the transition area on Eighth Avenue are the Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd Street , the Pride of Midtown fire station ( from which an entire shift , 15 firefighters , died at the World Trade Center ) , several theatres including Studio 54 , the original soup stand of Seinfeld 's `` The Soup Nazi '' ' and the Hearst Tower . The northern edge of Hell 's Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side . 57th Street is the traditional boundary between the two neighborhoods . However , Hell 's Kitchen is often considered to extend further north to 59th Street , the southern edge of Central Park starting at Eighth Avenue , where the avenue names change ; this neighborhood overlaps with the Upper West Side if this is considered to be Hell 's Kitchen 's northern boundary . Included in the 57th to 59th Street transition area are the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle , Hudson Hotel , Mount Sinai West , where John Lennon died in 1980 after being shot , and John Jay College . The southern boundary is at Chelsea , but the two neighborhoods overlap and are often lumped together as the `` West Side '' since they support the Midtown Manhattan business district . The traditional dividing line is 34th Street . The transition area just north of Madison Square Garden and Pennsylvania Station includes the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center . The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park and West Side Highway . Name ( edit ) Looking south from Eighth Avenue and 46th Street View from between 47th and 48th Streets on Ninth Avenue looking northeast toward Time Warner Center and Hearst Tower Several explanations exist for the original name . An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan , Five Points . According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area : When , in 1835 , Davy Crockett said , `` In my part of the country , when you meet an Irishman , you find a first - rate gentleman ; but these are worse than savages ; they are too mean to swab hell 's kitchen . '' He was referring to the Five Points . According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell , published online by the Hell 's Kitchen Neighborhood Association : No one can pin down the exact origin of the label , but some refer to a tenement on 54th Street as the first `` Hell 's Kitchen . '' Another explanation points to an infamous building at 39th as the true original . A gang and a local dive took the name as well ... a similar slum also existed in London and was known as Hell 's Kitchen . Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus : ... first appeared in print on September 22 , 1881 when a New York Times reporter went to the West 30s with a police guide to get details of a multiple murder there . He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and Tenth Avenue as `` Hell 's Kitchen '' and said that the entire section was `` probably the lowest and filthiest in the city . '' According to this version , 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hell 's Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets . Another version ascribes the name 's origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heil 's Kitchen , after its proprietors . But the most common version traces it to the story of `` Dutch Fred the Cop '' , a veteran policeman , who with his rookie partner , was watching a small riot on West 39th Street near Tenth Avenue . The rookie is supposed to have said , `` This place is hell itself '' , to which Fred replied , `` Hell 's a mild climate . This is Hell 's Kitchen . '' Hell 's Kitchen has stuck as the most - used name of the neighborhood , even though real estate developers have offered alternatives of `` Clinton '' and `` Midtown West '' , or even `` the Mid-West '' . The `` Clinton '' name , used by the municipality of New York City , originated in 1959 in an attempt to link the area to DeWitt Clinton Park at 52nd and Eleventh Avenue , named after the 19th century New York governor . History ( edit ) Early History and development ( edit ) New York Passenger Ship Terminal in Hell 's Kitchen at 52nd Street On the island of Manhattan as it was when Europeans first saw it , the Great Kill formed from three small streams that united near present - day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street , and then wound through the low - lying Reed Valley , renowned for fish and waterfowl , to empty into the Hudson River at a deep bay on the river at the present 42nd Street . The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill , which became a center for carriage - making , while the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre , the predecessor of Longacre Square ( now Times Square ) . One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants , extending from today 's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now Sixth Avenue . One of the Hopper farmhouses , built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger , stood near 53rd Street and Eleventh Avenue ; christened `` Rosevale '' for its extensive gardens , it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran , Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker , and lasted until 1896 , when it was demolished . The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as DeWitt Clinton Park . In 1911 New York Hospital bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property , between 54th and 55th Streets , Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues . Beyond the railroad track , projecting into the river at 54th Street , was Mott 's Point , with an 18th - century Mott family house surrounded by gardens that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895 . Harborview Terrace public housing buildings between West 54th and West 56th Streets , and Tenth and Eleventh Avenues , part of the New York City Housing Authority A lone surviving structure that dates from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor George Clinton , now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street . From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857 , the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city 's intended future ; it extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues . It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park , and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway , West End Avenue , and 106th Street , now Straus Park . In 1825 , the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right - of - way through John Leake Norton 's farm , `` The Hermitage '' , to lay out 42nd Street clear to the river . Before long , cattle ferried from Weehawken were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side . Seventy acres of the Leakes ' ( later the Nortons ' ) property , extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river , had been purchased before 1807 by John Jacob Astor and William Cutting , who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban . Unity with the City and deterioration ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hell 's Kitchen and Sebastopol , c. 1890 , photographed by Jacob Riis There were multiple changes that helped Hell 's Kitchen integrate with New York City proper . The first was construction of the Hudson River Railroad , whose initial leg -- the 40 miles ( 64 km ) to Peekskill -- was completed on September 29 , 1849 , By the end of 1849 , it stretched to Poughkeepsie and in 1851 it extended to Albany . The track ran at a steep grade up Eleventh Avenue , as far as 60th Street . The formerly rural riverfront was industrialized by businesses , such as tanneries , that used the river for shipping products and dumping waste . The neighborhood that would later be known as Hell 's Kitchen , started forming in the southern part of the 22nd Ward in the mid-19th century . Irish immigrants -- mostly refugees from the Great Famine -- found work on the docks and railroad along the Hudson River and established shantytowns there . Mission House , Hell 's Kitchen , c. 1915 After the American Civil War , there was an influx of people who moved to New York City . The tenements that were built became overcrowded quickly . Many who lived in this congested , poverty - stricken area turned to gang life . Following Prohibition , implemented in 1919 , the district 's many warehouses were ideal locations for bootleg distilleries for the rumrunners who controlled illicit liquor . At the start of the 20th century , the neighborhood was controlled by gangs , including the violent Gopher Gang led by One Lung Curran and later by Owney Madden . Early gangs , like the Hell 's Kitchen Gang , transformed into organized crime entities , around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York . It became known as the `` most dangerous area on the American Continent '' . After the repeal of Prohibition , many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets , such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns . The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront , and longshoreman work was plentiful . By the end of the 1950s , however , the implementation of containerized shipping led to the decline of the West Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work . In addition , construction of the Lincoln Tunnel , Lincoln Tunnel access roads , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal and ramps destroyed much of Hell 's Kitchen south of 41st Street. - In 1959 , an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious `` Capeman '' murders in which two innocent teenagers were killed . By 1965 , Hell 's Kitchen was the home base of the Westies , an Irish mob aligned with the Gambino crime family . It was not until the early 1980s that widespread gentrification began to alter the demographics of the longtime working - class Irish American neighborhood . The 1980s also saw an end to the Westies ' reign of terror , when the gang lost all of its power after the RICO convictions of most of its principals in 1986 . First wave of gentrification ( edit ) Special Clinton zoning district ( edit ) Eighth Avenue was once lined with porn stores and theaters . The stores have been mostly gone since the late 1990s , but this particular store , which was highlighted in the 2003 film Phone Booth , remained until 2007 . Although the neighborhood is immediately west of New York 's main business district , large - scale redevelopment has been kept in check for more than 40 years by strict zoning rules in a Special Clinton District designed to protect the neighborhood 's residents and its low - rise character . In part to qualify for federal aid , New York developed a comprehensive Plan for New York City in 1969 -- 70 . For Hell 's Kitchen , the master plan called for two to three thousand hotel rooms , 25,000 apartments , 25,000,000 square feet ( 2,300,000 m ) of office space , a new super liner terminal , a subway along 48th Street , and a convention center to replace what the plan described as `` blocks of antiquated and deteriorating structures of every sort . '' However , outrage at the massive residential displacement that this development project would have caused , and the failure of the City to complete any replacement housing , led to opposition to the first project -- a new convention center to replace the New York Coliseum . To prevent the convention center from sparking a development boom that would beget the rest of the master plan with its consequent displacement , the Clinton Planning Council and Daniel Gutman , their environmental planner , proposed that the convention center and all major development be located south of 42nd Street where public policy had already left tracts of vacant land . Nevertheless , in 1973 the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was approved for a 44th Street site that would replace piers 84 and 86 . But in exchange , and after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street `` people mover , '' the City first abandoned the rest of the 1969 -- 70 master plan and then gave the neighborhood a special zoning district to restrict further redevelopment . Since then , limited new development has filled in the many empty lots and rejuvenated existing buildings . Later , in 1978 , when the city could not afford to construct the 44th Street convention center , the Mayor and Governor chose the rail yard site originally proposed by the local community . Major office and residential development south of 42nd Street indeed followed , albeit much later , after the City initiated the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project and started construction on the 7 subway extension The SCD was originally split into four areas : Preservation Area : 43rd to 56th Streets between Eighth and Tenth Avenues . R - 7 density , 6 - story height limit on new buildings , suggested average apartment size of two bedrooms ( this was a response to the fact that between 1960 and 1970 developers had torn down 2,300 family - sized units and replaced them with 1,500 smaller units ) . Perimeter Area : Eighth Avenue , 42nd and 57th Streets . Bulkier development permitted to counterbalance the downzoning in the preservation area . Mixed Use Area : Tenth and Eleventh Avenues between 43rd and 50th Streets . Mixed residential and manufacturing . New residential development only permitted in conjunction with manufacturing areas . Later combined into `` Other Areas '' . Other Areas : West of Eleventh Avenue . Industrial and waterfront uses . Later combined with `` Mixed Use Area '' Special permits are required for all demolition and construction in the SCD , including demolition of `` any sound housing in the District '' and any rehabilitation that increases the number of dwellings in a structure . In the original provisions . no building could be demolished unless it was unsound . New developments , conversions , or alterations that create new units or zero bedroom units must contain at least 20 % two bedroom apartments with a minimum room size of 168 square feet ( 16 m ) . Alterations that reduce the percentage of two - bedroom units are not permitted unless the resulting building meets the 20 % two - bedroom requirement . Finally , building height in the Preservation Area can not exceed 66 feet ( 20 m ) or seven stories , whichever is less . Windermere ( edit ) Windermere Apartments at 57th and Ninth As the gentrification pace increased , there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants . The most extreme example was the eight - story Windermere complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street . Built in 1881 , it is the second - oldest large apartment house in Manhattan . In 1980 , the then - owner , Alan B. Weissman , tried to empty the building of its tenants . According to former tenants and court papers , rooms were ransacked , doors were ripped out , prostitutes were moved in , and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building . All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere 's managers to jail . Although the building 's landlord , Alan B. Weissman , was never linked to the harassment , he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of The Village Voice annual list , `` The Dirty Dozen : New York 's Worst Landlords . '' Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building . As of May 2006 , seven tenants remained and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment . Finally , in September 2007 , the fire department evacuated those remaining seven residents from the building , citing dangerous conditions , and padlocked the front door . In 2008 the New York Supreme Court ruled that the owners of the building , who include the TOA Construction Corporation of Japan , must repair it . Failed rezoning attempts ( edit ) Looking south on Tenth Avenue from 59th Street By the 1980s the area south of 42nd Street was in decline . Both the state and the city hoped that the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center would renew the area . Hotels , restaurants , apartment buildings , and television studios were proposed . One proposal included apartments and hotels on a 30 acres ( 12 ha ) pier jutting out onto Hudson River , which also included a marina , ferry slip , stores , restaurants , and a performing arts center . At Ninth Avenue and 33rd Street , a 32 - story office tower would be built . Hotels , apartment buildings , and a Madison Square Garden would be built over the tracks west of Pennsylvania Station . North of the Javits Center , a `` Television City '' would be developed by Larry Silverstein in conjunction with NBC . One impediment to development was that there was a lack of mass transit in the area , which is far from Penn Station , and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station were pursued successfully ( for example , the ill - fated West Side Transitway ) . No changes to the zoning policy happened until 1990 , when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue near the Javits Center . In 1993 , part of 9th Avenue between 35th and 41st Streets was also rezoned . However , neither of these rezonings was particularly significant , as most of the area was still zoned as a manufacturing district with low - rise apartment buildings . By the early 1990s , there was a recession , which scuttled plans for rezoning and severely reduced the amount of development in the area . After the recession was over , developers invested in areas like Times Square , eastern Hell 's Kitchen , and Chelsea , but mostly skipped the Far West Side . September 11 , 2001 ( edit ) Memorial to 15 firefighters from West 48th Street station who died on September 11 , 2001 While most fire stations in Manhattan lost firefighters in the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks , the station with the greatest loss of firefighters was Engine 54 , Ladder 4 , Battalion 9 at 48th Street and Eighth Avenue , which lost 15 firefighters . Given its proximity to Midtown , the station has specialized in skyscraper fires and rescues ; in 2007 , it was the second - busiest firehouse in New York City , with 9,685 runs between the two companies . Its patch reads `` Pride of Midtown '' and `` Never Missed a Performance '' . Memorials dot the station 's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north . Ladder 21 , the `` Pride of Hell 's Kitchen '' , located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues , and stationed with Engine 34 , lost seven firefighters on September 11 . In addition , on September 11 , Engine 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine 34 / Ladder 21 and lost many firefighters themselves . Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification ( edit ) Looking north on 8th Avenue from 42nd Street Hell 's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the `` old days '' , with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan . It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north from Chelsea . Zoning has long restricted the extension of Midtown Manhattan 's skyscraper development into Hell 's Kitchen , at least north of 42nd Street . The David Childs - and Frank Williams - designed Worldwide Plaza established a beachhead when it was built in 1989 at the former Madison Square Garden site , a full city block between 49th and 50th Streets and between Eighth and Ninth Avenues that was exempt from special district zoning rules . This project led a real - estate building boom on Eighth Avenue , including the Hearst Tower at 56th Street and Eighth Avenue . An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving the Howard Johnson 's Motel at 52nd and Eighth Avenue . In June , Vikram Chatwal 's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining SIR ( Studio Instrument Rental ) building for $9 million . In August , they sold the property to Elad Properties for about $43 million . Elad , which formerly owned the Plaza Hotel , is in the process of building The Link , a luxury 44 - story building . The most prominent real estate project in the area is the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project , which will include over 45 million square feet of commercial and residential development , a renovation of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center , and an extension of the IRT Flushing Line to the 34th Street -- Hudson Yards station at 34th Street and 11th Avenue . This new station for 7 and < 7 > trains opened on September 13 , 2015 . Hudson Yards includes a mixed - use real estate development by Related Companies and Oxford Properties over the MTA 's West Side Yard which is expected to consist of 16 skyscrapers containing more than 12,700,000 square feet ( 1,180,000 m ) of new office , residential , and retail space . six million square feet ( 560,000 m ) of commercial office space , a 750,000 - square - foot ( 70,000 m ) retail center with two levels of restaurants , cafes , markets and bars , a hotel , a cultural space , about 5,000 residences , a 750 - seat school , and 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) of public open space . Development on the rail yard site officially broke ground on December 4 , 2012 , with the first tower , an 895 - foot ( 273 m ) office building in the southeast corner of the site , expected to be complete in 2016 . Demographics ( edit ) Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Hell 's Kitchen ( Clinton ) was 45,884 , an increase of 5,289 ( 13.0 % ) from the 40,595 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 422.45 acres ( 170.96 ha ) , the neighborhood had a population density of 108.6 inhabitants per acre ( 69,500 / sq mi ; 26,800 / km ) . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 56.4 % ( 25,891 ) White , 6.3 % ( 2,869 ) African American , 0.2 % ( 70 ) Native American , 15.0 % ( 6,886 ) Asian , 0.1 % ( 31 ) Pacific Islander , 0.4 % ( 181 ) from other races , and 2.4 % ( 1,079 ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.3 % ( 8,877 ) of the population . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Hell 's Kitchen Park Hell 's Kitchen 's side streets are mostly lined with trees . The neighborhood does not have many parks or recreational areas , though smaller plots have been converted into green spaces . One such park is De Witt Clinton Park on Eleventh Avenue between 52nd and 54th streets , across the West Side Highway from Clinton Cove Park . Another is Hell 's Kitchen Park , built in the 1970s on a former parking lot on 10th Avenue between 47th and 48th Streets . A newer park in Hell 's Kitchen is the Hudson Park and Boulevard , which is part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project . The Clinton Community Garden , a neighborhood garden , is a result of the actors living in the area . Since they mostly work at night in the local theatres , they took time to create a garden in what was then a rubble - strewn lot on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth avenues Eventually it contributed to the area 's gentrification . Although the garden has a gate which requires a key , everyone who lives in Hell 's Kitchen can apply for a membership and get a copy of the key . Culture ( edit ) Entertainment industry ( edit ) Hell 's Kitchen gear for sale in the Video Cafe on Ninth Avenue ( shop closed in January 2014 ) Manhattan Plaza , performing artists ' residence , Ninth Avenue / 43rd Street Hell 's Kitchen 's gritty reputation had made its housing prices lower than elsewhere in Manhattan . Given the lower costs in the past and its proximity to Broadway theatres , the neighborhood is a haven for aspiring actors . Many famous actors and entertainers have resided there , including Burt Reynolds , Rip Torn , Bob Hope , Charlton Heston , James Dean , Madonna , Jerry Seinfeld , Larry David , Alicia Keys , John Michael Bolger , and Sylvester Stallone . This is due in large part to the Actors Studio on West 44th at which Lee Strasberg taught and developed method acting . With the opening of the original Improv by Budd Friedman in 1963 , the club became a hangout for singers to perform but quickly attracted comedians , as well , turning it into the reigning comedy club of its time . Once located near West 44th Street and Ninth Avenue , it has since shuttered , replaced by a restaurant . Manhattan Plaza at 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues was built in the 1970s to house artists . It consists of two 46 - story towers with 70 % of the apartments set aside for rent discounts for those who work in the arts . The Actors ' Temple and St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church with its Actors ' Chapel also testify to the long - time presence of show business people . The neighborhood is also home to a number of broadcast and music - recording studios , including the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street , where the CBS television network records many of its news and sports programs such as 60 Minutes and The NFL Today ; the former Sony Music Studios at 460 West 54th Street , which closed in 2007 ; Manhattan Center Studios at 311 West 34th Street ; and Right Track Recording 's Studio A509 orchestral recording facility at West 38th Street and Tenth Avenue . The syndicated Montel Williams Show is also taped at the Unitel Studios , 433 West 53rd Street , between Ninth and Tenth Avenues . In 2016 , rock music singer and songwriter Sting recorded his album entitled 57th & 9th at Avatar Studios , a music studio located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell 's Kitchen . The Comedy Central satirical news program The Daily Show has been taped in Hell 's Kitchen since its debut . In 2005 , it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood , at 733 Eleventh Avenue , between 51st and 52nd Streets . The 54th and 10th location was used for The Colbert Report throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014 . Until its cancellation , the studio was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore , following Stephen Colbert 's departure from Comedy Central . Next door at 511 Wesr 54th Street is Ars Nova theater , home to emerging artists Joe Iconis and breakout star Jesse Eisenberg , among others . The headquarters of Troma studios was located in Hell 's Kitchen before their move to Long Island City in Queens . The Baryshnikov Arts Center opened at 37 Arts on 37th Street in 2005 , the Orchestra of St. Luke 's opened the DiMenna Center for Classical Music in the same building in 2011 . The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater opened at 55th Street and Ninth Avenue in 2006 . The Metropolitan Community Church of New York , geared toward an LGBTQ membership , is located in Hell 's Kitchen . Food ( edit ) Restaurant Row on West 46th Street Ninth Avenue is noted for its many ethnic restaurants . The Ninth Avenue Association 's International Food Festival stretches through the Kitchen from 42nd to 57th Streets every May , usually on the third weekend of the month . It has been going on since 1974 and is one of the oldest street fairs in the city . There are Caribbean , Chinese , French , German , Greek , Italian , Irish , Mexican , and Thai restaurants as well as multiple Afghan , Argentine , Ethiopian , Peruvian , Turkish , Indian , Pakistani , and Vietnamese restaurants . Restaurant Row , so called because of the abundance of restaurants , is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues . Notable establishments on Ninth Avenue include Mickey Spillane 's , part - owned by the mobster 's son , who also owns Mr Biggs on Tenth Avenue / 43rd Street . There are more restaurants and food carts and trucks on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets , including Hallo Berlin . USS Intrepid museum ( edit ) The Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum is located at Hudson River Pier 86 , 46th Street . Besides the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid , the museum exhibits the cruise missile submarine USS Growler , a Concorde SST , a Lockheed A-12 supersonic reconnaissance plane , and the Space Shuttle Enterprise . Transportation ( edit ) Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd and Eighth Avenue Amtrak train in Empire Connection trench The Lincoln Tunnel connects New York City to New Jersey . Parking lots dot the neighborhood , but are dwindling in quantity as developments are being built . Eleventh Avenue is lined with car dealerships , many of which claim to have the highest volume among all dealerships for their brands in the country . The massive Port Authority Bus Terminal is between 40th and 42nd Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues . Several New York City Bus routes ( such as the M11 , M12 , M31 , M34 SBS , M42 , M50 ) also service the area . Many of the horse - drawn carriages from Central Park stay in stables just off the West Side Highway . It is not uncommon to hear the sound of horses in the neighborhood . There have been calls for banning horse - drawn carriages , especially from Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio following a handful of collisions between cars and carriages . The carriage horses live in historic stables originally built in the 19th century , but today boast the latest in barn design , such as fans , misting systems , box stalls , and state - of - the - art sprinkler systems . As horses always have in densely populated urban areas , the carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor . Cruise ships frequently dock at the New York Passenger Ship Terminal in the 48th to 52nd piers called Piers 88 , 90 , 92 . Cruise ship horns are a common sound in the neighborhood . Several French restaurants opened on West 51st Street to accommodate traffic from the French Line . The piers originally built in 1930 are now considered small , and some cruise traffic uses other locations . Other ship operations in the neighborhood include Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises at West 42nd and the NY Waterway ferry service . Hell 's Kitchen begins northwest of Penn Station . Amtrak trains going into the station run along a sunken corridor west of Tenth Avenue , which feeds into the Freedom Tunnel ; it is used by approximately thirty trains daily . During the post-9 / 11 building boom , apartment houses have been built over sections of the train tracks . Hell 's Kitchen is bounded on the east by the New York City Subway 's IND Eighth Avenue Line ( A , C , and E trains ) . The MTA built the 7 Subway Extension ( 7 and < 7 > trains ) for the aforementioned Hudson Yards development . The extension to 34th Street -- Hudson Yards opened on September 13 , 2015 , making the IRT Flushing Line the westernmost New York City Subway line within Midtown . Education ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2016 ) The Success Academy Charter Schools group opened an elementary school , Success Academy Hell 's Kitchen , in the High School of Graphic Communication Arts building in 2013 . In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comics ( edit ) The Marvel Comics superhero Daredevil ( Matt Murdock ) , born and raised in Hell 's Kitchen , resides in , and intermittently operates his law office out of the neighborhood . Jessica Jones , another Marvel superhero , also hails from Hell 's Kitchen . The Kitchen , eight - issue Vertigo Comics miniseries is a female - driven crime drama set in Hell 's Kitchen . Literature ( edit ) Within the southern opening of the Freedom Tunnel , the former `` shantytowns '' constructed by homeless people , now cleared , gave rise to the urban legend of `` mole people '' , as seen in the documentary Dark Days and in Jennifer Toth 's book The Mole People : Life in the Tunnels Beneath New York . The Definite Object -- A Romance of New York , a novel ( 1917 ) by Jeffery Farnol , features Hell 's Kitchen as a key venue Nero Wolfe ( 1934 ) , series of novels and short stories The Fountainhead ( 1943 ) , novel by Ayn Rand -- the character Gail Wynand grows up in Hell 's Kitchen , which features as the symbolic site of a building he orders to be made . The Fortunate Pilgrim ( 1964 ) , novel by Mario Puzo American Psycho ( 1991 ) , novel by Bret Easton Ellis Devil 's Heaven ( 1995 ) , novel by Thomas Adcock Sleepers ( 1995 ) , novel by Lorenzo Carcaterra , and Sleepers , 1996 film Everybody Dies ( 1998 ) , novel by Lawrence Block Cosmopolis ( 2003 ) , novel by Don DeLillo Mafia Summer ( 2005 ) , novel by E. Duke Vincent The Power of the Dog ( 2005 ) , crime / thriller novel by Don Winslow Jackson Steeg series novels ( 2006 -- 9 ) by Ira Berkowitz Shamrock Alley ( 2009 ) , novel by Ronald Malfi Run for Your Life ( 2009 ) , novel by James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge The Spy ( 2010 ) , novel by Clive Cussler Television ( edit ) Route 66 ( 1960 -- 63 ) , TV show -- Buz Murdock , one of the lead characters , grew up in Hell 's Kitchen . Hell On Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) , the character of Thomas C. Durant claims to have grown up in Hell 's Kitchen as a boy , which led to his ferocious need for power . Public Morals ( 2015 ) , TV show Film ( edit ) Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) film by Sylvester Stallone Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , film by Martin Scorsese Sleepers ( 1996 ) , film by Barry Levinson State of Grace ( 1990 ) , film by Phil Joanou In America ( 2003 ) by Jim Sheridan Ash Wednesday ( 2002 film ) , by Edward Burns , set in the Hell 's Kitchen of the early 1980s Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , film by Martin Scorsese , filmed and set largely in Hell 's Kitchen . Fail Safe ( 1964 ) , film by Sidney Lumet . Music ( edit ) `` New York City '' ( 1989 ) , song by The Cult `` Hell 's Kitchen '' ( 1997 ) , instrumental song from Dream Theater 's 1997 album Falling into Infinity which was recorded at the Power Station recording studio , West 53rd Street Video games ( edit ) Alone in the Dark 2 ( 1993 ) , by Infogrames Deus Ex ( 2000 ) , video game by Ion Storm , the main protagonist visits a small portion of Hell 's Kitchen multiple times during the story . Tom Clancy 's The Division ( 2016 ) , video game by Ubisoft Massive Notable residents ( edit ) Notable current and former residents of Hell 's Kitchen include : Michael Alig , founder of the Club Kids , lived at Riverbank West ( 560 West 43rd Street ) , Apartment 3K , at 11th Avenue , which he described as `` the place where I lived as part of my salary at Limelight '' ; it was the address where he and his roommate , Robert `` Freeze '' Riggs , killed Andre `` Angel '' Melendez Carmelo Anthony ( born 1984 ) , basketball player Benjamin Appel ( 1907 -- 1977 ) , crime novelist Lewis Black , comic William H. Bonney ( `` Billy the Kid '' ) ; born Henry McCarty ( 1859 -- 1881 ) , Wild West outlaw . Grew up in Hell 's Kitchen , before moving to the West with his widow mother , according to TV docu - series The American West . Anthony Bourdain , chef and author James J. Braddock ( `` Cinderella Man '' ) , boxer , lived on West 48th Street James Cagney , actor George Cain ( 1943 -- 2010 ) , author of Blueschild Baby . Lorenzo Carcaterra , author , was born and raised in Hell 's Kitchen , which is featured in his autobiographical story `` A Safe Place '' as well as the novel and later film Sleepers . Vanessa Carlton ( born 1980 ) , singer - songwriter Paul Cavonis ( born 1937 ) , actor Timothée Chalamet , actor , raised in Hell 's Kitchen Richard Christy ( born 1974 ) , comedian , radio personality , and musician James Coonan ( born 1946 ) , mobster Larry David ( born 1947 ) , actor , producer of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm . Robert De Niro , actor Tom Devaney , mobster Bill Dwyer , mobster Donald Faison , actor Alice Faye , actress Mickey Featherstone , mobster Sutton Foster , stage actor Robert Fripp , musician Zach Galligan , actor Peter H. Gilmore ( born 1958 ) , High Priest of the Church of Satan Marcelo Gomes ( born 1979 ) , Brazilian ballet dancer who has performed with the American Ballet Theatre . John Goodman , actor , lived on Ninth Avenue Tom Gorman ( 1919 - 1986 ) , Major League Baseball umpire . James Gunn , author and filmmaker Tom Hanks , actor , had an apartment in Hell 's Kitchen in the late 1970s / early 1980s . Charlton Heston , actor , worked as a model in Hell 's Kitchen from 1944 to 1947 . Stephan Jenkins of Third Eye Blind , musician Alicia Keys ( born 1981 ) , singer and pianist Kenny Kramer ( born 1943 ) , comedian , lived in a Hell 's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Larry David and became the inspiration for the Cosmo Kramer character on Seinfeld . Stanley Kramer ( 1913 - 2001 ) , film director and producer Reichen Lehmkuhl ( born 1973 ) , winner of The Amazing Race and star of The A-List : New York Mark LoMonaco , professional wrestler , known as Bubba Ray Dudley Henrik Lundqvist , hockey player and New York Rangers goaltender , played in the NHL Owney Madden , mobster George Maharis , actor , lived on West 49th Mary `` Typhoid Mary '' Mallon shared an apartment in Hell 's Kitchen with her boyfriend between jobs as a cook during the 1900s Eddie McGrath , mobster Frank Miller ( born 1957 ) , writer and comic book artist Daniel Patrick Moynihan ( 1927 -- 2003 ) , politician , sociologist , and diplomat . Brian Mullen ( born 1962 ) , hockey player , played in the NHL for the Winnipeg Jets , New York Rangers , San Jose Sharks and New York Islanders . Joe Mullen ( born 1957 ) , hockey player , played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues , Calgary Flames , Pittsburgh Penguins and Boston Bruins from 1980 -- 1997 , winning three Stanley Cups . Joakim Noah ( born 1985 ) , basketball player who has played in the NBA for the New York Knicks Trevor Noah ( born 1984 ) , actor Graham Norton ( born 1963 ) , comedian , owns property on Tenth Avenue Paul O'Neill ( born 1956 ) , producer and founder of Trans - Siberian Orchestra Jerry Orbach ( 1935 -- 2004 ) , actor . Kept an apartment on Eighth Avenue between 53rd and 54th Streets . Tony Orlando ( born 1944 ) , singer Ilka Tanya Payán ( 1943 -- 1996 ) , actress and AIDS activist Josh Peck ( born 1986 ) , actor , was born and raised in Hell 's Kitchen . Mario Puzo ( 1920 -- 1999 ) , author of The Godfather George Raft ( 1901 -- 1980 ) , actor Andrew Rannells ( born 1978 ) , actor John Reed ( born 1969 ) , author Tim Rose ( 1940 - 2002 ) , musician , lived on West 46th Street in Hell 's Kitchen for a decade or more in the 1980s and 90s , and later referred to it as `` skid row '' in a song called `` Because You 're Rich . '' Mickey Rourke ( born 1953 ) , actor Richie Scheinblum ( born 1942 ) , American Major League Baseball All Star outfielder Stephen Schwartz ( born 1948 ) , composer Kevin Spacey ( born 1959 ) , actor Mickey Spillane ( 1933 - 1977 ) , mobster Sylvester Stallone ( born 1946 ) , actor who was born and raised in the area . Linards Tauns , Latvian modernist poet and spiritual leader of Hell 's Kitchen group of immigrant Latvian poets . William M. `` Boss '' Tweed , political figure , lived at West 51st Street . Lisa Velez ( born 1966 ) , singer of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam Thomas Wagner a.k.a. `` The Cadillac Man '' ( born 1949 ) , author Matt Wiese ( born 1971 ) , professional wrestler , known as Horshu or Luther Reigns Bruce Willis ( born 1955 ) , actor , lived at West 49th Street and Tenth Avenue as a struggling actor . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Norton , the great - nephew of John Leake , founder of Leake and Watts Children 's Home , is listed among early 19th - century owners of considerable tracts in what is now Hell 's Kitchen , with John Jacob Astor , William Cutting , Thomas Addis Emmet , Andrew Hopper , John Horn and William Wright . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Table PL - P5 NTA : Total Population and Persons Per Acre -- New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas * , 2010 , Population Division -- New York City Department of City Planning , February 2012 . Accessed June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Table PL - P3A NTA : Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin -- New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas * , 2010 , Population Division -- New York City Department of City Planning , March 29 , 2011 . Accessed June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Michael R. `` Clinton frets over that gleam in developers ' eyes '' , The New York Times , December 22 , 1985 . Accessed February 17 , 2008 . `` Hell 's Kitchen , which stretched from 40th to 59th Streets and from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson , is now called Clinton . The modern district reaches south to 34th Street . '' Jump up ^ Walsh , John ( September 1994 ) . `` The Five Points '' . Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwell , Kirkley . `` Hell 's Kitchen Neighborhood Association '' . HKNA Official website . World Wide Vibe.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce . `` Neighborhood Report : Chelsea / Clinton ; Hell 's Kitchen Hotter With Revivalist Fans '' , The New York Times , December 4 , 1994 . Accessed March 31 , 2017 . `` Among the theories on the name is that it derived from a restaurant called Heil 's Kitchen . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Hell 's Kitchen Park Highlights '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gill , John Freeman ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) . `` A Place of Contrasts , and Even an Alias -- Living In Hell 's Kitchen North '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Gerard T. Koeppel , Water for Gotham : A History , 2001 : 10 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01139 - 7 Jump up ^ Eric W. Sanderson , Mannahatta : A Natural History of New York City , 2009 : Appendix A , p. 253 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9633 - 5 ; refs . G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr , `` Old wells and water - courses on the isle of Manhattan '' , in Historic New York , M.W. Goodwin , A.C. Royce , and R. Putnam , 1897 ; and others . Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , 1999 : 721 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511634 - 8 Jump up ^ `` New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm ; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital '' . The New York Times . 1911 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York 's New Up - town Centre ; Long Acre Square of To - day and Yesterday -- Scenes Witnessed in the Neighborhood `` During Revolutionary Times -- Property Owners Whose Gardens and Farms Once Made the District Attractive -- Washington 's Connection with the Place -- A Famous Road House and the Civil War '' . The New York Times . 1902 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Harborview Terrace '' , NYCHA website Jump up ^ Kevin Walsh , Forgotten New York : The Ultimate Urban Explorer 's Guide to All Five Boroughs ( 2006 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Gilbert Tauber , `` Old Streets of New York '' : `` B '' Streets . Jump up ^ Ken Bloom , Broadway : Its History , People , and Places : An Encyclopedia , `` Introduction '' , 2004 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Bradbury and Guild , The Hudson River and the Hudson River Railroad , 1851 . Jump up ^ Bayor , Ronald H. and Meagher , Timothy J. ( 1997 ) . The New York Irish , pp. 217 -- 18 . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5764 - 3 . Jump up ^ English , T.J. ( 2006 ) . The Westies : Inside New York 's Irish Mob , p. 39 . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36284 - 6 . Jump up ^ Department of City Planning , Special Clinton District zoning text . Jump up ^ Burks , Edward C. ( March 25 , 1970 ) . `` New Exhibit Hall Planned Here '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stern , Michael ( 1970 - 12 - 08 ) . `` 6th And Last Part of Master Plan on City Released ; Volume on Manhattan Urges Building of Offices Along 48th St. Transit Line Westward Pattern Set Condemnation of Big Tracts Intended to Insure Public Use of Some of Area '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( 1972 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Elliott Assailed at Plan Hearing ; Clinton - Chelsea Residents Denounce Proposals '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Burks , Edward C. ( February 24 , 1971 ) . `` City Planning Convention Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Darnton , John ( 1973 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Convention Center Model Unveiled Here With Pride ; A Dissenting View '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Richard Witkin , `` State Will Cancel Some Road Projects , '' New York Times , November 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Tomasson , Robert E. ( 1973 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Developers Turning to West Midtown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Glenn ( 1974 - 11 - 22 ) . `` City Is Limiting Clinton Building ; Board of Estimate Enacts Special Zoning Controls on Runaway Development '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Charles ( 1978 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Convention Site at West 34th St. Chosen by Koch ; He and Carey Outline Plans for Center '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ NYC Landmark report Jump up ^ The Windermere at Curbed New York Jump up ^ `` Ninth Avenue Noir '' by Elias Wolfberg , The New York Times , January 20 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` An Epic Landlord - Tenant Fight , Crossing Years and Continents '' by Anthony Ramirez , The New York Times , October 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Fire Dept . Orders Windermere Tenants Out '' by Anthony Ramirez , The New York Times , September 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Repairs Ordered at Windermere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell L. Moss ( November 2011 ) . `` How New York City Won the Olympics '' ( PDF ) . Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management , Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service . New York University . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Richard . `` Glittering Javits Center Kindles Dreams For West Side . '' The New York Times . New York . April 6 , 1986 . Section B , page 7 , column 1 . Jump up ^ Finder , Alan . `` Developers Named For Hudson Complex . '' The New York Times . New York . February 11 , 1987 . Section B , page 1 , column 2 . Jump up ^ Scardino , Albert . `` Project Would Extend Office Towers To Ninth Avenue . '' The New York Times . New York . April 22 , 1987 . Section B , page 1 , column 2 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Martin . `` New Sports Arena Planned For Site West Of 10th Ave . '' The New York Times . New York . April 26 , 1986 . Section 1 , page 1 , column 1 . Jump up ^ Scardino , Albert . `` 12 - Block Office - Entertainment Center Planned On West Side . '' The New York Times . New York . April 6 , 1987 . Section B , page 1 , column 2 . Jump up ^ Gregory P. Benz , et . al. , `` West Side Manhattan Transitway Study , '' Transportation Research Board , Special Report No. 221 , May 8 -- 11 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Oser , Alan . `` Perspectives : The West 30 's ; Land Uses Near the Convention Center . '' The New York Times . New York . February 4 , 1990 . Section 10 , page 9 , column 2 . Jump up ^ Buder , Leonard . `` Area Near Javits Center Is Rezoned . '' The New York Times . New York . February 24 , 1990 . Section 1 , page 29 , column 2 . Jump up ^ Howe , Marvine . `` Neighborhood Report : Midtown ; After 30 Years It 's Ciao , Giordano . '' The New York Times . New York . October 24 , 1993 . Section 13 , page 6 , column 1 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce . `` Neighborhood Report : Clinton ; On Ninth Ave. , A New Call For Help ... '' The New York Times . New York . July 10 , 1994 . Section 13 , page 6 , column 4 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Richard . `` Postings : For Pioneers ? ; Housing Near Javits Center . '' The New York Times . New York . July 2 , 1989 . Section 10 , page 1 , column 4 . Jump up ^ Rozhon , Tracie. `` 80 's Giant Dreams Facing 90 's Economic Realities . '' The New York Times , June 9 , 1996 . Section 9 , page 1 , column 4 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David . `` The Taming Of the ' Wild West ' . '' , The New York Times , August 24 , 1997 . Accessed December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hardest Hit Firehouse Still Recovering 10 Years Later , WABC - TV , September 11 , 2011 . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . `` No firehouse was hit harder than the one in Midtown Manhattan . Fifteen members of Engine 54 , Ladder 4 , Battlaion 9 were killed . '' Jump up ^ FDNewYork.com Runs and Workers -- 2007 Jump up ^ Fertig , Beth . `` Firemen on September 11th '' , WNYC , September 12 , 2002 . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . `` But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished . None of the bodies was ever recovered . '' Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph. `` Hell 's Kitchen , Swept Out and Remodeled '' , The New York Times , March 19 , 2006 . Accessed December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hell 's Kitchen : NYC 's gentrified , yet homey neighborhood '' . Mercedeshouseny.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Critchlow , Katharine ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Hell 's Kitchen -- April 29 , 2013 '' . NewYork.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Rental Market Report '' . April 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Varga , Hell 's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space : Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City , 1894 -- 1914 . New York : Monthly Review Press , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Tangel , Andrew ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) . `` New Subway Station Opens on NYC 's Far West Side '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Volpe , Joseph ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` New York 's next big neighborhood is its smartest '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Hudson Yards Availabilities Hudson Yards '' . Hudsonyardsnewyork.com . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ De Witt Clinton Park , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Gwynne ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` New Park Begins Transformation of Industrial Hudson Yards District '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tales of Gardening Greatness , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweet Gifts at Video Cafe -- Vanishing , January 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Midtown West '' . Rachel Realty . Rachel Realty . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. `` Developer Signs Deal For Complex '' , The New York Times , January 13 , 2004 . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . `` The Department of Housing and Urban Development agreed to steep rent subsidies for about 70 percent of the apartments for tenants working as film or television actors , singers , dancers , stagehands or musicians , if they met certain income limits . '' Jump up ^ Jon Pareles ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` With 57th and 9th , Sting Changes His Mind About Rock '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The 9th Avenue International Food Festival Jump up ^ Michael M. Grynbaum , `` For de Blasio , Carriage Horse Ban Is No Walk in the Park '' , The New York Times , April 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ Malloy , Allie ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Bill de Blasio : Central Park 's horse - drawn carriages should ride into history '' . CNN . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Neeson blasts Mayor de Blasio for skipping carriage horse stable tour : ' He should have manned up and come ' '' . New York Daily News . March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes in the Clinton Park Horse Stables for the Central Park Carriages '' . Untapped Cities . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Stables Where Central Park Carriage Horses Live '' . Business Insider. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTA 's 469th Station is First Addition to Subway System in 26 Years '' . MTA . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , Lisa , New Charters Proposed for Manhattan , in The Wall Street Journal , July 15 , 2012 , as accessed July 25 , 2012 , ( a version printed as New Charters Proposed for Manhattan. , p . A17 ( U.S. ed . ) , July 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Name : Success Academy Hell 's Kitchen ( Success Academy Charter Schools ) ( official website ) , as accessed December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Kitchen ' revisits 1970s ' gangster Wild West ' '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Antonson , Rick ( 2012 ) . Route 66 Still Kicks : Driving America 's Main Street . Dundurn Press . p. 273 . ISBN 9781459704374 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday ( 2002 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Taxi Driver Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1976 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Book of New York : Stories of the People , the Streets , and the ... - The New York Times - Google Books '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Riggs , Robert ( December 1996 ) . `` Longhand Of The Law : Club Kids Kill An Angel ( Handwritten confession of Robert Riggs ) '' . The Smoking Gun . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Alig , Michael ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Club Kid killer relives bloody crime '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Barbara K. `` La La Anthony dishes on her Hell 's Kitchen crib '' , New York Post , April 19 , 2012 . Accessed July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Wendell . `` City Lore ; Hard - Boiled Tales , Told by a Gentleman '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 2006 . Accessed August 11 , 2009 . `` Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977 , many of them set in New York . He was raised in Hell 's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt , N.J. , but after he moved he still came back to New York often . '' Jump up ^ Friend , Tad . `` Lewis Black , Playwright '' , The New Yorker , June 5 , 2012 . Accessed July 4 , 2016 . `` In his living room high up in Hell 's Kitchen , the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him , as if he 'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen - Dazs . '' Jump up ^ `` Disappearing Manhattan . '' Anthony Bourdain No Reservations . Travel Channel . February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla . `` Roll the Fairy Tale , Fade to the Fists '' , The New York Times , June 3 , 2005 . Accessed July 8 , 2016 . `` On June 13 , 1935 , the boxer James J. Braddock fought the fight of a lifetime . Born in Hell 's Kitchen when that New York neighborhood still warranted that rough - and - tumble epithet , the 30 - year - old heavyweight was the son of immigrants whose bloodlines and hardscrabble woes traced back to Ireland . '' Jump up ^ Eldridge , David . American Culture in the 1930s , p. 74 . Edinburgh University Press , 2008 . ISBN 9780748629770 . Accessed July 8 , 2016 . `` Born in New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen , Cagney brought something ' fresh ' to the movie , a machismo that was natural , uncontrolled and seemingly spontaneous ( as when he spits beer into someone 's face ) , and imbued with a wise - guy wit . '' Jump up ^ Grimes , William . `` George Cain , Writer of Blueschild Baby , Dies at 66 '' , The New York Times , October 29 , 2010 . Accessed October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce . `` Neighborhood Report : Point - Counterpoint ; A Church vs. Sleepers '' , The New York Times , October 15 , 1995 . Accessed July 8 , 2016 . `` Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and its elementary school on West 51st Street are focal elements in the current best seller Sleepers , which the author , Lorenzo Carcaterra , presents as a true story drawn from his Hell 's Kitchen boyhood . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Second Cup Cafe : Vanessa Carlton '' , CBS News , November 17 , 2007 . Accessed August 10 , 2009 . `` A few years ago , this three - time Grammy nominee was living in New York 's Hell 's Kitchen and working as a waitress in Lower Manhattan between performances at open mic nights in the city 's clubs . '' Jump up ^ Television Guest Stars : An Illustrated Career Chronicle for 678 Performers of the Sixties and Seventies Jump up ^ Henderson , Kathy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Prodigal Son Playwright John Patrick Shanley & Star Timothee Chalamet on the Pain , Poetry & Pride of Revisiting 15 '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krawitz , Alan . `` Richard Christy : Queens ' quirky caller `` , Queens Chronicle , January 21 , 2010 . Accessed July 8 , 2016 . `` Formerly a resident of Hell 's Kitchen , Christy moved to LIC in 2008 and says he 's been pleasantly surprised . '' Jump up ^ Traub , James . `` The Lords of Hell 's Kitchen '' , The New York Times , April 5 , 1987 . Accessed July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McShane , Larry . `` The real Kramer says actor no racist : But Richards is ' paranoid , ' ' very wound - up ' '' , Chicago Sun - Times , November 26 , 2006 . Accessed August 11 , 2009 . `` The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell 's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Seinfeld co-creator Larry David , and his life became the framework for Richards ' quirky , bumbling Seinfeld sidekick . '' Jump up ^ Kaufman , Joanne . `` Marcelo Gomes , the Dancer at Home in Hell 's Kitchen '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 2014 . Accessed July 4 , 2016 . `` Not long after Marcelo Gomes moved with his dachshund , Lua , into a subcompact ( 475 square feet ) condo in Hell 's Kitchen two and a half years ago , he gave a housewarming party . '' Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` Sports of the Times ; Tom Gorman 's Final Call '' , The New York Times , August 17 , 1986 . Accessed July 9 , 2016 . `` Yesterday , in a cemetery in Paramus , N.J. , Thomas David Gorman , born in Hell 's Kitchen in Manhattan , was laid to rest . ' When I go , ' he had told his children , ' I want to be buried in my umpiring suit , and holding my indicator . ' '' Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott . `` Music Preview : Through her first several records , Alicia Keys has a golden touch '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , April 17 , 2008 . Accessed August 10 , 2009 . `` Keys , a classically trained pianist raised in Hell 's Kitchen by her Italian - Scottish mother , spent a few years after she dropped out of Columbia University trying to launch her pop career with songs on soundtracks . '' Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick . `` Stanley Kramer , Filmmaker With Social Bent , Dies at 87 '' , The New York Times , February 21 , 2001 . Accessed July 9 , 2016 . `` Stanley Earl Kramer was born in Hell 's Kitchen in Manhattan , the only child of a divorced mother who worked as a secretary for Paramount . '' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/opinion/the-city-life-recalling-a-complicated-man.html ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin . `` Mullen brothers come long way from Hell 's Kitchen '' , USA Today , February 7 , 1989 . Accessed August 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kussoy , Howie . `` You ca n't understand Joakim Noah until you know where he came from '' , New York Post , October 28 , 2016 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` A life set up to be overshadowed started in Manhattan , but Noah grew up in one of Paris ' wealthiest suburbs , splitting time between his divorced parents . When he was 12 , he moved to New York , living with his mother -- who had moved to New York as a teenager -- and younger sister , Yelena , near the corner of 51st Street and 10th Avenue . In Hell 's Kitchen , he was no longer the child of France 's favorite son . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Trevor Noah Bought a $10 Million New York City Penthouse ; The comedian upgraded to the best apartment in his building '' , Architectural Digest , March 1 , 2017 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` After taking the helm of The Daily Show , Trevor Noah 's hard work has clearly paid off . The comedian just purchased a $10 million penthouse apartment in the same building where he 's been renting for the past six months , reports StreetEasy . The duplex is located in Manhattan 's Hell 's Kitchen , which is conveniently close to where The Daily Show films . '' Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott . `` Music Preview : Trans - Siberian Orchestra tour leans on old special and new album '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , December 24 , 2015 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` ' I 've always been fascinated by night , ' Mr. O'Neill says . ' Night is where the fringes of society can feel safe . At one point of my life I used to live in Hell 's Kitchen , when I was younger , and at night you would see the winos , the schizophrenics , the drug addicts . ' '' Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ; Severo , Richard . `` Jerry Orbach , Stage and TV Actor , Is Dead at 69 '' , The New York Times , December 30 , 2004 . Accessed August 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Van Matre , Lynn . `` Tony Orlando : Fame dawns the second time around '' , Chicago Tribune , July 2 , 1975 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` Raised in Manhattan 's tough ' Hells ' Kitchen area ( nost of the people he grew up with , Orlando says , ' are either dead or in jail ' ) , Tony attended high school only one week before dropping out . '' Jump up ^ Mason , Kiki . `` The Lady Is a Champ ; Actress / Lawyer / Activist Ilka Tanya Payán fights for the glamorous life '' POZ ( magazine ) , August 1 , 1995 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` A homecare worker with a ring through her nose greets me at the door to Ilka Tanya Payán 's high - rise apartment in Manhattan 's West Fifties . '' Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` Josh Peck leaves Drake & Josh behind '' , Today ( U.S. TV program ) , July 7 , 2008 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` A shy , overweight kid growing up in New York 's Hell 's Kitchen , Peck says he got into standup comedy as young as he did simply because it was the only thing he was good at . '' Jump up ^ Homberger , Eric . `` Mario Puzo : The author of the Godfather , the book the Mafia loved '' , The Guardian , July 5 , 1999 . Accessed August 10 , 2009 . `` Born the son of illiterate Neapolitan immigrants , and one of 12 children , Puzo grew up in Hell 's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan . '' Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel . `` Mario Puzo , Author Who Made ' The Godfather ' a World Addiction , Is Dead at 78 '' , The New York Times , July 3 , 1999 . Accessed July 9 , 2016 . `` Mario Puzo was born in Hell 's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan . His parents were poor Italian - American immigrants from Naples ( not , like the Corleones , from Sicily ) . '' Jump up ^ via Associated Press , `` ' Tough guy ' George raft dies of emphysema at 85 '' , The Milwaukee Sentinel , November 25 , 1980 . Accessed August 10 , 2009 . `` After growing up in New York 's tough Hell 's Kitchen area , Raft was a boxer , electrician and baseball player before landing a job as a dancer in nightclubs in the 1920s . '' Jump up ^ John Reed , Pen Parentis , October 5 , 2013 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` I live with my wife and two young children in Hell 's Kitchen . '' Jump up ^ Frankel , Bruce . `` Rourke sits in on trial of pal Gotti '' , USA Today , March 17 , 1992 . Accessed August 10 , 2009 . `` The bad - boy actor , who grew up in Hell 's Kitchen in Manhattan , spent the morning in court on a ' family ' -- the Gotti family -- pass , following transcripts of conversations between Gotti , Salvatore ' Sammy Bull ' Gravano and others . '' Jump up ^ Guest Kevin Spacey on YouTube , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , May 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Traub , James . `` The Lord 's of Hell 's Kitchen '' , The New York Times , April 5 , 1987 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` By the Mid-1970'S , Control over Hell 's Kitchen crime had passed to the mythically named Michael ( Mickey ) Spillane . A bookmaker , loan shark and murderer , Spillane was one of the last of the old - fashioned gangsters , handing out turkeys at Thanksgiving and paying visits to the elderly . '' Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan . `` Sylvester Stallone : the wacky people 's champ who battled his own ego ; Leading the race for best supporting actor Oscar for his comeback in Creed , this self - made star 's creative fortunes have been inseparably bound to his most famous creation , Rocky Balboa '' , The Guardian , February 24 , 2016 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` He was born in Hell 's Kitchen , New York City , to an astrologer mother and a father whom Stallone claimed ate raw sparrows and rabbit entrails . '' Jump up ^ Hunt , Denis . `` Lisa Lisa Is Cookin ' In Hell 's Kitchen '' , Los Angeles Times , July 5 , 1987 . Accessed March 3 , 2017 . `` To hear Lisa Velez talk , you 'd think New York City 's infamous Hell 's Kitchen -- a dangerous , drug - infested slum -- was paradise ... Usually kids grow up in Hell 's Kitchen with one thought : escaping as soon as they are able . But Velez , the youngest of 10 children , had a different goal . She wanted to be a singer . '' Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth . `` Motion Pictures ; Bruce Willis Looks for the Man Within the Icon '' , The New York Times , July 1 , 1990 . Accessed August 15 , 2017 . `` Somewhere in Hell 's Kitchen , hard by West 49th Street and 10th Avenue in Manhattan , there is an apartment with Bruce Willis 's name on it . A railroad flat where , for $175 a month , he bivouacked as one of New York 's small army of aspiring actors , it still remains , and not by accident , in the man 's family . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hell 's Kitchen , Manhattan . Hell 's Kitchen Neighborhood Association New York Magazine neighborhood profile `` Turf of Gangs and Gangsters '' by John Strausbaugh , The New York Times , August 17 , 2007 Hell 's Kitchen Neighborhood Business and Services Directory Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan Lower Manhattan below 14th St ( CB 1 , 2 , 3 ) Alphabet City Battery Park City Bowery Chinatown Civic Center Cooperative Village East Village Essex Crossing Financial District Five Points Greenwich Village Hudson Square Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Syria Lower East Side Meatpacking District NoHo Nolita Radio Row SoHo South Street Seaport South Village Tribeca Two Bridges West Village World Trade Center Midtown ( CB 5 ) Columbus Circle Diamond District Flatiron District Garment District Herald Square Koreatown Madison Square NoMad Silicon Alley Theater District Times Square West Side ( CB 4 , 7 ) Chelsea Hell 's Kitchen Hudson Yards Lincoln Square Little Spain Manhattan Valley Manhattantown Penn South Pomander Walk Riverside South Tenderloin Upper West Side East Side ( CB 6 , 8 ) Carnegie Hill Gashouse District Gramercy Park Kips Bay Lenox Hill Murray Hill Peter Cooper Village Rose Hill Stuyvesant Square Stuyvesant Town Sutton Place Tudor City Turtle Bay Union Square Upper East Side Waterside Plaza Yorkville Upper Manhattan above 110th St ( CB 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Astor Row East Harlem Hamilton Heights Harlem Hudson Heights Inwood Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Marble Hill ( Bx CB 8 ) Marcus Garvey Park Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Sylvan Washington Heights Islands Ellis Island ( CB 1 ) Governors Island ( CB 1 ) Liberty Island ( CB 1 ) Randalls Island ( CB 11 ) Roosevelt Island ( CB 8 ) Wards Island ( CB 11 ) Former Seneca Village Community boards : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hudson Yards Hudson Yards 10 Hudson Yards 15 Hudson Yards 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 50 Hudson Yards 55 Hudson Yards The Shed Vessel Adjacent developments 3 Hudson Boulevard 500 West 30th Street Manhattan West Penn South The Spiral Related infrastructure 7 Subway Extension 34th Street Planned : 10th Avenue Gateway Program High Line Hudson Park and Boulevard Hudson River Park Javits Center West Side Yard Other Companies 10 Hudson Yards Coach , Inc . 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6822707578584010339	Antonio López de Santa Anna	Antonio López de Santa Anna - wikipedia Antonio López de Santa Anna Jump to : navigation , search For other people Lopez , see Antonio Lopez ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is López de Santa Anna and the second or maternal family name is Pérez de Lebrón . His Serene Highness Antonio López de Santa Anna Santa Anna , c. 1853 8th President of Mexico In office 17 May 1833 -- 4 June 1833 Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías Succeeded by Valentín Gómez Farías In office 18 June 1833 -- 5 July 1833 Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías Succeeded by Valentín Gómez Farías In office 27 October 1833 -- 15 December 1833 Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías Succeeded by Valentín Gómez Farías In office 24 April 1834 -- 27 January 1835 Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías Succeeded by Miguel Barragán In office 20 March 1839 -- 10 July 1839 Preceded by Anastasio Bustamante Succeeded by Nicolás Bravo In office 10 October 1841 -- 26 October 1842 Preceded by Francisco Javier Echeverría Succeeded by Nicolás Bravo In office 4 March 1843 -- 8 November 1843 Preceded by Nicolás Bravo Succeeded by Valentín Canalizo In office 4 June 1844 -- 12 September 1844 Preceded by Valentín Canalizo Succeeded by José Joaquín de Herrera In office 21 March 1847 -- 2 April 1847 Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías Succeeded by Pedro María de Anaya In office 20 May 1847 -- 15 September 1847 Preceded by Pedro María de Anaya Succeeded by Manuel de la Peña y Peña In office 20 April 1853 -- 9 August 1855 Preceded by Manuel María Lombardini Succeeded by Martín Carrera Personal details ( 1794 - 02 - 21 ) 21 February 1794 Xalapa , Veracruz , Viceroyalty of New Spain ( now Mexico ) 21 June 1876 ( 1876 - 06 - 21 ) ( aged 82 ) Mexico City , Mexico Resting place Panteón del Tepeyac , Mexico City Political party Liberal Spouse ( s ) María Inés de la Paz García ( 1825 - 1844 ) ; her death María de los Dolores de Tosta ( 1844 - 1876 ) ; his death Signature Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón ( Spanish pronunciation : ( anˈtonjo ˈlopes ðe sant ( a ) ˈana ) ; 21 February 1794 -- 21 June 1876 ) , often known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna was a Mexican politician and general who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then for Mexican independence . He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government , and was an adept soldier and cunning politician , who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the nineteenth century to such an extent that historians often refer to it as the `` Age of Santa Anna '' . He was called `` the Man of Destiny '' , who `` loomed over his time like a melodramatic colossus , the uncrowned monarch . '' Santa Anna first opposed the movement for Mexican independence from Spain , but then fought in support of it . Though not the first caudillo ( military leader ) of modern Mexico , he `` represents the stereotypical caudillo in Mexican history , '' and among the earliest . Conservative historian , intellectual , and politician Lucas Alamán wrote that `` The history of Mexico since 1822 might accurately be called the history of Santa Anna 's revolutions ... His name plays the major role in all the political events of the country and its destiny has become intertwined with his . '' An enigmatic , patriotic and controversial figure , Santa Anna had great power in Mexico ; during a turbulent 40 - year career , he served as general at crucial points and served eleven non-consecutive presidential terms over a period of 22 years . In the periods of time when he was not serving as president , he continued to pursue his military career . A wealthy landowner , he built a firm political base in the major port city of Veracruz . He was perceived as a hero by his troops ; he sought glory for himself and his army , and independent Mexico . He repeatedly rebuilt his reputation after major losses . Historians and many Mexicans also rank him as perhaps the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico 's pantheon of `` those who failed the nation . '' His centralist rhetoric and military failures resulted in Mexico losing just over half its territory , beginning with the Texas Revolution of 1836 , and culminating with the Mexican Cession of 1848 following its defeat by the United States in the Mexican -- American War . His political positions changed frequently in his lifetime ; `` his opportunistic politics made him a Liberal , Conservative , and uncrowned king . '' He was overthrown for the final time by the liberal Revolution of Ayutla in 1854 and lived most of his later years in exile . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Military career during the War of Independence , 1810 -- 1821 2.2 Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide , 1822 -- 23 2.3 Santa Anna and the Early Mexican Republic 2.4 First presidency of Santa Anna , 1833 -- 35 2.5 Santa Anna and the Central Republic , 1835 2.6 Texas Revolution 1835 -- 36 2.7 Redemption , dictatorship , and exile 2.8 Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 2.9 President for the last time 3 Personal life 4 Later years and death 5 See also 6 Note 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in Xalapa , Veracruz , Nueva España ( New Spain ) , on 21 February 1794 . He was from a respected Spanish colonial family ; he and his parents , Antonio López de Santa Anna and Manuela Pérez de Lebrón , belonged to the elite criollo racial group of American - born Spaniards . His father was a royal army officer perpetually in debt . His father served for a time as a sub-delegate for the Gulf Coast Spanish province of Veracruz . Santa Anna 's parents were wealthy enough to send their son to school . Career ( edit ) Military career during the War of independence , 1810 -- 1821 ( edit ) Santa Anna in a Mexican military uniform In June 1810 , the 16 - year - old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Veracruz infantry regiment as a cadet against the wishes of his parents , who wanted him to pursue a career in commerce . In September 1810 , secular cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rebelled against Spanish rule , sparking a spontaneous mass movement in Mexico 's rich agricultural area , the Bajío . The Mexican War of Independence was to last until 1821 , and Santa Anna , like most creole military men , fought for the crown against the mixed - raced insurgents for independence . Santa Anna 's commanding officer was José Joaquín de Arredondo , who taught him much about dealing with Mexican rebels . In 1811 , Santa Anna was wounded in the left hand by an arrow during the campaign under Col. Arredondo in the town of Amoladeras , in the state of San Luis Potosí . In 1813 , Santa Anna served in Texas against the Gutiérrez -- Magee Expedition , and at the Battle of Medina , in which he was cited for bravery . He was promoted quickly ; he became a second lieutenant in February 1812 and first lieutenant before the end of that year . In the aftermath of the rebellion , the young officer witnessed Arredondo 's fierce counter-insurgency policy of mass executions . During the next few years , in which the war for independence reached a stalemate , Santa Anna erected villages for displaced citizens near the city of Veracruz . He also pursued gambling , a habit that would follow him all through his life . In 1816 , Santa Anna was promoted to captain . He conducted occasional campaigns to suppress Native Americans or to restore order after a tumult had begun . When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide changed sides in 1821 and allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero , fighting for independence under the Plan of Iguala , Santa Anna also joined the fight for independence . The changed circumstances in Spain , where liberals had ousted Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812 , made many elites in Mexico reconsider their options . The clergy in New Spain would have lost power under the Spanish liberal regime and new Mexican clerics saw independence as a way to maintain their position in an autonomous Mexico . Santa Anna rose to prominence fighting for independence by quickly driving Spanish forces out of the vital port city of Veracruz and Iturbide rewarded him with the rank of general . Rebellion against the Mexican empire of Iturbide , 1822 -- 23 ( edit ) Iturbide rewarded Santa Anna with command of the vital port of Veracruz , the gateway from the Gulf of Mexico to the rest of the nation and site of the customs house . However , Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna from the post , prompting Santa Anna to rise in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide . Santa Anna already had significant power in his home region of Veracruz , and `` he was well along the path to becoming the regional caudillo . '' Santa Anna claimed in his Plan of Veracruz that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress . He also promised to support free trade with Spain , an important principle for his home region of Veracruz . Although Santa Anna 's initial rebellion was important , Iturbide had loyal military men who were able to hold their own against the rebels in Veracruz . However , former insurgent leaders Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo , who had supported Iturbide 's Plan de Iguala , now returned to their southern Mexico base and raised a rebellion against Iturbide . Then the commander of imperial forces in Veracruz , who had fought against the rebels , changed sides and joined the rebels . The new coalition proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata , which called for the end of the monarchy , restoration of the Constituent Congress , and creation of a republic and a federal system . Santa Anna was no longer the main player in the movement against Iturbide and the creation of new political arrangements . He sought to regain his position as leader and marched forces from Veracruz to Tampico , then to San Luis Potosí , proclaiming his role as the `` protector of the federation '' . San Luis Potosí , and other north - central regions , Michoacán , Querétaro , and Guanajuato met to decide their own position about federation . Santa Anna pledged his military forces to the protection of these key areas . `` He attempted , in other words , to co-opt the movement , the first of many examples in his long career where he placed himself as the head of a generalized movement so it would become an instrument of his advancement . '' Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic ( edit ) In May 1823 , following Iturbide 's March resignation , Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán . At the time , Yucatán 's capital of Mérida and the port city of Campeche were in conflict . Yucatán 's closest trade partner was Cuba , still a Spanish colony . Santa Anna took it upon himself to plan a landing force from Yucatán in Cuba , which he envisioned would result in Cuban colonists welcoming their liberators and most especially Santa Anna . A thousand Mexicans were already on ships to sail to Cuba when word came that the Spanish were reinforcing their colony , so the invasion was called off . Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of the Mexican republic in 1824 , following the creation of the Federalist Mexican Constitution of 1824 . Guadalupe Victoria came to the presidency with little factional conflict and he served out his entire four - year term . However , the election of 1828 was quite different , with considerable political conflict in which Santa Anna became involved . Even before the election , there was unrest in Mexico , with some conservatives affiliated with the Scottish Rite Masons plotting rebellion . The so - called Montaño rebellion in December 1827 called for the prohibition of secret societies , implicitly meaning liberal York Rite Masons , and the expulsion of the U.S. minister in Mexico , Joel Roberts Poinsett , a promoter of federal republicanism in Mexico . Although Santa Anna was believed to be a supporter of the Scottish Rite conservatives , in the Montaño rebellion eventually he threw his support to the liberals . In his home state of Veracruz , the governor had thrown his support to the rebels , and in the aftermath of the rebellion 's failure , Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into the governorship . Oil painting of Vicente Guerrero , by Ramón Sagredo ( 1865 ) Anastasio Bustamante , conservative military man and three - time president of Mexico In 1828 , Santa Anna supported hero of the insurgency , Vicente Guerrero , who was a candidate for the presidency . Another important liberal , Lorenzo de Zavala , also supported Guerrero . Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for the presidency , with Guerrero coming in second . Even before all the votes had been counted in September 1828 , Santa Anna rebelled against the election results in support of Guerrero . Santa Anna issued a plan at Perote that called for the nullification of the election results , as well for a new law expelling Spanish nationals from Mexico , believed to be in league with Mexican conservatives . Santa Anna 's rebellion initially had few supporters , southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez joined Santa Anna 's rebellion , and Lorenzo de Zavala , governor of the state of Mexico , under threat of arrest by the conservative Senate , fled to the mountains and organized his own rebellion against the federal government . Zavala brought the fighting into the capital , with his supporters seizing an armory , the Acordada . In these circumstances , president - elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after left the country . This cleared the way for Guerrero to become president of Mexico . Santa Anna gained prominence as a national leader in his role to oust Gómez Pedraza and as a defender of federalism and democracy . An explanation for Santa Anna 's support of Guerrero is that Gómez Pedraza had been in favor of Santa Anna 's proposed invasion of Cuba , if successful , and if not , `` Mexico might rid himself of an undesirable pest , namely Santa Anna . '' In 1829 , Santa Anna made his mark in the early republic by leading forces that defeated a Spanish invasion to reconquer Mexico . Spain made a final attempt to retake Mexico , invading Tampico with a force of 2,600 soldiers . Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Expedition with a much smaller force and defeated the Spaniards , many of whom were suffering from yellow fever . The defeat of the Spanish army not only increased Santa Anna 's popularity , but also consolidated the independence of the new Mexican republic . Santa Anna was declared a hero . From then on , he styled himself `` The Victor of Tampico '' and `` The Savior of the Motherland '' . His main act of self - promotion was to call himself `` The Napoleon of the West '' . In a December 1829 coup , Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante rebelled against President Guerrero , who left the capital to lead a rebellion in southern Mexico . On 1 January 1830 , Bustamante took over the presidency . In 1832 , a rebellion started against Bustamante , which was intended to install Manuel Gómez Pedraza ( who had been elected in 1828 and unseated in a coup that year ) . The rebels offered the command to Gen. Santa Anna . The capture of Guerrero and his summary trial and execution in 1831 was a shocking event to the nation . The conservatives in power were tainted by the execution . In August 1832 , Bustamante temporarily appointed Melchor Múzquiz to the post of president . He moved against the rebels and defeated them at Gallinero . Forces from Dolores Hidalgo , Guanajuato , and Puebla marched to meet the forces of Santa Anna , who were approaching the town of Puebla . After two more battles , Bustamante , Gómez Pedraza , and Santa Anna signed the Agreement of Zavaleta ( 21 -- 23 December 1832 ) to install Gómez Pedraza as president . Bustamante went into exile . Santa Anna accompanied the new president on 3 January 1833 and joined him in the capital . First presidency of Santa Anna , 1833 -- 35 ( edit ) Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías , Santa Anna 's vice president 1833 -- 34 , who enacted liberal reforms Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833 , but while he desired the title , he was not interested in governing . `` It annoyed him and bored him , and perhaps frightened him . '' Santa Anna 's vice president , liberal Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of the governing of the nation . Santa Anna retired to his Veracruz hacienda , Manga de Clavo . Gómez Farías began to implement radical liberal reforms , chiefly directed at the power of the army and the Roman Catholic Church . Such reforms as abolishing tithing as a legal obligation , and the seizure of church property and finances , caused concern among Mexican conservatives . Gómez Farías also sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province of Alta California , promoting legislation to secularize the Franciscan missions there . In 1833 he organized the Híjar - Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement . A secondary goal of the colony was to help defend Alta California against perceived Russian colonial ambitions from the trading post at Fort Ross . Santa Anna and the central Republic , 1835 ( edit ) For conservatives , the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and undermined elites ' power . Many historians consider Santa Anna 's actions in allowing this first reform ( followed by a more sweeping one in 1855 with the ouster of Santa Anna ) a test case . Santa Anna could be watchful and wait to see the reaction to a comprehensive attack on the special privileges of the army and the Roman Catholic Church ( fueros ) , as well as confiscation of church wealth . Conservatives sought to reassert power . In May 1834 , Santa Anna ordered disarmament of the civic militia . He suggested to Congress that they should abolish the controversial Ley del Caso , under which the liberals ' opponents had been sent into exile . The Plan of Cuernavaca , published on 25 May 1834 , called for repeal of the liberal reforms . On 12 June , Santa Anna dissolved Congress and announced his decision to adopt the Plan of Cuernavaca . Santa Anna formed a new Catholic , centralist , conservative government . In 1835 , it replaced the 1824 constitution with the new constitutional document known as the `` Siete Leyes '' ( `` The Seven Laws '' ) . Santa Anna dissolved the Congress and began centralizing power . His regime became a dictatorship backed by the military . Several states openly rebelled against the changes : Coahuila y Tejas ( the northern part of which would become the Republic of Texas ) , San Luis Potosí , Querétaro , Durango , Guanajuato , Michoacán , Yucatán , Jalisco , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas , and Zacatecas . Several of these states formed their own governments : the Republic of the Rio Grande , the Republic of Yucatán , and the Republic of Texas . Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence . Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by reprisals Santa Anna committed against his defeated enemies . The New York Post editorialized that `` had ( Santa Anna ) treated the vanquished with moderation and generosity , it would have been difficult if not impossible to awaken that general sympathy for the people of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to the aid of their brethren . '' The Zacatecan militia , the largest and best supplied of the Mexican states , led by Francisco García , was well armed with . 753 caliber British ' Brown Bess ' muskets and Baker . 61 rifles . But , after two hours of combat on 12 May 1835 , Santa Anna 's `` Army of Operations '' defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners . Santa Anna allowed his army to loot Zacatecas for forty - eight hours . After defeating Zacatecas , he planned to move on to Coahuila y Tejas to quell the rebellion there , which was being supported by settlers from the United States ( aka Texians ) . Texas Revolution 1835 -- 36 ( edit ) Further information : Texas Revolution General Santa Anna on a lithograph from 1852 In 1824 , Santa Anna repealed the Mexican Constitution , which ultimately led to the beginning of the Texas Revolution . Santa Anna 's reasoning for the repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes or tariffs , claiming they were not recipients of any services provided by the Mexican Government . As a result , new settlers were not allowed there . The new policy was a response to the US attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico . Santa Anna 's treatment of the people of Texas also led to the revolution . In 1834 , Santa Anna abolished the state legislature and gave himself absolute power , and as a result , the people in Texas were considered to be a part of an unethical governmental system . The first altercation occurred in September 1835 , when General Cos of the Mexican Army ordered men to confiscate a cannon from Gonzales . The people of Texas resisted , gaining control of the Alamo . Like other states discontented with the central Mexican authorities , the Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 and declared itself independent on 2 March 1836 . The northeastern part of the state had been settled by numerous Anglo - American immigrants . Stephen Austin and his party had been welcomed by earlier Mexican governments . Santa Anna marched north to bring Texas back under Mexican control by a show of brute merciless force . His expedition posed challenges of manpower , logistics , supply , and strategy far beyond what he was prepared for , and it ended in disaster . To fund , organize , and equip his army he relied , as he often did , on forcing wealthy men to provide loans . He recruited hastily , sweeping up many derelicts and ex-convicts , as well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands . His army expected tropical weather and suffered from the cold as well as shortages of traditional foods . Stretching a supply line far longer than ever before , he lacked horses , mules , cattle , and wagons , and thus had too little food and feed . The medical facilities were minimal . Morale sank as soldiers realized there were not enough chaplains to properly bury their bodies . Regional Indians attacked military stragglers ; water sources were polluted and many men were sick . Because of his weak staff system , Santa Anna was oblivious to the challenges , and was totally confident that a show of force and a few massacres ( as at the Alamo and Goliad ) would have the rebels begging for mercy . On 6 March 1836 , at the Battle of the Alamo , Santa Anna 's forces killed 189 Texan defenders and later executed more than 342 Texan prisoners , including James Fannin at the Goliad Massacre ( 27 March 1836 ) . These executions were conducted in a manner similar to the executions he witnessed of Mexican rebels in the 1810s as a young soldier . In 1874 , Santa Anna explained in a letter that killing defenders of the Alamo was his only option . The letter stressed that Commander William Travis was to blame for the degree of violence at the Alamo . Santa Anna believed that Travis was overly rude and disrespectful towards him , and had that not happened , he would have allowed Sam Houston to establish a dominant presence there . In his letter , he stated that the disrespect of Travis led to the demise of all of his followers , which he claimed only took a couple hours . However , the defeat at the Alamo bought time for General Sam Houston and his Texas forces . During the siege of the Alamo , the Texas Navy had more time to plunder ports along the Gulf of Mexico and the Texian Army gained more weapons and ammunition . Despite Sam Houston 's lack of ability to maintain strict control of the Texian Army , they defeated Santa Anna 's much larger army at the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836 . The Texans shouted , `` Remember Goliad , Remember the Alamo ! '' The day after the battle , a small Texan force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna . They found the general dressed in a dragoon private 's uniform and hiding in a marsh . On May 14 , 1836 , A treaty was made between Santa Anna and Texas . It committed Santa Anna to ceasing attacks on the Texan people , bringing to an end all military conflict between the two . Santa Anna also agreed that his troops would leave Texas . Both armies were also prohibited from contact with each other . Lastly , the treaty demanded that all Texan prisoners under Santa Anna be released . The treaty was a major milestone in Santa Anna 's career , as it meant the end of Mexican reign in Texas . López de Santa Anna rode double into Sam Houston 's camp on the horse of Joel Walter Robison , a soldier in most of the revolutionary battles and later a member of the Texas House of Representatives from Fayette County . `` Surrender of Santa Anna '' by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston , battle of San Jacinto Acting Texas president David G. Burnet and López de Santa Anna signed the Treaties of Velasco , stating that `` in his official character as chief of the Mexican nation , he acknowledged the full , entire , and perfect Independence of the Republic of Texas . '' In exchange , Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna 's safety and transport to Veracruz . During this weeks - long journey , Santa Anna passed through Washington D.C. where he met briefly with the president Andrew Jackson . Meanwhile , in Mexico City a new government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president and that the treaty he had made with Texas was null and void . While Santa Anna was captive in Texas , Joel Roberts Poinsett -- U.S. minister to Mexico in 1824 -- offered a harsh assessment of General Santa Anna 's situation : Say to General Santa Anna that when I remember how ardent an advocate he was of liberty ten years ago , I have no sympathy for him now , that he has gotten what he deserves . Santa Anna replied : Say to Mr. Poinsett that it is very true that I threw up my cap for liberty with great ardor , and perfect sincerity , but very soon found the folly of it . A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty . They do not know what it is , unenlightened as they are , and under the influence of a Catholic clergy , a despotism is a proper government for them , but there is no reason why it should not be a wise and virtuous one . Redemption , dictatorship , and exile ( edit ) In 1838 , Santa Anna narrowly escaped capture and was severely wounded in the attack of the French against Veracruz . French bombardment of the fort of San Juan de Ulúa in the Pastry War After some time in exile in the U.S. , and after meeting U.S. president Andrew Jackson in 1837 , Santa Anna was allowed to return to Mexico . He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his Hacienda in Veracruz , called Manga de Clavo . In 1837 , Santa Anna also wrote a manifesto in which he reflected on his Texas experiences as well as his surrender . His great impact on Mexico was that by the age of thirty - five , he had built such a strong reputation as a military leader that he obtained high ranking . He acknowledged that by 1835 , he considered Texas to be the biggest threat to Mexico , and he acted upon those the threats . In 1838 , Santa Anna had a chance for redemption from the loss of Texas . After Mexico rejected French demands for financial compensation for losses suffered by French citizens , France sent forces that landed in Veracruz in the Pastry War . The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army and ordered him to defend the nation by any means necessary . He engaged the French at Veracruz . During the Mexican retreat after a failed assault , Santa Anna was hit in the left leg and hand by cannon fire . His shattered ankle required amputation of much of his leg , which he ordered buried with full military honors . Despite Mexico 's final capitulation to French demands , Santa Anna used his war service to re-enter Mexican politics as a hero . He never allowed Mexico to forget him and his sacrifice in defending the fatherland . Santa Anna used a prosthetic cork leg ; during the later Mexican - American War , it was captured and kept by American troops from the 4th Illinois Infantry . The cork leg is displayed at the Illinois State Military Museum in Springfield . A second leg , a peg , was also captured by the 4th Illinois , and was reportedly used by the soldiers as a baseball bat ; it is displayed at the home of Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby ( who served in the regiment ) in Decatur . Santa Anna had a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City . Soon after , as Anastasio Bustamante 's presidency turned chaotic , supporters asked Santa Anna to take control of the provisional government . Santa Anna was made president for the fifth time , taking over a nation with an empty treasury . The war with France had weakened Mexico , and the people were discontented . Also , a rebel army led by Generals José Urrea and José Antonio Mexía was marching towards the capital in opposition to Santa Anna . Commanding the army , Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in Puebla . Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial way than during his first administration . His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to suppress opposition . In 1842 , he directed a military expedition into Texas . It committed numerous casualties with no political gain ; but Texans began to be persuaded of the potential benefits of annexation by the more powerful U.S. Santa Anna was unable to control the Mexican congressional elections of 1842 . The new Congress was composed of men of principles who vigorously opposed the autocratic leader . Trying to restore the treasury , Santa Anna raised taxes , but this aroused resistance . Several Mexican states stopped dealing with the central government , and Yucatán and Laredo declared themselves independent republics . With resentment growing , Santa Anna stepped down from power and fled in December 1844 . The buried leg he left behind in the capital was dug up by a mob and dragged through the streets until nothing was left of it . Fearing for his life , he tried to elude capture , but in January 1845 he was apprehended by a group of Indians near Xico , Veracruz . They turned him over to authorities , and Santa Anna was imprisoned . His life was spared , but he was exiled to Cuba , still a Spanish colony . Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 ( edit ) The Battle of Churubusco , during the Mexican -- American War , August 20 , 1847 Santa Anna in 1870 by Rockwood In 1846 , Mexican and American troops moved towards the Rio Grande into the disputed Nueces Strip . Following early skirmishes , the United States then declared war on Mexico . Santa Anna wrote to Mexico City saying he had no aspirations to the presidency , but would eagerly use his military experience to reclaim Texas . President Valentín Gómez Farías was desperate enough to accept the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return . Meanwhile , Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S. , pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades , he would work to sell all contested territory to the U.S. at a reasonable price . Once back in Mexico at the head of an army , Santa Anna reneged on both of these agreements . Santa Anna declared himself president again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion . His leadership was said to inspire the sea shanty `` Santianna '' . In August 1846 , Santa Anna left for Veracruz . The Mexican people did not dwell on Santa Anna 's past of military shortcomings and betrayals , because they still recognized him as a savior or hero who could make everything better . It had only been a year since he was forced out of the republic , but Santa Anna was still popular among the Mexican people . In `` Santa Anna of Mexico '' , Fowler recognizes these events as a major turning point in Santa Anna 's career and history , and explained his `` transformation '' or `` resurrection '' at the time . Though he had a history of corruption , many of the local people would often acknowledge that Santa Anna was the most reliable person to help Mexico get through the many obstacles and threats that the country would often face . His return was different from past events because Santa Anna had no intention of getting involved in politics again , intending to solely focus on aiding the military in its war against the United States . President for the last time ( edit ) Following defeat in the Mexican - American War in 1848 , Santa Anna went into exile in Kingston , Jamaica . Two years later , he moved to Turbaco , Colombia . In April 1853 , he was invited back by conservatives who had overthrown a weak liberal government , initiated under the Plan de Hospicio in 1852 , drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter of Guadalajara . Usually , revolts were fomented by military officers ; this one was created by churchmen . Santa Anna was elected president on March 17 , 1853 ; Alamán became his Minister of Foreign Relations , but died a short time later in June 1853 . Santa Anna honored his promises to the Church , revoking a decree denying protection for the fulfillment of monastic vows , promulgated twenty years early during the era of Valentín Gómez Farías reform of 1833 . President Santa Anna had left running the government in 1833 to his liberal vice president . The Jesuits , which had been expelled from Spanish realms by the crown in 1767 , were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer classes , and much of their property , which the crown had confiscated and sold , was restored to them . This administration was no more successful than his earlier ones . He funneled government funds to his own pockets , sold more territory to the U.S. with the Gadsden Purchase , and declared himself dictator - for - life with the title `` Most Serene Highness '' . Santa Anna 's full title in this final period of power was `` Hero ( benemérito ) of the nation , General of Division , Grand Master of the National and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe , Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III , and President of the Mexican Republic . '' The Plan of Ayutla of 1854 removed Santa Anna from office and he was exiled yet again . Despite his generous payoffs to the military for loyalty , by 1855 even conservative allies had seen enough of Santa Anna . That year a group of liberals led by Benito Juárez and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna , and he fled back to Cuba . As the extent of his corruption became known , he was tried in absentia for treason ; all his estates were confiscated by the government . Personal life ( edit ) Portrait of Doña Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna by Juan Cordero , 1855 . Note her tiara . Santa Anna was considered by some the uncrowned monarch of Mexico . Santa Anna 's first and favorite hacienda Manga de Clavo , which his first wife 's dowry enabled him to purchase . Painting by Johann Moritz Rugendas . Kuperferstichkabinett , Staatliche Museen zu Berlin , Id . Number : VIII E. 2440 , 1831 -- 1834 . Santa Anna married twice , both times to wealthy teenage girls . At neither wedding ceremony did he appear , legally empowering his future father - in - law to serve as proxy at his first wedding and a friend at his second . One assessment of the two marriages is that they were arranged marriages of convenience , bringing considerable wealth to Santa Anna , and that his lack of attendance at the wedding ceremonies `` appears to confirm that he was purely interested in the financial aspect on the alliance . '' In 1825 , he married María Inés García , the daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz , and the couple had four children : María de Guadalupe , María del Carmen , Manuel , and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García . By 1825 , Santa Anna had distinguished himself as a military man , joining the movement for independence when other creoles were also seeing Mexican autonomy as the way forward under royalist turned insurgent Agustín de Iturbide and the Army of Three Guarantees . When Iturbide as Mexican emperor lost support , Santa Anna had been in the forefront of leaders seeking to oust him . Although Santa Anna 's family was of modest means , he was of good creole lineage ; the García family may well have seen a match between their young daughter and the up - and - coming Santa Anna as advantageous . María Inés 's dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first of his haciendas , Manga de Clavo , in Veracruz state . The wife of the first Spanish Ambassador to Mexico , Fanny Calderón de la Barca and her husband visited with Santa Anna 's first wife Inés at Manga de Clavo , where they were well - received with a breakfast banquet . Mme . Calderón de la Barca observed that `` After breakfast , the Señora having dispatched an officer for her cigar - case , which was gold with a diamond latch , offered me a cigar , which I having declined , she lighted her own , a little paper ' cigarito ' , and the gentlemen followed her good example . '' Two months after the death of his wife Inés García 's in 1844 , the 50 - year - old Santa Anna married 16 - year - old María de los Dolores de Tosta . The couple rarely lived together ; de Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City and Santa Anna 's political and military activities took him around the country . They had no children , leading biographer Will Fowler to speculate that the marriage was either primarily platonic or that de Tosta was infertile . Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children . In his will , Santa Anna acknowledged and made provisions for four : Paula , María de la Merced , Petra , and José López de Santa Anna . Biographers have identified three more : Pedro López de Santa Anna , and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna . Later years and death ( edit ) Grave of López de Santa Anna and his second wife , Sra . Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna From 1855 to 1874 , Santa Anna lived in exile in Cuba , the United States , Colombia , and the then Danish island of Saint Thomas . He had left Mexico due to his unpopularity with the Mexican people after his defeat in 1848 and traveled to and from Cuba , the United States , and Europe . He participated in gambling and businesses with the hopes that he would become rich . In the 1850s , he traveled to New York with the first shipment of chicle . This is the base of what we know today as chewing gum , however , Santa Anna intended chicle to be used in buggy tires . He attempted but was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could be more useful in tires than the materials they were originally using . Although he introduced chewing gum to the United States , he did not make any money from the product . Posing once again as the country 's defender and savior , only to be refused by Juárez who was well aware of Santa Anna 's character . In 1869 , the 74 - year - old Santa Anna was living in exile in Staten Island , New York and was trying to raise money for an army to return and take over Mexico City . Thomas Adams , the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the U.S. , experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber . He bought one ton of the substance from Santa Anna , but his experiments proved unsuccessful . Instead , Adams helped to found the chewing gum industry with a product that he called `` chiclets '' . During his many years in exile , Santa Anna was a passionate fan of the sport of cockfighting . He had many roosters that he entered into competitions , and would have his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world . He would invite breeders from all over the world for matches and is known to have spent tens of thousands of dollars on prize roosters . In 1874 , he took advantage of a general amnesty and returned to Mexico . Crippled and almost blind from cataracts , he was ignored by the Mexican government that same year at the anniversary of the Battle of Churubusco . Having retreated from politics in 1855 , he remained disconnected until his death in 1876 . Santa Anna died at his home in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82 . He was buried with full military honors in a glass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal List of heads of state of Mexico Note ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some accounts differ on the number of times he served , distinguishing between occasions on which Santa Anna was elected or appointed to the presidency and those when he returned to the office during the same term after previously leaving it in the hands of others . For example , Will Fowler in his introduction to Santa Anna of Mexico offers the general as serving six times , and the Texas State Historical Association claims five . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Callcott , Wilfred H. , `` Santa Anna , Antonio Lopez De , '' Handbook of Texas Online , accessed April 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 , Oxford Univ . Press , p. 660 Jump up ^ For example , Costeloe , Michael P . The Central Republic in Mexico , 1835 -- 1846 : Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1993 . Jump up ^ Krauze , Enrique . Mexico : Biography of Power . New York : Harper Collins 1997 , 88 . Jump up ^ Archer , Christon I. `` Fashioning a New Nation '' in Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley , eds . The Oxford History of Mexico ( 2000 ) p. 323 Jump up ^ Long , Jeff ( 1990 ) , Duel of Eagles , The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo , Quill , p. 85 Jump up ^ Alamán , Lucas . Historia de México vol. 5 . Mexico 1990 , quoted in Krauze , Enrique . Mexico : Biography of Power . New York : HarperCollins 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Fowler 2009 , p. xxi . ^ Jump up to : Mead , Teresa ( 2016 ) . A History of Modern Latin America . UK : John Wiley & Sons Inc . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 1405120517 . Jump up ^ Archer , Christon I. `` Fashioning a New Nation '' in Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley , eds . The Oxford History of Mexico ( 2000 ) p. 322 Jump up ^ Archer , `` Fashioning a New Nation '' , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Krauze , Mexico : Biography of Power , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Pani , Erika . `` Antonio López de Santa Anna '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 1334 . Jump up ^ Fowler 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Fowler 2009 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Pani , `` Antonio López de Santa Anna '' , p. 1334 . Jump up ^ Anna , Timothy E. Forging Mexico , 1821 -- 1835 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 1998 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Anna , Forging Mexico , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Benson , Nettie Lee . `` The Plan of Casa Mata '' , Hispanic American Historical Review 25 , no . 1 , ( February 1945 ) : 45 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Anna , Forging Mexico , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Anna , Forging Mexico , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Green , Stanley C. The Mexican Republic : The First Decade 1823 -- 1832 . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press 1987 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Anna , Forging Mexico , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Anna , Forging Mexico , pp. 218 -- 219 , 224 . Jump up ^ Green , The Mexican Republic , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Krauze , Mexico : Biography of Power , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Costeloe , Michael P. `` Santa Anna and the Gómez Farías Administration in Mexico , 1833 -- 1834 '' , The Americas ( 1974 ) 31 # 1 pp. 18 -- 50 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Hutchinson , C. Alan ( 1969 ) . Frontier Settlement in Mexican California ; The Híjar - Padrés Colony and Its Origins , 1769 -- 1835 . New Haven : Yale University Press . OCLC 23067 . Jump up ^ González Pedrero 2004 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ González Pedrero 2004 , pp. 471 -- 472 . Jump up ^ Olavarría y Ferrari 1880 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , J.R. The Alamo Story : From Early History to Current Conflicts ( 2000 ) p. 378 . Jump up ^ Lord ( 1961 ) , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews.edu , `` Santa Anna and the Texas Revolution '' Jump up ^ Presley , James . `` Santa Anna 's Invasion of Texas : A Lesson in Command '' , Arizona & the West , ( 1968 ) 10 # 3 pp. 241 -- 252 Jump up ^ tsl.texas.gov , `` Santa Anna to McArdle '' Jump up ^ animatedatlas.com/mexwar/santaanna.html '' ' Treaty ' Between Santa Anna and Texas '' Jump up ^ `` Robison , Joel Walter '' . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captivity of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna '' Jump up ^ tamu.edu , `` Manifesto which General Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna Addresses to His Fellow Citizens '' , Jump up ^ `` Public Displays : Santa Anna 's life and limb '' , by S.L. Wisenberg , Chicago Reader , Retrieved June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Captured Leg of Santa Anna '' , Roadside America Jump up ^ `` Santa Anna 's Leg Took a Long Walk '' , Latin American Studies Jump up ^ Costeloe , Michael P. `` Generals Versus Politicians : Santa Anna and the 1842 Congressional Elections in Mexico '' , Bulletin of Latin American Research ( 1989 ) 8 # 2 pp. 257 -- 274 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Camnitzer 2009 . Jump up ^ Fowler 2009 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Anna of Mexico '' , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Lloyd ( 1966 ) . Church and State in Latin America , revised edition . Chapel Hill : the University of North Carolina Press . p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Mecham , Church and State , pp. 358 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Mecham , Church and State , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Will . `` All the President 's Women : The Wives of General Antonio López de Santa Anna in 19th century Mexico '' , Feminist Review , No. 79 , Latin America : History , war , and independence ( 2005 ) , pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , `` All the President 's Women '' , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 2009 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Potash , Robert . `` Testamentos de Santa Anna '' . Historia Mexicana , Vol. 13 , No. 3 , 430 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Calderón de la Barca , F. Life in Mexico . London : Century , pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 2009 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Staten Island on the Web : Famous Staten Islanders Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Sources ( edit ) Camnitzer , Luis ( 2009 ) . Weiss , Rachel , ed . On Art , Artists , Latin America , and Other Utopias . University of Texas Press . p. 199 . ISBN 9780292783492 . Fowler , Will ( 2000 ) . Tornel and Santa Anna : the writer and the caudillo , Mexico , 1795 -- 1853 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30914 - 4 . Fowler , Will ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . Santa Anna of Mexico . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2638 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . González Pedrero , Enrique ( 2004 ) . País de un solo hombre : el México de Santa Anna . Volumen II . La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829 -- 1836 ( in Spanish ) . México : Fondo de Cultura Económica . ISBN 968 - 16 - 6377 - 2 . Olavarría y Ferrari , Enrique de ( 1880 ) . Vicente Riva Palacio , ed . México a través de los siglos ( in Spanish ) . México : Ballescá y Cía . pp. 210 -- 226 . Mead , Teresa ( 2016 ) . A History of Modern Latin America ( 2 ed . ) . UK : John Wiley & Sons Inc . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 1405120517 . Further reading ( edit ) Anna , Timothy E. Forging Mexico , 1821 -- 1835 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 1998 Calcott , Wilfred H. Santa Anna : The Story of the Enigma Who Once Was Mexico . Hamden CT : Anchon 1964 . Chartrand , Rene , and Younghusband , Bill . Santa Anna 's Mexican Army 1821 -- 48 ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Costeloe , Michael P . The Central Republic in Mexico , 1835 -- 1846 : Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1993 . Crawford , Ann F. ; The Eagle : The Autobiography of Santa Anna ; State House Press ; Fowler , Will ( 2007 ) , Santa Anna of Mexico , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press ; a standard scholarly biography ; online Fowler , Will . Mexico in the Age of Proposals , 1821 -- 1853 ( 1998 ) Fowler , Will . Tornel and Santa Anna : The Writer and the Caudillo , Mexico , 1795 -- 1853 ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Green , Stanley C. The Mexican Republic : The First Decade 1823 -- 1832 . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press 1987 Hardin , Stephen L. , and McBride , Angus . The Alamo 1836 : Santa Anna 's Texas Campaign ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Jackson , Jack . `` Santa Anna 's 1836 Campaign : Was It Directed Toward Ethnic Cleansing ? '' Journal of South Texas ( March 2002 ) 15 # 1 pp. 10 -- 37 ; argues that yes it was Jackson , Jack , and Wheat , John . Almonte 's Texas , Texas State Historical Assoc . Lord , Walter ( 1961 ) , A Time to Stand , Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7902 - 7 , popular history Mabry , Donald J. , `` Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna '' , 2 November 2008 ; essay by scholar Roberts , Randy & Olson , James S. , A Line in the Sand : The Alamo in Blood and Memory ( 2002 ) Santoni , Pedro ; Mexicans at Arms - Puro Federalist and the Politics of War TCU Press ; Scheina , Robert L. Santa Anna : A Curse Upon Mexico ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Suchlicki , Jaime . `` Mexico : Montezuma to the Rise of Pan '' , Potomac Books : Washington DC , 1996 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antonio López de Santa Anna . Wikisource has the text of an Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article about Antonio López de Santa Anna . Santa Anna Letters on the Portal to Texas History Antonio López de Santa Anna in A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington The Handbook of Texas Online : Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Benson Latin American Collection -- Antonio López de Santa Anna Collection Sketch of Santa Anna from A pictorial history of Texas , from the earliest visits of European adventurers , to A.D. 1879 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Archontology.org , Home '' Nations '' Mexico '' Heads of State '' LÓPEZ de SANTA ANNA , Antonio Texas Prisoners in Mexico 3 August 1843 From Texas Tides Political offices Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías President of Mexico 17 May -- 4 June 1833 Succeeded by Valentín Gómez Farías President of Mexico 18 June -- 5 July 1833 President of Mexico 27 October -- 15 December 1833 President of Mexico 24 April 1834 -- 27 January 1835 Succeeded by Miguel Barragán Preceded by Anastasio Bustamante Interim President of Mexico 20 March -- 10 July 1839 Succeeded by Nicolás Bravo Preceded by Francisco Javier Echeverría Provisional President of Mexico 10 October 1841 -- 26 October 1842 Preceded by Nicolás Bravo Provisional President of Mexico 4 March -- 4 October 1843 Succeeded by Valentín Canalizo Preceded by Valentín Canalizo Provisional President of Mexico 4 June -- 12 September 1844 Succeeded by José Joaquín de Herrera Preceded by Valentín Gómez Farías Interim President of Mexico 21 March -- 2 April 1847 Succeeded by Pedro María de Anaya Preceded by Pedro María de Anaya Interim President of Mexico 20 May -- 15 September 1847 Succeeded by Manuel de la Peña y Peña Preceded by Manuel María Lombardini Dictator - President of Mexico 20 April 1853 -- 9 August 1855 Succeeded by Martín Carrera Presidents of Mexico Guadalupe Victoria Vicente Guerrero José María Bocanegra Pedro Vélez Anastasio Bustamante Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Valentín Gómez Farías Antonio López de Santa Anna Miguel Barragán José Justo Corro Nicolás Bravo Francisco Javier Echeverría Valentín Canalizo José Joaquín de Herrera Mariano Paredes José Mariano Salas Pedro María de Anaya Manuel de la Peña Mariano Arista Juan Bautista Ceballos Manuel María Lombardini Martín Carrera Rómulo Díaz Juan Álvarez Hurtado Ignacio Comonfort Félix María Zuloaga Manuel Robles Pezuela Miguel Miramón José Ignacio Pavón Benito Juárez Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada José María Iglesias Juan N. Méndez Porfirio Díaz Manuel González Flores Francisco León de la Barra Francisco I. Madero Pedro Lascuráin Victoriano Huerta Francisco S. Carvajal Venustiano Carranza Eulalio Gutiérrez Roque González Garza Francisco Lagos Cházaro Adolfo de la Huerta Álvaro Obregón Plutarco Elías Calles Emilio Portes Gil Pascual Ortiz Rubio Abelardo Luján Rodríguez Lázaro Cárdenas Manuel Ávila Camacho Miguel Alemán Valdés Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Adolfo López Mateos Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Luis Echeverría José López Portillo Miguel de la Madrid Carlos Salinas de Gortari Ernesto Zedillo Vicente Fox Felipe Calderón Enrique Peña Nieto President of Mexico ( Vice-President ) Emperor of Mexico ( Regent ) Battle of the Alamo Siege To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World Defenders James Bonham James Bowie Davy Crockett Almaron Dickinson William B. Travis Mexican commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna Martín Perfecto de Cos Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma Manuel Fernández Castrillón Texian survivors Juana Navarro Alsbury Susanna Dickinson Juan Seguín Legacy Remember the Alamo ( song ) The Immortal Alamo ( 1911 ) Martyrs of the Alamo ( 1915 ) Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo ( 1926 ) Heroes of the Alamo ( 1937 ) The Alamo : Shrine of Texas Liberty ( 1938 ) Davy Crockett , King of the Wild Frontier ( 1954 ) The Last Command ( 1955 ) The Alamo ( 1960 ) The Alamo : 13 Days to Glory ( 1987 ) Alamo : The Price of Freedom ( 1988 ) The Alamo ( 2004 ) See also Alamo Mission VIAF : 35249907 LCCN : n50080405 ISNI : 0000 0000 6639 0487 GND : 118640615 SUDOC : 028037995 BNF : cb11995394x ( data ) BIBSYS : 14026015 BNE : XX1722103 SNAC : w6mp52hr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna&oldid = 826565051 '' Categories : Presidents of Mexico Vice Presidents of Mexico Leaders who took power by coup Mexican generals Mexican military personnel of the Mexican -- American War People from Staten Island 1794 births 1876 deaths 19th - century Mexican people 19th - century rulers in North America 1830s in Mexico Mexican amputees Independent Mexico Generalissimos Dictatorship Authoritarianism Governors of Veracruz Governors of Yucatán ( state ) Mexican exiles Mexican people of Spanish descent Mexican presidential candidates ( 1833 ) Recipients of Mexican presidential pardons Politicians from Xalapa People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution People of the Mexican War of Independence Second French intervention in Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2011 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Pages with missing ISBNs Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 21 : 17 . 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772548400685630127	List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks	List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Running backs ( show ) Career rushing attempts leaders Career rushing yards leaders Career rushing touchdowns leaders Annual rushing yards leaders Annual rushing touchdowns leaders 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receivers ( show ) Career receptions leaders Career receiving yards leaders Career receiving touchdowns leaders Annual receptions leaders Annual receiving yards leaders Annual receiving touchdowns leaders Defense ( show ) Career sacks leaders Annual sacks leaders Career interceptions leaders Annual interceptions leaders Special teams ( show ) Longest field goals Career field goals leaders Career punting yards leaders Career punt return yards leaders Career kickoff return yards leaders Annual field goals leaders Annual punting yards leaders Annual punt return yards leaders Annual kickoff return yards leaders Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Career all - purpose yards leaders Career scoring leaders Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Tom Brady in 2015 . Brady is the Patriots ' only starting quarterback to have led the team to a Super Bowl victory , which he has done five times . The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in Foxborough , Massachusetts . They are a member of the East Division of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The team began as the Boston Patriots in the American Football League , a league that merged with the National Football League before the start of the 1970 season . In 1971 , the team relocated to Foxborough , where they then became the New England Patriots . Between 1971 and 2001 , the Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium . Since 2002 , the Patriots have played their home games at Gillette Stadium ( formerly CMGI Field ) , which was built adjacent to Foxboro Stadium ( which was then demolished , and the site was turned into a parking lot for Gillette Stadium ) . There have been 28 starting quarterbacks in the history of the franchise . The most starting quarterbacks the Patriots have had in one season is five quarterbacks , in 1987 . Past quarterbacks for the Patriots include Patriots Hall of Fame inductees Babe Parilli , Steve Grogan , and Drew Bledsoe . Butch Songin became the first starting quarterback for the Patriots in 1960 , when the franchise was first established . He was replaced by Tom Greene for the final two games of the season . Hall of Famer Parilli was the next starting quarterback for the Patriots , from 1961 to 1967 . As of the 2017 season , New England 's starting quarterback is Tom Brady , whom the Patriots selected in the 6th round ( 199th pick overall ) of the 2000 NFL Draft . He is the only quarterback to have led the Patriots to a Super Bowl victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Starting quarterbacks 2.1 Regular season 2.2 Postseason 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History ( edit ) Butch Songin became the first starting quarterback for the Patriots in 1960 , when the franchise was first established . He started the first 12 games of the season , and Tom Greene replaced him as starting quarterback for the final two games . Babe Parilli was the next starting quarterback for the Patriots , from 1961 to 1967 . In 1971 , when the team moved to Foxborough and renamed from the `` Boston Patriots '' to the `` New England Patriots '' , Jim Plunkett took over as quarterback . Plunkett started every regular season game for four straight seasons , until he was replaced by Steve Grogan as the starting quarterback in the 1975 season . Grogan was the only starting quarterback for six straight seasons , until Matt Cavanaugh started for four of the sixteen games in 1980 . Grogan continued to start for the Patriots for parts of seasons until his retirement in 1990 . Grogan finished his career with 135 games as starting quarterback , the second-most of any Patriots starting quarterback ever . From 1987 until 1993 , the Patriots had no regular starting quarterback , with as many as five in one season , until Drew Bledsoe was drafted as the number one overall pick in the 1993 NFL Draft . Bledsoe led the team to four playoff appearances ( 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 ) , two AFC East championships ( 1996 and 1997 ) , and an AFC Championship ( 1997 ) . Bledsoe was the team 's primary starting quarterback for eight straight seasons until a hit by New York Jets linebacker Mo Lewis sheared a blood vessel in his chest , which put Bledsoe out for the rest of the 2001 season . Before the start of the 2002 season , Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills and did not get to see the opening of the new Gillette Stadium in September 2002 . Tom Brady has led the team for more regular season games ( 251 ) , postseason games ( 35 ) , Super Bowl appearances ( 7 ) , and complete seasons ( 14 ) than any other quarterback in franchise history . Brady 's only incomplete seasons were 2001 , when he replaced Bledsoe as the starting quarterback , 2008 , when he suffered a season - ending knee injury in the first game of the regular season , and 2016 when he was suspended by the NFL for the first four games of the season as a result of the Deflategate incident . In 2008 , Matt Cassel started the remaining 15 games , and despite missing the playoffs , the team finished with an 11 -- 5 record and second place in the AFC East . In 2016 , Jimmy Garoppolo served as the starting quarterback for the first two games of the season in Brady 's absence before Garoppolo was injured and replaced by Jacoby Brissett . Brady also has led the team to all five of the franchise 's Super Bowl victories , doing so in 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2014 and 2016 . He is one of only four Patriots quarterbacks to have started at Gillette Stadium , the others having been Cassel , Garoppolo , and Brissett . Steve Grogan has started the second-most games in franchise history ( 135 ) , 116 games fewer than Brady . Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Year Column links to corresponding team season ( # ) Number of games started in the regular season . † Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Regular season ( edit ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) Ref Boston Patriots 1960 ( AFL ) Butch Songin ( 12 ) / Tom Greene ( 2 ) 1961 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 8 ) / Butch Songin ( 6 ) 1962 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 10 ) / Tom Yewcic ( 4 ) 1963 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 14 ) 1964 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 14 ) 1965 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 13 ) / Eddie Wilson ( 1 ) 1966 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 14 ) 1967 ( AFL ) Babe Parilli ( 11 ) / Don Trull ( 3 ) 1968 ( AFL ) Mike Taliaferro ( 7 ) / Tom Sherman ( 7 ) 1969 ( AFL ) Mike Taliaferro ( 14 ) 1970 Joe Kapp ( 10 ) / Mike Taliaferro ( 4 ) New England Patriots 1971 Jim Plunkett ( 14 ) 1972 Jim Plunkett ( 14 ) 1973 Jim Plunkett ( 14 ) Jim Plunkett ( 14 ) Steve Grogan ( 7 ) / Jim Plunkett ( 5 ) / Neil Graff ( 2 ) 1976 Steve Grogan ( 14 ) 1977 Steve Grogan ( 14 ) 1978 Steve Grogan ( 16 ) 1979 Steve Grogan ( 16 ) 1980 Steve Grogan ( 12 ) / Matt Cavanaugh ( 4 ) 1981 Matt Cavanaugh ( 8 ) / Steve Grogan ( 7 ) / Tom Owen ( 1 ) 1982 Steve Grogan ( 6 ) / Matt Cavanaugh ( 3 ) Steve Grogan ( 12 ) / Tony Eason ( 4 ) 1984 Tony Eason ( 13 ) / Steve Grogan ( 3 ) 1985 Tony Eason ( 10 ) / Steve Grogan ( 6 ) 1986 Tony Eason ( 14 ) / Steve Grogan ( 2 ) Steve Grogan ( 6 ) / Tom Ramsey ( 3 ) / Tony Eason ( 3 ) / Bob Bleier ( 2 ) / Doug Flutie ( 1 ) 1988 Doug Flutie ( 9 ) / Steve Grogan ( 4 ) / Tony Eason ( 2 ) / Tom Ramsey ( 1 ) 1989 Steve Grogan ( 6 ) / Marc Wilson ( 4 ) / Tony Eason ( 3 ) / Doug Flutie ( 3 ) 1990 Marc Wilson ( 6 ) / Tommy Hodson ( 4 ) / Steve Grogan ( 4 ) 1991 Hugh Millen ( 13 ) / Tommy Hodson ( 3 ) 1992 Hugh Millen ( 7 ) / Scott Zolak ( 4 ) / Tommy Hodson ( 3 ) / Jeff Carlson ( 2 ) 1993 Drew Bledsoe ( 12 ) / Scott Secules ( 4 ) 1994 Drew Bledsoe ( 16 ) 1995 Drew Bledsoe ( 15 ) / Scott Zolak ( 1 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 16 ) 1997 Drew Bledsoe ( 16 ) 1998 Drew Bledsoe ( 14 ) / Scott Zolak ( 2 ) 1999 Drew Bledsoe ( 16 ) 2000 Drew Bledsoe ( 16 ) 2001 Tom Brady ( 14 ) / Drew Bledsoe ( 2 ) 2002 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2003 Tom Brady ( 16 ) Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2005 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2006 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2007 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2008 Matt Cassel ( 15 ) / Tom Brady ( 1 ) 2009 Tom Brady ( 16 ) Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2011 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2012 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2013 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2014 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2015 Tom Brady ( 16 ) 2016 Tom Brady ( 12 ) / Jacoby Brissett ( 2 ) / Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2 ) 2017 Tom Brady ( 16 ) Postseason ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) Ref 1963 Parilli , Babe Babe Parilli ( 1 -- 1 ) 1976 Grogan , Steve Steve Grogan ( 0 -- 1 ) 1978 Grogan , Steve Steve Grogan ( 0 -- 1 ) 1982 Grogan , Steve Steve Grogan ( 0 -- 1 ) 1985 Eason , Tony Tony Eason ( 3 -- 1 ) 1986 Eason , Tony Tony Eason ( 0 -- 1 ) 1994 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe ( 0 -- 1 ) Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe ( 2 -- 1 ) 1997 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe ( 1 -- 1 ) 1998 Zolak , Scott Scott Zolak ( 0 -- 1 ) 2001 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 3 -- 0 ) 2003 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 3 -- 0 ) Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 3 -- 0 ) 2005 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 1 -- 1 ) 2006 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 2 -- 1 ) 2007 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 2 -- 1 ) 2009 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 0 -- 1 ) Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 0 -- 1 ) 2011 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 2 -- 1 ) 2012 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 1 -- 1 ) 2013 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 1 -- 1 ) 2014 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 3 -- 0 ) 2015 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 1 -- 1 ) 2016 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 3 -- 0 ) 2017 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 2 -- 1 ) Statistics ( edit ) Having been the starting quarterback for the past 16 seasons , Tom Brady holds the record for the most starts in a Patriots jersey , as well as for the most overall wins . He is also the franchise leader in attempts , completions , total yards gained , and passing touchdowns , although Jimmy Garoppolo has the best pass completion percentage . Brady also holds the record for the longest completed pass by a Patriots starting quarterback , throwing a 99 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Wes Welker in an away game against the Miami Dolphins during the 2011 season . Brady is also the leader in rushing attempts , but Steve Grogan has the most rushing yards and rushing touchdowns . Tom Yewcic holds the record for the longest rush with a 46 - yard run in the Patriots ' 14 -- 10 road loss to the Denver Broncos during the 1963 season . Years Years that the quarterback was on the Patriots ' roster Yds Yards gained by passing GP Games played ( regular season ) TD Passing touchdowns GS Games started ( regular season ) Int Interceptions thrown Number of wins as starting quarterback LngPass Longest completed pass thrown ( yards ) Number of losses as starting quarterback Rate Quarterback rating Number of ties as starting quarterback Att Rushes attempted Cmp Passes completed Yds Yards gained by rushing Att Passes attempted TD Rushing touchdowns Cmp % Percentage of passes completed LngRush Longest rushing attempt Name Years Passing statistics Rushing statistics Ref GP GS Cmp Att Cmp % Yds TD Int LngPass Rate Att Yds TD LngRush Brady , Tom Tom Brady 2001 -- 253 251 196 55 0 5,629 8,805 63.9 % 66,159 488 160 99 97.6 557 968 17 22 Grogan , Steve Steve Grogan 1975 -- 1990 149 135 75 60 0 1,879 3,593 52.3 % 26,886 182 208 76 69.6 445 2,176 35 41 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2001 124 123 63 60 0 2,544 4,518 56.3 % 29,657 166 138 86 75.9 270 553 25 Parilli , Babe Babe Parilli 1961 -- 1967 94 83 44 32 7 1,140 2,413 47.2 % 16,747 132 138 80 64.8 228 949 14 33 Plunkett , Jim Jim Plunkett 1971 -- 1975 61 61 23 38 0 729 1,503 48.5 % 12,665 62 87 88 59.7 159 817 9 37 Eason , Tony Tony Eason 1983 -- 1989 72 49 28 21 0 876 1,500 52.3 % 10,732 60 48 76 80.6 126 474 6 26 Taliaferro , Mike Mike Taliaferro 1968 -- 1969 32 25 8 17 0 305 680 44.9 % 3,920 27 44 77 49.8 23 46 0 21 Millen , Hugh Hugh Millen 1991 -- 1992 20 20 5 15 0 370 612 60.5 % 4,276 17 28 60 71.8 48 200 26 Songin , Butch Butch Songin 1960 -- 1961 28 18 7 10 285 604 47.2 % 3,905 36 24 78 71.7 19 79 20 Cassel , Matt Matt Cassel 2008 30 15 10 5 0 349 555 62.9 % 3,946 23 13 76 88.2 85 298 19 Cavanaugh , Matt Matt Cavanaugh 1980 -- 1982 52 15 5 10 0 206 385 53.5 % 3,018 19 23 75 70.9 39 190 22 Flutie , Doug Doug Flutie 1987 -- 1989 22 13 8 5 0 148 305 48.5 % 1,871 11 14 80 61.0 65 308 22 Hodson , Tommy Tommy Hodson 1990 -- 1991 32 12 11 0 171 315 54.3 % 1,809 7 11 56 64.1 21 90 0 23 Kapp , Joe Joe Kapp 1970 11 10 9 0 98 219 44.7 % 1,104 17 48 32.6 20 71 0 14 Wilson , Marc Marc Wilson 1989 -- 1990 30 10 9 0 214 415 51.6 % 2,631 9 16 65 62.6 12 49 0 11 Zolak , Scott Scott Zolak 1992 1995 1998 54 7 0 124 244 50.8 % 1,314 8 7 72 65.8 36 83 0 19 Sherman , Tom Tom Sherman 1968 18 7 6 0 90 226 39.8 % 1,199 12 16 87 45.6 25 80 0 17 Yewcic , Tom Tom Yewcic 1962 14 5 0 87 206 42.2 % 1,374 12 12 78 60.2 72 424 46 Secules , Scott Scott Secules 1993 12 0 0 75 134 56.0 % 918 9 82 76.5 8 33 0 13 Ramsey , Tom Tom Ramsey 1987 -- 1988 21 0 84 164 51.2 % 1,005 6 9 40 59.6 17 77 19 Trull , Don Don Trull 1967 7 0 0 27 81 33.3 % 442 7 52 20.7 19 35 10 Bleier , Bob Bob Bleier 0 14 39 35.9 % 181 35 49.2 5 − 5 Brissett , Jacoby Jacoby Brissett 2016 0 34 55 61.8 % 400 0 0 58 83.9 16 83 27 Garoppolo , Jimmy Jimmy Garoppolo 2016 17 0 0 63 94 67.0 % 690 5 0 37 106.2 25 10 0 10 Carlson , Jeff Jeff Carlson 1992 0 0 18 49 36.7 % 232 40 33.7 11 32 0 7 Graff , Neil Neil Graff 25 0 0 19 36 52.8 % 241 31 57.8 0 Greene , Tom Tom Greene 1960 10 0 27 63 43.9 % 251 6 31 20.1 7 44 0 21 Wilson , Eddie Eddie Wilson 1965 14 0 0 20 46 43.5 % 257 30 41.7 8 0 17 Owen , Tom Tom Owen 1981 12 0 0 58 114 50.9 % 655 9 32 44.3 − 1 0 0 * Statistics accurate as of the end of the 2017 season Italic text indicates that the player is currently on the Patriots roster See also ( edit ) Lists of NFL starting quarterbacks List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks History of the New England Patriots Notes ( edit ) In each game , a team picks one player to start in the quarterback position . Players may be substituted during the game , but the term `` starting quarterback '' refers to the player who started the game in that position . Since the 1978 NFL season , all teams have played 16 - game schedules . Strikes by the National Football League Players Association in the 1982 and 1987 seasons resulted in shortened seasons ( 9 - and 15 - game schedules , respectively ) . References ( edit ) General `` New England Patriots Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Boston Patriots '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New England Patriots Hall of Famers '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1960 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babe Parilli Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Plunkett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1975 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Grogan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drew Bledsoe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1996 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brady to have season - ending knee surgery , will be placed on IR '' . NFL.com . National Football League . September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals Court : Tom Brady must serve Deflategate punishment '' . Associated Press . April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Eason Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Zolak Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New England Career Passing Register '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins -- September 12th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Register '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Patriots at Denver Broncos -- September 29th , 1963 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Taliaferro Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Millen Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Songin Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cavanaugh Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Flutie Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Hodson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . 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Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Garoppolo Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carlson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Graff Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Greene Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Wilson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Owen Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade , 1971 -- 1980 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade , 1981 -- 1990 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Landry Jones ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Paxton Lynch ( Denver Broncos ) Patrick Mahomes II ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean Mannion ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_England_Patriots_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=832861123 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks by team New England Patriots players New England Patriots lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 11 : 35 . 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-5007019041469158141	ArmaLite AR-15	ArmaLite AR - 15 - wikipedia ArmaLite AR - 15 Jump to : navigation , search For the generic AR - 15 firearm , see AR - 15 style rifle . For the Colt - branded rifle , see Colt AR - 15 . For other uses , see AR - 15 ( disambiguation ) . ArmaLite AR - 15 ArmaLite AR - 15 with 25 - round magazine Type Assault rifle Place of origin United States Service history In service 1959 -- 1990s Wars Vietnam War Production history Designer Eugene Stoner , Jim Sullivan and Bob Fremont Designed 1956 Manufacturer ArmaLite Colt 's Manufacturing Company Produced 1959 - 1964 Specifications Weight 6.55 lb ( 2.97 kg ) with 20 round magazine Length 39 in ( 991 mm ) Barrel length 20 in ( 508 mm ) Cartridge . 223 Remington Action Gas - operated , rotating bolt ( direct impingement ) Rate of fire full - auto 750 rounds / min cyclic Muzzle velocity 3,300 ft / s ( 1,006 m / s ) Effective firing range 500 yd ( 457 m ) Sights Iron sights The ArmaLite AR - 15 was a select - fire , air - cooled , gas - operated , magazine - fed assault rifle manufactured in the United States between 1959 and 1964 . Designed by American gun manufacturer ArmaLite in 1956 , it was based on its AR - 10 rifle . The ArmaLite AR - 15 was designed to be a lightweight assault rifle and to fire a new high - velocity , lightweight , small - caliber cartridge to allow the infantrymen to carry more ammunition . In 1959 , ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR - 10 and AR - 15 to Colt due to financial difficulties . After modifications ( most notably , the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR - 10 to the rear of the receiver ) , Colt rebranded it the Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 . Colt marketed the redesigned rifle to various military services around the world and it was subsequently adopted by the U.S. military as the M16 rifle , which went into production in March 1964 . Colt continued to use the AR - 15 trademark for its line of semi-automatic - only rifles marketed to civilian and law - enforcement customers , known as Colt AR - 15 . The Armalite AR - 15 is the parent of a variety of Colt AR - 15 & M16 rifle variants . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colt era 2 Features 2.1 Armalite AR - 15 2.2 Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 ( Model 601 & 602 ) 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References History After World War II , the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand , M1 / M2 Carbines , M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle , M3 `` Grease Gun '' and Thompson submachine gun . However , early experiments with select - fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing . During the Korean War , the select - fire M2 Carbine largely replaced the submachine gun in US service and became the most widely used Carbine variant . However , combat experience suggested that the . 30 Carbine round was under - powered . American weapons designers concluded that an intermediate round was necessary , and recommended a small - caliber , high - velocity cartridge . However , senior American commanders having faced fanatical enemies and experienced major logistical problems during WWII and the Korean War , insisted that a single powerful . 30 caliber cartridge be developed , that could not only be used by the new automatic rifle , but by the new general - purpose machine gun ( GPMG ) in concurrent development . This culminated in the development of the 7.62 × 51mm NATO cartridge . The United States Army then began testing several rifles to replace the obsolete M1 Garand . Springfield Armory 's T44E4 and heavier T44E5 were essentially updated versions of the Garand chambered for the new 7.62 mm round , while Fabrique Nationale submitted their FN FAL as the T48 . ArmaLite entered the competition late , hurriedly submitting several AR - 10 prototype rifles in the fall of 1956 to the United States Army 's Springfield Armory for testing . ArmaLite AR - 10 with mounted bayonet made by Artillerie Inrichtingen ( A.I. ) . The AR - 10 featured an innovative straight - line barrel / stock design , forged aluminum alloy receivers and with phenolic composite stocks . It had rugged elevated sights , an oversized aluminum flash suppressor and recoil compensator , and an adjustable gas system . The final prototype , featured an upper and lower receiver with the now - familiar hinge and takedown pins , and the charging handle was on top of the receiver placed inside of the carry handle . For a 7.62 mm NATO rifle , the AR - 10 was incredibly lightweight at only 6.85 lbs. empty . Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable , and some testers commented that the AR - 10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle ever tested by the Armory . In the end the United States Army chose the T44 now called the M14 rifle which was an improved M1 Garand with a 20 - round magazine and automatic fire capability . The U.S. also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun ( GPMG ) . Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles , as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs . The first confrontations between the AK - 47 and the M14 came in the early part of the Vietnam War . Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full - auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK - 47 . And , while the M2 Carbine offered a high rate of fire , it was under - powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK - 47 . A replacement was needed : A medium between the traditional preference for high - powered rifles such as the M14 , and the lightweight firepower of the M2 Carbine . Early ArmaLite AR - 15 without magazine or flash hider As a result , the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman , commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command ( CONARC ) to develop a . 223 caliber ( 5.56 mm ) select - fire rifle weighing 6 lb ( 2.7 kg ) when loaded with a 20 - round magazine . The 5.56 mm round had to penetrate a standard U.S. M1 helmet at 500 yards ( 460 meters ) and retain a velocity in excess of the speed of sound , while matching or exceeding the wounding ability of the . 30 Carbine cartridge . This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled - down version of the ArmaLite AR - 10 , called ArmaLite AR - 15 rifle . In 1958 , ArmaLite submitted ten AR - 15 and one hundred 25 - round magazines for CONARC testing . The tests found that a 5 - to 7 - man team armed with AR - 15s has the same firepower as 11 - man team armed with M14s . That soldiers armed with AR - 15s could carry three times more ammunition as those armed with M14s ( 649 rounds vs 220 rounds ) . And , that the AR - 15 was three times more reliable than the M14 rifle . However , General Maxwell Taylor , then Army Chief of Staff , `` vetoed '' the AR - 15 in favor of the M14 . In 1959 , ArmaLite now frustrated with the lack of results and suffering ongoing financial difficulties , sold its rights to the AR - 10 and AR - 15 to Colt . Colt era Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 Model 01 with 20 - round magazine After acquiring the AR - 15 , Colt promptly redesigned the rifle to facilitate mass production . Based on the final ArmaLite design , most notably , the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle , like the earlier AR - 10 to the rear of the receiver , like the later M16 rifle . Colt then renamed and rebranded the rifle `` Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 Model 01 '' After a far East tour , Colt made its first sale of Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 rifles to Malaya on September 30 , 1959 . Colt manufactured their first batch of 300 Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 rifles in December 1959 . Colt would go on to market the Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 rifle to military services around the world . In July 1960 , General Curtis LeMay , then Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , was impressed by a demonstration of the AR - 15 and ordered 8500 rifles . In the meantime , the Army would continue testing the AR - 15 , finding that the intermediate cartridge . 223 ( 5.56 mm ) rifle is much easier to shoot than the standard 7.62 mm NATO M14 rifle . In 1961 marksmanship testing , the U.S. Army found that 43 % of AR - 15 shooters achieved Expert , while only 22 % of M - 14 rifle shooters did so . Also , a lower recoil impulse , allows for more controllable automatic weapons fire . In the summer of 1961 , General LeMay was promoted to Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , and requested an additional 80,000 AR - 15s . However , General Maxwell D. Taylor , now Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , ( who repeatedly clashed with LeMay ) advised President John F. Kennedy that having two different calibers within the military system at the same time would be problematic and the request was rejected . In October 1961 , William Godel , a senior man at the Advanced Research Projects Agency , sent 10 AR - 15s to South Vietnam . The reception was enthusiastic , and in 1962 , another 1,000 AR - 15s were sent . United States Army Special Forces personnel filed battlefield reports lavishly praising the AR - 15 and the stopping - power of the 5.56 mm cartridge , and pressed for its adoption . Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 Model 02 without magazine and new 1 in 12 - inch ( 300 mm ) rifling twist rate The damage caused by the 5.56 mm bullet was originally believed to be caused by `` tumbling '' due to the slow 1 in 14 - inch ( 360 mm ) rifling twist rate . However , any pointed lead core bullet will `` tumble '' after penetration in flesh , because the center of gravity is towards the rear of the bullet . The large wounds observed by soldiers in Vietnam were actually caused by bullet fragmentation , which was created by a combination of the bullet 's velocity and construction . These wounds were so devastating , that the photographs remained classified into the 1980s . However , despite overwhelming evidence that the AR - 15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14 , the Army opposed the adoption of the new rifle . U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara now had two conflicting views : the USAF 's ( General LeMay 's ) repeated requests for additional AR - 15s and the ARPA report favoring the AR - 15 , versus the Army 's position favoring the M14 . Even President Kennedy expressed concern , so McNamara ordered Secretary of the Army Cyrus Vance to test the M14 , the AR - 15 and the AK - 47 . The Army reported that only the M14 was suitable for service , but Vance wondered about the impartiality of those conducting the tests . He ordered the Army Inspector General to investigate the testing methods used ; the Inspector General confirmed that the testers were biased towards the M14 . In January 1963 , Secretary McNamara received reports that M14 production was insufficient to meet the needs of the armed forces and ordered a halt to M14 production . At the time , the AR - 15 was the only rifle that could fulfill a requirement of a `` universal '' infantry weapon for issue to all services . McNamara ordered its adoption , despite receiving reports of several deficiencies , most notably the lack of a chrome - plated chamber . An early M16 rifle without forward assist After minor modifications , the new redesigned rifle was renamed the Rifle , Caliber 5.56 mm , M16 . Meanwhile , the Army relented and recommended the adoption of the M16 for jungle warfare operations . However , the Army insisted on the inclusion of a forward assist to help push the bolt into battery in the event that a cartridge failed to seat into the chamber . The Air Force , Colt and Eugene Stoner believed that the addition of a forward assist was an unjustified expense . As a result , the design was split into two variants : the Air Force 's M16 without the forward assist , and the XM16E1 ( AKA : M16A1 ) with the forward assist for the other service branches . Photograph of Secret Service agent George W. Hickey with an ArmaLite AR - 15 moments after President Kennedy was shot in Dallas on November 22 , 1963 . In November 1963 , McNamara approved the U.S. Army 's order of 85,000 XM16E1s ; and to appease General LeMay , the Air Force was granted an order for another 19,000 M16s . In March 1964 , the M16 rifle went into production and the Army accepted delivery of the first batch of 2129 rifles later that year , and an additional 57,240 rifles the following year . The Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 was discontinued with the adoption of the M16 rifle . Most AR - 15 rifles in U.S. service have long ago been upgraded to M16 configuration . The Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 was also used by the United States Secret Service and other U.S. federal , state and local law enforcement agencies . Shortly after the United States military adopted the M16 rifle , Colt introduced its line semi-automatic - only Colt AR - 15 rifles , which it markets to civilians and law enforcement . Colt continues to use the AR - 15 name for these rifles in order to pay homage to their predecessor the ArmaLite AR - 15 . Features ArmaLite AR - 15 Early ArmaLite AR - 15 without flash hider or magazine The AR - 15 is a select - fire , 5.56 × 45mm , air - cooled , direct impingement gas - operated , magazine - fed rifle , with a rotating bolt and straight - line recoil design . It was designed to be manufactured with the extensive use of aluminium and synthetic materials by state of the art Computer Numerical Control ( CNC ) automated machinery . ArmaLite AR - 15 with 25 - round magazine and flash hider The AR - 15 is a Modular Weapon System . It is easy to assemble , modify and repair using a few simple hand tools , and a flat surface to work on . The AR - 15 's upper receiver incorporates the fore stock , the charging handle , the gas operating system , the barrel , the bolt and bolt carrier assembly . The lower receiver incorporates the magazine well , the pistol grip and the buttstock . The lower receiver also contains the trigger , disconnector , hammer and fire selector ( collectively known as the fire control group ) . The AR - 15 's `` duckbill '' flash suppressor had three tines or prongs and was designed to preserve the shooter 's night vision by disrupting the flash . Early AR - 15 's had a 25 - round magazine . Later model AR - 15s used a 20 - round waffle - patterned magazine that was meant to be a lightweight , disposable item . As such , it is made of pressed / stamped aluminum and was not designed to be durable . The AR - 15 's most distinctive ergonomic feature is the carrying handle and rear sight assembly on top of the receiver . This is a by - product of the design , where the carry handle serves to protect the charging handle . The AR - 15 rifle has a 500 mm ( 19.75 inches ) sight radius . The AR - 15 uses an L - type flip , aperture rear sight and it is adjustable with two settings , 0 to 300 meters and 300 to 400 meters . The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation . The rear sight can be adjusted for windage . The sights can be adjusted with a bullet tip or pointed tool . `` The ( AR - 15 's ) Stoner system provides a very symmetric design that allows straight line movement of the operating components . This allows recoil forces to drive straight to the rear . Instead of connecting or other mechanical parts driving the system , high pressure gas performs this function , reducing the weight of moving parts and the rifle as a whole . '' The AR - 15 's straight - line recoil design , where the recoil spring is located in the stock directly behind the action , and serves the dual function of operating spring and recoil buffer . The stock being in line with the bore also reduces muzzle rise , especially during automatic fire . Because recoil does not significantly shift the point of aim , faster follow - up shots are possible and user fatigue is reduced . Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 ( model 601 & 602 ) Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 Model 01 with 20 - round magazine , made from 1959 - 1964 Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 Model 02 without magazine and new 1 in 12 - inch ( 300 mm ) rifling twist rate , made in 1964 Colt 's first two models produced after the acquisition of the rifle from ArmaLite were the 601 and 602 , and these rifles were in many ways clones of the original ArmaLite rifle ( in fact , these rifles were often found stamped Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 , Property of the U.S. Government caliber . 223 , with no reference to them being M16s ) . The 601 and 602 are virtually identical to the later M16 rifle without the forward - assist . Like the later M16 rifle their charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR - 10 to the rear of the receiver . They were equipped with triangular fore - stocks and occasionally green or brown furniture . Their front sight had a more triangular shape . They had flat lower receivers without raised surfaces around the magazine well . Their bolt hold open device lacked a raised lower engagement surface and had a slanted and serrated surface that had to be engaged with a bare thumb , index finger , or thumb nail because of the lack of this surface . Their fire - selector was also changed from upward = safe , backward = semi-auto and forward = full - auto , to the now familiar forward = safe , upward = semi-auto , and backward = full - auto of the M16 rifle . The only major difference between the 601 and 602 is the switch from the original 1 : 14 - inch rifling twist to the more common 1 : 12 - inch twist . The 601 was first adopted by the United States Air Force , and was quickly supplemented with the 602s ( AKA : XM16s ) and later the 604s ( AKA : M16s ) . Over time , the 601s and 602s were converted to M16 rifle configuration . The USAF continued to use ArmaLite AR - 15 marked rifles well into the 1990s . See also List of ArmaLite rifles Further reading Fallows , James ( 1981 ) . National Defense . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 51824 - 1 . 1983 National Book Award winner . Fallows , James ( June 1981 ) . `` M - 16 : A Bureaucratic Horror Story ; Why the rifles jammed '' . The Atlantic . One of three excerpts from National Defense published in The Atlantic ; includes the origin of the Armalite AR - 15 . References Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF TASK NO . 13A . TEST OF ARMALITE RIFLE . AR - 15 ( U ) '' ( PDF ) . RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FIELD UNIT . Advanced Research Projects Agency . 31 July 1962 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Virginia Hart ( November 2001 ) . `` Focus on Basics , Urges Small Arms Designer '' . National Defense . National Defense Industrial Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Ian V. ; Weeks , John S. ( 2000 ) . Military Small Arms of the 20th Century ( 7th ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87341 - 824 - 9 . , p. 291 ^ Jump up to : Rifle Evaluation Study . US Army . Infantry Combat Developments Agency . February 17 , 1978 Jump up ^ http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/343778.pdf Field Test Report , AR - 15 Armalite Rifle . Final Report , OSD / ARPA Research and Development Unit - Vietnam . 20 August 1962 Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF TASK NO . 13A . TEST OF ARMALITE RIFLE . AR - 15 ( U ) '' ( PDF ) . RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FIELD UNIT . Advanced Research Projects Agency . 31 July 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Danford Allan ( 2006 ) . The influence of organizational culture on the acquisition of the m16 rifle . m-14parts.com . A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE , Military History . Fort Leavenworth , Kansas ^ Jump up to : Bartocci , Christopher R. ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` AR - 15 / M16 : The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be '' . Gun Digest . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kokalis , Peter G. Retro AR - 15 . nodakspud.com ^ Jump up to : Report of the M16 rifle review panel . Department of the Army . dtic.mil. 1 June 1968 ^ Jump up to : Ehrhart , Thomas P. ( Maj . ) ( 2009 ) . Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan : Taking Back the Infantry Half - Kilometer . US Army . Jump up ^ The M16 . By Gordon Rottman . Osprey Publishing , 2011 . page 6 Jump up ^ Schreier , Philip . `` CUT DOWN in its Youth , Arguably Americas Best Service Rifle , the M14 Never Had the Chance to Prove Itself '' ( PDF ) . SSUSA . pp. 24 -- 29 , 46 . Jump up ^ Gordon Rottman ( 2011 ) . The M16 . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 690 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leroy Thompson ( 2011 ) . The M1 Carbine . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 907 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Arms of the Chosin Few '' . Americanrifleman.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hall , Donald L. ( March 1952 ) . `` An effectiveness study of the infantry rifle . Report No. 593 '' ( PDF ) . Maryland : Ballistic Research Laboratories ( published 29 March 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Fanaticism And Conflict In The Modern Age , by Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson , Frank Cass & Co , 2005 Jump up ^ `` An Attempt To Explain Japanese War Crimes '' . Pacificwar.org.au . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` South to the Naktong - North to the Yalu '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The Big ' L ' - American Logistics in World War II '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Logistics of Invasion '' . Almc.army.mil . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison ( NRA Technical Staff ) , E.H. ( Col . ) ( June 1957 ) . `` New Service Rifle '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Williams , Anthony G. ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Assault Rifles And Their Ammunition : History and Prospects '' . Quarry.nildram.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pikula , pp. 36 , 38 Jump up ^ Pikula , Major Sam . The ArmaLite AR - 10 . Regnum Fund Press , 1998 . ISBN 9986 - 494 - 38 - 9 . pp. 27 - 29 Jump up ^ Pikula , Sam ( Major ) , The ArmaLite AR - 10 , p. 38 : Later changed to titanium . Jump up ^ Pikula , pp. 27 - 30 Jump up ^ Lewis , Jack ( 1963 ) . `` The M - 14 : Boon or Blunder '' . Gun World . 3 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Pikula , pp. 39 - 40 ^ Jump up to : Bruce , Robert . `` M14 vs. M16 in Vietnam '' . Small Arms Review . Jump up ^ Jane 's International Defense Review . Jane 's Information Group . 36 : 43 . 2003 . The M14 is basically an improved M1 with a modified gas system and detachable 20 - round magazine . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` M14 7.62 mm Rifle '' . Globalsecurity.org. 1945 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Lee ( 10 October 2006 ) . `` M14 Rifle History and Development '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2002 ) . Green Beret in Vietnam : 1957 - 73 . Osprey Publishing . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Robert ( ed . ) , The . 223 , Guns & Ammo Annual Edition , 1971 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Edward Clinton ( 1983 ) . Small Arms of the World . New York : Stackpole Books . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 601 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1959-Rifle-Squad-Armed-with-a-Light-Weight-High-Velocity-Rifle.pdf Rifle Squad Armed with a Light Weight High Velocity Rifle . U.S. Army Combat Experimentation Center . Fort Ord . Californaia. 24 Jun 1959 Jump up ^ http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1959-Rifle-Squad-Armed-with-a-Light-Weight-High-Velocity-Rifle.pdf Rifle Squad Armed with a Light Weight High Velocity Rifle . U.S. Army Combat Experimentation Center . Fort Ord . Californaia. 24 Jun 1959 Jump up ^ Dockery , Kevin ( 2007 ) . Future Weapons . Penguin . p. 56 . ISBN 9780425217504 . Jump up ^ Zimba , Jeff W. `` Colt ArmaLite AR - 15 Rifle # 000106 The Coconut Rifle '' . smallarmsreview.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` TM 9 - 1005 - 319 - 10 ( 2010 ) - Operator 's Manual for Rifle , 5.56 MM , M16A2 / M16A3 / M4 ( Battlesight Zero pages 48 - 55 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` TM 9 - 1005 - 319 - 10 ( 2010 ) - Operator 's Manual for Rifle , 5.56 MM , M16A2 / M16A3 / M4 ( Battlesight Zero pages 48 - 55 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Alexander ( 2009 ) . American Rifle : A Biography . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 9780553384383 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF TASK NO . 13A . TEST OF ARMALITE RIFLE . AR - 15 ( U ) '' ( PDF ) . RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FIELD UNIT . Advanced Research Projects Agency . 31 July 1962 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF TASK NO . 13A . TEST OF ARMALITE RIFLE . AR - 15 ( U ) '' ( PDF ) . RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FIELD UNIT . Advanced Research Projects Agency . 31 July 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Martin L. Fackler , Wounding patterns of military rifle bullets '' https://www.ar15.com/ammo/project/Fackler_Articles/wounding_patterns_military_rifles.pdf Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF TASK NO . 13A . TEST OF ARMALITE RIFLE . AR - 15 ( U ) '' ( PDF ) . RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FIELD UNIT . Advanced Research Projects Agency . 31 July 1962 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 28 February 2011 ) . Modern Law Enforcement Weapons & Tactics , 3rd Edition . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 2684 - 7 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Edward Clinton ( 1983 ) . Small Arms of the World . New York : Stackpole Books . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 601 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas P. Ehrhart Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan : Taking Back the Infantry Half - Kilometer Jump up ^ Bartocci , Christopher R. ( 2011 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Feeding the Modern Semi-Automatic Rifle '' . Americanrifleman.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ezell , Edward Clinton ( 1983 ) . Small Arms of the World . New York : Stackpole Books . pp. 746 -- 762 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 601 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . ARMALITE TECHNICAL NOTE 54 : DIRECT IMPINGEMENT VERSUS PISTON DRIVE Jump up ^ Pages 744 -- 759 `` Small Arms of the World '' 12th Revised Edition by Edward Clinton Ezell . Jump up ^ https://www.forgottenweapons.com/explaining-the-ar-safety-lever-design-video/ ArmaLite AR - 10 derivatives Battle rifles Standard ArmaLite AR - 10 Heckler & Koch HK417 MPT - 76 Sniper rifles M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System Marine Scout Sniper Rifle Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle SEAL Recon Rifle SR - 25 United States Marine Corps Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle Assault rifles Standard ArmaLite AR - 15 M16 rifle variants Colt Advanced Piston Carbine Colt ACR Colt Canada C7 Adcor A-556 Barrett REC7 Barrett M468 Heckler & Koch HK416 KH - 2002 Knight 's Armament Company SR - 47 LR - 300 LWRC M6 Norinco CQ PVAR Remington GPC Safir T - series SOCIMI AR - 831 T65 T86 T91 Carbines CAR - 15 M4 carbine Bushmaster M4 - type Carbine Close Quarters Battle Receiver CMMG Mk45 G13 carbine Olympic Arms OA - 93 SIG516 Special Operations Assault Rifle Submachine guns Colt 9mm SMG CAR - 15 Submachine Gun La France M16K Personal defense weapons Colt MARS AR - 57 AAC Honey Badger PDW GA Personal Defense Weapon Machine guns Colt Automatic Rifle Ares Shrike 5.56 M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle Semi-automatic rifles Centerfire Colt AR - 15 variants AR - 15 style rifle Bushmaster XM - 15 Heckler & Koch MR223 Heckler & Koch MR308 Ruger SR - 556 SIG MCX SIG Sauer SIG516 SIG Sauer SIGM400 Smith & Wesson M&P10 Smith & Wesson M&P15 CMMG Mk47 Mutant Rimfire Armi Jager AP - 74 Smith & Wesson M&P15 - 22 Shotguns Intrepid RAS - 12 Safir T - series UTAS XTR - 12 Pistols Carbon 15 Olympic Arms OA - 93 Other developments M231 Firing Port Weapon CM901 Daewoo K2 Colt 's Manufacturing Company Revolvers 19th Century M1860 Army M1851 Navy Dragoon Model 1855 M1861 Navy Paterson Pocket Percussion Walker Open Top Open Top Pocket Model House New Line Single Action Army Buntline M1877 M1878 M1889 M1892 20th Century Model 1905 New Police New Service Official Police Police Positive Police Positive Special Anaconda Cobra Detective Special Diamondback King Cobra Python Trooper Semi-automatic pistols M1911 Colt 2000 Ace Commander Delta Elite Double Eagle M1900 M1902 Model 1903 Pocket Hammer Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless Model 1908 Vest Pocket Officer 's ACP Woodsman SSP Mustang Rifles , PDWs , and Machine Guns OHWS SCAMP Burgess Lightning Carbine M1839 Carbine Revolving Rifle Ring Lever AR - 15 variants M1895 Colt - Browning machine gun M16 CAR - 15 M4 Carbine Colt Automatic Rifle C7 Advanced Colt Carbine - Monolithic ACR MARS 9mm SMG Cartridges Revolver . 32 Long Colt . 38 Short Colt . 38 Long Colt . 41 Long Colt . 44 Colt . 45 Colt Semi-automatic pistol . 25 ACP . 32 ACP . 380 ACP . 38 ACP . 45 ACP People Samuel Colt Elizabeth Jarvis Colt Richard Jarvis William Mason Charles Brinckerhoff Richards Related Colt Armory Colt Defense National Arms Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ArmaLite_AR-15&oldid=843532730 '' Categories : Rifles 5.56 mm firearms Assault rifles ArmaLite AR - 10 derivatives Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 18 . 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-1816577523531429289	Quidditch	Quidditch - wikipedia Quidditch Jump to : navigation , search For the real world adaptation of the sport , see Quidditch ( sport ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quidditch / ˈkwɪdɪtʃ / is a fictional sport , created by author J.K. Rowling in her fantasy fiction series Harry Potter . The story of Harry Potter centers around wizards and witches studying their magical craft at Hogwarts : School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Born out of the lore of witches using flying broomsticks for transportation , Quidditch was developed by the author as the most popular sport in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter ; a complex game played completely in the air by players on flying broomsticks . The objective of Quidditch , as with most sports , is to be the team that has gained the most points by the end of the match . Matches are played between two opposing teams of seven players riding flying broomsticks , using four balls : a Quaffle , two Bludgers , and a Golden Snitch . Centered around the use of each ball , there are four positions : the Chasers and Keeper ( who plays with the Quaffle ) , the Beaters ( who play with the Bludgers ) , and the Seekers ( who play with the Golden Snitch ) . Each team has three Chasers , one Keeper , two Beaters , and one Seeker . Matches are played on a large oval field called a `` Pitch , '' with three ring - shaped goals of different heights on each side . It is an extremely rough but very popular semi-contact sport , played by wizards and witches . In the wizarding world , Quidditch has a fervent fan following . Harry Potter plays an important and coveted position for his house team at Hogwarts : he is the Seeker . Regional and international Quidditch competitions are mentioned throughout the series . Throughout the fantasy fiction , Harry uses his Quidditch skills for gaining respect from his peers , connecting to his ancestry , and even uses them in his hero 's quest to defeat the main antagonist of the series , Lord Voldemort . Aspects of the sport 's history are revealed in Quidditch Through the Ages , a book published by J.K. Rowling in 2001 to benefit Comic Relief . A modified version of the game ( without magic ) has been adapted and is played in the real world in a number of countries . In this game the players still play with brooms , but run instead of flying . Nevertheless , the basic rules are the same . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Quidditch in the Harry Potter series 2.1 Game progression 2.2 Broomsticks 2.3 Quidditch in the films and video games 3 Reception 4 Non-fictional Quidditch 4.1 Quidditch as a real - life sport 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Development ( edit ) Rowling came up with the sport in a Manchester hotel room after a row with her then - boyfriend . She explained : `` I had been pondering the things that hold a society together , cause it to congregate and signify its particular character and knew I needed a sport . '' Rowling claims that the word `` Quidditch '' is not derived from any particular etymological root , but was the result of filling five pages of a notebook with different words beginning with `` Q '' . Despite the sport 's popularity with fans , Rowling grew to dislike describing the matches . She commented in an interview : To be honest with you , Quidditch matches have been the bane of my life in the Harry Potter books . They are necessary in that people expect Harry to play Quidditch , but there is a limit to how many ways you can have them play Quidditch together and for something new to happen . The final Quidditch scene in the books appears in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Rowling experienced `` fiendish glee '' writing this scene , which features memorable commentary by Luna Lovegood . In 2014 Rowling started publishing a series of match reports from the Quidditch World Cup on Pottermore , culminating in a short story about the final featuring the return of Harry , Ron , Hermione and their friends as adults . This generated interest from several media outlets , as it was the first new writing about the Harry Potter characters since the end of the series in 2007 . Quidditch in the Harry Potter series ( edit ) Quidditch is introduced in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and is a regularly recurring feature throughout the first six books . It is depicted as being played by both professionals ( as in tournaments like the Quidditch World Cup ) and amateurs . A major motif of five of the Harry Potter books is the competition among the four Hogwarts houses for the Quidditch Cup each school year ; in particular , the rivalry between Gryffindor and Slytherin . Game progression ( edit ) Quidditch matches are played over an oval - shaped pitch , with a scoring area at each end consisting of three hooped goal posts , each at a different height . Each team is made up of seven players , consisting of three Chasers , two Beaters , one Keeper and one Seeker . The job of the Chasers is to keep possession of the scarlet Quaffle , a spherical ball passed between players , and attempt to score goals ( worth 10 points ) by throwing it through one of the opponents ' three hoops . These hoops are defended by the opposing team 's Keeper , who ideally tries to block their goals . Meanwhile , players of both teams are attacked indiscriminately by the two Bludgers , round , jet black balls made of iron that fly around violently , trying to knock players off their brooms . It is the Beaters ' job to defend their teammates from the Bludgers ; they carry short wooden clubs , which they use to knock the Bludgers away from their teammates and / or toward the opposing team . Finally , the role of the Seeker is to catch the Golden Snitch , a small golden ball the approximate size of a walnut . The winged Snitch is enchanted to hover , dart , and fly around the pitch , avoiding capture while remaining within the boundaries of the playing area . Catching the Snitch ends the game and scores the successful Seeker 's team 150 points . As the team with the most points wins , this often guarantees victory for the successful Seeker 's team , although a notable exception is when Bulgaria Seeker Viktor Krum catches the Snitch for Bulgaria during the World Cup Final in Goblet of Fire , while his team are still 160 points behind Ireland ( their opponents ) , thus making his own team lose . Oliver Wood showing Harry the Quaffle , Bludgers , and Snitch for the first time in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . The Golden Snitch is held behind the Hogwarts coat of arms in the centre of the lid . The Golden Snitch . Broomsticks ( edit ) Magical flying broomsticks are one of the forms of transportation for wizards and witches , as well as being used for playing Quidditch . The two most prominent broomsticks in the books are the Nimbus 2000 and the Firebolt , both of which have been produced as merchandise by Warner Bros . The Nimbus is introduced as one of the best broomsticks in the wizarding world . Harry receives a Nimbus 2000 in Philosopher 's Stone so that he can play for Gryffindor ; Lucius Malfoy buys a full set of the more advanced Nimbus 2001s for the Slytherin team as a bribe so they would choose his son Draco as Seeker the following year . The Firebolt later supersedes the Nimbus as the fastest and one of the most expensive racing brooms in existence . Harry receives a Firebolt model from his godfather , Sirius Black , after his Nimbus 2000 is destroyed during a Quidditch match in Prisoner of Azkaban . In Goblet of Fire , Harry uses his Firebolt to escape the Hungarian Horntail ( which is a dragon ) during the Triwizard Tournament . Quidditch in the films and video games ( edit ) Quidditch appears in five of the eight Harry Potter films . Some Quidditch subplots , such as Ron 's Keeper storyline in Order of the Phoenix , were cut to save time . Video games that feature Quidditch include : Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 In the Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey attraction in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at the Islands of Adventure theme park , Quidditch is featured near the end where riders are flown through the Quidditch pitch . A storefront near Ollivanders Wand Shop is themed as a Quidditch supply with a Golden Snitch on the sign and a case containing animated Quaffle and Bludgers surrounded by Beaters ' bats . Reception ( edit ) According to David K. Steege , the books `` follow very closely the school story tradition of making games and sports central to the boarding school experience ; some of the most vivid and popular scenes in the series take place on the playing field . '' However , some critics have claimed that Rowling 's presentation of Quidditch reinforces gender inequality . For example , Heilman and Donaldson argue that the female players ultimately have little impact on the outcome of the game , and it has also been noted that the female players on the Gryffindor Quidditch team have very few lines . This view has been disputed by Mimi R. Gladstein , who points to the presence of female players on the victorious Irish team at the Quidditch World Cup . She argues : `` The inclusion of female Quidditch players at the highest level of the sport is done without a trace of self - consciousness and their inclusion is n't an issue within the minds of the characters . '' Quidditch has been criticised for the emphasis it places on the catching of the Snitch . Rowling claims that Quidditch is a sport that `` infuriates '' men in particular , who are bothered by the unrealistic scoring system . Non-fictional Quidditch ( edit ) Quidditch Lane in Lower Cambourne There have been small - scale attempts to adapt Quidditch to readily available technology , using bicycles , and unicycles . Dedication plaque outside the Bristol Royal Hospital for Children In the real world , the word `` Quidditch '' occurs in some English placenames ( long before the Harry Potter stories were written ) , and seems to come from Anglo - Saxon cwǣð - dīc = `` mud - ditch '' . A street in Lower Cambourne , Cambridgeshire , England is named Quidditch Lane , supposedly after a type of nearby dry ditch called a Quidditch . Fans have been known to visit the area . In November 2014 , a plaque appeared outside the entrance of Bristol Children 's Hospital attesting that the famous hooped sculptures which stand in front of the paediatric institution are , in fact , not a 50 ft - tall interactive installation inaugurated in 2001 , but instead the goalposts used in the 1998 Quidditch World Cup . In 2017 , Quidditch was the second word from the Harry Potter series to enter the Oxford Dictionary , following the inclusion of Muggle in 2002 . Oxford Dictionaries associate editor Charlotte Buxton explained that Quidditch had gained recognition beyond the books , pointing to its existence as a real - life sport . Quidditch as a real - life sport ( edit ) Main article : Quidditch ( sport ) In 2007 the United States Quidditch Association , then named the Intercollegiate Quidditch Association or ( I.Q.A ) , was founded to regulate quidditch in the United States and abroad , a very popular sport amongst college students . According to the International Quidditch Association , the current international governing body of the sport , the original rules and regulation of the popular collegiate sport known as quidditch were formed `` ... on a sunny Sunday afternoon in 2005 by Xander Manshel and Alex Benepe , students at Middlebury College in Vermont , US '' . In contrast to the fictional sport , the game is played on foot while using one hand to hold a broom between the legs . Since 2005 , many American schools , such as UC Berkeley , have added Quidditch to their list of team sports . The sport has since then spread across more than 25 countries and includes multiple international tournaments , including a World Cup . In 2012 , the International Quidditch Association held the IQA World Cup , then named the IQA Summer Games , as the torch was passing through Oxford , UK for the Summer Olympics . Gameplay is based on the description in the books , films , and game adaptations , though the sport has obviously been adapted to suit real - world constraints . Quidditch is still evolving to suit safe play for the members of the teams , male and female . Apart from joining teams registered with their national governing body , individuals are also able to become an official certified referee to officiate tournaments and games throughout the year as teams compete to take part in various national and international tournaments . As the oldest national governing body , USQ has hosted a total of ten US Quidditch Cups as of 2017 . See also ( edit ) Harry Potter portal Quidditch portal List of fictional sports References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furness , Hannah . `` JK Rowling invented Quidditch after a row with her boyfriend '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling on The Diane Rehm Show '' . WAMU . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Leaky Cauldron and MN Interview J.K. Rowling '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 16 July 2005 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tobar , Hector . `` J.K. Rowling covers the ' 2014 Quidditch World Cup ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison . `` Harry Potter makes first appearance for seven years as he turns 34 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan . `` J.K. Rowling Just Published a New Harry Potter Story '' . Time . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Let 's go on a virtual shopping spree at Universal 's new Wizarding World '' . LA Times . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter 's First Date Flops , Quidditch Ditched : What ' Phoenix ' Flick Leaves Out '' . MTV . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter 's magic conjures success for theme park '' . CNN International . 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Steege , David K. ( 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter , Tom Brown , and the British School Story '' . In Whited , Lana A . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon . University of Missouri Press . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Elizabeth E. ; Donaldson , Trevor ( 2009 ) . `` From Sexist to ( sort - of ) Feminist : Representations of Gender in the Harry Potter Series '' . In Heilman , Elizabeth E. Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Routledge . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Doughty , Terri ( 2004 ) . `` Locating Harry Potter in the `` Boys ' Book '' Market `` . In Whited , Lana A . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon . University of Missouri Press . p. 243 . Jump up ^ Gladstein , Mimi R. ( 2004 ) . `` Feminism and Equal Opportunity : Hermione and the Women of Hogwarts '' . In Baggett , David ; Klein , Shawn . Harry Potter and Philosophy : If Aristotle Ran Hogwarts . Open Court Publishing . Jump up ^ Manfred , Tony . `` Sorry Harry Potter Fans , Quidditch Is The Dumbest Sport Ever '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unicycle Quidditch Rules '' . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Village sign attracts Potter fans , BBC News Jump up ^ Sad truth behind Harry Potter fan 's adorable prank at Bristol Children 's Hospital is revealed , Bristol Post Jump up ^ Thelwell , Emma . `` The next Harry Potter words to join the dictionary ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The basics of Quidditch at Cal '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Carey , Alexis ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` From Harry Potter to Sydney schools , Quidditch has become a real competitive sport '' . Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Quidditch leaves Harry Potter behind as ( real ) World Cup fever grows '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Black , Alan ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` London 2012 : Olympic Quidditch Explo Tournament Preview '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rowling , J. K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 590 - 35340 - 3 . Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3849 - 2 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 439 - 06486 - 4 . Rowling , J. K. ( Kennilworthy Whisp ; 2001 ) . Quidditch Through the Ages ( in English ) . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. ISBN 0613329740 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quidditch . Quidditch on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quidditch&oldid=815556709 '' Categories : Quidditch Fictional ball games Harry Potter universe Mixed sports Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 15 : 37 . About Wikipedia	who won the quidditch cup in harrys first year	[]	[]
2985268851501373306	The Ranch (TV series)	The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , Garth Brooks in part four , and Dolly Parton in part five . the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes , the first ten of which aired on June 15 , 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . He is currently married to Abby and is expecting a baby girl with her . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has , however , been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school sweetheart and current wife . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . She and Colt are now married and are expecting a baby girl . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 -- present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . He is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He has an estrange relationship with Rooster and Colt . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest . Wendie Malick as Lisa Neumann , owner of Neumann 's Hill Special Guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach ( Season 1 ) Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Nancy Travis as Karen , Maggie 's estranged sister ( Season 3 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 20 10 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 10 TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 5 41 `` Starting Over Again '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 42 `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 43 `` A Gamble Either Way '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 44 `` Baby I 'm Burning '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Leff & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 45 5 `` Travelin ' Prayer '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 46 6 `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Lisa K. Nelson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 47 7 `` Telling Me Lies '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Leff & Brian Keith Etheridge Teleplay by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 48 8 `` Fresh Out of Forgiveness '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 49 9 `` It Ai n't Fair that It Ai n't Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Nathan Chetty & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 50 10 `` Change '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an average approval rating of 70 % ( 60 % for season 1 , 80 % for season 2 ) based on 92 reviews , with an average rating of 4.5 / 5 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Ranch ' Season 3 Gets Premiere Date ; Includes Danny Masterson 's Final Episodes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the show the ranch come out	[ "The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Debra Winger, Elisha Cuthbert, and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix.[2] The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison, Colorado; detailing the life of the Bennetts, a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers, their rancher father, and his divorced wife and local bar owner.[3] While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray, Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties, The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California.[4] Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts, each containing 10 episodes." ]	[ "2016" ]
8520592414955288882	Dickerson v. United States	Dickerson v. United States - wikipedia Dickerson v. United States Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dickerson v. United States Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 19 , 2000 Decided June 26 , 2000 Full case name Charles Thomas Dickerson , Petitioner v. United States Citations 530 U.S. 428 ( more ) Holding The mandate of Miranda v. Arizona that a criminal suspect be advised of certain constitutional rights governs the admissibility at trial of the suspect 's statements , not the requirement of 18 U.S.C. § 3501 that such statements simply be voluntarily given . Court membership Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices John P. Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia Anthony Kennedy David Souter Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Case opinions Majority Rehnquist , joined by Stevens , O'Connor , Kennedy , Souter , Ginsburg , Breyer Dissent Scalia , joined by Thomas Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . V Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) , upheld the requirement that the Miranda warning be read to criminal suspects and struck down a federal statute that purported to overrule Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) . The Court noted that neither party in the case advocated on behalf of the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , the specific statute at issue in the case . Accordingly , it invited Paul Cassell , a former law clerk to Antonin Scalia and Warren E. Burger , to argue that perspective . Cassell was then a professor at the University of Utah law school ; he was later appointed to , and subsequently resigned from , a federal district court judgeship in that state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Opinion of the Court 3 Dissent 4 External links Background ( edit ) In Miranda v. Arizona , the Supreme Court held that statements of criminal suspects made while they are in custody and subject to interrogation by police may not be admitted in court unless the suspect first had certain warnings read to him beforehand . By now , these warnings are familiar to most Americans : that the suspect has the right to remain silent during the interrogation , that anything he says to the police may be used against him in a court of law , that he has the right to legal counsel , and that if he can not afford legal counsel a lawyer will be provided for him . In 1968 , two years after the Miranda decision , Congress passed a law that purported to overrule it as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 . This statute , 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , directed federal trial judges to admit statements of criminal defendants if they were made voluntarily , without regard to whether he had received the Miranda warnings . Under § 3501 , voluntariness depended on such things as ( 1 ) the time between arrest and arraignment , ( 2 ) whether the defendant knew the crime for which he had been arrested , ( 3 ) whether he had been told that he did not have to talk to the police and that any statement could be used against him , ( 4 ) whether the defendant knew prior to questioning that he had the right to the assistance of counsel , and ( 5 ) whether he actually had the assistance of counsel during questioning . However , the `` presence or absence of any of '' these factors `` need not be conclusive on the issue of voluntariness of the confession . '' Because § 3501 was an act of Congress , it applied only to federal criminal proceedings and criminal proceedings in the District of Columbia . Dickerson had been arrested for bank robbery and for using a firearm during a crime of violence , both federal crimes . He moved to suppress statements he made to the FBI because he had not received the Miranda warnings before he spoke to the FBI . The district court suppressed the statements , and so the government appealed . The Fourth Circuit reversed the district court , reasoning that § 3501 had supplanted the requirement that the police give the Miranda warnings because Miranda was not a constitutional requirement and therefore Congress could overrule that decision by legislation . The Supreme Court then agreed to hear the case . Opinion of the Court ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion , and began by briefly describing the historical backdrop against which the Miranda ruling had emerged . A suspect 's confession had always been inadmissible if it had been the result of coercion or otherwise given involuntarily . This was true in England , from where American law inherited that rule . However , as time went on , the Supreme Court recognized that the Fifth Amendment was an independent source of protection for statements made by criminal defendants in the course of police interrogation . `` In Miranda , we noted that the advent of modern custodial police interrogation brought with it an increased concern about confessions obtained by coercion . '' Custodial police interrogation by its very nature `` isolates and pressures the individual '' so that he might eventually be worn down and confess to crimes he did not commit in order to end the ordeal . In Miranda , the Court had adopted the now - famous four warnings to protect against this particular evil . Congress , in response , enacted § 3501 . That statute clearly was designed to overrule Miranda because it expressly focused solely on voluntariness of the confession as a touchstone for admissibility . Did Congress have the authority to pass such a law ? On the one hand , the Court 's power to craft nonconstitutional supervisory rules over the federal courts exists only in the absence of a specific statute passed by Congress . However , if on the other hand the Miranda rule was constitutional , Congress could not overrule it , because the Court alone is the final arbiter of what the Constitution requires . As evidence of the fact that the Miranda rule was constitutional in nature , the Court pointed out that many of its subsequent decisions applying and limiting the requirement arose in decisions from state courts , over which the Court lacked the power to impose supervisory nonconstitutional rules . Furthermore , although the Court had previously invited legislative involvement in the effort to devise prophylactic measures for protecting criminal defendants against overbearing tactics of the police , it had consistently held that these measures must not take away from the protections Miranda had afforded . Finally , 34 years after the original decision , the Court was loath to overrule Miranda . Typically , the Court overrules constitutional decisions only when their doctrinal underpinnings have eroded . The Court felt that this was not the case in Miranda . `` If anything , our subsequent cases have reduced the impact of the Miranda rule on legitimate law enforcement while reaffirming the decision 's core ruling that unwarned statements may not be used as evidence in the prosecution 's case in chief . '' The Miranda rule did not displace the voluntariness inquiry . Dissent ( edit ) Justice Scalia , joined by Justice Thomas , disagreed with the majority 's decision not to overrule Miranda . He disputed the notion that Miranda was a constitutional rule , pointing to several cases in which the Court had declined to exclude evidence despite the absence of warnings . Justice Scalia described the majority 's decision as an unprincipled compromise between justices who believed Miranda was a constitutional requirement and those who disagreed . He noted that the majority did not state outright that the Miranda warning is a constitutional requirement , but merely that it is `` constitutionally based . '' Justice Scalia further criticized the majority for implying that Congress has no power to override judicially imposed safeguards of constitutional rights ( Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) having settled that Congress may not override judicial interpretations of the Constitution ) . External links ( edit ) Text of Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia LII Brief of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation Brief of the ACLU Brief of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dickerson_v._United_States&oldid=787751375 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court Miranda warning case law 2000 in United States case law Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2013 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2014 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 09 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the importance of dickerson v. united states	[ "Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000), upheld the requirement that the Miranda warning be read to criminal suspects and struck down a federal statute that purported to overrule Miranda v. Arizona (1966)." ]	[ "upheld the requirement that the Miranda warning be read to criminal suspects" ]
8061110233307907783	Sherlock Holmes (1984 TV series)	Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 TV series ) - wikipedia Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Sherlock Holmes Original opening title card . In subsequent series this wording would change . Created by Michael Cox Starring Jeremy Brett David Burke Edward Hardwicke Charles Gray Colin Jeavons Eric Porter Rosalie Williams Composer ( s ) Patrick Gowers No. of series 9 ( including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , The Return of Sherlock Holmes , The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes , plus 5 feature length specials ) No. of episodes 41 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) ITV Granada Running time 50 to 104 minutes Release Original network ITV Original release 24 April 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 24 ) -- 11 April 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 11 ) Sherlock Holmes is the name given to the TV series of Sherlock Holmes adaptations produced by British television company Granada Television between 1984 and 1994 , with the first two series bearing the title The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes on screen and being followed by subsequent sub-series bearing the titles of other short story collections by Arthur Conan Doyle . The series was broadcast on the ITV network in the UK and starred Jeremy Brett as the famous detective . His portrayal remains very popular and is accepted by some as the definitive on - screen version of Sherlock Holmes . In addition , Holmes 's faithful friend and companion Dr. Watson is portrayed as the kind of thoroughly competent sidekick that Holmes would want . Initially , Watson was portrayed by David Burke ( who had earlier played the villain in an adaptation of `` The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet '' for the 1965 BBC series starring Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock ) . Burke appeared in the first year of the Adventures series before leaving to join the Royal Shakespeare Company . He was replaced by Edward Hardwicke , who played Watson for the remainder of the run . Of the 60 Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , 42 were adapted in the series spanning 36 one - hour episodes and five feature - length specials . ( The elements of two stories were combined in one episode , accounting for the different numbers . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 Home video releases 4.1 Region 1 4.2 Region 2 5 Other productions 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) The series was initially produced by Michael Cox , with later episodes produced by June Wyndham Davies . It was developed for television by screenwriter John Hawkesworth , who also wrote many of the episodes ( all based on individual Conan Doyle stories ) . Other writers to adapt Doyle 's stories in the series included Alexander Baron , Jeremy Paul , T.R. Bowen , and Alan Plater . A full - scale outdoor replica of Baker Street was constructed at Granada 's studios in Quay Street , Manchester , which later formed a central part of the Granada Studios Tour tourist attraction , before that venue 's closure in 1999 . In addition to Brett , Burke and Hardwicke , other regular cast members included Rosalie Williams as housekeeper Mrs. Hudson , and Colin Jeavons as Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard . Also appearing in several episodes was Charles Gray as Holmes ' brother Mycroft Holmes ( who played the same character in the 1976 film The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ) , and Eric Porter who portrayed Holmes 's nemesis Professor Moriarty in the second series of Adventures . The role of the servant Joe Barnes who impersonates Lady Beatrice in the 1991 episode The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place was played by Jude Law , who later played Dr. Watson in the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes and its 2011 sequel Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . The series came to an end owing to the death of Brett at the age of 61 from heart failure in 1995 . It has , however , been reported that by that stage he had already decided not to play the role of Holmes again -- he had been gravely ill during the making of the final run of the series , The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes , and even collapsed on set during the making of one episode . The series presents the most faithful screen adaptations of many of the Holmes stories , although liberties were taken with some plotlines and characters , particularly later in the run during the 1990s episodes ( for instance The Mazarin Stone , filmed in 1994 , combined the plot elements of two separate Conan Doyle stories ) . A big change was Holmes quitting his cocaine habit in the episode `` The Devil 's Foot , '' which was done with the approval of Conan Doyle 's daughter , when it was discovered that the series had a considerable child audience . Nonetheless , the series has been highly praised for the performance of Jeremy Brett , its adherence to Doyle 's original concept in the characterisation of Watson , its high production values , and its close attention to period detail . As well as being broadcast by ITV in the UK , the series was also seen overseas , particularly in the United States , where the episodes initially ran on PBS stations in the Mystery ! strand . Later series gained co-production funding from Boston PBS broadcaster WGBH . The shows have also been transmitted on two US cable television stations , Disney Channel and A&E Network , and on CBC in Canada . In the UK , the series has often been repeated : on Granada Plus ; on ITV3 ; and on BBC Two , which ran the complete series on Saturday afternoons from 2003 to 2005 . This makes it one of the very few programmes originally produced by an ITV company for broadcast on their own channel to have subsequently been shown on the BBC . In March 2006 , the series returned to its original channel for the first time in over a decade , as part of the daytime television line - up on weekday afternoons . The complete series has also been released on VHS and on DVD , twice on the latter medium , with the most recent 2005 release taking advantage of the digitally remastered film prints originally prepared for the BBC Two repeat run . In December 2012 the series was released on Blu - ray in Japan , in Spain in May 2013 in France in October 2013 and in the USA in September 2014 . Cast ( edit ) Jeremy Brett as Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 - 1994 ) David Burke as Dr. John H. Watson ( 1984 - 1985 ) Edward Hardwicke as Dr. John H. Watson ( 1986 - 1994 ) Rosalie Williams as Mrs Hudson ( 1984 - 1994 ) Colin Jeavons as Inspector Lestrade ( 1984 - 1992 ) Eric Porter as Professor Moriarty ( 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1993 ) Charles Gray as Mycroft Holmes ( 1985 , 1988 , 1994 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sherlock Holmes episodes The series ran for 41 episodes as The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 1985 ) , The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1986 -- 1988 ) , The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1991 -- 1993 ) and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1994 ) ; 36 ran for 50 minutes , and 5 were feature - length specials . Home Video releases ( edit ) Region 1 ( edit ) MPI Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 , in various incarnations . MPI released The Adventures & The Return in single disc volumes as well as complete collections . The Casebook & The Memoirs were released as a single collection box sets . In addition , on 25 September 2007 , a complete series set was released featuring all 41 episodes in one complete collection for the very first time . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : Boxed Set Collection 13 30 April 2002 The Return of Sherlock Holmes DVD Collection 13 26 August 2003 The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes DVD Collection 9 28 September 2004 The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes DVD Collection 6 26 October 2004 Sherlock Holmes : The Complete Granada Television Series 41 25 September 2007 Region 2 ( edit ) ITV DVD has released the entire series in various collections as well as a complete series box set . DVD Name Ep # Release Date Sherlock Holmes : The Adventures / The Return 26 21 February 2005 Sherlock Holmes : The Case Book / The Memoirs 15 21 February 2005 Sherlock Holmes - The Complete Collection 41 21 February 2005 and 24 August 2009 The Complete Collection mentioned above has English subtitles only . The complete series was released on Blu - ray in Spain in 2013 . Though native to Spain , the Blu - rays are region - free and thus can be played in any region of the world . Other productions ( edit ) During 1988 -- 89 Brett and Hardwicke appeared in a West End play , The Secret of Sherlock Holmes , a two - hander written specially for them by the television series screenwriter Jeremy Paul . In 1992 Brett and Hardwicke appeared in a mini-episode ( about ten minutes in length ) as part of The Four Oaks Mystery , shown as part of the ITV network 's Telethon 92 charity telethon . This episode formed one of a four - part sequence of stories featuring the stars of four ITV detective shows of the time all separately working to solve the same mystery , broadcast at two episodes a night across one weekend . The other shows that produced mini-episodes for the special were Taggart , Van der Valk and Inspector Wexford . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The wide world of Sherlock Holmes : Jeremy Brett ( 1933 - 1995 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Brett : The Definitive Sherlock Holmes review Jump up ^ Sherlock Holmes on Screen Jump up ^ Daniel Smith ( 2011 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Companion : An Elementary Guide . Castle Books . pp. 81 , 108 . ISBN 9780785827849 . Jump up ^ Peter Haining ( 1994 ) . The Television Sherlock Holmes . Virgin Books . p. 172 . ISBN 0863697933 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Barnes ( 2002 ) . Sherlock Holmes on Screen . Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 118 . ISBN 1903111048 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes ( Jeremy Brett ) Blu - ray releases '' . M2N Limited . 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes - Complete Collection ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Jeremy Brett , David Burke , Edward Hardwicke , Eric Porter , Charles Gray , Rosalie Williams , David Carson , Alan Grint , John Bruce , Paul Annett : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sherlock Holmes : The Complete ITV Series Blu - ray ( Spain ) Bibliography ( edit ) Peter Haining , The Television Sherlock Holmes , W.H. Allen , London , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 491 - 03055 - X . Keith Frankel , `` Granada 's Greatest Detective , a Guide to the classic Sherlock Holmes television series '' , Fantom Publishing , Coventry England 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78196 - 267 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes at the BFI 's Screenonline The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes at TV.com The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb The Return of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb The Sign of Four on IMDb The Hound of the Baskervilles on IMDb The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb Interview with producer June Wyndham Davies ( 1996 ) Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone - Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Television films Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Murder Rooms ( 2000 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) The Case of the Screaming Bishop ( 1944 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Murder Rooms : The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes ( 2000 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Sherlock Yack ( 2011 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 ) VIAF : 219198853 GND : 4719693 - 2 BNF : cb16460540j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes_(1984_TV_series)&oldid=800143895 '' Categories : 1980s British drama television series 1990s British drama television series 1984 British television programme debuts 1994 British television programme endings ITV television dramas Television series set in the 19th century Sherlock Holmes television series Television programs based on novels British mystery television series Detective television series Television series by ITV Studios Television programmes produced by Granada Television English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sherlock holmes jeremy brett complete collection in hindi	[]	[]
8880926629784199422	Import quota	Import quota - Wikipedia Import quota This is the current revision of this page , as edited by SpikeballUnion ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 24 , 22 April 2017 ( Fixed NPOV ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 14 : 24 , 22 April 2017 by SpikeballUnion ( talk contribs ) ( Fixed NPOV ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time . Quotas , like other trade restrictions , are typically used to benefit the producers of a good in that economy . See also ( edit ) Politics portal Economics portal Non-tariff barriers to trade Production quota Tariff - rate quota References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 449 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ( hide ) International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons This economics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German . ( September 2016 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . Upon the translation you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by noting your translation and providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . You should also add to the talk page the template ( ( Translated page ) ) . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Import_quota&oldid=776669223 '' Categories : Quotas Trade policy Import Economics and finance stubs Hidden categories : All stub articles Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 پښتو Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2017 , at 14 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who benefits from a quota on imported goods to the u.s	[ "Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good in that economy." ]	[ "producers of a good" ]
6692253077850371789	Anti-lock braking system	Anti-lock braking system - wikipedia Anti-lock braking system Symbol for ABS ABS brakes on a BMW motorcycle An anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on land vehicles , such as cars , motorcycles , trucks and buses . ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking , thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road surface . ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were once practised by skilful drivers with earlier non-ABS braking systems . ABS operates at a very much faster rate and more effectively than most drivers could manage . Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces , on loose gravel or snow - covered surfaces , ABS may significantly increase braking distance , while still improving steering control . Since ABS was introduced in production vehicles , such systems have become increasingly sophisticated and effective . Modern versions may only prevent wheel lock under braking , but may also alter the front - to - rear brake bias . This latter function , depending on its specific capabilities and implementation , is known variously as electronic brakeforce distribution , traction control system , emergency brake assist , or electronic stability control ( ESC ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early systems 1.2 Modern systems 2 Operation 3 Components 4 Use 5 Brake types 6 Effectiveness 7 ABS on motorcycles 7.1 History of motorcycle ABS 8 System and functions 8.1 Basic principle 8.2 Anti-lock Braking System ( ABS ) 8.3 Combined Braking System ( CBS ) 8.4 CBS and ABS 9 Perception and legislation 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Early systems ( edit ) The concept for ABS predates the modern systems that were introduced in the 1950s . In 1908 , for example , J.E. Francis introduced his ' Slip Prevention Regulator for Rail Vehicles ' . In 1920 the French automobile and aircraft pioneer Gabriel Voisin experimented with systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the risk of tire slippage . These systems used a flywheel and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake cylinders . The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel . In normal braking , the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed . However , when a wheel slows down , then the drum would do the same , leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate . This causes the valve to open , allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir , lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes . The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning . In testing , a 30 % improvement in braking performance was noted , because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point . An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires . The first patented system was created by German engineer Karl Wessel in 1928 . Wessel , however , never developed a working product and neither did Robert Bosch who produced a similar patent eight years later . By the early 1950s , the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in the UK , with aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor , Vickers Viscount , Vickers Valiant , English Electric Lightning , de Havilland Comet 2c , de Havilland Sea Vixen , and later aircraft , such as the Vickers VC10 , Hawker Siddeley Trident , Hawker Siddeley 125 , Hawker Siddeley HS 748 and derived British Aerospace ATP , and BAC One - Eleven being fitted with Maxaret as standard . Maxaret , while reducing braking distances by up to 30 % in icy or wet conditions , also increased tire life , and had the additional advantage of allowing take - offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft . In 1958 , a Royal Enfield Super Meteor motorcycle was used by the Road Research Laboratory to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake . The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles , for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents . Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking , particularly on slippery surfaces , in which the improvement could be as much as 30 percent . Enfield 's technical director at the time , Tony Wilson - Jones , saw little future in the system , however , and it was not put into production by the company . A fully mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the Ferguson P99 racing car , the Jensen FF , and the experimental all wheel drive Ford Zodiac , but saw no further use ; the system proved expensive and unreliable . The first fully electronic anti lock system was developed in the late 1960s for the Concorde aircraft . Modern systems ( edit ) Chrysler , together with the Bendix Corporation , introduced a computerized , three - channel , four - sensor all - wheel ABS called `` Sure Brake '' for its 1971 Imperial . It was available for several years thereafter , functioned as intended , and proved reliable . In 1970 , Ford added an antilock braking system called `` Sure - track '' to the rear wheels of Lincoln Continentals as an option ; it became standard in 1971 . In 1971 , General Motors introduced the `` Trackmaster '' rear - wheel only ABS as an option on their rear - wheel drive Cadillac models and the Oldsmobile Toronado . In the same year , Nissan offered an EAL ( Electro Anti-lock System ) developed by Japanese company Denso as an option on the Nissan President , which became Japan 's first electronic ABS . 1971 : Electronically controlled anti-skid brakes on Toyota Crown In 1972 , four wheel drive Triumph 2500 Estates were fitted with Mullard electronic systems as standard . Such cars were very rare however and very few survive today . 1971 : First truck application : `` Antislittamento '' system developed by Fiat Veicoli Industriali and installed on Fiat truck model 691N1 . 1976 : WABCO began the development of anti-locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads , followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system ( EBS ) for heavy duty vehicles . 1978 : Mercedes - Benz W116 became the first production car to use an electronic four - wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) from Bosch as an option from 1978 on . 1982 : Honda introduced electronically controlled multi-channel ALB ( Anti Locking Brakes ) as an option for the second generation of Prelude , launched worldwide in 1982 . Additional info : The general agent for Honda in Norway required all Preludes for the Norwegian market to have the ALB - system as a standard feature , making Honda Prelude to be the first car delivered in Europe with ABS as a standard feature . The Norwegian general agent also included sun roof and other options to be standard equipment in Norway , adding more luxury to the Honda brand . However , the Norwegian tax system made the well - equipped car very expensive , and the sales suffered from high cost . From 1984 the ALB - system , as well as the other optional features from Honda , was no longer a standard feature in Norway . In 1985 the Ford Scorpio was introduced to European market with a Teves electronic system throughout the range as standard . For this the model was awarded the coveted European Car of the Year Award in 1986 , with very favourable praise from motoring journalists . After this success Ford began research into Anti-Lock systems for the rest of their range , which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit . Since 1987 ABS has been standard equipment on all Mercedes Benz automobiles . In 1988 , BMW introduced the first motorcycle with an electronic - hydraulic ABS : the BMW K100 . Yamaha Introduced the FJ1200 model with optional ABS in 1991 . Honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the ST1100 Pan European . In 2007 , Suzuki launched its GSF1200SA ( Bandit ) with an ABS . In 2005 , Harley - Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes . In 1993 , Lincoln became one of the first automobile companies to provide standard four - wheel anti-lock brakes AND dual air bags on all of their vehicles . Operation ( edit ) The anti-lock brake controller is also known as the CAB ( Controller Anti-lock Brake ) . Typically ABS includes a central electronic control unit ( ECU ) , four wheel speed sensors , and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics . The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel ; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly slower than the speed of the vehicle , a condition indicative of impending wheel lock , it actuates the valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel , thus reducing the braking force on that wheel ; the wheel then turns faster . Conversely , if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others , brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied , slowing down the wheel . This process is repeated continuously and can be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation . Some anti-lock systems can apply or release braking pressure 15 times per second . Because of this , the wheels of cars equipped with ABS are practically impossible to lock even during panic braking in extreme conditions . The ECU is programmed to disregard differences in wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold , because when the car is turning , the two wheels towards the center of the curve turn slower than the outer two . For this same reason , a differential is used in virtually all roadgoing vehicles . If a fault develops in any part of the ABS , a warning light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle instrument panel , and the ABS will be disabled until the fault is rectified . Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub - mounted sensors and a dedicated micro-controller . ABS is offered or comes standard on most road vehicles produced today and is the foundation for electronic stability control systems , which are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the vast reduction in price of vehicle electronics over the years . Modern electronic stability control systems are an evolution of the ABS concept . Here , a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help the system work : these are a steering wheel angle sensor , and a gyroscopic sensor . The theory of operation is simple : when the gyroscopic sensor detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports , the ESC software will brake the necessary individual wheel ( s ) ( up to three with the most sophisticated systems ) , so that the vehicle goes the way the driver intends . The steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of Cornering Brake Control ( CBC ) , since this will tell the ABS that wheels on the inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside , and by how much . ABS equipment may also be used to implement a traction control system ( TCS ) on acceleration of the vehicle . If , when accelerating , the tire loses traction , the ABS controller can detect the situation and take suitable action so that traction is regained . More sophisticated versions of this can also control throttle levels and brakes simultaneously . The speed sensors of ABS are sometimes used in indirect tire pressure monitoring system ( TPMS ) , which can detect under - inflation of tire ( s ) by difference in rotational speed of wheels . Components ( edit ) There are four main components of ABS : wheel speed sensors , valves , a pump , and a controller . ABS speed sensors Speed sensors A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel . These sensors use a magnet and a Hall effect sensor , or a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil to generate a signal . The rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field around the sensor . The fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor . Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel , this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds . The slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller . Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS . On some systems , the valve has three positions : In position one , the valve is open ; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake . In position two , the valve blocks the line , isolating that brake from the master cylinder . This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder . In position three , the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake . Partially disassembled four - channel hydraulic control unit containing motor , pump and valves The majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves . When a valve is clogged it is unable to open , close , or change position . An inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes . Electronic control module Pump The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it . A signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip . After a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user , the pump is used to restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system . The controller will modulate the pump 's status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping . Controller The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor . If a wheel loses traction , the signal is sent to the controller . The controller will then limit the brake force ( EBD ) and activate the ABS modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off . Use ( edit ) There are many different variations and control algorithms for use in ABS . One of the simpler systems works as follows : The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times . It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary . Right before a wheel locks up , it will experience a rapid deceleration . If left unchecked , the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could . It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph ( 96.6 km / h ) under ideal conditions , but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second . The ABS controller ' knows ' that such a rapid deceleration is impossible , so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration , then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again . It can do this very quickly , before the wheel can actually significantly change speed . The result is that the wheel slows down at the same rate as the car , with the brakes keeping the wheels very near the point at which they will start to lock up . This gives the system maximum braking power . This replaces the need to manually pump the brakes while driving on a slippery or a low traction surface , allowing to steer even in most emergency braking conditions . When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal ; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves . This pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered . Brake types ( edit ) Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use . They can be differentiated by the number of channels : that is , how many valves that are individually controlled -- and the number of speed sensors . 1 ) Four - channel , four - sensor ABS There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels . With this setup , the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force . 2 ) Three - channel , four - sensor ABS There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for each of the front wheels , but only one valve for both of the rear wheels . Older vehicles with four - wheel ABS usually use this type . 3 ) Three - channel , three - sensor ABS This scheme , commonly found on pickup trucks with four - wheel ABS , has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels , with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels . The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle . This system provides individual control of the front wheels , so they can both achieve maximum braking force . The rear wheels , however , are monitored together ; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear . With this system , it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop , reducing brake effectiveness . This system is easy to identify , as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels . 4 ) Two - channel , four sensor ABS This system , commonly found on passenger cars from the late ' 80s through the mid 1990s , uses a speed sensor at each wheel , with one control valve each for the front and rear wheels as a pair . If the speed sensor detects lock up at any individual wheel , the control module pulses the valve for both wheels on that end of the car . 5 ) One - channel , one - sensor ABS This system is commonly found on pickup trucks , SUVs , and vans with rear - wheel ABS . It has one valve , which controls both rear wheels , and one speed sensor , located in the rear axle . This system operates the same as the rear end of a three - channel system . The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in . In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock , reducing brake effectiveness . This system is also easy to identify , as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the wheels . Effectiveness ( edit ) A 2004 Australian study by Monash University Accident Research Centre found that ABS : Reduced the risk of multiple vehicle crashes by 18 percent , Increased the risk of run - off - road crashes by 35 percent . On high - traction surfaces such as bitumen , or concrete , many ( though not all ) ABS - equipped cars are able to attain braking distances better ( i.e. shorter ) than those that would be possible without the benefit of ABS . In real world conditions , even an alert and experienced driver without ABS would find it difficult to match or improve on the performance of a typical driver with a modern ABS - equipped vehicle . ABS reduces chances of crashing , and / or the severity of impact . The recommended technique for non-expert drivers in an ABS - equipped car , in a typical full - braking emergency , is to press the brake pedal as firmly as possible and , where appropriate , to steer around obstructions . In such situations , ABS will significantly reduce the chances of a skid and subsequent loss of control . In gravel , sand and deep snow , ABS tends to increase braking distances . On these surfaces , locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly . ABS prevents this from occurring . Some ABS calibrations reduce this problem by slowing the cycling time , thus letting the wheels repeatedly briefly lock and unlock . Some vehicle manufacturers provide an `` off - road '' button to turn ABS function off . The primary benefit of ABS on such surfaces is to increase the ability of the driver to maintain control of the car rather than go into a skid , though loss of control remains more likely on soft surfaces such as gravel or on slippery surfaces such as snow or ice . On a very slippery surface such as sheet ice or gravel , it is possible to lock multiple wheels at once , and this can defeat ABS ( which relies on comparing all four wheels , and detecting individual wheels skidding ) . Availability of ABS relieves most drivers from learning threshold braking . A June 1999 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) study found that ABS increased stopping distances on loose gravel by an average of 27.2 percent . According to the NHTSA , `` ABS works with your regular braking system by automatically pumping them . In vehicles not equipped with ABS , the driver has to manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lockup . In vehicles equipped with ABS , your foot should remain firmly planted on the brake pedal , while ABS pumps the brakes for you so you can concentrate on steering to safety . '' When activated , some earlier ABS systems caused the brake pedal to pulse noticeably . As most drivers rarely or do not brake hard enough to cause brake lock - up , and drivers typically do not read the vehicle 's owners manual , this may not be noticeable until an emergency . Some manufacturers have therefore implemented a brake assist system that determines that the driver is attempting a `` panic stop '' ( by detecting that the brake pedal was depressed very fast , unlike a normal stop where the pedal pressure would usually be gradually increased , Some systems additionally monitor the rate at the accelerator was released ) and the system automatically increases braking force where not enough pressure is applied . Hard or panic braking on bumpy surfaces , because of the bumps causing the speed of the wheel ( s ) to become erratic may also trigger the ABS , sometimes causing the system to enter its ice mode , where the system severely limits maximum available braking power . Nevertheless , ABS significantly improves safety and control for drivers in most on - road situations . Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around risk compensation theory , which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively . In a Munich study , half a fleet of taxicabs was equipped with anti-lock brakes , while the other half had conventional brake systems . The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab , and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS - equipped cabs taking more risks , assuming that ABS would take care of them , while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of a dangerous situation . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37 % less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS . ABS on motorcycles ( edit ) The ABS sensor of a BMW K 1100 LT A toothed - wheel ABS sensor . These are the front brake discs on a BMW R1150GS . The toothed ABS ring indicates that this bike was manufactured before November 2002 . Another toothed - wheel ABS sensor . This is on a BMW K75 motorcycle . On a motorcycle , an anti-lock brake system prevents the wheels of a powered two wheeler from locking during braking situations . Based on information from wheel speed sensors the ABS unit adjusts the pressure of the brake fluid in order to keep traction during deceleration to avoid accidents . Motorcycle ABS helps the rider to maintain stability during braking and to decrease the stopping distance . It provides traction even on low friction surfaces . While older ABS models are derived from cars , recent ABS are the result of research , oriented on the specifics of motorcycles in case of size , weight and functionality . National and international organizations evaluate Motorcycle ABS as an important factor to increase safety and reduce motorcycle accident numbers . The European Commission passed legislation in 2012 that made the fitment with ABS for all new motorcycles above 125 cm to be mandatory from 1 January 2016 . Consumer Reports said in 2016 that `` ABS is commonly offered on large , expensive models , but it has been spreading to several entry - level sport bikes and midsized bikes '' . History of motorcycle ABS ( edit ) In 1988 , BMW introduced an electronic / hydraulic ABS for motorcycles , ten years after Daimler Benz and Bosch released the first four - wheel vehicle ABS for series production . Motorcycles of BMW K100 series were optionally equipped with the ABS , which added 11 kg to the bike . It was developed together with FAG Kugelfischer and regulated the pressure in the braking circuits via a plunger piston . Japanese manufacturers followed with an ABS option by 1992 on the Honda ST1100 and the Yamaha FJ1200 . Continental presented its first Motorcycle Integral ABS ( MIB ) in 2006 . It has been developed in cooperation with BMW and weighed 2.3 kg . While the first generation of motorcycle ABS weighed around 11 kg . The current generation ( 2011 ) presented by Bosch in 2009 weighs 0.7 kg ( ABS base ) and 1.6 kg ( ABS enhanced ) with integral braking . System and functions ( edit ) Basic principle ( edit ) Wheel speed sensors mounted on front and rear wheel constantly measure the rotational speed of each wheel and deliver this information to an Electronic Control Unit ( ECU ) . The ECU detects on the one hand if the deceleration of one wheel exceeds a fixed threshold and on the other hand whether the brake slip , calculated based on information of both wheels , rises above a certain percentage and enters an unstable zone . These are indicators for a high possibility of a locking wheel . To countermeasure these irregularities the ECU signals the hydraulic unit to hold or to release pressure . After signals show the return to the stable zone , pressure is increased again . Past models used a piston for the control of the fluid pressure . Most recent models regulate the pressure by rapidly opening and closing solenoid valves . While the basic principle and architecture has been carried over from passenger car ABS , typical motorcycle characteristics have to be considered during the development and application processes . One characteristic is the change of the dynamic wheel load during braking . Compared to cars , the wheel load changes are more drastic , which can lead to a wheel lift up and a fall over . This can be intensified by a soft suspension . Some systems are equipped with a rear wheel lift off mitigation functionality . When the indicators of a possible rear lift off are detected , the system releases brake pressure on the front wheel to counter this behavior . Another difference is that in case of the motorcycle the front wheel is much more important for stability than the rear wheel . If the front wheel locks up between 0.2 - 0.7 s , it loses gyrostatic forces and the motorcycle starts to oscillate because the increased influence of side forces operating on the wheel contact line . The motorcycle becomes unstable and falls . Anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) ( edit ) Piston Systems The pressure release in this system is realized through movement of a spring - tensioned piston . When pressure should be released , a linear motor pulls back the plunger piston and opens up more space for the fluid . The system was used for example in the ABS I ( 1988 ) and ABS II ( 1993 ) of BMW . The ABS II differed in size and an electronically controlled friction clutch was mounted on the shaft instead of a plunger . Further displacement sensors record the travel distance of the piston to allow the control unit a more precise regulation . Honda also uses this system of pressure modulation for big sports and touring bikes . Valve and Pump Systems The main parts which are part of the pressure modulation system are solenoid inlet and outlet valves , a pump , motor and accumulators / reservoirs . The number of the valves differs from model to model due to additional functionalities and the number of brake channels . Based on the input of the ECU , coils operate the in - and outlet valves . During pressure release the brake fluid is stored in accumulators . In this open system approach the fluid is then brought back in the brake circuit via a pump operated by a motor which is felt through pulsation on the brake lever . Combined braking system ( CBS ) ( edit ) Different from cars , planes or trains , motorcycle rear and front wheels are controlled separately . If the rider only brakes with one wheel , this braked wheel tends to lock up faster than if both brakes had been applied . A Combined Braking System therefore distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to lower the possibility of a lock up , increase deceleration and reduce suspension pitch . With a single ( rear ) CBS the brake pressure applied on the rear brake ( pedal ) is simultaneously distributed to the front wheel . A delay valve cuts the hydraulic pressure to assure that only when strong braking is applied , pressure is also created at the front wheel . Honda 's first street motorcycle with a combined braking system ( then called Unified Braking ) was the 1983 GL1100 . This system was derived from a 1970s RCB1000 world endurance race bike . Larger models with two front discs use a dual CBS System . The system was first installed by Moto Guzzi in 1975 . Here , applied brake pressure at the front is also applied to the rear wheel and vice versa . If the front lever is applied , pressure is built up at 4 of the 6 pots in the 2 calipers at the front . A secondary master cylinder at the front wheel distributes remaining pressure to the rear wheel through a proportional control valve and acts on 2 of the 3 calipers . If strong brake force is applied at the rear wheel force is also distributed to 2 of the 6 pots of the front wheel . More modern dual CBS use front and rear calipers ( and all pots ) according to a preset load ratio of front to rear . The proportioning was originally controlled by complex all - hydraulic systems interlinking the front and rear , with a fixed delay or by sensing weight distribution changes . As early as 2001 an electrohydraulic system was introduced by BMW . CBS and ABS ( edit ) CBS helps to reduce the danger of wheel locks and fall downs but in certain situations it is possible that CBS causes a fall down . If brake pressure is distributed from the rear wheel to the front wheel and the friction of the surfaces changes suddenly ( puddle , ice on the street ) the front wheel might lock even if only the rear brake has been applied . This would lead to a loss of stability and a fall down . CBS is therefore combined with ABS to avoid this on a motorcycle . Different approaches are possible to realize this combination : Without active pressure Build up Single Version : A third additional channel links the rear wheel circuit through a delay valve to the front brake . Strong brake pressure at the rear wheel ( or both wheels ) pressurises both brake circuits however this pressure is adjusted according to wheel speed and brake slip . The dual version combines Hondas Dual CBS with a secondary master cylinder and a proportional control valve ( with Piston ABS ) A modulator regulates the pressure for each With Active Pressure Build up In 2009 , Honda introduced the electronic controlled combined ABS for its high performance sports bikes which utilizes brake by wire technology . The brake input of the rider is measured by pressure sensors and the information is provided to an ECU . Together with the information of the wheel speed sensors the ECU calculates the optimal distribution of pressure to prevent lockups and to provide best possible deceleration . Based on this output a motor for each wheel operates a pump which builds up and regulates the brake pressure on the wheel . This system offers a fast reaction time because of the brake by wire functionality . The MIB ( Motorcycle integral Braking system ) from Continental Teves and the eCBS ( electronic CBS ) in the enhanced Motorcycle ABS from Bosch are results of another approach . These systems are based on the pump and valve approach . Through additional valves , stronger pumps and a more powerful motor the system can actively build up pressure . The input pressure of the rider is measured with pressure sensors at the lever and pedal . The pump then builds up additional pressure adjusted to riding conditions . A partial integral System is designed for working in one direction only : front → rear or rear → front . A fully integral system works in both directions . Because these systems are electronically controlled and are able to build up pressure actively , they offer the opportunity to adjust the motorcycle braking behavior to the rider . CBS and ABS can be switched off by experienced riders and also different regulation modes with higher and lower thresholds can be chosen . Like the rain or slick mode in the BMW S1000RR . Perception and legislation ( edit ) A report of the European Transport Safety council showed that riding a motorcycle is 20 times more dangerous than driving a car the same distance . And the accidents situation in Germany from 1990 to 2011 showed that total traffic fatalities decreased drastically ( 11 000 to 4 009 ) but motorcycle fatalities remained constant . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) conducted a study on the effectiveness of ABS for motorcycles and came to the conclusion that motorcycles above 250 cm without ABS are 37 percent more likely to be involved in fatal crashes and a study of the Swedish Road Administration came to the conclusion that 48 percent of all severe and fatal motorcycle accidents above 125 cm could be avoided due to motorcycle ABS . These studies caused the EU commission to initiate a legislative process in 2010 that was passed in 2012 and led to ABS for motorcycles above 125 cm becoming mandatory from 2016 onwards . Organizations like the Federation International de l'Automobile and the Institute of advanced Motorists ( IAM ) demanded the implementation of this legislation already for 2015 . On the other hand , some motorcycle riders are protesting against a compulsory ABS for all bikes because they call for a possibility to switch the system off , for off road usage or for other reasons . In 2011 the United Nations ( UN ) started the Decade of Action for Road Safety . The main goal is to save 5 million lives until 2020 through global cooperation . One part of their global plan is to : Encourage universal deployment of crash avoidance technologies with proven effectiveness such as Electronic Stability Control and Anti-Lock Braking Systems in motorcycles . ABS is required on all new passenger cars sold in the EU since 2004 . In the United States , the NHTSA has mandated ABS in conjunction with Electronic Stability Control under the provisions of FMVSS 126 as of September 1 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Technology portal Left - foot braking Emergency brake assist , or Brake assist system ( BAS ) Further reading ( edit ) Mayersohn , Norman S. ( August 1988 ) . Antilock Brakes At Last . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . Brown , Stuart F. ( May 1987 ) . Anti-lock Brakes for Motorcycles . Popular Science . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toyota Prius c features safety anti-skid braking system ( ABS ) '' . Toyota Motor Corporation Australia . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Prius c is equipped with Toyota 's Anti-skid Braking System ( ABS ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Effectiveness of ABS and Vehicle Stability Control Systems '' ( PDF ) . Royal Automobile Club of Victoria . April 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Heißing , Bernd ( 2011 ) , Chassis Handbook , Springer , ISBN 9783834897893 , retrieved February 19 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Speed With Style '' , Cycle World , June 1992 , ISSN 0011 - 4286 , retrieved February 19 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Jon Lawes ( 31 January 2014 ) . Car Brakes : A Guide to Upgrading , Repair and Maintenance . Crowood . pp. 207 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84797 - 675 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Skid Braking '' . Flight International . 30 October 1953 . pp. 587 -- 588 . Jump up ^ `` Browse Flight 's archive of Historic Aviation '' . Flightglobal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Jim ( 1990 ) . Best of British Bikes . Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85260 - 033 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Chrysler_and_Imperial / 1972 Chrysler / 1972_Imperial_Press_Kit '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Imperial Sure Brake system description '' . ImperialClub.org . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Lincoln / 1970_Lincoln / 1970 Lincoln Continental Brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Lincoln / 1971_Lincoln / 1971_Lincoln_Continental_Brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Cadillac / 1972_Cadillac / 1972_Cadillac_Brochure_1 '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . We Love Cadillacs . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 , First Automotive Anti-lock Brake System ( ABS ) '' . gmheritagecenter.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Oldsmobile / 1971 Oldsmobile / album '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Electro antilock system ( installed in Nissan President ) '' . 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology . Society of Automotive Engineers in Japan , Inc . Jump up ^ `` TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE - 75 Years of TOYOTA - Technical Development - Chassis '' . toyota-global.com . Jump up ^ `` Sistema antislittamento Sicurezza frenata - Centro Storico FIAT - Archivio Nazionale del Cinema d'Impresa , 1971 '' . Jump up ^ `` WABCO GLOBAL WEBSITE - 150 Years of WABCO '' . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz and the invention of the anti-lock braking system '' . Diamler . Mercedes Benz . Jump up ^ Anthony Slanda ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` 1993 Lincoln safety ad '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ KI4CY ( 2003 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Ram Glossary of abbreviations and terms '' . Dodgeram.org . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Nice , Karim . How `` Anti-Lock Brakes Work '' . howstuffworks . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABS Frequently Asked Questions '' . ABS Education Alliance . 2004 - 05 - 03 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ NHTSA Light Vehicle Antilock Brake System Research Program Task 4 : A Test Track Study of Light Vehicle ABS Performance Over a Broad Range of Surfaces and Maneuvers , Jan 1999 PDF Jump up ^ Gerald J.S. Wilde ( 1994 ) . `` 7 . Remedy by engineering ? '' . Psyc.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle ABS : Skepticism Debunked '' . Ultimate Motorcycling. 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle Buying Guide '' . official website . Consumer Reports . April 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` DER SPIEGEL 26 / 1978 - Nachschlag für Abs '' . Spiegel.de. 1978 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz und die Erfindung des Anti-Blockier - Systems : 1978 ist ABS serienreif Daimler Global Media Site > Classic > Daimler AG > Technologie > Sicherheit '' . Media.daimler.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Speed with style : GT bikes , backroads and anti-lock braking '' , Cycle World , Newport Beach , California : Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. , pp. 48 -- 55 , July 1992 , ISSN 0011 - 4286 , retrieved June 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Technology Close - up '' . World.honda.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.bmbikes.co.uk/photos/press%20PDF/1988%20ABS%20Press.pdf Jump up ^ `` ABS - Spezial - Die Geschichte - Motorräder - MOTORRAD online '' . Motorradonline.de . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ The most - valuable motorcycle feature : antilock brakes Jump up ^ `` BMW description of ABS2 '' . Largiader.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Technology Close - up '' . World.honda.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Matthias Becker . `` ABS / ASR - Systemerklδrung '' . Biat.uni-flensburg.de . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced brake introduced for motorcycles by Honda ahead of others '' . Honda Worldwide . Honda Motor Co . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Combined Braking System ( CBS ) '' . Honda Powersports . American Honda Motor Co. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foale , Tony ( 2006 ) , Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design : The Art and Science ( Second ed . ) , pp. 12 -- 16 , ISBN 8493328634 Jump up ^ Braunsperger , M. ; Beulich , S. ; Wagner , HA ( 2001 ) , `` New integral ABS from BMW Motorrad '' , ATZ Worldw , 103 ( 5 ) , doi : 10.1007 / BF03226430 Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Technology Close - up '' . World.honda.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wirtschaftsbereiche - Verkehrsunfälle - Polizeilich erfasste Unfälle - Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) '' ( in German ) . Destatis.de . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Road safety - Motorcycles '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ABS ' should be compulsory on new motorcycles by 2015 ' - Latest Transport News - Transport News - TRL News Hub '' . TRL . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-bike legislation demo . 25 / 09 / 11 - Motorcycle news : General news '' . Visordown . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Show of strength ( From Basingstoke Gazette ) '' . Basingstokegazette.co.uk. 2011 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Madnessphotography - 40,000 bikers ride in anti-EU protest '' . Madnessphotography.eu. 2006 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011 - 2020 : saving millions of lives '' . Who.int. 2012 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Stability Control ( ESC ) '' . nhtsa.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Anti-lock braking systems at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&oldid=865803927 '' Categories : Automotive safety technologies Mechanical power control Motorcycle technology Vehicle braking technologies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2013 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 07 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were abs brakes first used in cars	[]	[]
-5161266155845792597	United States presidential line of succession	United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Federal judge Sarah T. Hughes administering the Oath of Office to President Lyndon B. Johnson following the assassination of John F. Kennedy , November 22 , 1963 . Chief Justice Warren Burger administering the Oath of Office to President Gerald Ford following the resignation of Richard Nixon , August 9 , 1974 . The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) during their four - year term of office . Presidency succession is referred to multiple times in the U.S. Constitution -- Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , as well as the 12th Amendment , 20th Amendment , and 25th Amendment . The Article II succession clause authorizes Congress to provide for a line of succession beyond the vice president , which it has done on three occasions . The current Presidential Succession Act was adopted in 1947 , and last revised in 2006 . The line of succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president 's Cabinet . The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy . The Cabinet currently has 15 members , of which the Secretary of State is first in line ; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department ( or the department of which their department is the successor ) was created . Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession . Since 1789 , the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions , eight times due to the incumbent 's death , and once due to resignation . No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president . Widely considered a settled issue during the late 20th century , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 demonstrated the potential for a decapitation strike that would kill or incapacitate multiple individuals in the presidential line of succession , in addition to many members of Congress and of the federal judiciary . In the years immediately following the attacks , there were numerous wide - ranging discussions in Congress , among academics , and within the public policy community about continuity of government concerns , including the existing constitutional and statutory provisions governing presidential succession . These discussions are ongoing . One effort , that of the Continuity of Government Commission , a nonpartisan think tank , produced three reports ( in 2003 , 2009 , and 2011 ) , the second of which focused on the implicit ambiguities and limitations in the current succession act , and contained recommendations for amending the laws for succession to the presidency . Contents 1 Current order 2 Constitutional provisions 2.1 Presidential eligibility 2.2 Presidential succession 3 Succession acts 3.1 Act of 1792 3.2 Act of 1886 3.3 Act of 1947 4 Ambiguities regarding succession and inability 5 Presidential succession by vice presidents 6 Presidential succession beyond the vice president 6.1 Next in line 6.1. 1 Under the 1792 succession act 6.1. 2 Under the 1886 succession act 6.1. 3 Under the 1947 succession act 7 Contemporary issues and concerns 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Current order ( edit ) The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . The order is determined by the offices . However , the individual in an office must still satisfy the constitutional requirements for the office in order to serve as Acting President . In the table , the absence of a number in the first column indicates that the incumbent is ineligible , or is of uncertain eligibility . In such cases , a note explains the detail . No . Office Incumbent Party Vice President Mike Pence Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan Republican President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Republican Secretary of State Mike Pompeo Republican 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin Republican 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Independent 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions Republican 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke Republican 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue Republican 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross Republican 11 Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta Republican 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar Republican 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson Republican -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao Republican 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry Republican 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos Republican 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Wilkie Republican 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Independent Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Presidential eligibility ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency . To serve as president , one must : be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications , however , would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the 22nd Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Presidential succession ( edit ) The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that , just as they would due to the president 's death or disability , the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if -- following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College -- the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president 's term . The 20th Amendment , Section 3 , supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision , by declaring that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected , and also that , if on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect have qualified . The 25th Amendment , Section 1 , clarifies Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president , and becomes president if the incumbent dies , resigns or is removed from office . It also , in sections 3 and 4 , provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit , establishing procedures whereby the Vice President can become acting president . Additionally , in Section 2 , the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began ; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967 . Further information : Vice President of the United States § Vacancies Succession acts ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Act of 1792 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ( Full text ) provided for succession to the presidency , in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant , by , first , the president pro tempore of the Senate , followed by , if need be , the speaker of the House . Various framers of the Constitution , such as James Madison , criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent . The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate . In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker , both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested . Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists , who did not want the then secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession , and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns . The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity , holding office only until a new president could be elected . A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year ; no such election ever took place . Act of 1886 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 ( Full text ) established a line of succession that included the members of the president 's cabinet , the order of the establishment of the various departments , beginning with the Secretary of State , and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office . The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line ; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose . The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress , for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession . In September 1881 , When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield 's death , there was no vice President , no president pro tempore of the Senate , and no Speaker of the House of Representatives . Then , in November 1885 , Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers . Act of 1947 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( Full text ) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession -- but in reverse - order from their 1792 positions -- and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet , who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department . Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore ( both elected officials ) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members ( all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate ) , was Harry S. Truman 's idea . Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945 , two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death , the proposal reflected Truman 's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office `` the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act , '' and that the presidency should , whenever possible , `` be filled by an elective officer . '' The Act , which the president signed into law on July 18 , 1947 , has been modified several times , with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years . Its most recent change came about in 2006 , when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession . Ambiguities regarding succession and inability ( edit ) In April 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency intra-term upon the death of William Henry Harrison . Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the `` powers and duties '' of the presidency in the event of a president 's removal , death , resignation , or inability , left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply temporarily acted as president in a case of succession . Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until a new president could be elected . The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841 , when President William Henry Harrison died in office , only 31 days into his term . Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency , asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president , by taking the presidential oath of office . Many around him -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress , along with Whig party leaders , and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . He was nicknamed `` His Accidency '' and excoriated as a usurper . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president 's death , one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president 's death was set , the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear . What constituted an `` inability '' ? Who determined the existence of an inability ? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability ; or was the vice president merely `` acting as President '' ? Due to this lack of clarity , later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability . Two situations are noteworthy : On July 2 , 1881 , James Garfield was shot ; hit from behind by two bullets ( one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back ) . The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting ; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability . Most disconcerting , especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress , was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation . No one was sure who , if anyone , should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled ; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step - up , but he declined , fearful of being labeled a usurper . Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny , Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer . Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president 's doctors , and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president 's condition . In October 1919 , Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke . Nearly blind and partially paralyzed , he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House . Vice President Thomas Marshall , the cabinet , and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president 's illness for several months . Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson 's health , or to preside over cabinet meetings , fearful that he would be accused of `` longing for his place . '' Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency , Marshall declined to act , or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson . At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax , and domestic issues such as strikes , unemployment , inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action , the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function . When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 , he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower 's recovery . Although it did not have the force of law , the plan helped to reassure the nation . The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and , if unable to do so , empowered Nixon , with appropriate consultation , to make the decision . Had it been invoked , Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery . Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy 's November 1963 assassination , this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability . Presidential succession by vice presidents ( edit ) Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term , eight due to the president 's death , and one due to the president 's resignation from office . Successor Party Date and reason for succession John Tyler Whig April 4 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency . Millard Fillmore Whig July 9 , 1850 , Zachary Taylor died 1 year , 4 months and 5 days into his presidency . Andrew Johnson National Union April 15 , 1865 , Abraham Lincoln died 4 years , 1 month and 11 days into his presidency . Chester A. Arthur Republican September 19 , 1881 , James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency . Theodore Roosevelt Republican September 14 , 1901 , William McKinley died 4 years , 6 months and 10 days into his presidency . Calvin Coolidge Republican August 2 , 1923 , Warren G. Harding died 2 years , 4 months and 29 days into his presidency . Harry S. Truman Democratic April 12 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years , 1 month and 8 days into his presidency . Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic November 22 , 1963 , John F. Kennedy died 2 years , 10 months and 2 days into his presidency . Gerald Ford Republican August 9 , 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years , 6 months and 20 days into his presidency . Additionally , two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president , as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment : George H.W. Bush did so once , on July 13 , 1985 , and Dick Cheney did so twice , on June 29 , 2002 , and on July 21 , 2007 . Presidential succession beyond the vice president ( edit ) While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president , and a number of them have died or resigned , the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant ; thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president . The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln 's 1865 assassination , as Vice President Andrew Johnson ( along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant ) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth 's plot to destabilize the Union government . It was also there three years later , when , as president and with the vice presidency vacant , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . Ratification of the 25th Amendment , with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy , has made calling on the speaker , president pro tempore , or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen , except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event . Only a few years after it went into effect , in October 1973 , at the height of Watergate , Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned . With Agnew 's unexpected departure , and the state of Richard Nixon 's presidency , Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president . The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6 , 1973 . Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , following Nixon 's resignation from office , until Ford 's choice to succeed him as vice president , Nelson Rockefeller , was confirmed by Congress four months later . Next in line ( edit ) The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789 ; during those periods , the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States : Under the 1792 succession act ( edit ) No . Official ( party ) Dates Reason President ( party ) William H. Crawford ( D-R ) President pro tempore of the Senate April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 Death of Vice President George Clinton Madison ( D-R ) Langdon Cheves ( D-R ) Speaker of the House November 23 , 1814 -- November 25 , 1814 Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry , and vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate Madison ( D-R ) John Gaillard ( D-R ) President pro tempore of the Senate November 25 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 John Gaillard elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Hugh Lawson White ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun Jackson ( D ) Samuel L. Southard ( W ) President pro tempore of the Senate April 4 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1842 Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to presidency Tyler ( W ) Willie Person Mangum ( W ) President pro tempore of the Senate May 31 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Willie Person Mangum elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency 5 Vacant July 9 , 1850 -- July 11 , 1850 Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to presidency , vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate , and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb Fillmore ( W ) William R. King ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate July 11 , 1850 -- December 20 , 1852 William R. King elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency David Rice Atchison ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate December 20 , 1852 -- March 4 , 1853 David Rice Atchison elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency 6 David Rice Atchison ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate April 18 , 1853 -- December 4 , 1854 Death of Vice President William R. King Pierce ( D ) Lewis Cass ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate December 4 , 1854 -- December 5 , 1854 Lewis Cass elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Jesse D. Bright ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate December 5 , 1854 -- June 9 , 1856 Jesse D. Bright elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Charles E. Stuart ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate June 9 , 1856 -- June 10 , 1856 Charles E. Stuart elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Jesse D. Bright ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate June 11 , 1856 -- January 6 , 1857 Jesse D. Bright elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency James Murray Mason ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate January 6 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1857 James Murray Mason elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency 7 Lafayette S. Foster ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate April 15 , 1865 -- March 2 , 1867 Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to presidency A. Johnson ( NU ) Benjamin Wade ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate March 2 , 1867 -- March 4 , 1869 Benjamin Wade elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency 8 Thomas W. Ferry ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 Death of Vice President Henry Wilson Grant ( R ) 9 Vacant September 19 , 1881 -- October 10 , 1881 Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to presidency , and vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate and in office of speaker of the House Arthur ( R ) Thomas F. Bayard ( D ) President pro tempore of the Senate October 10 , 1881 -- October 13 , 1881 Thomas E. Bayard elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency David Davis ( I ) President pro tempore of the Senate October 13 , 1881 -- March 3 , 1883 David Davis elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency George F. Edmunds ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate March 3 , 1883 -- March 3 , 1885 George F. Edmmunds elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency 10 Vacant November 25 , 1885 -- December 7 , 1885 Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , and vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate and in office of speaker of the House Cleveland ( D ) John Sherman ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate December 7 , 1885 -- January 19 , 1886 John Sherman elected president pro tempore of the Senate , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Under the 1886 succession act ( edit ) No . Official ( party ) Dates Reason President ( party ) 10 Thomas F. Bayard ( D ) Secretary of State January 19 , 1886 -- March 4 , 1889 Succession Act of 1886 is enacted , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Cleveland ( D ) 11 John Hay ( R ) Secretary of State November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 Death of Vice President Garret Hobart McKinley ( R ) 12 John Hay ( R ) Secretary of State September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to presidency T. Roosevelt ( R ) 13 Philander C. Knox ( R ) Secretary of State October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 Death of Vice President James S. Sherman Taft ( R ) 14 Charles Evans Hughes ( R ) Secretary of State August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency Coolidge ( R ) 15 Edward Stettinius Jr . ( D ) Secretary of State April 12 , 1945 -- June 27 , 1945 Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency Truman ( D ) Henry Morgenthau Jr . ( D ) Secretary of the Treasury June 27 , 1945 -- July 3 , 1945 Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr. , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency James F. Byrnes ( D ) Secretary of State July 3 , 1945 -- January 21 , 1947 James F. Byrnes confirmed as Secretary of State , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency George Marshall ( D ) Secretary of State January 21 , 1947 -- July 18 , 1947 George Marshall Confirmed as Secretary of State , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Under the 1947 succession act ( edit ) No . Official ( party ) Dates Reason President ( party ) 15 Joseph William Martin Jr . ( R ) Speaker of the House July 18 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Succession Act of 1947 is enacted , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency Truman ( D ) Sam Rayburn ( D ) Speaker of the House January 3 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1949 Sam Rayburn elected speaker of the House , and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency 16 John W. McCormack ( D ) Speaker of the House November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency L. Johnson ( D ) 17 Carl Albert ( D ) Speaker of the House October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew Nixon ( R ) 18 Carl Albert ( D ) Speaker of the House August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency Ford ( R ) Contemporary issues and concerns ( edit ) In 2003 , the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term `` Officer '' in the 1947 statute , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) In 2016 -- 17 , the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to `` resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions '' over the past several decades . The clinic 's recommendations included : Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials , or `` Standing Successors , '' outside of Washington , D.C. The line of succession would be : 1st -- Secretary of State , 2nd -- Secretary of Defense , 3rd -- Attorney General , 4th -- Secretary of Homeland Security , 5th -- Secretary of the Treasury , 6th -- Standing Successor 1 , 7th -- Standing Successor 2 , 8th -- Standing Successor 3 , and 9th -- Standing Successor 4 ; If legislators are not removed from the line of succession , only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled ( to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily ) or removed from office ; Eliminate the `` bumping provision '' in the Succession Act of 1947 ; Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession ; That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President 's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day , which is a particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession ; Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1 -- a dual inability of the President and the Vice President , including where there is no Vice President and 2 -- a sole inability of the Vice President . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Department of Defense is the successor to the earlier Department of War . Jump up ^ The Department of Health and Human Services is the successor to the earlier Department of Health , Education and Welfare . Jump up ^ Not eligible to become Acting President -- not a natural - born U.S. citizen ( citizenship acquired through naturalization ) . Jump up ^ The final sentence of the 12th Amendment explicitly states that the constitutional qualifications for holding the presidency also apply to being vice president . Jump up ^ This section 2 of the 25th Amendment has been invoked twice : 1973 -- Gerald Ford was nominated and confirmed to office following Spiro Agnew 's resignation . 1974 -- Nelson Rockefeller was nominated and confirmed to office after Gerald Ford became president upon Richard Nixon 's resignation . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney - General , Postmaster - General , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Interior . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney General , Postmaster General , Secretary of the Navy , Secretary of the Interior , Secretary of Agriculture , Secretary of Commerce , Secretary of Labor . Jump up ^ 1947 -- substituted Secretary of Defense for Secretary of War and struck out Secretary of the Navy . 1965 -- added Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and also Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . 1966 -- added Secretary of Transportation . 1970 -- removed Postmaster General . 1977 -- added Secretary of Energy . 1979 -- substituted Secretary of Health and Human Services for Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and added Secretary of Education . 1988 -- Secretary of Veterans Affairs . 2006 -- Secretary of Homeland Security . Jump up ^ Various friends and colleagues of Senator David Rice Atchison asserted that both offices were vacant on March 4 -- 5 1849 , because the terms of President Zachary Taylor and Vice President Millard Fillmore began on March 4 , but neither took their oath of office on that day -- following precedent as the day fell on a Sunday . The inauguration was held the next day , Monday , March 5 . Consequently , they considered David Rice Atchison , by virtue of being the last President pro tempore of the Senate in the out - going Congress , to have been Acting President of the United States during the day - long Interregnum ( in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ) . Historians , constitutional scholars and biographers all dismiss the claim . Atchison did not take the presidential oath of office either , and his term as president pro tempore had expired on March 4 . Jump up ^ Not yet 35 years old . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Succession : Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession , Fifty Years After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment : Recommendations for Improving the Presidential Succession System '' . Fordham Law Review . 86 ( 3 ) : 917 -- 1025 . 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back ... The National Security Act of 1947 '' . News & Information . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HHS Historical Highlights '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` A president resigns , dies or is impeached : What is the line of succession ? '' . WFTV.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Article II . The Executive Branch , Annenberg Classroom '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Law School . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Richard ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 4 ) : 812 -- 893 . Jump up ^ `` Article I '' . US Legal System . USLegal . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Paul . `` Articles on Amendment XIV : Disqualification for Rebellion '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . 79 ( 3 ) : 907 -- 949 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larson , Edward J. ; Shesol , Jeff . `` The Twentieth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 5 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalt , Brian C. ; Pozen , David . `` The Twenty - fifth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spivak , Joshua ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` America 's System for Presidential Succession is Ridiculous '' . Time . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 57 -- 62 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Relyea , Harold C. ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Continuity of Government : Current Federal Arrangements and the Future '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . pp. 2 -- 4 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Truman , Harry S. ( June 19 , 1945 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 US Code Title 3 -- The President Chapter 1 -- Presidential Elections and Vacancies Sec. 19 -- Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Succession '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William . `` John Tyler : Domestic Affairs '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Amendment XXV : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 118 -- 127 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ Amber , Saladin . `` Woodrow Wilson : Life After The Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas R. Marshall , 28th Vice President ( 1913 -- 1921 ) '' . Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress 1774 -- Present . Washington , D.C. : United States Congress . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John M. ( 2009 ) . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 555 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26541 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 22 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William . `` William Harrison : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael . `` Zachary Taylor : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Michael . `` Abraham Lincoln : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` James Garfield '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` William McKinley '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . 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The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Santa Barbara , California : University of California ( hosted ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Presidential Inauguration : Zachary Taylor , March 5 , 1849 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten man who almost became President after Lincoln '' . The constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gup , Ted ( November 28 , 1982 ) . `` Speaker Albert Was Ready to Be President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Clinton , 4th Vice President ( 1805 - 1812 ) '' . 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2451029435500932732	The X Factor (UK series 7)	The X Factor ( UK series 7 ) - wikipedia The X Factor ( UK series 7 ) The X Factor Series 7 Broadcast from 21 August ( 2010 - 08 - 21 ) -- 12 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) Judges Simon Cowell Cheryl Cole Dannii Minogue Louis Walsh Geri Halliwell ( guest ) Natalie Imbruglia ( guest ) Katy Perry ( guest ) Pixie Lott ( guest ) Nicole Scherzinger ( guest ) Presenter ( s ) Dermot O'Leary ( ITV ) Co-presenter ( s ) Konnie Huq ( ITV2 ) Broadcaster ITV ITV2 ( The Xtra Factor ) Finals venue The Fountain Studios Winner Matt Cardle ( ( ) ) Origin Halstead , Essex , England Song `` When We Collide '' Genre ( s ) Pop Mentor Dannii Minogue Runner - up Rebecca Ferguson Chronology ◀ ▶ The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The seventh series started on ITV on 21 August 2010 and ended on 12 December 2010 . The winner was Matt Cardle . Cardle was mentored throughout the show by Dannii Minogue as mentor . After the victory , he released his debut single `` When We Collide '' . A total of 15,448,019 votes were cast throughout the series . It was presented by Dermot O'Leary , with spin - off show The Xtra Factor presented by Konnie Huq on ITV2 , who took over from Holly Willoughby . The competition was split into several stages : auditions , bootcamp , judges ' houses and live shows . Auditions took place throughout June and July 2010 , with Dannii Minogue , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole returning as judges . Minogue missed the auditions and bootcamp due to being on maternity leave , so Geri Halliwell , Natalie Imbruglia , Katy Perry , Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger were brought in as guest judges . Cole missed the auditions in Manchester and bootcamp because she had malaria . Following bootcamp , successful acts were split into four categories : Boys ( male soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Girls ( female soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Over 28s ( soloists aged 29 and over ) and Groups . Minogue and Cole returned for the judges ' houses stage , and each judge mentored eight acts through judges ' houses . The live shows started on 9 October 2010 . Four acts eliminated at judges ' houses were brought back as wildcards , making this the first series to have 16 acts perform in the live shows . This was the first series of the show to be filmed in high definition , and was simulcast on ITV1 HD and STV HD . From October , The Xtra Factor was also shown in high definition , simulcast on the new channel ITV2 HD . It was sponsored by TalkTalk in the United Kingdom and Domino 's Pizza in Ireland . This series proved to be highly controversial , with many people complaining about the use of pitch correction software on the broadcast of contestants ' auditions , the decision to form two groups out of rejected soloists , the rejection of popular contestant Gamu Nhengu at judges ' houses and Cheryl 's failure to vote to eliminate an act in week 5 of the live shows . Controversy also surrounded contestants Shirlena Johnson , who was axed over fears for her mental health , and Treyc Cohen , who was reported to already have a record deal when the live shows started . There were also accusations of fixing , which were denied by the show 's producers . It was the most watched series to date , with an average of 14.13 million viewers per episode . The final was watched by 17.71 million people , making it the highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK . Contents 1 Judges , presenters and other personnel 2 Selection process 2.1 Applications and auditions 2.2 Bootcamp 2.3 Judges ' houses and wildcards 3 Finalists 4 Live shows 4.1 Format 4.2 Results summary 4.3 Live show details 4.3. 1 Week 1 ( 9 / 10 October ) 4.3. 2 Week 2 ( 16 / 17 October ) 4.3. 3 Week 3 ( 23 / 24 October ) 4.3. 4 Week 4 ( 30 / 31 October ) 4.3. 5 Week 5 ( 6 / 7 November ) 4.3. 6 Week 6 ( 13 / 14 November ) 4.3. 7 Week 7 ( 20 / 21 November ) 4.3. 8 Week 8 ( 27 / 28 November ) 4.3. 9 Week 9 : Semi-final ( 4 / 5 December ) 4.3. 10 Week 10 : Final ( 11 / 12 December ) 5 Charity single 6 Winner 's single 7 Voting , revenue and sponsors 8 Reception 8.1 Ratings 9 Controversies 9.1 Contestants 9.2 Judges ' actions 9.3 Accusations of fixing 9.4 Pitch - correction use 9.5 ' Raunchy ' final 9.6 Praise and awards 10 References 11 External links Judges , presenters and other personnel ( edit ) Series 7 judges Simon Cowell Cheryl Dannii Minogue Louis Walsh In February 2010 , Dannii Minogue confirmed that she would not attend the auditions for series 7 due to being pregnant . It was confirmed that guest judges would take Minogue 's place alongside Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole during the auditions . The guest judges were Geri Halliwell , Natalie Imbruglia , Katy Perry , Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger . On 11 June , Minogue was confirmed by ITV to return for the judges ' houses stage . Cole missed the Manchester auditions and bootcamp due to having malaria , so Scherzinger returned as a guest judge for bootcamp . Cole then returned for the judges ' houses stage . Dermot O'Leary returned for his fourth series as presenter of the main show on ITV , but Holly Willoughby did not return for her third series as presenter on The Xtra Factor on ITV2 and was replaced by Konnie Huq . Brian Friedman returned as creative director , while Ali Tennant and Savan Kotecha were hired as vocal coaches . However , Tennant 's contract was ended before the live shows and was replaced by Yvie Burnett , who worked as vocal coach from series 2 -- 6 . Richard `` Biff '' Stannard began working as show song producer for Minogue 's contestant , and Grace Woodward began working on the show as fashion director . Cole , Cowell and Minogue left after series 7 but Walsh did not . Selection process ( edit ) Applications and auditions ( edit ) Birmingham Manchester Dublin London Cardiff Glasgow Cities that auditions were held in . Judges Simon Cowell and Cheryl Cole during filming of the London auditions on 21 June 2010 . The first appeal for applicants for series 7 was broadcast during series 6 on 5 December 2009 . Applicants for the seventh series were given the opportunity to apply by uploading a video audition to the Internet . Auditions began in June 2010 in six cities : Glasgow ( SECC , 9 June ) , Birmingham ( LG Arena , 13 -- 14 June ) , London ( ExCeL London , 21 -- 24 June ) , Dublin ( Convention Centre Dublin , 28 June ) , Cardiff ( International Arena , 2 July ) , and Manchester ( Manchester Central , 9 -- 11 July ) . Dublin returned as an audition city for the first time since the third series in 2006 . Halliwell was the first guest judge , and attended the Glasgow auditions . Imbruglia was the second guest judge , appearing for the Birmingham auditions . The guest judge slot was axed for the London auditions , but continued with Perry judging in Dublin , Lott in Cardiff and Scherzinger at the auditions in Manchester . Cole was unable to attend the Manchester auditions because she had contracted malaria and was not replaced for them . The first episode , broadcast on 21 August 2010 , featured auditions from Glasgow and London , while episode two , on 28 August , showcased Dublin 's auditions and more from London . More London auditions were shown on 4 September , along with those from Birmingham , and Cardiff was featured in the 11 September broadcast along with the final set of London auditions . Finally , the Manchester auditions were shown in the 18 and 19 September episodes . Summary of auditions City Date ( s ) Venue Guest judge ( s ) Permanent judges Glasgow 9 June 2010 SECC Geri Halliwell Louis Walsh Cheryl Cole Simon Cowell Birmingham 13 -- 14 June 2010 LG Arena Natalie Imbruglia London 21 -- 24 June 2010 ExCeL London None Dublin 28 June 2010 Convention Centre Dublin Katy Perry Cardiff 2 July 2010 International Arena Pixie Lott Manchester 9 -- 11 July 2010 Manchester Central Nicole Scherzinger Louis Walsh Simon Cowell Bootcamp ( edit ) The bootcamp stage of the competition began on 22 July 2010 at Wembley Arena , London and was broadcast on 25 -- 26 September . Minogue continued her maternity leave and Cole did not attend because she was still in recovery . As Cole and Minogue were absent , producers of the show decided to axe bootcamp 's live audience . The bootcamp stage was broadcast in two episodes on 25 and 26 September . The first day of bootcamp saw Cowell and Walsh split the 211 acts into their four categories : Boys , Girls , Over 25s and Groups . They received vocal coaching and each category later performed one song : the Boys sang `` Man in the Mirror '' , the Girls sang `` If I Were a Boy '' , the Over 25s sang `` Poker Face '' and the Groups sang `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' . At the end of the day , the number of acts was cut to 108 . On the second day , acts were given dance lessons by creative director Brian Friedman but they were not judged on their performances . Scherzinger then returned as a guest judge on the third day , where each act performed one song from a list of 40 . On the fifth day , Scherzinger suggested that the Over-25s category be changed to Over 28s , as the quality of older singers was high . The Boys and Girls categories then comprised singers aged 16 to 28 , rather than 16 to 25 . As the groups category was the weakest , five rejected soloists from the Boys category and four from the Girls category were asked to form two groups , One Direction and Belle Amie respectively . After bootcamp , each judge was assigned a category : Cowell was given the Groups , Walsh had the Over-28s , Minogue was asked to look after the Boys and Cole was assigned the Girls . Judges ' houses and wildcards ( edit ) Minogue and Cole returned to the judging panel for the judges ' houses stage of the competition , where each judge mentored eight acts , increased from six in previous series . Each judge had help from a guest judge to choose their final acts . Original judge Sharon Osbourne returned to assist Walsh at Adare Manor in Adare , County Limerick , Ireland , Cole was assisted by will.i.am in Coworth Park , Ascot , Berkshire , England , Cowell by Sinitta in Marbella , Spain , and Natalie Imbruglia returned to assist Minogue in Melbourne , Australia . Contestants spent a week at judges ' houses and performed two songs for their respective judge . Each judge and their guest eliminated five acts , leaving twelve remaining . The judges ' houses stage was broadcast in two episodes on 2 and 3 October 2010 . Summary of judges ' houses Judge Location Assistant Contestants eliminated Wildcards Cole Girls Coworth Park , Berkshire will.i.am Keri Arrindell , Annastasia Baker , Gamu Nhengu , Raquel Thomas Treyc Cohen Cowell Groups Marbella Sinitta Husstle , Princes and Rogues , The Reason , Twem Diva Fever Minogue Boys Melbourne Natalie Imbruglia Karl Brown , Marlon McKenzie , Tom Richards , John Wilding Paije Richardson Walsh Over 28s Adare Manor , County Limerick Sharon Osbourne Stephen Hunter , Yuli Minguel , Elesha Moses , Justin Vanderhyde Wagner In the first live show on 9 October , Paije Richardson , Treyc Cohen , Wagner and Diva Fever were brought back as wildcards . Finalists ( edit ) Main article : List of The X Factor finalists ( UK series 7 ) After the wildcards were revealed in the first live show , the final sixteen acts were confirmed as follows : Key : -- Winner -- Runner - up -- Third place Category ( mentor ) Acts Groups ( Cowell ) One Direction Belle Amie Diva Fever F.Y.D. Girls ( Cole ) Treyc Cohen Rebecca Ferguson Cher Lloyd Katie Waissel Over 28s ( Walsh ) John Adeleye Mary Byrne Storm Lee Wagner Boys ( Minogue ) Nicolo Festa Aiden Grimshaw Paije Richardson Matt Cardle Live shows ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The Fountain Studios , where The X Factor and The Xtra Factor live shows took place The live shows took place at The Fountain Studios in Wembley , north - west London . They started on 9 October 2010 , with contestants performing on the Saturday night shows and the results being announced on the Sunday night shows . As previously , each week had a different song theme . The two acts with the fewest public votes were in the bottom two and sang again in the `` final showdown '' . The songs they performed in the bottom two were of their own choice and did not necessarily follow that week 's theme . The four judges then each chose one act from the bottom two that they wanted to be eliminated from the show . If each act received an equal number of judges ' votes , the result was deadlocked and the act with the fewest public votes was eliminated . The first live show was extended to two and a half hours to include a surprise twist , namely that each judge was given a wildcard , allowing them to bring back one rejected act from judges ' houses , thus bringing the number of finalists up from twelve to sixteen . Owing to the addition of the wildcards , the first two results were double eliminations . The eighth result was also a double elimination . In the case of a double elimination , instead of the bottom two , the bottom three were announced and the act with the fewest votes was automatically eliminated . The two remaining acts from the bottom three then performed in the final showdown . Starting from the eighth week of live shows , contestants performed two songs each on the Saturday night . At the start of each results show , the remaining finalists performed a song as a group . However , the song was pre-recorded and the contestants mimed , because of technical issues with mixing the number of microphones . Starting this series , the contestants ' live performances were made available to download from iTunes . However , the songs are not eligible to chart to protect the integrity of the contest . Viewers in Ireland were allowed vote again , having been unable to for four years . Each results show featured a number of guest performers . Joe McElderry and Usher performed on the first live results show , and Diana Vickers and Katy Perry performed in the second week . The third results show featured performances from judge Cole and Michael Bublé . Rihanna , Bon Jovi and Jamiroquai performed in the fourth results show , and Shayne Ward and Kylie Minogue performed in the fifth week . Take That , Westlife and JLS all performed on the sixth results show , and Olly Murs performed on the seventh . Week eight featured performances from Justin Bieber , The Wanted and Nicole Scherzinger . The cast of Glee performed on the semi-final on 5 December , along with Alexandra Burke and The Black Eyed Peas . Rihanna performed again in the first show of the final , and Christina Aguilera also performed . Take That performed again in the second show of the final . The final took place on 11 and 12 December , with each episode lasting two hours . During the first show , the voting lines were frozen and the fourth placed contestant was eliminated . The votes carried over and the third placed contestant left on the second show following another freeze . The final two performed the potential winner 's singles before the winner was announced . Results summary ( edit ) Colour key -- Contestant was in the bottom two / three and had to sing again in the final showdown -- Contestant was in the bottom three but received the fewest votes and was immediately eliminated -- Contestant received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated ( no final showdown ) -- Contestant received the most public votes Weekly results per contestant Contestant Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Saturday Sunday Round 1 Round 2 Matt Cardle 2nd 15.14 % 1st 24.39 % 1st 23.97 % 1st 20.60 % 1st 33.41 % 1st 23.16 % 1st 18.44 % 1st 31.95 % 1st 35.84 % 1st 39.92 % 1st 39.83 % Winner 44.61 % Rebecca Ferguson 6th 6.51 % 5th 7.99 % 5th 8.46 % 5th 9.79 % 2nd 12.80 % 2nd 18.24 % 3rd 12.85 % 2nd 13.98 % 2nd 20.22 % 2nd 25.71 % 2nd 32.80 % Runner - up 38.63 % One Direction 4th 10.04 % 3rd 9.84 % 3rd 11.08 % 4th 11.79 % 3rd 12.13 % 3rd 14.44 % 4th 12.65 % 4th 11.90 % 3rd 17.38 % 3rd 17.38 % 3rd 20.72 % Eliminated ( week 10 ) Cher Lloyd 3rd 10.31 % 6th 7.17 % 4th 9.12 % 2nd 19.72 % 5th 7.64 % 5th 8.88 % 8th 8.00 % 3rd 13.19 % 5th 11.57 % 4th 15.83 % Eliminated ( week 10 ) Mary Byrne 1st 22.28 % 2nd 18.55 % 2nd 13.92 % 3rd 11.98 % 4th 12.02 % 4th 10.66 % 5th 11.97 % 5th 11.29 % 4th 14.99 % Eliminated ( week 9 ) Wagner 12th 1.91 % 11th 2.47 % 9th 4.50 % 8th 4.77 % 8th 4.21 % 7th 6.30 % 6th 9.90 % 6th 10.48 % Eliminated ( week 8 ) Katie Waissel 15th 1.55 % 8th 4.30 % 8th 5.95 % 10th 2.73 % 10th 3.22 % 8th 5.29 % 2nd 16.82 % 7th 7.21 % Eliminated ( week 8 ) Paije Richardson 7th 5.83 % 9th 3.80 % 7th 6.10 % 7th 6.22 % 7th 5.19 % 6th 8.02 % 7th 9.37 % Eliminated ( week 7 ) Aiden Grimshaw 5th 9.78 % 4th 8.82 % 6th 6.58 % 6th 6.70 % 6th 5.85 % 9th 5.01 % Eliminated ( week 6 ) Treyc Cohen 8th 4.82 % 10th 2.82 % 12th 2.39 % 9th 3.14 % 9th 3.53 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Belle Amie 11th 2.13 % 13th 1.86 % 10th 4.15 % 11th 2.56 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) John Adeleye 9th 2.46 % 7th 4.50 % 11th 3.78 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Diva Fever 10th 2.28 % 12th 2.05 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Storm Lee 13th 1.89 % 14th 1.44 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) F.Y.D. 14th 1.71 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Nicolo Festa 16th 1.51 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Final showdown F.Y.D. , Waissel Belle Amie , Diva Fever Adeleye , Cohen Belle Amie , Waissel Cohen , Waissel Grimshaw , Waissel Lloyd , Richardson Byrne , Wagner Byrne , Lloyd No final showdown or judges ' votes : results were based on public votes alone Judges voted to Eliminate Send through Walsh 's vote F.Y.D. Diva Fever Cohen Waissel Cohen Waissel Richardson Wagner Byrne Minogue 's vote F.Y.D. Diva Fever Adeleye Belle Amie Waissel Waissel Lloyd Wagner Lloyd Cole 's vote F.Y.D. Diva Fever Adeleye Belle Amie None ( abstained ) Grimshaw Richardson Wagner Lloyd Cowell 's vote Waissel N / A Adeleye Waissel Cohen Grimshaw Richardson N / A Lloyd Eliminated Nicolo Festa 1.51 % to save Storm Lee 1.44 % to save John Adeleye 3 of 4 votes Majority Belle Amie 2 of 4 votes Deadlock Treyc Cohen 2 of 3 votes Majority Aiden Grimshaw 2 of 4 votes Deadlock Paije Richardson 3 of 4 votes Majority Katie Waissel 7.21 % to save Mary Byrne 1 of 4 votes Minority Cher Lloyd 15.83 % to win One Direction 20.72 % to win Rebecca Ferguson 38.63 % to win F.Y.D. 3 of 4 votes Majority Diva Fever 3 of 3 votes Majority Wagner 3 of 3 votes Majority Reference ( s ) ^ 1 Cowell was not required to vote as there was already a majority . ^ 2 The voting percentages in week 10 for Sunday rounds 1 and 2 do not add up to 100 % , owing to the freezing of votes . Cher Lloyd received 6.65 % of the vote at the second freeze , and 4.07 % of the final vote . One Direction received 12.69 % of the final vote . Live show details ( edit ) Week 1 ( 9 / 10 October ) ( edit ) Theme : Number - one singles Group performance : `` The Rhythm of the Night '' Musical guests : Usher ( `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' / `` OMG '' ) and Joe McElderry ( `` Ambitions '' ) Contestants ' performances on the first live show Act Order Song Result F.Y.D `` Billionaire '' Bottom three Matt Cardle `` When Love Takes Over '' Safe John Adeleye `` One Sweet Day '' Safe Rebecca Ferguson `` Teardrops '' Safe Storm Lee 5 `` We Built This City '' Safe Belle Amie 6 `` Airplanes '' Safe Cher Lloyd 7 `` Just Be Good to Me '' Safe Diva Fever 8 `` Sunny '' Safe Paije Richardson 9 `` Killing Me Softly '' Safe Katie Waissel 10 `` We Are the Champions '' Bottom three Mary Byrne 11 `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Safe Nicolo Festa 12 `` Just Dance '' Eliminated One Direction 13 `` Viva la Vida '' Safe Wagner 14 `` She Bangs '' / `` Love Shack '' Safe Aiden Grimshaw 15 `` Mad World '' Safe Treyc Cohen 16 `` One '' Safe Final showdown details F.Y.D `` Do n't Stop the Music '' Eliminated Katie Waissel `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Safe Owing to the addition of four wildcard contestants , two acts were eliminated from the series ' first results show . The three acts with the fewest votes were announced as the bottom three and the act with the fewest public votes was then automatically eliminated . The remaining two acts then performed in the final showdown for the judges ' votes . Judges ' votes to eliminate Cowell : Katie Waissel -- backed his own act , F.Y.D. Cole : F.Y.D. -- based on the final showdown performance , effectively backing her own act , Katie Waissel Minogue : F.Y.D. -- based on the final showdown performance Walsh : F.Y.D. -- stated that he had to choose the act with more potential , as well as `` the right act '' Week 2 ( 16 / 17 October ) ( edit ) Theme : Heroes Group performance : `` Telephone '' Musical guests : Diana Vickers ( `` My Wicked Heart '' ) and Katy Perry ( `` Firework '' ) Contestants ' performances on the second live show Act Order Song Hero Result Storm Lee `` Born to Run '' Bruce Springsteen Eliminated Treyc Cohen `` Purple Rain '' Prince Safe Paije Richardson `` If I Ai n't Got You '' Alicia Keys Safe One Direction `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' Kelly Clarkson Safe Cher Lloyd 5 `` It 's the Hard Knock Life '' / `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' Jay - Z Safe John Adeleye 6 `` A Song for You '' Donny Hathaway Safe Diva Fever 7 `` Gotta Go Home '' / `` Barbra Streisand '' Boney M . Bottom three Rebecca Ferguson 8 `` Feeling Good '' Nina Simone Safe Aiden Grimshaw 9 `` Jealous Guy '' John Lennon Safe Wagner 10 `` Help Yourself '' Tom Jones Safe Katie Waissel 11 `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' Etta James Safe Belle Amie 12 `` You Really Got Me '' The Kinks Bottom three Mary Byrne 13 `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' Dusty Springfield Safe Matt Cardle 14 `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars Safe Final showdown details Diva Fever `` I Will Survive '' Eliminated Belle Amie `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' Safe Owing to the addition of the wildcard contestants , two acts were eliminated from the series ' second results show . The three acts with the fewest public votes were announced as the bottom three and then the act with the fewest votes was automatically eliminated . The remaining two acts then performed in the final showdown for the judges ' votes . Judges ' votes to eliminate Walsh : Diva Fever -- thought Belle Amie would get better in the competition Minogue : Diva Fever -- based on final showdown performances Cole : Diva Fever -- gave no reason Cowell was not required to vote as there was already a majority and refused to say how he would have voted as he was mentor to both acts Week 3 ( 23 / 24 October ) ( edit ) Theme : Guilty pleasures Group performance : `` Forget You '' Musical guests : Michael Bublé ( `` Hollywood '' ) and Cheryl Cole ( `` Promise This '' ) Contestants ' performances on the third live show Act Order Song Result Paije Richardson `` Ai n't Nobody '' Safe John Adeleye `` Zoom '' Bottom two Rebecca Ferguson `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? '' Safe Cher Lloyd `` No Diggity '' / `` Shout '' Safe Matt Cardle 5 `` ... Baby One More Time '' Safe One Direction 6 `` Nobody Knows '' Safe Treyc Cohen 7 `` Whole Lotta Love '' Bottom two Mary Byrne 8 `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' Safe Aiden Grimshaw 9 `` Diamonds Are Forever '' Safe Belle Amie 10 `` I 'll Stand by You '' Safe Wagner 11 `` Spice Up Your Life '' / `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Safe Katie Waissel 12 `` I Wan'na Be Like You ( The Monkey Song ) '' Safe Final showdown details John Adeleye `` Because of You '' Eliminated Treyc Cohen `` One Night Only '' Safe Judges ' votes to eliminate Walsh : Treyc Cohen -- said Adeleye had more potential , effectively backing his own act , John Adeleye Minogue : John Adeleye -- based on the final showdown performances Cole : John Adeleye -- backed her own act , Treyc Cohen Cowell : John Adeleye -- based on final showdown performances and stated that Adeleye was not improving as much as Cohen Week 4 ( 30 / 31 October ) ( edit ) Theme : Halloween Group performance : `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( with Bon Jovi ) Musical guests : Bon Jovi with finalists ( `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ) , Jamiroquai ( `` White Knuckle Ride '' ) and Rihanna ( `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ) Contestants ' performances on the fourth live show Act Order Song Result Mary Byrne `` Could It Be Magic '' Safe Aiden Grimshaw `` Thriller '' Safe Belle Amie `` Venus '' Bottom two Rebecca Ferguson `` Wicked Game '' Safe Treyc Cohen 5 `` Relight My Fire '' Safe Matt Cardle 6 `` Bleeding Love '' Safe Wagner 7 `` O Fortuna '' / `` Bat Out of Hell '' Safe Paije Richardson 8 `` Back to Black '' Safe Katie Waissel 9 `` Bewitched '' Bottom two One Direction 10 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Safe Cher Lloyd 11 `` Stay '' Safe Final showdown details Belle Amie `` Breakaway '' Eliminated Katie Waissel `` Trust in Me '' Safe Judges ' votes to eliminate Cowell : Katie Waissel -- backed his own act , Belle Amie Cole : Belle Amie -- gave no reason , though effectively backed her own act , Katie Waissel Minogue : Belle Amie -- based on the final showdown performance Walsh : Katie Waissel -- gave no reason With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each , the result was deadlocked and reverted to the earlier public vote . Belle Amie were eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes . Week 5 ( 6 / 7 November ) ( edit ) Theme : American anthems Group performance : `` So What '' Musical guests : Shayne Ward ( `` Gotta Be Somebody '' ) and Kylie Minogue ( `` Better than Today '' ) Contestants ' performances on the fifth live show Act Order Song Result Cher Lloyd `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) '' / `` Empire State of Mind '' Safe Mary Byrne `` There You 'll Be '' Safe Katie Waissel `` Do n't Speak '' Bottom two Aiden Grimshaw `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' Safe Paije Richardson 5 `` I 'm a Believer '' / `` Hey Ya ! '' Safe Rebecca Ferguson 6 `` Make You Feel My Love '' Safe Wagner 7 `` Viva Las Vegas '' / `` The Wonder of You '' Safe Matt Cardle 8 `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Safe Treyc Cohen 9 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Bottom two One Direction 10 `` Kids in America '' Safe Final showdown details Katie Waissel `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' Safe Treyc Cohen `` Un-Break My Heart '' Eliminated Judges ' votes to eliminate Cowell : Treyc Cohen -- based on who he would prefer to see again the following week Cole refused to vote off either of her acts and offered to vote last to force a deadlock , but O'Leary then announced it would go to a majority vote Minogue : Katie Waissel -- gave no reason Walsh : Treyc Cohen -- stated that he would follow his heart and save Katie Waissel Week 6 ( 13 / 14 November ) ( edit ) Theme : Songs by Elton John Group performance : `` Ca n't Stop Moving '' Musical guests : JLS ( `` Love You More '' ) , Westlife ( `` Safe '' ) and Take That ( `` The Flood '' ) Contestants ' performances on the sixth live show Act Order Song Result Paije Richardson `` Crocodile Rock '' Safe Aiden Grimshaw `` Rocket Man '' Bottom two Mary Byrne `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Safe Katie Waissel `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' Bottom two Matt Cardle 5 `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' Safe Cher Lloyd 6 `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' / `` Mockingbird '' Safe Wagner 7 `` I 'm Still Standing '' / `` Circle of Life '' Safe One Direction 8 `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Safe Rebecca Ferguson 9 `` Candle in the Wind '' Safe Final showdown details Aiden Grimshaw `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Eliminated Katie Waissel `` Save Me from Myself '' Safe Judges ' votes to eliminate Cowell : Aiden Grimshaw -- gave no reason Cole : Aiden Grimshaw -- backed her own act , Katie Waissel Minogue : Katie Waissel -- gave no reason , though effectively backed her own act , Aiden Grimshaw Walsh : Katie Waissel -- felt Grimshaw had more potential With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each , the result was deadlocked and reverted to the earlier public vote . Grimshaw was eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes . Week 7 ( 20 / 21 November ) ( edit ) Theme : Songs by The Beatles Group performance : `` Heroes '' ( all finalists ) Musical guest : Olly Murs ( `` Thinking of Me '' ) Contestants ' performances on the seventh live show Act Order Song Result Matt Cardle `` Come Together '' Safe Cher Lloyd `` Imagine '' Bottom two One Direction `` All You Need Is Love '' Safe Rebecca Ferguson `` Yesterday '' Safe Mary Byrne 5 `` Something '' Safe Paije Richardson 6 `` Let It Be '' Bottom two Wagner 7 `` Get Back '' / `` Hippy Hippy Shake '' / `` Hey Jude '' Safe Katie Waissel 8 `` Help ! '' Safe Final showdown details Paije Richardson `` Stop ! '' Eliminated Cher Lloyd `` Stay '' Safe Judges ' votes to eliminate Cowell : Paije Richardson -- said he would want to back Lloyd whom he had continually supported Cole : Paije Richardson -- backed her own act , Cher Lloyd Minogue : Cher Lloyd -- backed her own act , Paije Richardson Walsh : Paije Richardson -- gave no reason Week 8 ( 27 / 28 November ) ( edit ) Theme : Rock Musical guests : The Wanted ( `` Lose My Mind '' ) , Justin Bieber ( `` Somebody to Love '' / `` Baby '' ) and Nicole Scherzinger ( `` Poison '' ) For the first time this series , each contestant performed two songs . Contestants ' performances on the eighth live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Wagner `` Creep '' 8 `` Addicted to Love '' Bottom three One Direction `` Summer of ' 69 '' 9 `` You Are So Beautiful '' Safe Mary Byrne `` All I Want Is You '' 10 `` Brass in Pocket '' Bottom three Cher Lloyd `` Girlfriend '' 11 `` Walk This Way '' Safe Rebecca Ferguson 5 `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' 12 `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' Safe Matt Cardle 6 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' 13 `` Nights in White Satin '' Safe Katie Waissel 7 `` Sex on Fire '' 14 `` Everybody Hurts '' Eliminated Final showdown details Wagner `` Unforgettable '' Eliminated Mary Byrne `` This Is My Life '' Safe Two acts were eliminated from the series ' eighth results show . The three acts with the fewest votes were announced as the bottom three and then the act with the fewest votes was automatically eliminated . The remaining two acts then performed in the final showdown for the judges ' votes . Judges ' votes to eliminate Walsh : Wagner -- based on the final showdown performances Minogue : Wagner -- backed Byrne whom she thought was the better singer Cole : Wagner -- gave no reason Cowell was not required to vote as there was already a majority , but stated that he would have voted for Wagner as he wanted to return the show to being a talent competition Week 9 : semi-final ( 4 / 5 December ) ( edit ) Themes : Club classics ; `` songs to get you to the final '' ( no theme ) Musical guests : Alexandra Burke ( `` The Silence '' ) , Glee Cast ( `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ) and The Black Eyed Peas ( `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ) Contestants ' performances on the ninth live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Rebecca Ferguson `` Show Me Love '' 6 `` Amazing Grace '' Safe Mary Byrne `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' 7 `` The Way We Were '' Bottom two Matt Cardle `` You Got the Love '' 8 `` She 's Always a Woman '' Safe Cher Lloyd `` Nothin ' on You '' 9 `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' / `` Love the Way You Lie '' Bottom two One Direction 5 `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' 10 `` Chasing Cars '' Safe Final showdown details Mary Byrne `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Eliminated Cher Lloyd `` Everytime '' Safe For the first time in The X Factor history , the judges chose which act they wanted to see progress to the final . Judges ' votes to send through to the final Walsh : Mary Byrne -- backed his own act , Mary Byrne Minogue : Cher Lloyd -- stated Lloyd sang better than Byrne in the sing off Cole : Cher Lloyd -- backed her own act , Cher Lloyd Cowell : Cher Lloyd -- gave no reason Week 10 : Final ( 11 / 12 December ) ( edit ) 11 December Themes : No theme ; celebrity duets Group performance : `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' ( all finalists ) Musical guests : Rihanna ( `` What 's My Name ? '' ) and Christina Aguilera ( `` Express '' ) Contestants ' performances on the tenth live show Act Order First song Order Second song ( duet ) Result Matt Cardle `` Here with Me '' 5 `` Unfaithful '' ( with Rihanna ) Safe Rebecca Ferguson `` Like a Star '' 6 `` Beautiful '' ( with Christina Aguilera ) Safe One Direction `` Your Song '' 7 `` She 's the One '' ( with Robbie Williams ) Safe Cher Lloyd `` The Clapping Song '' / `` Get Ur Freak On '' 8 `` Where Is the Love ? '' / `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( with will.i.am ) Eliminated 12 December Themes : No theme ; winner 's single Group performances : `` Never Forget '' ( performed with Take That ) and `` Bad Romance '' ( auditionees ) Musical guest : Take That ( `` Never Forget '' with finalists and `` The Flood '' ) Contestants ' performances on the final live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Matt Cardle `` Firework '' `` When We Collide '' Winner One Direction `` Torn '' N / A ( already eliminated ) Third place Rebecca Ferguson `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' 5 `` Distant Dreamer '' Runner - up Charity single ( edit ) The series 7 finalists recorded a cover of David Bowie 's 1977 song `` Heroes '' as a charity single in aid of Help for Heroes , a charity which supports injured servicemen and women . The song was recorded in the week beginning 18 October 2010 . The video for the single was filmed on 2 November at Three Mills Studios . All sixteen finalists performed the song on 20 November 's results show . It was the third year in a row that finalists have released a charity record . The single entered both the Irish Singles Chart on 25 November 2010 and the UK Singles Chart on 28 November 2010 at number 1 . Winner 's single ( edit ) It was reported on 2 December 2010 by the Daily Mirror that the final five contestants , Mary Byrne , Matt Cardle , Cher Lloyd , One Direction and Rebecca Ferguson , would each record a different song , rather than the same song as in previous series , for their potential debut single . The change was made after Cowell reportedly increased the budget as he wanted songs to suit each act . It was reported on 10 December that Cardle 's song would be `` Many of Horror '' , Lloyd 's would be `` Impossible '' , Ferguson 's would be `` Distant Dreamer '' and One Direction 's song would be `` Forever Young '' . Cardle and Ferguson performed their songs in the final as the last two remaining acts and upon Cardle 's winning the contest , his version of `` Many of Horror '' , renamed to `` When We Collide '' , was released . It entered both the UK and Ireland Singles Charts at number 1 . Voting , revenue and sponsors ( edit ) Over the course of the live shows , 15,488,019 votes were cast . Votes made via landline telephones or from the Red Button service cost 35 pence each , with calls made from mobile telephones expected to be more expensive . The votes brought in revenue of more than £ 5.4 million , though it was expected to be a lot higher because of the unknown cost of mobile phone votes . Proceeds were split between production company Syco , co-producer FremantleMedia , broadcaster ITV and phone vote operator Harvest Media . Advertising slots during the final were sold for up to £ 250,000 , which expected to bring in a further £ 25 million in advertising revenues , with the number of commercial breaks increased from five to six . For the second year in a row , The X Factor was sponsored by TalkTalk , as part of a three - year sponsorship deal thought to be worth £ 20 million , including sponsorship of the show , the 2011 live tour and rights to online clips . TalkTalk enlisted series 6 contestants Jedward to launch its interactive initiative on 17 August 2010 . Viewers were invited to record a video of themselves performing karaoke in front of a TalkTalk bright lights backdrop , and clips were screened as part of TalkTalk 's sponsorship break bumpers . In Ireland , where the series was broadcast on TV3 , The X Factor was sponsored by Domino 's Pizza . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The first episode on 21 August attracted 11.88 million viewers on ITV1 , the highest ever ratings for a series premiere of The X Factor . It was watched by 46.5 % of television viewers during its original broadcast . The episode also received ratings of 568,000 on ITV1 HD . The first live performance show on 9 October 2010 gained 12.62 million viewers , attaining a 48.5 % share of the audience during broadcast . The final result on 12 December was the highest rated episode with 16.55 million viewers on ITV1 , a 51.5 % audience share and 1.16 million viewers on ITV1 HD . It peaked at 19.4 million ( 18.14 million on ITV1 and 1.3 million on ITV1 HD ) and was the highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK . Official ratings concluded that the series averaged 14.13 million ( including HD ) , making it the most watched series to date . The series dominated the weekly rankings , taking up the top position for the first four weeks , then the top two positions until the final . The first part of the final was beaten into fourth rank by two episodes of Coronation Street . Episode Date Official ITV1 rating ( millions ) Weekly rank Share ( % ) Official ITV1 HD rating ( millions ) Total viewers ( millions ) Auditions 1 21 August 11.88 48.6 0.57 12.45 Auditions 2 28 August 10.81 44.9 0.55 11.36 Auditions 3 4 September 11.69 49.2 0.64 12.33 Auditions 4 11 September 11.78 45.0 0.56 12.34 Auditions 5 18 September 11.65 46.0 0.68 12.33 Auditions 6 19 September 12.15 42.8 0.71 12.86 Bootcamp 1 25 September 12.07 46.4 0.71 12.78 Bootcamp 2 26 September 13.26 44.4 0.82 14.08 Judges ' houses 1 2 October 12.68 47.3 0.82 13.50 Judges ' houses 2 3 October 14.51 48.5 0.90 15.41 Live show 1 9 October 12.62 48.5 0.91 13.53 Results 1 10 October 13.17 46.3 0.90 14.07 Live show 2 16 October 12.14 47.2 0.97 13.11 Results 2 17 October 13.42 46.7 0.90 14.32 Live show 3 23 October 12.39 47.5 0.95 13.34 Results 3 24 October 13.73 47.7 0.95 14.68 Live show 4 30 October 12.69 47.1 0.81 13.50 Results 4 31 October 13.74 47.5 0.93 14.67 Live show 5 6 November 12.50 47.7 1.11 13.61 Results 5 7 November 14.29 49.7 1.07 15.36 Live show 6 13 November 13.61 49.9 0.99 14.60 Results 6 14 November 14.69 47.7 1.06 15.75 Live show 7 20 November 13.28 48.7 1.13 14.41 Results 7 21 November 15.04 50.0 1.09 16.13 Live show 8 27 November 13.57 49.0 1.09 14.66 Results 8 28 November 14.42 48.7 1.05 15.47 Live show 9 4 December 13.73 48.4 1.22 14.95 Results 9 5 December 14.53 48.6 0.99 15.52 Final part 1 11 December 13.94 52.6 1.17 15.11 Final part 2 12 December 16.55 54.9 1.16 17.71 Series average 13.22 N / A 47.9 0.85 14.13 Controversies ( edit ) The seventh series of The X Factor sparked several heated controversies , with over 5,000 complaints registered with Ofcom throughout the series . A spokesperson told the Daily Mirror newspaper that ITV bosses were worried about the number of complaints as claims that the show had become `` seedy and oversexed '' and accusations of fixing would tarnish the image of the show and ITV . Contestants ( edit ) On 25 August , it was announced that contestant Shirlena Johnson had been asked to leave the show because of concerns over her mental health . Producers said the medical report from her general practitioner , requested during bootcamp , arrived late . A spokesperson said , `` The welfare of contestants is of paramount importance , and for this reason it has been agreed that Shirlena Johnson should not continue in the competition . '' The decision to form two groups , Belle Amie and One Direction , from soloists at the end of the bootcamp stage was branded unfair by some of the other groups , as neither had entered the competition as groups . The controversy deepened after Cowell put through both Belle Amie and One Direction and picked just one of the original applicants . Cowell defended the decision , saying that the existing groups were not good enough and other groups such as The Wanted and the Spice Girls were created similarly . More controversy erupted after the News of the World reported that after failing to qualify in 2009 , Treyc Cohen signed a management deal with Artimis Music Management Ltd that landed her a recording contract in October that year with Birmingham - based Ajoupa Records and she released a single entitled `` A Time to Be Heard '' . The rules of The X Factor strictly forbid record deals while a contestant is on the show . According to the newspaper , The X Factor was attempting to release Cohen from her management deal and remove the single from sale . Katie Waissel also had to be released from a contract in the United States after her audition . Judges ' actions ( edit ) Controversy was caused when Cole chose not to send popular contestant Gamu Nhengu through to the live shows . Nhengu was an early favourite to win and many viewers were angry that Waissel and Cher Lloyd were put through despite failing to complete their performances at judges ' houses . Around 1,000 people complained to ITV and by 7 October 220,000 had joined a Facebook page called `` Gamu Should Have Got Through '' . Cole reportedly became the target of death threats , and took extra security precautions in her home as well as at The X Factor . Bookmaker Paddy Power were forced to give odds on Nhengu winning the show after a large number of bets were placed , and made her the favourite to win , but all punters had their losing bets refunded when Nhengu was not chosen as Cole 's wildcard . There was speculation that Cole was pressured by producers to axe Nhengu over issues with her visa , but Cheryl denied those claims , saying it was entirely down to her `` gut instinct '' and that she believed Lloyd , Waissel and Rebecca Ferguson were the best singers in her category . Later in her 2012 autobiography Cheryl : My Story , Cheryl confessed that she had chosen Waissel for the live shows because she was more entertaining , claiming ... `` ( Cowell ) had spent the past two years drumming into me that we needed acts who would be ' good TV . ' ... she had the character and drive it took to withstand the pressure of the show , and so I put her through , even though she messed up when she sang in front of Will.i.am . '' Hundreds of viewers complained when , in week 5 of the live shows , Cole refused to vote off either act in the bottom two ( Cohen and Waissel ) and was not allowed to vote last and force a deadlock . A spokesperson for The X Factor explained : `` A judge can abstain from placing a vote . ( Cole ) made it clear that she would not send anyone home and therefore abstained from voting . ( O'Leary ) went back to her to clarify that it was going to go to a majority vote if she did that . ( Cole ) was unable to take the vote to deadlock as deadlock requires a valid active vote . '' O'Leary revealed that during the previous commercial break , when the bottom two was known to the producers , they realized that Cole might abstain and decided in that if she did , they would go to a majority vote . After the series ended , voting statistics showed that Waissel received fewer votes than Cohen , meaning that if the result went to deadlock , Waissel would have been eliminated . Accusations of fixing ( edit ) After O'Leary's revelation that producers had rehearsed what would happen if Cole abstained in week 5 , allegations were made that the result was rigged for Waissel to stay , given that her outlandish performances and growing unpopularity with the public resulted in better ratings and sensational press for the show . Cowell denied this claim , saying he would never want to defraud viewers and said the situation had `` been blown out of proportion '' . O'Leary defended himself and the show on Twitter , saying `` We never know which way the judges are going to vote . Ever . The only thing I know is who 's in the bottom two when I 'm given the card . I do n't know which judge to go to until I 'm called and the judges , including ( Cowell ) , do n't know the vote or who we 're coming to next . It 's that simple . '' The following week , Heat magazine printed a report claiming that Cowell was aware of the public votes before the judges make their votes , and several other media reports contained rumours of the show being fixed . The X Factor 's bosses instructed their lawyers to file a formal complaint to the Press Complaints Commission against Heat , saying that the article was a lie , that very few people know the actual public voting results and conspiracy theories being printed in the media are `` total and utter rubbish '' . Heat printed an apology in their 1 January 2011 issue and accepted that Cowell was unaware of the votes cast until after the final . There were accusations from viewers of fixing during the semi-final when O'Leary announced that only the public 's votes would decide which contestants would make it through to the final , but the next day this was changed and there was a final showdown . The show 's official website also stated that it would be decided by public vote , and Walsh confirmed it on a radio show earlier in the week . It was the first time in the show 's history that the judges were given a vote in a semi-final . A spokesperson insisted the change was decided weeks in advance . Cowell ( incorrectly ) stated that `` There has always been a sing - off when there are five people left in the competition . This is a lot of nonsense about nothing . '' However , eliminated contestant Mary Byrne said she believed the decision would be solely down to the public until the day of the semi-final performances and even claimed that Cowell did not want her in the final . Following Byrne 's comments , Cowell wrote an open letter to the viewers in the Daily Mirror , saying : `` It 's always our sole intention to try and make the show as entertaining and hopefully exciting every week . Our main focus is to ensure that the contestants are given every opportunity to benefit from being on the show and show their talent . Throughout the series I have met with fans of the show on a regular basis and have listened and acted on their feedback . I believe they have enjoyed the changes in the show this year and I feel it 's been a better series as it has n't followed the same pattern as before . This year we decided to give four contestants a second chance and introduce them as wild card entrants on the first live show . And having 16 finalists rather than just 12 meant that we introduced both single and double eliminations . We decided for the first time some weeks ago to put four people into the final and this meant having five semi-finalists . We also felt it would be fairer that there would be a sing - off rather than automatic elimination as there were more contestants . I understand new decisions are seen as controversial by our viewers but it stops the show becoming boring . As the excitement heats up , debates begin but I do want to assure people that the show is definitely not fixed . The sing - off on Sunday was something that was always going to happen regardless of who was in the bottom two . The contestants all prepared their save - me songs on Monday last week . It was always going to be sad for whoever left . ( ... ) I have always listened to and respected our viewers and have always believed viewers ultimately make the right decision . I hope the viewers trust the show that this is a fair competition . '' Voting statistics revealed that Lloyd would have been eliminated if the vote had gone to deadlock . Pitch - correction use ( edit ) Following the first episode , viewers complained on social networking websites after it appeared that pitch correction ( which has been seen as controversial in the music industry ) was used to improve the quality of some singers ' voices , and forty - five viewers complained to Ofcom . Series producers claimed post-production work was necessary on the show because of the number of microphones used during filming : `` The judges make their decisions at the auditions stage based on what they hear on the day , live in the arena . The footage and sound is then edited and dubbed into a finished programme , to deliver the most entertaining experience possible for viewers . When it gets to the live shows , it will be all live . '' It was reported on 26 August that Cowell had ordered a ban on pitch correction in future episodes , asking for them to be re-edited . In October 2010 , Ofcom ruled that viewers had not been `` materially misled '' as pitch correction was only used during auditions and not when viewers were paying to vote for the contestants . ' Raunchy ' final ( edit ) In December 2010 , it emerged that Ofcom were investigating the show after claims that viewers were being encouraged to purchase songs recorded by guest performers Michael Bublé and Diana Vickers . Ofcom also received over 2,868 complaints from viewers about `` raunchy '' dance routines from Rihanna and Christina Aguilera during the final . Although an ITV spokesperson denied the routines were inappropriate , Cowell was warned by ITV to `` cut the sleaze '' . In April 2011 , Ofcom ruled that there had been no breach of guidelines over the performances , and highlighted that `` approximately 2,000 '' of the complaints were received after the routines were covered by the Daily Mail , and said the newspaper 's report featured a number of stills that were `` significantly more graphic and close - up '' than material broadcast , and that were `` taken from a different angle to the television cameras '' . Praise and Awards ( edit ) In its 7 December 2010 issue , Heat magazine said series 7 of The X Factor had been the best series to date , citing many of the controversies , plus events such as Lloyd singing on a spiral staircase , Wagner 's `` ludicrous '' performances and Walsh likening Richardson to `` a little Lenny Henry '' , as moments that helped make it `` the most deliriously , thrilling , controversial and demented yet . ( ... ) This was the year the biggest and best show on TV somehow got bigger and better . '' Before the final , Digital Spy 's reality television editor Alex Fletcher listed his five favourite moments from the series . His favourite moment was Nhengu 's elimination , on which he said `` No other show can make people so passionate , angry and feel like they really know the programme 's stars . With only approximately 30 minutes of screentime , Gamu had managed to capture the hearts of millions . Whatever you think of Simon Cowell 's programmes , you have to give them credit for achieving that . '' The series won in the Most Popular Talent Show category at the 16th National Television Awards in 2011 , beating series 4 of Britain 's Got Talent , series 6 of Dancing on Ice and series 8 of Strictly Come Dancing . It was also nominated in the TV Reality Programme category at the 2011 TRIC awards , the Entertainment Programme category at the 2011 British Academy Television Awards , and the Best Talent Show category at the 2011 TV Choice Awards . 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Retrieved 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody 's talking about ... The best X Factor ever ! '' . Heat . London ( 607 ) : 3 . 7 December 2010 . ISSN 1465 - 6264 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 12 December 2010 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Best of 2010 Countdown ( 5 - 1 ) '' . Digital Spy . London . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NTA 2011 : National Television Awards results '' . Beehive City . Honeycomb Publishing & Media . 26 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 TRIC Award Nominees '' . The Television and Radio Industries Club . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 26 April 2011 ) . `` Baftas battle between Doctor Who and Sherlock '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 18 May 2011 ) . `` In Full : TV Choice Awards 2011 -- Nominees '' . Digital Spy . London . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . 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-7776590723938594028	Medicine in the medieval Islamic world	Medicine in the medieval Islamic world - wikipedia Medicine in the medieval Islamic world This article is about medicine in the medieval Islamic culture . For Islamic religion in medicine , see Prophetic medicine . For the contemporary alternative practice , see Unani . Folio from an Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides , De materia medica , 1229 In the history of medicine , Islamic medicine is the science of medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age , and written in Arabic , the lingua franca of Islamic civilization . Islamic medicine preserved , systematized and developed the medical knowledge of classical antiquity , including the major traditions of Hippocrates , Galen and Dioscorides . During the post-classical era , Islamic medicine was the most advanced in the world , integrating concepts of the ancient Greek , Roman , Persian as well as the ancient Indian traditions of Ayurveda . At the same time , the knowledge of the classical medicine was nearly lost to the medieval medicine of Western Europe , only to be regained by European physicians when they became familiar with Islamic medical authors during the Renaissance of the 12th century . Medieval Islamic physicians largely retained their authority until the rise of medicine as a part of the natural sciences , beginning with the Age of Enlightenment , nearly six hundred years after their textbooks were written . Aspects of their writings remain of interest to physicians even today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Origins and sources 2.1 Ṭibb an - Nabawī - Prophetic Medicine 2.2 Physicians during the early years of Islam 2.3 7th -- 9th century : The adoption of earlier traditions 2.4 Ancient Greek , Roman , and late hellenistic medical literature 2.4. 1 Ancient Greek and Roman texts 2.4. 2 Late hellenistic texts 2.4. 3 Arabic translations of Hippocrates 2.4. 4 Arabic translations of Galen 2.5 Syrian and Persian medical literature 2.5. 1 Syrian texts 2.5. 2 Persian texts 2.6 Indian medical literature 3 Physicians and scientists 3.1 Ali ibn Mousa al - Ridha 3.2 Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari 3.3 Muhammad bin Sa'id al - Tamimi 3.4 Ali ibn al - ' Abbas al - Majusi 3.5 Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi 3.5. 1 Kitab - al Hawi fi al - tibb ( Liber continens ) 3.5. 2 Kitab al - Mansuri ( Liber ad Almansorem ) 3.5. 3 Kitab Tibb al - Muluki ( Liber Regius ) 3.5. 4 Kitab al - Jadari wa - l - hasba ( De variolis et morbillis ) 3.5. 5 Other works 3.6 Abu - Ali al - Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn - Sina ( Avicenna ) 4 Medical contributions 4.1 Human anatomy and physiology 4.2 Drugs 4.3 Surgery 4.3. 1 Techniques 4.3. 2 Treatment 4.4 Anesthesia and antisepsis 5 Medical ethics 6 Hospitals 6.1 Features of bimaristans 7 Pharmacy 8 Women and medicine 8.1 Beliefs 8.2 Roles 9 Role of Christians 10 Legacy 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture . Responding to circumstances of time and place , Islamic physicians and scholars developed a large and complex medical literature exploring , analyzing , and synthesizing the theory and practice of medicine Islamic medicine was initially built on tradition , chiefly the theoretical and practical knowledge developed in Arabia and was known at Muhammad 's time , ancient Hellenistic medicine such as Unani , ancient Indian medicine such as Ayurveda , and the ancient Iranian Medicine of the Academy of Gundishapur . The works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates , Galen and Dioscorides also had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine . Ophthalmology has been described as the most successful branch of medicine researched at the time , with the works of Ibn Al - Haitham remaining an authority in the field until early modern times . Origins and sources ( edit ) Tibb an - nabawī - prophetic Medicine ( edit ) The adoption by the newly forming Islamic society of the medical knowledge of the surrounding , or newly conquered , `` heathen '' civilizations had to be justified as being in accordance with the beliefs of Islam . Early on , the study and practice of medicine was understood as an act of piety , founded on the principles of Imaan ( faith ) and Tawakkul ( trust ) . The Prophet not only instructed sick people to take medicine , but he himself invited expert physicians for this purpose . -- As - Suyuti 's Medicine of the Prophet p. 125 Muhammad 's opinions on health issues , and habits with regard to leading a healthy life , were collected early on , and edited as a separate corpus of writings under the title Ṭibb an - Nabī ( `` The Medicine of the Prophet '' ) . In the 14th century , Ibn Khaldun , in his work Muqaddimah provides a brief overview over what he called `` the art and craft of medicine '' , separating the science of medicine from religion : You 'll have to know that the origin of all maladies goes back to nutrition , as the Prophet -- God bless him ! -- says with regard to the entire medical tradition , as commonly known by all physicians , even if this is contested by the religious scholars . These are his words : `` The stomach is the House of Illness , and abstinence is the most important medicine . The cause of every illness is a poor digestion . '' -- Ibn Khaldūn , Muqaddima , V , 18 The Sahih al - Bukhari , a collection of prophetic traditions , or hadith by Muhammad al - Bukhari refers to a collection of Muhammad 's opinions on medicine , by his younger contemporary Anas bin - Malik . Anas writes about two physicians who had treated him by cauterization and mentions that the prophet wanted to avoid this treatment and had asked for alternative treatments . Later on , there are reports of the caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān fixing his teeth with a wire made of gold . He also mentions that the habit of cleaning one 's teeth with a small wooden toothpick dates back to pre-islamic times . The `` Prophetic medicine '' was rarely mentioned by the classical authors of Islamic medicine , but lived on in the materia medica for some centuries . In his Kitab as - Ṣaidana ( Book of Remedies ) from the 10. / 11 . century , Al - Biruni refers to collected poems and other works dealing with , and commenting on , the materia medica of the old Arabs . The most famous physician was Al - Ḥariṯ ben - Kalada aṯ - Ṯaqafī , who lived at the same time as the prophet . He is supposed to have been in touch with the Academy of Gondishapur , perhaps he was even trained there . He reportedly had a conversation once with Khosrow I Anushirvan about medical topics . Physicians during the early years of Islam ( edit ) Most likely , the Arabian physicians became familiar with the Graeco - Roman and late Hellenistic medicine through direct contact with physicians who were practicing in the newly conquered regions rather than by reading the original or translated works . The translation of the capital of the emerging Islamic world to Damascus may have facilitated this contact , as Syrian medicine was part of that ancient tradition . The names of two Christian physicians are known : Ibn Aṯāl worked at the court of Muawiyah I , the founder of the Umayyad dynasty . The caliph abused his knowledge in order to get rid of some of his enemies by way of poisoning . Likewise , Abu l - Ḥakam , who was responsible for the preparation of drugs , was employed by Muawiah . His son , grandson , and great - grandson were also serving the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphate . These sources testify to the fact that the physicians of the emerging islamic society were familiar with the classical medical traditions already at the times of the Umayyads . The medical knowledge likely arrived from Alexandria , and was probably transferred by Syrian scholars , or translators , finding its way into the Islamic world . 7th -- 9th century : the adoption of earlier traditions ( edit ) The Byzantine embassy of John the Grammarian in 829 to Al - Ma'mun ( depicted left ) from Theophilos ( depicted right ) Very few sources provide information about how the expanding Islamic society received any medical knowledge . A physician called Abdalmalik ben Abgar al - Kinānī from Kufa in Iraq is supposed to have worked at the medical school of Alexandria before he joined ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al - ʿAzīz 's court . ʿUmar transferred the medical school from Alexandria to Antioch . It is also known that members of the Academy of Gondishapur travelled to Damascus . The Academy of Gondishapur remained active throughout the time of the Abbasid caliphate , though . An important source from the second half of the 8th century is Jabir ibn Hayyans `` Book of Poisons '' . He only cites earlier works in Arabic translations , as were available to him , including Hippocrates , Plato , Galen , Pythagoras , and Aristotle , and also mentions the Persian names of some drugs and medical plants . In 825 , the Abbasid caliph Al - Ma'mun founded the House of Wisdom ( Arabic : بيت الحكمة ‎ ; Bayt al - Hikma ) in Baghdad , modelled after the Academy of Gondishapur . Led by the Christian physician Hunayn ibn Ishaq , and with support by Byzance , all available works from the antique world were translated , including Galen , Hippocrates , Plato , Aristotle , Ptolemy and Archimedes . It is currently understood that the early Islamic medicine was mainly informed directly from Greek sources from the Academy of Alexandria , translated into the Arabic language ; the influence of the Persian medical tradition seems to be limited to the materia medica , although the Persian physicians were familiar with the Greek sources as well . Ancient Greek , Roman , and late Hellenistic medical literature ( edit ) Ancient Greek and Roman texts ( edit ) Various translations of some works and compilations of ancient medical texts are known from the 7th century . Hunayn ibn Ishaq , the leader of a team of translators at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad played a key role with regard to the translation of the entire known corpus of classical medical literature . Caliph Al - Ma'mun had sent envoys to the Byzantine emperor Theophilos , asking him to provide whatever classical texts he had available . Thus , the great medical texts of Hippocrates and Galen were translated into Arabian , as well as works of Pythagoras , Akron of Agrigent , Democritus , Polybos , Diogenes of Apollonia , medical works attributed to Plato , Aristotle , Mnesitheus of Athens , Xenocrates , Pedanius Dioscorides , Kriton , Soranus of Ephesus , Archigenes , Antyllus , Rufus of Ephesus were translated from the original texts , other works including those of Erasistratos were known by their citations in Galens works . Late Hellenistic texts ( edit ) The works of Oribasius , physician to the Roman emperor Julian , from the 4th century AD , were well known , and were frequently cited in detail by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi ( Rhazes ) . The works of Philagrius of Epirus , who also lived in the 4th century AD , are only known today from quotations by Arabic authors . The philosopher and physician John the Grammarian , who lived in the 6th century AD was attributed the role of a commentator on the Summaria Alexandrinorum . This is a compilation of 16 books by Galen , but corrupted by superstitious ideas . The physicians Gessios of Petra and Palladios were equally known to the Arabic physicians as authors of the Summaria . Rhazes cites the Roman physician Alexander of Tralles ( 6th century ) in order to support his criticism of Galen . The works of Aëtius of Amida were only known in later times , as they were neither cited by Rhazes nor by Ibn al - Nadim , but cited first by Al - Biruni in his `` Kitab as - Saidana '' , and translated by Ibn al - Hammar in the 10th century . One of the very first books which were translated from Greek into Syrian , and then into Arabic during the time of the fourth Umayyad caliph Marwan I by the Jewish scholar Māsarĝawai al - Basrĩ was the medical compilation Kunnāš , by Ahron , who lived during the 6th century . Later on , Hunayn ibn Ishaq has provided a better translation . The physician Paul of Aegina lived in Alexandria during the time of the Arab expansion . His works seem to have been used as an important reference by the early islamic physicians , and were frequently cited from Rhazes up to Avicenna . Paul of Aegina provides a direct connection between the late Hellenistic and the early islamic medical science . Arabic translations of Hippocrates ( edit ) The early islamic physicians were familiar with the life of Hippocrates , and were aware of the fact that his biography was in part a legend . Also they knew that several persons lived who were called Hippocrates , and their works were compiled under one single name : Ibn an - Nadīm has conveyed a short treatise by Tabit ben - Qurra on al - Buqratun ( `` the ( various persons called ) Hippokrates '' ) . Translations of some of Hippocrates 's works must have existed before Hunayn ibn Ishaq started his translations , because the historian Al - Yaʾqūbī compiled a list of the works known to him in 872 . Fortunately , his list also supplies a summary of the content , quotations , or even the entire text of the single works . The philosopher Al - Kindi wrote a book with the title at - Tibb al - Buqrati ( The Medicine of Hippocrates ) , and his contemporary Hunayn ibn Ishāq then translated Galens commentary on Hippocrates . Rhazes is the first Arabic - writing physician who makes thorough use of Hippocrates 's writings in order to set up his own medical system . Al - Tabari maintained that his compilation of hippocratic teachings ( al - Muʾālaḡāt al - buqrāṭīya ) was a more appropriate summary . The work of Hippocrates was cited and commented on during the entire period of medieval islamic medicine . Arabic translations of Galen ( edit ) Galen is one of the most famous scholars and physicians of classical antiquity . Today , the original texts of some of his works , and details of his biography , are lost , and are only known to us because they were translated into Arabic . Jabir ibn Hayyan frequently cites Galen 's books , which were available in early Arabic translations . In 872 AD , Ya'qubi refers to some of Galens works . The titles of the books he mentions differ from those chosen by Hunayn ibn Ishāq for his own translations , thus suggesting earlier translations must have existed . Hunayn frequently mentions in his comments on works which he had translated that he considered earlier translations as insufficient , and had provided completely new translations . Early translations might have been available before the 8th century ; most likely they were translated from Syrian or Persian . Within medieval islamic medicine , Hunayn ibn Ishāq and his younger contemporary Tabit ben - Qurra play an important role as translators and commentators of Galen 's work . They also tried to compile and summarize a consistent medical system from these works , and add this to the medical science of their period . However , starting already with Jabir ibn Hayyan in the 8th century , and even more pronounced in Rhazes 's treatise on vision , criticism of Galen 's ideas took on . in the 10th century , the physician ' Ali ibn al - ' Abbas al - Majusi wrote : With regard to the great and extraordinary Galen , he has written numerous works , each of which only comprises a section of the science . There are lengthy passages , and redundancies of thoughts and proofs , throughout his works . ( ... ) None of them I 'm able to regard ( ... ) as being comprehensive . -- al - Majusi , 10th century Syrian and Persian medical literature ( edit ) Syrian texts ( edit ) During the 10th century , Ibn Wahshiyya compiled writings by the Nabataeans , including also medical information . The Syrian scholar Sergius of Reshaina translated various works by Hippocrates and Galen , of whom parts 6 -- 8 of a pharmacological book , and fragments of two other books have been preserved . Hunayn ibn Ishāq has translated these works into Arabic . Another work , still existing today , by an unknown Syrian author , likely has influenced the Arabic - writing physicians Al - Tabari and Yūhannā ibn Māsawaiyh . The earliest known translation from the Syrian language is the Kunnāš of the scholar Ahron ( who himself had translated it from the Greek ) , which was translated into the Arabian by Māsarĝawai al - Basrĩ in the 7th century . Syrian physicians also played an important role at the Academy of Gondishapur ; their names were preserved because they worked at the court of the Abbasid caliphs . Persian texts ( edit ) Again the Academy of Gondishapur played an important role , guiding the transmission of Persian medical knowledge to the Arabic physicians . Founded , according to Gregorius Bar - Hebraeus , by the Sassanid ruler Shapur I during the 3rd century AD , the academy connected the ancient Greek and Indian medical traditions . Arabian physicians trained in Gondishapur may have established contacts with early Islamic medicine . The treatise Abdāl al - adwiya by the Christian physician Māsarĝawai ( not to be confused with the translator M. al - Basrĩ ) is of some importance , as the opening sentence of his work is : These are the medications which were taught by Greek , Indian , and Persian physicians . -- Māsarĝawai , Abdāl al - adwiya In his work Firdaus al - Hikma ( The Paradise of Wisdom ) , Al - Tabari uses only a few Persian medical terms , especially when mentioning specific diseases , but a large number of drugs and medicinal herbs are mentioned using their Persian names , which have also entered the medical language of Islamic medicine . As well as al - Tabari , Rhazes rarely uses Persian terms , and only refers to two Persian works : Kunnāš fārisi und al - Filāha al - fārisiya . Indian medical literature ( edit ) Indian scientific works , e.g. on Astronomy were already translated by Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq and Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al - Fazārī during the times of the Abbasid caliph Al - Mansur . Under Harun al - Rashid , at latest , the first translations were performed of Indian works about medicine and pharmacology . In one chapter on Indian medicine , Ibn al - Nadim mentions the names of three of the translators : Mankah , Ibn Dahn , and ʾAbdallah ibn ʾAlī . Yūhannā ibn Māsawaiyh cites an Indian textbook in his treatise on ophthalmology . at - Tabarī devotes the last 36 chapters of his Firdaus al - Hikmah to describe the Indian medicine , citing Sushruta , Charaka , and the Ashtanga Hridaya ( Sanskrit : अष्टांग हृदय , aṣṭāṇga hṛdaya ; `` The eightfold Heart '' ) , one of the most important books on Ayurveda , translated between 773 and 808 by Ibn - Dhan . Rhazes cites in al - Hawi and in Kitab al - Mansuri both Sushruta and Charaka besides other authors unknown to him by name , whose works he cites as ' `` ' min kitab al - Hind '' , `` an Indian book '' . Meyerhof suggested that the Indian medicine , like the Persian medicine , has mainly influenced the Arabic materia medica , because there is frequent reference to Indian names of herbal medicines and drugs , which were unknown to the Greek medical tradition . Whilst Syrian physicians transmitted the medical knowledge of the ancient Greeks , most likely Persian physicians , probably from the Academy of Gondishapur , were the first intermediates between the Indian and the Arabic medicine Physicians and scientists ( edit ) The authority of the great physicians and scientists of the Islamic Golden age has influenced the art and science of medicine for many centuries . Their concepts and ideas about medical ethics are still discussed today , especially in the Islamic parts of our world . Their ideas about the conduct of physicians , and the doctor -- patient relationship are discussed as potential role models for physicians of today . The art of healing was dead , Galen revived it ; it was scattered and dis - arrayed , Razi re-arranged and re-aligned it ; it was incomplete , Ibn Sinna perfected it . Ali ibn mousa al - Ridha ( edit ) A manuscript of Al - Risalah al - Dhahabiah by Ali al - Ridha . Ali ibn Mousa al - Ridha ( 765 -- 818 ) was the eighth Imam of shia . His treatise `` Al - Risalah al - Dhahabiah '' ( `` The Golden Treatise '' ) deals with medical cures and the maintenance of good health , and is dedicated to the caliph Ma'mun . It was regarded at his time as an important work of literature in the science of medicine , and the most precious medical treatise from the point of view of Muslimic religious tradition . It is honoured by the title `` the golden treatise '' as Ma'mun had ordered it to be written in gold ink . In his work , Al - Ridha is influenced by the concept of humoral medicine Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari ( edit ) The first encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic language was by Persian scientist Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari 's Firdous al - Hikmah ( `` Paradise of Wisdom '' ) , written in seven parts , c. 860 . Al - Tabari , a pioneer in the field of child development , emphasized strong ties between psychology and medicine , and the need for psychotherapy and counseling in the therapeutic treatment of patients . His encyclopedia also discussed the influence of Sushruta and Chanakya on medicine , including psychotherapy . Muhammad bin sa'id al - Tamimi ( edit ) Al - Tamimi , the physician ( d . 990 ) became renown for his skills in compounding medicines , especially theriac , an antidote for poisons . His works , many of which no longer survive , are cited by later physicians . Taking what was known at the time by the classical Greek writers , Al - Tamimi expanded on their knowledge of the properties of plants and minerals , becoming avant garde in his field . Ali ibn al - ' Abbas al - Majusi ( edit ) ' Ali ibn al - ' Abbas al - Majusi ( died 994 AD ) , also known as Haly Abbas , was famous for the Kitab al - Maliki translated as the Complete Book of the Medical Art and later , more famously known as The Royal Book . This book was translated by Constantine and was used as a textbook of surgery in schools across Europe . One of the greatest contributions Haly Abbas made to medical science was his description of the capillary circulation found within the Royal Book . Muhammad ibn Zakarīyā al - Razi ( edit ) Left image : Folio from the `` Liber continens '' by Al - Razi Right image : `` Liber continens '' , translated by Gerard of Cremona , second half of the 13th century Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi ( Latinized : Rhazes ) was one of the most versatile scientists of the Islamic Golden Age . A Persian - born physician , alchemist and philosopher , he is most famous for his medical works , but he also wrote botanical and zoological works , as well as books on physics and mathematics . His work was highly respected by the 10th / 11th century physicians and scientists al - Biruni and al - Nadim , who recorded biographical information about al - Razi , and compiled lists of , and provided commentaries on , his writings . Many of his books were translated into Latin , and he remained one of the undisputed authorities in European medicine well into the 17th century . In medical theory , al - Razi relied mainly on Galen , but his particular attention to the individual case , stressing that each patient must be treated individually , and his emphasis on hygiene and diet reflect the ideas and concepts of the empirical hippocratic school . Rhazes considered the influence of the climate and the season on health and well - being , he took care that there was always clean air and an appropriate temperature in the patients ' rooms , and recognized the value of prevention as well as the need for a careful diagnosis and prognosis . In the beginning of an illness , chose remedies which do not weaken the ( patient 's ) strength . ( ... ) Whenever a change of nutrition is sufficient , do not use medication , and whenever single drugs are sufficient , do not use composite drugs . -- Al - Razi Kitab - al Hawi fi al - Tibb ( Liber Continens ) ( edit ) The kitab - al Hawi fi al - tibb ( al - Hawi الحاوي , Latinized : The Comprehensive book of medicine , Continens Liber , The Virtuous Life ) was one of al - Razis largest works , a collection of medical notes that he made throughout his life in the form of extracts from his reading and observations from his own medical experience . In its published form , it consists of 23 volumes . Al - Razi cites Greek , Syrian , Indian and earlier Arabic works , and also includes medical cases from his own experience . Each volume deals with specific parts or diseases of the body . ' Ali ibn al - ' Abbas al - Majusi reviewed the al - Hawi in his own book Kamil as - sina'a : ( In al - Hawi ) he refers to everything which is important for a physician to maintain health , and treat illness by means of medications and diet . He describes the signs of illness and does not omit anything which would be necessary for anyone who wants to learn the art of healing . However , he does not talk about physical topics , about the science of the elements , temperaments and humours , nor does he describe the structure of organs or the ( methods of ) surgery . His book is without structure and logical consequence , and does not demonstrate the scientific method . ( ... ) In his description of every illness , their causes , symptoms and treatment he describes everything which is known to all ancient and modern physicians since Hippocrates and Galen up to Hunayn ibn Ishaq and all those who lived in - between , leaving nothing out of all that every one of them has ever written , carefully noting down all of this in his book , so that finally all medical works are contained within his own book . -- al - Majusi , Kamil as - sina'a , transl . Leclerc , Vol . I , p. 386 -- 387 Al - Hawi remained an authoritative textbook on medicine in most European universities , regarded until the seventeenth century as the most comprehensive work ever written by a medical scientist . It was first translated into Latin in 1279 by Faraj ben Salim , a physician of Sicilian - Jewish origin employed by Charles of Anjou . Kitab al - Mansuri ( Liber AD Almansorem ) ( edit ) The al - Kitab al - Mansuri ( الكتاب المنصوري في الطب , Latinized : Liber almansoris , Liber medicinalis ad Almansorem ) was dedicated to `` the Samanid prince Abu Salih al - Mansur ibn Ishaq , governor of Rayy . '' The book contains a comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine in ten sections . The first six sections are dedicated to medical theory , and deal with anatomy , physiology and pathology , materia medica , health issues , dietetics , and cosmetics . The remaining four parts describe surgery , toxicology , and fever . The ninth section , a detailed discussion of medical pathologies arranged by body parts , circulated in autonomous Latin translations as the Liber Nonus . ' Ali ibn al - ' Abbas al - Majusi comments on the al - Mansuri in his book Kamil as - sina'a : In his book entitled `` Kitab al - Mansuri '' , al - Razi summarizes everything which concerns the art of medicine , and does never neglect any issue which he mentions . However , everything is much abbreviated , according to the goal he has set himself . -- al - Majusi , Kamil as - sina'a , transl . Leclerc , Vol . I , p. 386 The book was first translated into Latin in 1175 by Gerard of Cremona . Under various titles ( `` Liber ( medicinalis ) ad Almansorem '' ; `` Almansorius '' ; `` Liber ad Almansorem '' ; `` Liber nonus '' ) it was printed in Venice in 1490 , 1493 , and 1497 . Amongst the many European commentators on the Liber nonus , Andreas Vesalius paraphrased al - Razis work in his `` Paraphrases in nonum librum Rhazae '' , which was first published in Louvain , 1537 . Kitab Tibb al - Muluki ( Liber Regius ) ( edit ) Another work of al - Razi is called the Kitab Tibb al - Muluki ( Regius ) . This book covers the treatments and cures of diseases and ailments , through dieting . It is thought to have been written for the noble class who were known for their gluttonous behavior and who frequently became ill with stomach diseases . Kitab al - jadari wa - l - hasba ( de variolis et morbillis ) ( edit ) Until the discovery of Tabit ibn Qurras earlier work , al - Razis treatise on smallpox and measles was considered the earliest monograph on these infectious diseases . His careful description of the initial symptoms and clinical course of the two diseases , as well as the treatments he suggests based on the observation of the symptoms , is considered a masterpiece of Islamic medicine . Other works ( edit ) Other works include A Dissertation on the causes of the Coryza which occurs in the spring when roses give forth their scent , a tract in which al - Razi discussed why it is that one contracts coryza or common cold by smelling roses during the spring season , and Bur'al Sa'a ( Instant cure ) in which he named medicines which instantly cured certain diseases . Abū - Ali al - husayn ibn abdullah ibn - Sina ( Avicenna ) ( edit ) Left image : One of the oldest existing copies of The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna , c. 1030 Right image : The Canon of Medicine , printed in Venice 1595 Ibn Sina , more commonly known in west as Avicenna was a Persian polymath and physician of the tenth and eleventh centuries . He was known for his scientific works , but especially his writing on medicine . He has been described as the `` Father of Early Modern Medicine '' . Ibn Sina is credited with many varied medical observations and discoveries , such as recognizing the potential of airborne transmission of disease , providing insight into many psychiatric conditions , recommending use of forceps in deliveries complicated by fetal distress , distinguishing central from peripheral facial paralysis and describing guinea worm infection and trigeminal neuralgia . He is credited for writing two books in particular : his most famous , al - Canon fi al Tibb ( The Canon of Medicine ) , and also The Book of Healing . His other works cover subjects including angelology , heart medicines , and treatment of kidney diseases . Avicenna 's medicine became the representative of Islamic medicine mainly through the influence of his famous work al - Canon fi al Tibb ( The Canon of Medicine ) . The book was originally used as a textbook for instructors and students of medical sciences in the medical school of Avicenna . The book is divided into 5 volumes : The first volume is a compendium of medical principles , the second is a reference for individual drugs , the third contains organ - specific diseases , the fourth discusses systemic illnesses as well as a section of preventative health measures , and the fifth contains descriptions of compound medicines . The Canon was highly influential in medical schools and on later medical writers . Medical contributions ( edit ) Human anatomy and physiology ( edit ) Mansur ibn Ilyas : Anatomy of the human body ( تشريح بدن انسان , Tashrīḥ - i badan - i insān ) , c. 1450 , U.S. National Library of Medicine . It is claimed that an important advance in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology was made by Ibn al - Nafis , but whether this was discovered via human dissection is doubtful because `` al - Nafis tells us that he avoided the practice of dissection because of the shari'a and his own ' compassion ' for the human body '' . The movement of blood through the human body was thought to be known due to the work of the Greek physicians . However , there was the question of how the blood flowed from the right ventricle of the heart to the left ventricle , before the blood is pumped to the rest of the body . According to Galen in the 2nd century , blood reached the left ventricle through invisible passages in the septum . By some means , Ibn al - Nafis , a 13th - century Syrian physician , found the previous statement on blood flow from the right ventricle to the left to be false . Ibn al - Nafis discovered that the ventricular septum was impenetrable , lacking any type of invisible passages , showing Galen 's assumptions to be false . Ibn al - Nafis discovered that the blood in the right ventricle of the heart is instead carried to the left by way of the lungs . This discovery was one of the first descriptions of the pulmonary circulation , although his writings on the subject were only rediscovered in the 20th century , and it was William Harvey 's later independent discovery which brought it to general attention . According to the Ancient Greeks , vision was thought to a visual spirit emanating from the eyes that allowed an object to be perceived . The 11th century Iraqi scientist Ibn al - Haytham , also known as Al - hazen in Latin , developed a radically new concept of human vision . Ibn al - Haytham took a straightforward approach towards vision by explaining that the eye was an optical instrument . The description on the anatomy of the eye led him to form the basis for his theory of image formation , which is explained through the refraction of light rays passing between 2 media of different densities . Ibn al - Haytham developed this new theory on vision from experimental investigations . In the 12th century , his Book of Optics was translated into Latin and continued to be studied both in the Islamic world and in Europe until the 17th century . Ahmad ibn Abi al - Ash'ath , a famous physician from Mosul , Iraq , described the physiology of the stomach in a live lion in his book al - Quadi wa al - muqtadi . He wrote : When food enters the stomach , especially when it is plentiful , the stomach dilates and its layers get stretched ... onlookers thought the stomach was rather small , so I proceeded to pour jug after jug in its throat ... the inner layer of the distended stomach became as smooth as the external peritoneal layer . I then cut open the stomach and let the water out . The stomach shrank and I could see the pylorus ... Ahmad ibn Abi al - Ash'ath observed the physiology of the stomach in a live lion in 959 . This description preceded William Beaumont by almost 900 years , making Ahmad ibn al - Ash'ath the first person to initiate experimental events in gastric physiology . According to Galen , in his work entitled De ossibus ad tirones , the lower jaw consists of two parts , proven by the fact that it disintegrates in the middle when cooked . Abd al - Latif al - Baghdadi , while on a visit to Egypt , encountered many skeletal remains of those who had died from starvation near Cairo . He examined the skeletons and established that the mandible consists of one piece , not two as Galen had taught . He wrote in his work Al - Ifada w - al - Itibar fi al_Umar al Mushahadah w - al - Hawadith al - Muayanah bi Ard Misr , or `` Book of Instruction and Admonition on the Things Seen and Events Recorded in the Land of Egypt '' : All anatomists agree upon that the bone of the lower jaw consists of two parts joined together at the chin . ( ... ) The inspection of this part of the corpses convinced me that the bone of the lower jaw is all one , with no joint nor suture . I have repeated the observation a great number of times , in over two hundred heads ( ... ) I have been assisted by various different people , who have repeated the same examination , both in my absence and under my eyes . -- Abd al - Latif al - Baghdadi , Relation from Egypt , c. 1200 AD Unfortunately , Al - Baghdadi 's discovery did not gain much attention from his contemporaries , because the information is rather hidden within the detailed account of the geography , botany , monuments of Egypt , as well as of the famine and its consequences . He never published his anatomical observations in a separate book , as had been his intention . Drugs ( edit ) Medical contributions made by medieval Islam included the use of plants as a type of remedy or medicine . Medieval Islamic physicians used natural substances as a source of medicinal drugs -- including Papaver somniferum Linnaeus , poppy , and Cannabis sativa Linnaeus , hemp . In pre-Islamic Arabia , neither poppy nor hemp was known . Hemp was introduced into the Islamic countries in the ninth century from India through Persia and Greek culture and medical literature . The Greek , Dioscorides , who according to the Arabs is the greatest botanist of antiquity , recommended hemp seeds to `` quench geniture '' and its juice for earaches . Beginning in 800 and lasting for over two centuries , poppy use was restricted to the therapeutic realm . However , the dosages often exceeded medical need and was used repeatedly despite what was originally recommended . Poppy was prescribed by Yuhanna b . Masawayh to relieve pain from attacks of gallbladder stones , for fevers , indigestion , eye , head and tooth aches , pleurisy , and to induce sleep . Although poppy had medicinal benefits , Ali al - Tabari explained that the extract of poppy leaves was lethal , and that the extracts and opium should be considered poisons . Surgery ( edit ) The development and growth of hospitals in ancient Islamic society expanded the medical practice to what is currently known as surgery . Surgical procedures were known to physicians during the medieval period because of earlier texts that included descriptions of the procedures . Translation from pre-Islamic medical publishings was a fundamental building block for physicians and surgeons in order to expand the practice . Surgery was uncommonly practiced by physicians and other medical affiliates due to a very low success rate , even though earlier records provided favorable outcomes to certain operations . There were many different types of procedures performed in ancient Islam , especially in the area of ophthalmology . Techniques ( edit ) Bloodletting and cauterization were techniques widely used in ancient Islamic society by physicians , as a therapy to treat patients . These two techniques were commonly practiced because of the wide variety of illnesses they treated . Cauterization , a procedure used to burn the skin or flesh of a wound , was performed to prevent infection and stop profuse bleeding . To perform this procedure , physicians heated a metal rod and used it to burn the flesh or skin of a wound . This would cause the blood from the wound to clot and eventually heal the wound . Bloodletting , the surgical removal of blood , was used to cure a patient of bad `` humours '' considered deleterious to one 's health . A phlebotomist performing bloodletting on a patient drained the blood straight from the veins . `` Wet '' cupping , a form of bloodletting , was performed by making a slight incision in the skin and drawing blood by applying a heated cupping glass . The heat and suction from the glass caused the blood to rise to the surface of the skin to be drained . `` Dry cupping '' , the placement of a heated cupping glass ( without an incision ) on a particular area of a patient 's body to relieve pain , itching , and other common ailments , was also used . Though these procedures seem relatively easy for phlebotomists to perform , there were instances where they had to pay compensation for causing injury or death to a patient because of carelessness when making an incision . Both cupping and phlebotomy were considered helpful when a patient was sickly . Treatment ( edit ) Surgery was important in treating patients with eye complications , such as trachoma and cataracts . A common complication of trachoma patients is the vascularization of the tissue that invades the cornea of the eye , which was thought to be the cause of the disease , by ancient Islamic physicians . The technique used to correct this complication was done surgically and known today as peritomy . This procedure was done by `` employing an instrument for keeping the eye open during surgery , a number of very small hooks for lifting , and a very thin scalpel for excision . '' A similar technique in treating complications of trachoma , called pterygium , was used to remove the triangular - shaped part of the bulbar conjunctiva onto the cornea . This was done by lifting the growth with small hooks and then cut with a small lancet . Both of these surgical techniques were extremely painful for the patient and intricate for the physician or his assistants to perform . In medieval Islamic literature , cataracts were thought to have been caused by a membrane or opaque fluid that rested between the lens and the pupil . The method for treating cataracts in medieval Islam ( known in English as couching ) was known through translations of earlier publishings on the technique . A small incision was made in the sclera with a lancet and a probe was then inserted and used to depress the lens , pushing it to one side of the eye . After the procedure was complete , the eye was then washed with salt water and then bandaged with cotton wool soaked in oil of roses and egg whites . After the operation , there was concern that the cataract , once it had been pushed to one side , would reascend , which is why patients were instructed to lie on his or her back for several days following the surgery . Anesthesia and antisepsis ( edit ) In both modern society and medieval Islamic society , anesthesia and antisepsis are important aspects of surgery . Before the development of anesthesia and antisepsis , surgery was limited to fractures , dislocations , traumatic injuries resulting in amputation , and urinary disorders or other common infections . Ancient Islamic physicians attempted to prevent infection when performing procedures for a sick patient , for example by washing a patient before a procedure ; similarly , following a procedure , the area was often cleaned with `` wine , wined mixed with oil of roses , oil of roses alone , salt water , or vinegar water '' , which have antiseptic properties . Various herbs and resins including frankincense , myrrh , cassia , and members of the laurel family were also used to prevent infections , although it is impossible to know exactly how effective these treatments were in the prevention of sepsis . The pain - killing uses of opium had been known since ancient times ; other drugs including `` henbane , hemlock , soporific black nightshade , lettuce seeds '' were also used by Islamic physicians to treat pain . Some of these drugs , especially opium , were known to cause drowsiness , and some modern scholars have argued that these drugs were used to cause a person to lose consciousness before an operation , as a modern - day anesthetic would . However , there is no clear reference to such a use before the 16th century . Islamic scholars introduced mercuric chloride to disinfect wounds . Medical ethics ( edit ) Physicians like al - Razi wrote about the importance of morality in medicine , and may have presented , together with Avicenna and Ibn al - Nafis , the first concept of ethics in Islamic medicine . He felt that it was important not only for the physician to be an expert in his field , but also to be a role model . His ideas on medical ethics were divided into three concepts : the physician 's responsibility to patients and to self , and also the patients ' responsibility to physicians . The earliest surviving Arabic work on medical ethics is Ishaq ibn ' Ali al - Ruhawi 's Adab al - Tabib ( Arabic : أدب الطبيب ‎ Adab aț - Ṭabīb , `` Morals of the physician '' or `` Practical Medical Deontology '' ) and was based on the works of Hippocrates and Galen . Al - Ruhawi regarded physicians as `` guardians of souls and bodies '' , and wrote twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics . Hospitals ( edit ) Hospital Building ( `` darüşşifa '' ) of Divriği Great Mosque , Seljuq period , 13th century , Turkey Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era . They were called Bimaristan , or Dar al - Shifa , the Persian and Arabic words meaning `` house ( or place ) of the sick '' and `` house of curing , '' respectively . The idea of a hospital being a place for the care of sick people was taken from the early Caliphs . The bimaristan is seen as early as the time of Muhammad , and the Prophet 's mosque in the city of Madinah held the first Muslim hospital service in its courtyard . During the Ghazwah Khandaq ( the Battle of the Trench ) , Muhammad came across wounded soldiers and he ordered a tent be assembled to provide medical care . Over time , Caliphs and rulers expanded traveling bimaristans to include doctors and pharmacists . Umayyad Caliph Al - Walid ibn Abd al - Malik is often credited with building the first bimaristan in Damascus in 707 AD . The bimaristan had a staff of salaried physicians and a well equipped dispensary . It treated the blind , lepers and other disabled people , and also separated those patients with leprosy from the rest of the ill . Some consider this bimaristan no more than a lepersoria because it only segregated patients with leprosy . The first true Islamic hospital was built during the reign of Caliph Harun al - Rashid . The Caliph invited the son of chief physician , Jabril ibn Bukhtishu to head the new Baghdad bimaristan . It quickly achieved fame and led to the development of other hospitals in Baghdad . Features of bimaristans ( edit ) The Bimaristan of Granada As hospitals developed during the Islamic civilization , specific characteristics were attained . Bimaristans were secular . They served all people regardless of their race , religion , citizenship , or gender . The Waqf documents stated nobody was ever to be turned away . The ultimate goal of all physicians and hospital staff was to work together to help the well - being of their patients . There was no time limit a patient could spend as an inpatient ; the Waqf documents stated the hospital was required to keep all patients until they were fully recovered . Men and women were admitted to separate but equally equipped wards . The separate wards were further divided into mental disease , contagious disease , non-contagious disease , surgery , medicine , and eye disease . Patients were attended to by same sex nurses and staff . Each hospital contained a lecture hall , kitchen , pharmacy , library , mosque and occasionally a chapel for Christian patients . Recreational materials and musicians were often employed to comfort and cheer patients up . The hospital was not just a place to treat patients : it also served as a medical school to educate and train students . Basic science preparation was learned through private tutors , self - study and lectures . Islamic hospitals were the first to keep written records of patients and their medical treatment . Students were responsible in keeping these patient records , which were later edited by doctors and referenced in future treatments . During this era , physician licensure became mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate . In 931 AD , Caliph Al - Muqtadir learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician 's error . He immediately ordered his muhtasib Sinan ibn Thabit to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination . From this time on , licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine . Pharmacy ( edit ) The birth of pharmacy as an independent , well - defined profession was established in the early ninth century by Muslim scholars . Al - Biruni states that `` pharmacy became independent from medicine as language and syntax are separate from composition , the knowledge of prosody from poetry , and logic from philosophy , for it ( pharmacy ) is an aid ( to medicine ) rather than a servant '' . Sabur ( d . 869 ) wrote the first text on pharmacy . Women and Medicine ( edit ) Birth of a prince . Illustration of Rashid - ad - Din 's Jami ' al - tawarikh . 14th century . Note the astrologers with their astrolabes . During the medieval time period Hippocratic treaties became used widespread by medieval physicians , due the treaties practical form as well as their accessibility for medieval practicing physicians . Hippocratic treaties of Gynecology and Obstetrics were commonly referred to by Muslim clinicians when discussing female diseases . The Hippocratic authors associated women 's general and reproductive health and organs and functions that were believed to have no counterparts in the male body . Beliefs ( edit ) The Hippocratics blamed the womb for many of the women 's health problems , such as schizophrenia . They described the womb as an independent creature inside the female body ; and , when the womb was not fixed in place by pregnancy , the womb which craves moisture , was believed to move to moist body organs such as the liver , heart , and brain . The movement of the womb was assumed to cause many health conditions , most particularly that of menstruation was also considered essential for maintaining women 's general health . Many beliefs regarding women 's bodies and their health in the Islamic context can be found in the religious literature known as `` medicine of the prophet . '' These texts suggested that men stay away from women during their menstrual periods , `` for this blood is corrupt blood , '' and could actually harm those who come in contact with it . Much advice was given with respect to the proper diet to encourage female health and in particular fertility . For example : quince makes a woman 's heart tender and better ; incense will result in the woman giving birth to a male ; the consumption of water melons while pregnant will increase the chance the child is of good character and countenance ; dates should be eaten both before childbirth to encourage the bearing of sons and afterwards to aid the woman 's recovery ; parsley and the fruit of the palm tree stimulates sexual intercourse ; asparagus eases the pain of labor ; and eating the udder of an animal increases lactation in women . In addition to being viewed as a religiously significant activity , sexual activity was considered healthy in moderation for both men and women . However , the pain and medical risk associated with childbirth was so respected that women who died while giving birth could be viewed as martyrs . The use of invocations to God , and prayers were also a part of religious belief surrounding women 's health , the most notable being Muhammad 's encounter with a slave - girl whose scabbed body he saw as evidence of her possession by the Evil Eye . He recommended that the girl and others possessed by the Eye use a specific invocation to God in order to rid themselves of its debilitating effects on their spiritual and physical health . Roles ( edit ) It has been written that male guardians such as fathers and husbands did not consent to their wives or daughters being examined by male practitioners unless absolutely necessary in life or death circumstances . The male guardians would just as soon treat their women themselves or have them be seen by female practitioners for the sake of privacy . The women similarly felt the same way ; such is the case with pregnancy and the accompanying processes such as child birth and breastfeeding , which were solely reliant upon advice given by other women . The role of women as practitioners appears in a number of works despite the male dominance within the medical field . Two female physicians from Ibn Zuhr 's family served the Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al - Mansur in the 12th century . Later in the 15th century , female surgeons were illustrated for the first time in Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu 's Cerrahiyyetu'l - Haniyye ( Imperial Surgery ) . Treatment provided to women by men was justified to some by prophetic medicine ( al - tibba alnabawi ) , otherwise known as `` medicine of the prophet '' ( tibb al - nabi ) , which provided the argument that men can treat women , and women men , even if this means they must expose the patient 's genitals in necessary circumstances . Female doctors , midwives , and wet nurses have all been mentioned in literature of the time period . Role of Christians ( edit ) A hospital and medical training center existed at Gundeshapur . The city of Gundeshapur was founded in 271 by the Sassanid king Shapur I. It was one of the major cities in Khuzestan province of the Persian empire in what is today Iran . A large percentage of the population were Syriacs , most of whom were Christians . Under the rule of Khosrau I , refuge was granted to Greek Nestorian Christian philosophers including the scholars of the Persian School of Edessa ( Urfa ) ( also called the Academy of Athens ) , a Christian theological and medical university . These scholars made their way to Gundeshapur in 529 following the closing of the academy by Emperor Justinian . They were engaged in medical sciences and initiated the first translation projects of medical texts . The arrival of these medical practitioners from Edessa marks the beginning of the hospital and medical center at Gundeshapur . It included a medical school and hospital ( bimaristan ) , a pharmacology laboratory , a translation house , a library and an observatory . Indian doctors also contributed to the school at Gundeshapur , most notably the medical researcher Mankah . Later after Islamic invasion , the writings of Mankah and of the Indian doctor Sustura were translated into Arabic at Baghdad . Daud al - Antaki was one of the last generation of influential Arab Christian writers . Legacy ( edit ) Medieval Islam 's receptiveness to new ideas and heritages helped it make major advances in medicine during this time , adding to earlier medical ideas and techniques , expanding the development of the health sciences and corresponding institutions , and advancing medical knowledge in areas such as surgery and understanding of the human body , although many Western scholars have not fully acknowledged its influence ( independent of Roman and Greek influence ) on the development of medicine . Through the establishment and development of hospitals , ancient Islamic physicians were able to provide more intrinsic operations to cure patients , such as in the area of ophthalmology . This allowed for medical practices to be expanded and developed for future reference . The contributions of the two major Muslim philosophers and physicians , Al - Razi and Ibn Sina , provided a lasting impact on Muslim medicine . Through their compilation of knowledge into medical books they each had a major influence on the education and filtration of medical knowledge in Islamic culture . Additionally there were some iconic contributions made by women during this time , such as the documentation : of female doctors , physicians , surgeons , wet nurses , and midwives . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medieval Islamic medicine . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Medicine portal Middle Ages portal Al - Tasrif Anatomy Charts of the Arabs Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences Inventions in the Islamic world Islamic Bioethics Maimonides ( Moshe ben Maimon ) Medieval medicine Science in the medieval Islamic world De Gradibus Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Roy ( 17 October 1999 ) . The Greatest Benefit to Mankind : A Medical History of Humanity ( The Norton History of Science ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 90 -- 100 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Aksoy , Sahin ( 2004 ) . `` The Religious Tradition of Ishaq ibn Ali Al - Ruhawi : The Author of the First Medical Ethics Book in Islamic Medicine '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 3 ( 5 ) : 9 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Levey , Martin ( 1967 ) . `` Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al - Ruhāwī 's `` Practical Ethics of the Physician '' `` . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . New Series . American Philosophical Society . 57 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 100 . ISSN 0065 - 9746 . JSTOR 1006137 . Jump up ^ Horden , Peregrine ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Earliest Hospitals in Byzantium , Western Europe , and Islam '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 35 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 389 . doi : 10.1162 / 0022195052564243 . ^ Jump up to : Nagamia , Hussain ( October 2003 ) . `` Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 2 ( 4 ) : 19 -- 30 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rahman , Haji Hasbullah Haji Abdul ( 2004 ) . `` The development of the Health Sciences and Related Institutions During the First Six Centuries of Islam '' . ISoIT : 973 -- 984 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Andrew C. ( December 2006 ) . `` Jundi - Shapur , bimaristans , and the rise of academic medical centres '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 99 ( 12 ) : 615 -- 617 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 99.12. 615 . PMC 1676324 . PMID 17139063 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Prioreschi , Plinio ( 2001 ) . A History of Medicine : Byzantine and Islamic medicine ( 1st ed . ) . Omaha , NE : Horatius Press . p. 394 . ISBN 1 - 888456 - 04 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Shanks , Nigel J. ; Dawshe , Al - Kalai ( January 1984 ) . `` Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 77 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 65 . PMC 1439563 . PMID 6366229 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Charles Donald ( 1970 ) . The History of Medical Education : An International Symposium Held February 5 - 9 , 1968 , Volume 673 . Berkeley , Univ. of Calif . Press : University of California Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01578 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Gadelrab , Sherry ( 2011 ) . `` Discourses on Sex difference in medieval scholarly Islamic thought '' . Journal of History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . 66 . Jump up ^ Cyril Elgood , `` Tibb - Ul - Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet , '' Osiris vol. 14 , 1962 . ( selections ) : 60 . Jump up ^ Elgood , `` Tibb - Ul - Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet , '' 75 , 90 , 96 , 105 , 117 . Jump up ^ Elgood , `` Tibb - Ul - Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet , '' 172 . 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Jump up ^ Gail Marlow Taylor , The Physicians of Gundeshapur , ( University of California , Irvine ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Cyril Elgood , A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate , ( Cambridge University Press , 1951 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Cyril Elgood , A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate , ( Cambridge University Press , 1951 ) , p. 3 . Bibliography ( edit ) Leclerc , Lucien ( 1876 ) . Histoire de la médecine arabe . Exposé complet des traductions du grec . Les sciences en orient . Leur transmission à l'Occident par les traductions latines ( in French ) . Paris : Ernest Leroux . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Morelon , Régis ; Rashed , Roshdi ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science . 3 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12410 - 7 . Browne ( 1862 - 1926 ) , Edward G. ( 2002 ) . Islamic Medicine . Goodword Books . ISBN 81 - 87570 - 19 - 9 . Dols , Michael W. ( 1984 ) . Medieval Islamic Medicine : Ibn Ridwan 's Treatise `` On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt '' . Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04836 - 9 . Pormann , Peter E. ; Savage - Smith , Emilie ( 2007 ) . Medieval Islamic Medicine . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 2066 - 4 . Porter , Roy ( 2001 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00252 - 4 . Saunders , John J. ( 1978 ) . A History of Medieval Islam . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05914 - 5 . Sezgin , Fuat ( 1970 ) . Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd . III : Medizin -- Pharmazie -- Zoologie -- Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol . III : Medicine -- Pharmacology -- Veterinary Medicine ( in German ) . Leiden : E.J. Brill . Ullmann , Manfred ( 1978 ) . Islamic Medicine . Islamic Surveys. 11 . Edinburgh Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 325 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine . Arabic Medical Manuscripts at the UCL Centre for the History of Medicine . Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts at the National Library of Medicine . Influence On the Historical Development of Medicine by Prof. Hamed Abdel - reheem Ead . Al - Zahrawi ( Albucasis ) -- A light in the Middle Ages in Europe by Dr. Sharif Kaf Al - Ghazal Contagion -- Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies Medicine in the medieval Islamic world Physicians 7th century Al - Harith ibn Kalada and his son Abu Hafsa Yazid Bukhtishu Masarjawaih Ibn Abi Ramtha al - Tamimi Rufaida Al - Aslamia Ibn Uthal 8th century Bukhtishu family Ja'far al - Sadiq 9th century Ali al - Ridha Albubather Bukhtishu family Jabril ibn Bukhtishu Jābir ibn Hayyān Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his son Yusuf Al - Khuri Yahya ibn Sarafyun Al - Kindi Masawaiyh Shapur ibn Sahl al - Tabari Al - Ruhawi Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu Salmawaih ibn Bunan 10th century Qusta ibn Luqa Abu ul - Ala Shirazi Abul Hasan al - Tabari Al - Natili Qumri Abu Zayd al - Balkhi Isaac Israeli ben Solomon al - Majusi al - Masihi Muvaffak al - Razi Ibn Juljul al - Jabali Al - Tamimi , the physician al - Zahrawi Ibn al - Jazzar Al - Kaŝkarī Ibn Abi al - Ashʿath Ibn al - Batriq Ibrahim ibn Baks Abu al - Qasim Muqane'i Abu Bakr Bokhari 11th century Abu ' Ubayd al - Juzjani Ibn al - Haytham Al - Biruni Ali ibn Ridwan Avicenna Ephraim ibn al - Za'faran Ibn al - Wafid Ammar Al - Mawsili Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu Ibn Butlan al - Kirmani Ibn al - Kattani Ibn Jazla Masawaih al - Mardini al - Ilaqi Ibn Al - Thahabi Ibn Abi Sadiq Ali ibn Isa al - Kahhal Ibn Hindu 12th century Avempace Abu al - Bayan ibn al - Mudawwar Ahmad ibn Farrokh Ibn Hubal Zayn al - Din Gorgani Maimonides Serapion the Younger Ibn Zuhr Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al - Israili al - Turjali Averroes Ibn Tufail Al - Ghafiqi Ibn Abi al - Hakam Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Al - Samawal al - Maghribi Ibn al - Tilmīdh Ibn Jumay ' 13th century Ibn al - Baitar Ibn Ṭumlūs Sa'ad al - Dawla Al - Shahrazuri Rashidun al - Suri As - Suwaydi Amin al - Din Rashid al - Din Vatvat Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon Da'ud Abu al - Fadl Al - Dakhwar Ibn Abi Usaibia Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta Abd al - Latif al - Baghdadi Ibn al - Nafis Zakariya al - Qazwini Najib ad - Din - e-Samarqandi Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Ibn al - Quff 14th century Ibn al - Akfani Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli Al - Nagawri Aqsara'i Zayn - e-Attar Mansur ibn Ilyas Jaghmini Mas'ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi Najm al - Din al - Shirazi Nakhshabi al - Kazaruni al - Kutubi Ibn Shuayb Ibn al - Khatib Rashid - al - Din Hamadani 15th century Abu Sa'id al - Afif Muhammad Ali Astarabadi Husayni Isfahani Burhan - ud - din Kermani Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu al - Harawi Nurbakhshi Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb 16th century Hakim - e-Gilani Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al - Ghassani Taqi ad - Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf Dawud al - Antaki Sultan Ali Khorasani Concepts Psychology Ophthalmology Works Al - Risalah al - Dhahabiah The Canon of Medicine Anatomy Charts of the Arabs The Book of Healing Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye De Gradibus Al - Tasrif Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi Adab al - Tabib Kamel al - Sanaat al - Tibbyya Al - Hawi Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon Centers Bimaristan Nur al - Din Bimaristan Al - ' Adudi Influences Ancient Greek medicine Influenced Medical Renaissance Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences Traditional medicine East Asian Chinese Japanese Korean Mongolian Tibetan South and Southeast Asian Ayurveda ( Indian ) Jamu ( Indonesian ) Dweep Unani Siddha ( South Indian ) Sri Lankan Thai Vietnamese European and Middle Eastern Ancient Egyptian Ancient Greek Ancient Iranian Byzantine Irani Roman Islamic Unani African Iboga Muti Nganga Hausa South Africa Yorùbá Americas Aztec Brazilian Curandero Kallawaya Mapuche Maya Chumash Other Australian Bush Western Europe General Alchemy Alternative medicine History Ethnomedicine Health care Herbalism Humorism Naturopathy Prehistoric Shamanism Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy The garden Geometric pattern Literature Music Poetry Pottery Influences on Western art Economics History Agency Banking Capitalism Poverty Socialism Trust Usury Welfare History Timeline Historiography Early social change Early conquests Golden Age World contributions to Medieval Europe Reception in Early Modern Europe Law and politics Anarchism Democracy consensus consultation Feminism Jurisprudence use of analogy decision - 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3542222129594792501	Lady and the Tramp	Lady and the Tramp - wikipedia Lady and the Tramp Jump to : navigation , search Lady and the Tramp Original theatrical release poster Directed by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Produced by Walt Disney Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene Starring Peggy Lee Barbara Luddy Larry Roberts Verna Felton Bill Thompson Bill Baucom Music by Oliver Wallace Edited by Don Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $187 million Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Other media 7.1 Sequel 7.2 Live - action adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her , fighting off the vicious strays , and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . Lady is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs in the room and thinks they are trying to harm the baby . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady , an American Cocker Spaniel . Larry Roberts as Tramp , a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog - catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose . He calls Lady `` Pidge '' , short for Pigeon . Bill Thompson as Jock , a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady 's neighbors . Thompson also voiced Joe , Tony 's assistant chef ; Bull , a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney - Australian accent ; Dachsie , a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent ; and a policeman . Bill Baucom as Trusty , a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy , Old Reliable , until he lost his sense of smell . Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah , Darling 's sister who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days . Aunt Sarah is strict ; she does not understand dogs and thinks they are trouble . She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby 's crib being knocked over , not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat . However , she sends a box of dog biscuits in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs . George Givot as Tony , owner and chef of Tony 's Italian restaurant . He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp . Lee Millar as Jim Dear , the fatherly human figure and Darling 's husband . Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher . Peggy Lee as Darling , the motherly human figure and Jim Dear 's wife . Lee also voiced Si and Am , Aunt 's Sarah 's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble ; and Peg , a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound ( along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with ) . The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of `` Siamese twins '' , the terminology of the time for conjoined twins . It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past , through the lyrics of the song she sings ( He 's a Tramp ) . Peg was formerly from the `` Dog and Pony Follies '' ( dog and pony show ) ; either the show ended or she was left behind . Peg has a Brooklyn Accent . Stan Freberg as the beaver , a clever , hard - working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp . He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs . This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . Alan Reed as Boris , a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound . He speaks with a Russian accent . Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , a stray male mutt from the dog pound . He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent , like Peg . McKennon also voiced Pedro , a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent ; a professor , and a laughing hyena . The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home Media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Eisner refused , thus she filed suite in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28 , 2006 . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reception Despite being an enormous success at the box office , the film was also initially panned by critics ; one indicated that the dogs had `` the dimensions of hippos '' , another that `` the artists ' work is below par '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 90 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus states , `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Box office In its initial release , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . The film is France 's 22nd biggest film of all time in terms of admissions with 11.2 million tickets sold . The film has grossed $93.6 million in the United States and Canada and $187 million worldwide . Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Other Media Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . Live - action adaptation A live - action remake of Lady and the Tramp is in active development for Disney 's planned streaming service . Charlie Bean signed on as the director . See also 1955 in film List of American films of 1955 List of Walt Disney Pictures films List of Disney theatrical animated features List of animated feature films of the 1950s List of highest - grossing animated films References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Sales information of the DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp II information '' . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . The Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 100 Most Iconic Film Images , Moments , or Scenes '' . filmsite . AMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 Jump up ^ `` Top250 Tous Les Temps En France ( reprises incluses ) '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Unveils Inaugural Streaming Service Launch Slate To Town ; No R - Rated Fare '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action Lady and the Tramp Remake Gets a Director '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=839473590 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about dogs Animated musical films Animated romance films Children 's comedy - drama films CinemaScope films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Films about prejudice Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of dog is tramp in lady and the tramp	[ "Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22, 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution. The 15th Disney animated feature film, it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process.[3] Based on Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene, Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined, upper-middle-class family, and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp. When the two dogs meet, they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love. A direct-to-video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure, was released in 2001." ]	[ "mongrel" ]
-1370612740572680930	History of the Great Wall of China	History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia History of the Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search Course of the Wall throughout history The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) 8 Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) 8.1 Liao dynasty frontier 8.2 The two walls of Jin dynasty 8.3 The Tangut Great Wall 8.4 The onset of the Mongols 9 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 9.1 The early walls 9.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 9.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 10 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 10.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 11 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 12 Historiography 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜峰口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . However the Chu border fortifications consisted of many individual mountain fortresses ; they do not constitute to a lengthy , single wall . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞下曲 ( 望臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲馬渡秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水寒風似刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平沙日未沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯黯見臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日長城戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸言意氣高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃塵足今古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨亂蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定川寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . Liao dynasty frontier ( edit ) In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . The two walls of Jin dynasty ( edit ) When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完顏襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . The Tangut Great Wall ( edit ) In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花馬池鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海冶口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏頭關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸壁長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊州鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji - Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape still recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不到长城非好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱我中华 , 修我长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽鵬飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 13 -- 4 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 ; Waldron 1990 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 349 ; di Cosmo 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 441 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 465 , note 35 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Yap 2009 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 387 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Chang 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Guo 2002 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 208 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Graff 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 154 -- 55 ( translation ) . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 108 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 112 , note 33 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 116 . It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Mote 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Standen 2009 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Bush 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 130 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Spindler 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 800 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 265 ; Mote 1999 , p. 809 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . 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2876969846827084184	French toast	French toast - wikipedia French toast Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the food . For the band , see French Toast ( band ) . `` Eggy bread '' redirects here . For other uses , see Egg bread . French toast French toast served at a restaurant Serving temperature Hot , with toppings Main ingredients Bread , eggs , milk or cream Cookbook : French toast Media : French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk , then fried . Alternative names and variants include eggy bread , Bombay toast , German toast , gypsy toast , poor knights ( of Windsor ) , and Torrija . The earliest known reference to French toast is in the Apicius , a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century , where it is described as simply aliter dulcia ( `` another sweet dish '' ) . The recipe depicts soaking in milk , but not egg . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Preparation 2.1 Variations 3 Local versions 3.1 France 3.2 Maldives 3.3 Spain 3.4 Hong Kong 3.5 India 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 New Orleans 3.7 Portugal and Brazil 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Under the names suppe dorate , soupys yn dorye , tostées dorées , and payn purdyeu , the dish was widely known in medieval Europe and often served with game birds and meats . A fourteenth - century German recipe uses the name Arme Ritter ( `` poor knights '' ) , a name also used in English and the Nordic languages . Also in the fourteenth century , Taillevent presented a recipe for `` tostées dorées '' . Italian 15th - century culinary expert Martino da Como offers a recipe . The word `` soup '' in the dish 's name refers to bread soaked in a liquid , a sop . The first modern French Toast is from Montreal , Canada . Where they make tons of syrup to go with it . The usual French name is pain perdu ( French : ( pɛ̃ pɛʁdy ) ( listen ) , `` lost bread '' , reflecting its use of stale or otherwise `` lost '' bread - which gave birth to the metaphoric term pain perdu for sunk costs . It may also be called pain doré , `` golden bread '' . There are fifteenth - century English recipes for pain perdu . An Austrian and Bavarian term is pafese or pofese , from zuppa pavese , referring to Pavia , Italy . In Hungary , it is commonly called bundáskenyér ( lit . `` furry bread '' ) . Preparation ( edit ) French toast topped with fruit , butter and cream , served with maple syrup Slices of bread are soaked or dipped in a mixture of beaten eggs , often whisked with milk or cream . Sugar , cinnamon , nutmeg , and vanilla are variously added to the mixture . The bread is then fried in butter or olive oil until browned and cooked through . Day - old bread is often used , both for its thrift and because it will soak up more egg mixture without falling apart . The cooked slices may be served with sugar or sweet toppings such as jam , honey , fruit , or maple syrup . Variations ( edit ) According to the Compleat Cook ( 1659 ) as quoted in the OED , the bread was dipped in milk only , with the egg mixture added afterwards . Alternatively , the bread may be soaked in wine , rosewater , or orange juice , either before or after cooking . Local versions ( edit ) France ( edit ) In France , pain perdu may be eaten as a dessert , or more rarely as an afternoon tea snack ( `` goûter '' ) . It is very rarely eaten as a breakfast . Maldives ( edit ) `` Roast paan '' literally `` Roasted bread '' is a similar recipe prepared in Maldives . It is usually made by dipping bread slices in a mixture of egg and condensed milk and then fried . Spain ( edit ) Torrija is a similar recipe traditionally prepared in Spain for Lent and Holy Week . It is usually made by soaking stale bread in milk or wine with honey and spices . It is dipped in beaten egg and fried with olive oil . This cooking technique breaks down the fibres of the bread and results in a pastry with a crispy outside and smooth inside . It is often sprinkled with cinnamon as a final touch . Torrijas or torrejas were first mentioned by the Spanish composer , poet and playwright Juan del Encina ( 1468 -- 1533 ) in his Cancionero , published in 1496 . In `` Anda acá pastor '' one reads : `` En cantares nuevos / gocen sus orejas , / miel e muchos huevos / para hacer torrejas , / aunque sin dolor / parió al Redemptor '' . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong -- style French toast Hong Kong - style French toast ( Chinese : 西多士 ; Cantonese Yale : sāidōsí ; literally : `` western toast '' ) is typically prepared by combining multiple slices of bread with peanut butter or fruit jam filling , then dipped in beaten egg and deep fried . It is served with butter , and topped with golden syrup or honey . It is a typical offering in Hong Kong teahouses ( cha chaan teng ) . Other types of filling that can be found are meat floss , kaya jam , ham or beef satay . India ( edit ) French toast is commonly served as a breakfast food in India . It differs from other versions in that it generally omits any dairy or sweet component . French toast is generally made by beating plain eggs ( salt is optional ) and dipping pieces of white sliced bread in them for a brief soak , after which they are pan fried . During the cooking process , savory ingredients such as fried onions , cilantro leaves , diced tomato , or chopped green chilis may be added . Once the egg is set , the slices of French toast are often served with tomato ketchup . United states ( edit ) New Orleans ( edit ) In New Orleans Louisiana Creole cuisine , French toast is known as pain perdu and is most commonly served as breakfast . The recipe calls for New Orleans - style French bread ; the batter is an egg - based custard that may include spirits . Common toppings include cane syrup , strongly - flavored honey , or fruit syrups ; a dusting of powdered sugar is also traditional . Portugal and Brazil ( edit ) In Portugal and Brazil French Toast is called ' Rabanada ' . It is made with diagonal slices of French bread soaked in a mix of milk and eggs , deep fried and covered with cinnamon and sugar . It is a typical Christmas dessert brought to Brazil by Portuguese ancestors . See also ( edit ) Food portal Egg in the basket List of bread dishes List of breakfast foods List of brunch foods List of egg dishes Monte Cristo sandwich Milk toast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beckett , Fiona ( 18 September 2010 ) . `` Student cookbook : French toast ( a.k.a. eggy bread ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Bridget . `` Sweet French Toast ( Bombay Toast ) - Anglo - Indian - Family friendly - Recipe '' . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Fannie Merritt ( 1918 ) . The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book . Boston : Little , Brown ; republished at Bartleby.com , 2000 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Koerner , Brendan . `` Is French Toast Really French ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mille ( 24 February 2002 ) . `` Gypsy Toast '' . food.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd ed. , 2006 , s.v. ' poor ' S3 Jump up ^ Joseph Dommers Vehling , trans. , Apicius : Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome , Book VII , chapter 13 , recipe 296 full text at Gutenberg Jump up ^ Grimm , Jacob and Wilhelm . Deutsches Wörterbuch , quoting from the Buch von guter Spyse . Jump up ^ Pichon , Jérôme ; Vicaire , Georges ( 1892 ) . Le Viandier de Guillaume Tirel dit Taillevent . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Odile Redon , et al. , The Medieval Kitchen : Recipes from France and Italy , 2000 , p. 207f Jump up ^ Gabriel Meurier , Christoffel Plantijn , Vocabulaire francois - flameng , 1562 p. 83 Jump up ^ Trésor de la Langue Française Informatisé s.v. ' pain ' Jump up ^ Austin , T. Two 15th - century Cookery - books , 1888 , quoting a 1450 recipe , quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ; Jaine , Tom ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280681 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ulrich Ammon , Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen : die Standardsprache in Österreich , der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein , Luxemburg , Ostbelgien und Südtirol , 2004 , ISBN 3110165759 , p. 552 Jump up ^ `` French toast , az @ édes @ bundás kenyér '' . Jump up ^ Alton , Brown . `` French Toast - Food Network '' . Jump up ^ `` French Toast Toppings -- Unique French Toast Recipes '' . Good Housekeeping . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Compleat Cook ( 1659 ) as quoted in the OED Citation incomplete , needs improvement ) Jump up ^ John Ayto , The Diner 's Dictionary : Word Origins of Food and Drink , ISBN 0199640246 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Adam Islip , A Dictionarie ( sic ) of the French and English Tongues , 1611 , full text Jump up ^ ( in French ) Wikipedia article about the pain perdu Jump up ^ Lepard , Dan ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Dan Lepard 's recipes for Basque butter buns , plus fried milk bread ( a.k.a. torrija ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cervantes , Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de . `` La teatralidad en los villancicos pastoriles de Juan del Encina / Marta Haro Cortés Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes '' . www.cervantesvirtual.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : CNN Go World 's 50 most delicious foods 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 Jump up ^ `` 香港獨一無二的沙爹牛肉法式吐司 '' ( Hong Kong 's unique beef satay french toast ) ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tabacca , Laura . `` New Orleans Style Pain Perdu ( French Toast ) '' . The Spiced Life . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pain Perdu '' . The Gumbo Pages . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitzewich , John . `` New Orleans - style French Toast `` Pain Perdu '' `` . The Spruce . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Claiborne , Craig ( 1985 ) . Craig Claiborne 's The New York Times Food Encyclopedia . New York : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1271 - 3 . Farmer , Fannie ( 1918 ) . The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Mariani , John F. ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink . New York : Lebhar - Friedman . ISBN 0 - 86730 - 784 - 6 . Redon , Odilie ( 1998 ) . The Medieval Kitchen : Recipes from France and Italy . Chicago : Univ . Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70684 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French toast . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on French Toast Wikiquote has quotations related to : French toast From Lost Bread to French Toast French Toast with egg and butter ( hide ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_toast&oldid=834898664 '' Categories : Egg dishes Bread dishes Toast dishes Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch Asturianu Български Boarisch Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pälzisch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska West - Vlams ייִדיש 粵語中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the french word for french toast	[ "The usual French name is pain perdu (French: [pɛ̃ pɛʁdy] ( listen), \"lost bread\", reflecting its use of stale or otherwise \"lost\" bread - which gave birth to the metaphoric term pain perdu for sunk costs.[11] It may also be called pain doré, \"golden bread\".[12] There are fifteenth-century English recipes for pain perdu.[4][13][14]" ]	[ "pain perdu" ]
6521428960414066743	List of Super Bowl champions	List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 9 ) as of 2017 . NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . While Jacksonville ( joined 1995 ) has never appeared in a Super Bowl , the following eight teams are currently ( as of Super Bowl LI ) experiencing longer droughts since their last appearance . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The Jets and the Chiefs are also the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=815317682 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 03 : 58 . 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About Wikipedia	who's been to the most super bowls	[ "\n\nAppearances\nTeam\nWins\nLosses\nWinning\npercentage\nSeason(s)\n\n\n09G-04W !9\nNew England Patriots†\n5\n4\n.556\n1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016†\n\n\n08G-06W !8\nPittsburgh Steelers†[note 5]\n6\n2\n.750\n1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†\n\n\n08G-05W !8\nDallas Cowboys\n5\n3\n.625\n1970 !1970, 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995\n\n\n08G-03W !8\nDenver Broncos†\n3\n5\n.375\n1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†\n\n\n06G-05W !6\nSan Francisco 49ers\n5\n1\n.833\n1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994, 2012\n\n\n05G-04W !5\nGreen Bay Packers‡\n4\n1\n.800\n1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996, 1997,* 2010\n\n\n05G-04W !5\nNew York Giants\n4\n1\n.800\n1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011\n\n\n05G-03W !5\nLos Angeles/Oakland Raiders^†\n3\n2\n.600\n1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†\n\n\n05G-03W !5\nWashington Redskins\n3\n2\n.600\n1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991\n\n\n05G-02W !5\nMiami Dolphins†\n2\n3\n.400\n1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†\n\n\n04G-02W !4\nBaltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 5]\n2\n2\n.500\n1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†\n\n\n04G-00W !4\nMinnesota Vikings‡\n0\n4\n.000\n1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976\n\n\n04G-00W !4\nBuffalo Bills†\n0\n4\n.000\n1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†\n\n\n03G-01W !3\nSt. Louis/Los Angeles Rams\n1\n2\n.333\n1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001\n\n\n03G-01W !3\nSeattle Seahawks\n1\n2\n.333\n2005 !2005, 2013,* 2014\n\n\n02G-02W !2\nBaltimore Ravens†\n2\n0\n1.000\n2000 !2000,† 2012†\n\n\n02G-01W !2\nKansas City Chiefs^\n1\n1\n.500\n1966 !1966,^ 1969^\n\n\n02G-01W !2\nChicago Bears\n1\n1\n.500\n1985 !1985,* 2006\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n0\n2\n.000\n1980 !1980,* 2004\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nCincinnati Bengals†\n0\n2\n.000\n1981 !1981,† 1988†\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nAtlanta Falcons\n0\n2\n.000\n1998 !1998,* 2016\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nCarolina Panthers\n0\n2\n.000\n2003 !2003,* 2015\n\n\n01G-01W !1\nNew York Jets^\n1\n0\n1.000\n1968 !1968^\n\n\n01G-01W !1\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n1\n0\n1.000\n2002 !2002\n\n\n01G-01W !1\nNew Orleans Saints\n1\n0\n1.000\n2009 !2009\n\n\n01G-00W !1\nSan Diego/Los Angeles Chargers†\n0\n1\n.000\n1994 !1994†\n\n\n01G-00W !1\nTennessee Titans†\n0\n1\n.000\n1999 !1999†\n\n\n01G-00W !1\nArizona Cardinals\n0\n1\n.000\n2008 !2008\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nCleveland Browns†[note 5]\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nDetroit Lions*\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nJacksonville Jaguars†\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nHouston Texans†\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n" ]	[ "New England Patriots" ]
-6828130458967546884	Sonic boom	Sonic boom - wikipedia Sonic boom Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Sonic boom ( disambiguation ) . The sound source is travelling at 1.4 times the speed of sound ( Mach 1.4 ) . Since the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates , it leads the advancing wavefront . A sonic boom produced by an aircraft moving at M = 2.92 , calculated from the cone angle of 20 degrees . An observer hears nothing until the shock wave , on the edges of the cone , crosses their location . Mach cone angle NASA data showing N - wave signature . A sonic boom is the sound associated with the shock waves created by an object traveling through the air faster than the speed of sound . Sonic booms generate significant amounts of sound energy , sounding much like an explosion to the human ear . The crack of a supersonic bullet passing overhead or the crack of a bullwhip are examples of a sonic boom in miniature . Contrary to popular belief , a sonic boom does not occur only at the moment an object crosses the speed of sound ; and neither is it heard in all directions emanating from the speeding object . Rather the boom is a continuous effect that occurs while the object is travelling at supersonic speeds . But it only affects observers that are positioned at a point that intersects an imaginary geometrical cone behind the object . As the object moves , this imaginary cone also moves behind it and when the cone passes over the observer , they will briefly experience the boom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Measurement and examples 3 Abatement 4 Perception , noise and other concerns 5 Health impact 6 Bullwhip 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Causes ( edit ) When an aircraft passes through the air it creates a series of pressure waves in front of it and behind it , similar to the bow and stern waves created by a boat . These waves travel at the speed of sound and , as the speed of the object increases , the waves are forced together , or compressed , because they can not get out of the way of each other . Eventually they merge into a single shock wave , which travels at the speed of sound , a critical speed known as Mach 1 , and is approximately 1,235 km / h ( 767 mph ) at sea level and 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . In smooth flight , the shock wave starts at the nose of the aircraft and ends at the tail . Because the different radial directions around the aircraft 's direction of travel are equivalent ( given the `` smooth flight '' condition ) , the shock wave forms a Mach cone , similar to a vapour cone , with the aircraft at its tip . The half - angle between direction of flight and the shock wave α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) is given by : sin ⁡ ( α ) = v sound v object ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( \ alpha ) = ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( sound ) ) ) ( v_ ( \ text ( object ) ) ) ) ) , where v sound v object ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( sound ) ) ) ( v_ ( \ text ( object ) ) ) ) ) is the inverse ( 1 M a ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ Big ( ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( Ma ) ) ( \ Big ) ) ) of the plane 's Mach number ( M a = v object v sound ( \ displaystyle Ma = ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( object ) ) ) ( v_ ( \ text ( sound ) ) ) ) ) ) . Thus the faster the plane travels , the finer and more pointed the cone is . There is a rise in pressure at the nose , decreasing steadily to a negative pressure at the tail , followed by a sudden return to normal pressure after the object passes . This `` overpressure profile '' is known as an N - wave because of its shape . The `` boom '' is experienced when there is a sudden change in pressure ; therefore , an N - wave causes two booms -- one when the initial pressure - rise reaches an observer , and another when the pressure returns to normal . This leads to a distinctive `` double boom '' from a supersonic aircraft . When the aircraft is maneuvering , the pressure distribution changes into different forms , with a characteristic U-wave shape . Since the boom is being generated continually as long as the aircraft is supersonic , it fills out a narrow path on the ground following the aircraft 's flight path , a bit like an unrolling red carpet , and hence known as the boom carpet . Its width depends on the altitude of the aircraft . The distance from the point on the ground where the boom is heard to the aircraft depends on its altitude and the angle α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) . For today 's supersonic aircraft in normal operating conditions , the peak overpressure varies from less than 50 to 500 Pa ( 1 to 10 psf ( pound per square foot ) ) for an N - wave boom . Peak overpressures for U-waves are amplified two to five times the N - wave , but this amplified overpressure impacts only a very small area when compared to the area exposed to the rest of the sonic boom . The strongest sonic boom ever recorded was 7,000 Pa ( 144 psf ) and it did not cause injury to the researchers who were exposed to it . The boom was produced by an F - 4 flying just above the speed of sound at an altitude of 100 feet ( 30 m ) . In recent tests , the maximum boom measured during more realistic flight conditions was 1,010 Pa ( 21 psf ) . There is a probability that some damage -- shattered glass , for example -- will result from a sonic boom . Buildings in good condition should suffer no damage by pressures of 530 Pa ( 11 psf ) or less . And , typically , community exposure to sonic boom is below 100 Pa ( 2 psf ) . Ground motion resulting from sonic boom is rare and is well below structural damage thresholds accepted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and other agencies . The power , or volume , of the shock wave depends on the quantity of air that is being accelerated , and thus the size and shape of the aircraft . As the aircraft increases speed the shock cone gets tighter around the craft and becomes weaker to the point that at very high speeds and altitudes no boom is heard . The `` length '' of the boom from front to back depends on the length of the aircraft to a power of 3 / 2 . Longer aircraft therefore `` spread out '' their booms more than smaller ones , which leads to a less powerful boom . Several smaller shock waves can and usually do form at other points on the aircraft , primarily at any convex points , or curves , the leading wing edge , and especially the inlet to engines . These secondary shockwaves are caused by the air being forced to turn around these convex points , which generates a shock wave in supersonic flow . The later shock waves are somewhat faster than the first one , travel faster and add to the main shockwave at some distance away from the aircraft to create a much more defined N - wave shape . This maximizes both the magnitude and the `` rise time '' of the shock which makes the boom seem louder . On most aircraft designs the characteristic distance is about 40,000 feet ( 12,000 m ) , meaning that below this altitude the sonic boom will be `` softer '' . However , the drag at this altitude or below makes supersonic travel particularly inefficient , which poses a serious problem . Measurement and examples ( edit ) The pressure from sonic booms caused by aircraft often are a few pounds per square foot . A vehicle flying at greater altitude will generate lower pressures on the ground , because the shock wave reduces in intensity as it spreads out away from the vehicle , but the sonic booms are less affected by vehicle speed . Aircraft Speed Altitude Pressure ( lbf / ft ) Pressure ( Pa ) SR - 71 Blackbird Mach 3 + 80,000 feet ( 24,000 m ) 0.9 43 Concorde ( SST ) Mach 2 52,000 feet ( 16,000 m ) 1.94 93 F - 104 Starfighter Mach 1.93 48,000 feet ( 15,000 m ) 0.8 38 Space Shuttle Mach 1.5 60,000 feet ( 18,000 m ) 1.25 60 Abatement ( edit ) New research is being performed at NASA 's Glenn Research Center that could help alleviate the sonic boom produced by supersonic aircraft . Testing was recently completed of a Large - Scale Low - Boom supersonic inlet model with micro-array flow control . A NASA aerospace engineer is pictured here in a wind tunnel with the Large - Scale Low - Boom supersonic inlet model . In the late 1950s when supersonic transport ( SST ) designs were being actively pursued , it was thought that although the boom would be very large , the problems could be avoided by flying higher . This assumption was proven false when the North American B - 70 Valkyrie started flying , and it was found that the boom was a problem even at 70,000 feet ( 21,000 m ) . It was during these tests that the N - wave was first characterized . Richard Seebass and his colleague Albert George at Cornell University studied the problem extensively and eventually defined a `` figure of merit '' ( FM ) to characterize the sonic boom levels of different aircraft . FM is a function of the aircraft weight and the aircraft length . The lower this value , the less boom the aircraft generates , with figures of about 1 or lower being considered acceptable . Using this calculation , they found FMs of about 1.4 for Concorde and 1.9 for the Boeing 2707 . This eventually doomed most SST projects as public resentment mixed with politics eventually resulted in laws that made any such aircraft impractical ( flying supersonically only over water for instance ) . Another way to express this is wing span . The fuselage of even a large supersonic aircraft is very sleek and with enough angle of attack and wing span the plane can fly so high that the boom by the fuselage is not important . The larger the wing span , the greater the downwards impulse which can be applied to the air , the greater the boom felt . A smaller wing span favors small aeroplane designs like business jets . Seebass and George also worked on the problem from a different angle , trying to spread out the N - wave laterally and temporally ( longitudinally ) , by producing a strong and downwards - focused ( SR - 71 Blackbird , Boeing X-43 ) shock at a sharp , but wide angle nosecone , which will travel at slightly supersonic speed ( bow shock ) , and using a swept back flying wing or an oblique flying wing to smooth out this shock along the direction of flight ( the tail of the shock travels at sonic speed ) . To adapt this principle to existing planes , which generate a shock at their nose cone and an even stronger one at their wing leading edge , the fuselage below the wing is shaped according to the area rule . Ideally this would raise the characteristic altitude from 40,000 feet ( 12,000 m ) to 60,000 feet ( from 12,000 m to 18,000 m ) , which is where most SST aircraft were expected to fly . NASA F - 5E modified for DARPA sonic boom tests This remained untested for decades , until DARPA started the Quiet Supersonic Platform project and funded the Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration ( SSBD ) aircraft to test it . SSBD used an F - 5 Freedom Fighter . The F - 5E was modified with a highly refined shape which lengthened the nose to that of the F - 5F model . The fairing extended from the nose all the way back to the inlets on the underside of the aircraft . The SSBD was tested over a two - year period culminating in 21 flights and was an extensive study on sonic boom characteristics . After measuring the 1,300 recordings , some taken inside the shock wave by a chase plane , the SSBD demonstrated a reduction in boom by about one - third . Although one - third is not a huge reduction , it could have reduced Concorde 's boom to an acceptable level ; one below the FM = 1 limit stated above , for instance . As a follow - on to SSBD , in 2006 a NASA - Gulfstream Aerospace team tested the Quiet Spike on NASA - Dryden 's F - 15B aircraft 836 . The Quiet Spike is a telescoping boom fitted to the nose of an aircraft specifically designed to weaken the strength of the shock waves forming on the nose of the aircraft at supersonic speeds . Over 50 test flights were performed . Several flights included probing of the shockwaves by a second F - 15B , NASA 's Intelligent Flight Control System testbed , aircraft 837 . There are theoretical designs that do not appear to create sonic booms at all , such as the Busemann 's Biplane . However , creating a shockwave is inescapable if they generate aerodynamic lift . Perception , noise and other concerns ( edit ) The sound of a sonic boom depends largely on the distance between the observer and the aircraft shape producing the sonic boom . A sonic boom is usually heard as a deep double `` boom '' as the aircraft is usually some distance away . However , as those who have witnessed landings of space shuttles have heard , when the aircraft is nearby the sonic boom is a sharper `` bang '' or `` crack '' . The sound is much like that of mortar bombs , commonly used in firework displays . It is a common misconception that only one boom is generated during the subsonic to supersonic transition ; rather , the boom is continuous along the boom carpet for the entire supersonic flight . As a former Concorde pilot puts it , `` You do n't actually hear anything on board . All we see is the pressure wave moving down the aeroplane - it gives an indication on the instruments . And that 's what we see around Mach 1 . But we do n't hear the sonic boom or anything like that . That 's rather like the wake of a ship - it 's behind us . '' . In 1964 , NASA and the Federal Aviation Administration began the Oklahoma City sonic boom tests , which caused eight sonic booms per day over a period of six months . Valuable data was gathered from the experiment , but 15,000 complaints were generated and ultimately entangled the government in a class action lawsuit , which it lost on appeal in 1969 . Sonic booms were also a nuisance in North Cornwall and North Devon as these areas were underneath the flight path of Concorde . Windows would rattle and in some cases the `` torching '' ( pointing underneath roof slates ) would be dislodged with the vibration . There has been recent work in this area , notably under DARPA 's Quiet Supersonic Platform studies . Research by acoustics experts under this program began looking more closely at the composition of sonic booms , including the frequency content . Several characteristics of the traditional sonic boom `` N '' wave can influence how loud and irritating it can be perceived by listeners on the ground . Even strong N - waves such as those generated by Concorde or military aircraft can be far less objectionable if the rise time of the overpressure is sufficiently long . A new metric has emerged , known as perceived loudness , measured in PLdB . This takes into account the frequency content , rise time , etc . A well - known example is the snapping of one 's fingers in which the `` perceived '' sound is nothing more than an annoyance . The energy range of sonic boom is concentrated in the 0.1 -- 100 hertz frequency range that is considerably below that of subsonic aircraft , gunfire and most industrial noise . Duration of sonic boom is brief ; less than a second , 100 milliseconds ( 0.1 second ) for most fighter - sized aircraft and 500 milliseconds for the space shuttle or Concorde jetliner . The intensity and width of a sonic boom path depends on the physical characteristics of the aircraft and how it is operated . In general , the greater an aircraft 's altitude , the lower the overpressure on the ground . Greater altitude also increases the boom 's lateral spread , exposing a wider area to the boom . Overpressures in the sonic boom impact area , however , will not be uniform . Boom intensity is greatest directly under the flight path , progressively weakening with greater horizontal distance away from the aircraft flight track . Ground width of the boom exposure area is approximately 1 statute mile ( 1.6 km ) for each 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of altitude ( the width is about five times the altitude ) ; that is , an aircraft flying supersonic at 30,000 feet ( 9,100 m ) will create a lateral boom spread of about 30 miles ( 48 km ) . For steady supersonic flight , the boom is described as a carpet boom since it moves with the aircraft as it maintains supersonic speed and altitude . Some manoeuvers , diving , acceleration or turning , can cause focusing of the boom . Other manoeuvers , such as deceleration and climbing , can reduce the strength of the shock . In some instances weather conditions can distort sonic booms . Depending on the aircraft 's altitude , sonic booms reach the ground two to 60 seconds after flyover . However , not all booms are heard at ground level . The speed of sound at any altitude is a function of air temperature . A decrease or increase in temperature results in a corresponding decrease or increase in sound speed . Under standard atmospheric conditions , air temperature decreases with increased altitude . For example , when sea - level temperature is 59 degrees Fahrenheit ( 15 ° C ) , the temperature at 30,000 feet ( 9,100 m ) drops to minus 49 degrees Fahrenheit ( − 45 ° C ) . This temperature gradient helps bend the sound waves upward . Therefore , for a boom to reach the ground , the aircraft speed relative to the ground must be greater than the speed of sound at the ground . For example , the speed of sound at 30,000 feet ( 9,100 m ) is about 670 miles per hour ( 1,080 km / h ) , but an aircraft must travel at least 750 miles per hour ( 1,210 km / h ) ( Mach 1.12 , where Mach 1 equals the speed of sound ) for a boom to be heard on the ground . The composition of the atmosphere is also a factor . Temperature variations , humidity , atmospheric pollution , and winds can all have an effect on how a sonic boom is perceived on the ground . Even the ground itself can influence the sound of a sonic boom . Hard surfaces such as concrete , pavement , and large buildings can cause reflections which may amplify the sound of a sonic boom . Similarly grassy fields and lots of foliage can help attenuate the strength of the overpressure of a sonic boom . Currently there are no industry accepted standards for the acceptability of a sonic boom . Until such metrics can be established , either through further study or supersonic overflight testing , it is doubtful that legislation will be enacted to remove the current prohibition on supersonic overflight in place in several countries , including the United States . Health impact ( edit ) Further information : United States Navy in Vieques , Puerto Rico § Sonic booms This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some studies claim to show that sonic booms from U.S. Navy testing in Vieques , Puerto Rico , increased the incidence of vibroacoustic disease , a thickening of heart tissue . However , other scientists dispute the claims . Common health effects of noise would be applicable for sonic booms as well . Bullwhip ( edit ) An Australian bullwhip . The cracking sound a bullwhip makes when properly wielded is , in fact , a small sonic boom . The end of the whip , known as the `` cracker '' , moves faster than the speed of sound , thus creating a sonic boom . The whip is probably the first human invention to break the sound barrier . A bullwhip tapers down from the handle section to the cracker . The cracker has much less mass than the handle section . When the whip is sharply swung , the energy is transferred down the length of the tapering whip . Goriely and McMillen showed that the physical explanation is complex , involving the way that a loop travels down a tapered filament under tension . See also ( edit ) Cherenkov radiation Hypersonic Supershear earthquake Ground vibration boom References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sonic boom . Jump up ^ Haering , Edward A. , Jr. ; Smolka , James W. ; Murray , James E. ; Plotkin , Kenneth J. ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` Flight Demonstration Of Low Overpressure N - Wave Sonic Booms And Evanescent Waves '' ( PDF ) . NASA Technical Reports . NASA . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike May , Crackin ' Good Mathematics , American Scientist , Volume 90 , Number 5 , 2002 Jump up ^ Analyzing Sonic Boom Footprints of Military Jets , Andy S. Rogers , A.O.T , Inc . ^ Jump up to : USAF Fact Sheet 96 - 03 , Armstrong Laboratory , 1996 ^ Jump up to : Sonic Boom Minimization Richard Seebass Jump up ^ NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center Fact Sheet : Sonic Booms Jump up ^ BBC News interview with former Concorde Pilot ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Alain Goriely and Tyler McMillen ( 2002 ) . `` Shape of a Cracking Whip '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review Letters. 88 ( 12 ) : 244301 -- 1 -- 244301 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2002PhRvL ... 88x4301G . doi : 10.1103 / physrevlett. 88.244301 . PMID 12059302 . External links ( edit ) `` Audio Recording of SR - 71 Blackbird Sonic Booms - YouTube '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Boston Globe profile of Spike Aerospace planned S - 521 supersonic jet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonic_boom&oldid=824702167 '' Categories : Aerodynamics Aerospace engineering Aircraft noise Shock waves Sound Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 23 : 33 . 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-3254676902838775004	Jawaharlal Nehru Award	Jawaharlal Nehru award - Wikipedia Jawaharlal Nehru award Jump to : navigation , search The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding International Civilian award for contributions to the promotion of international understanding , goodwill and friendship among people of the world Sponsored by Government of India Reward ( s ) ₹ 2.5 million First awarded 1965 Highlights Total awarded 36 First winner U Thant The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding is an international award presented by the Government of India in honour of Jawaharlal Nehru , the country 's first prime minister . History ( edit ) It was established in 1965 and is administered by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations ( ICCR ) to people `` for their outstanding contribution to the promotion of international understanding , goodwill and friendship among people of the world '' . The money constituent of this award is 2.5 million rupees . Recipients ( edit ) The following people have received this award . No prize was awarded in 1986 and between 1995 and 2003 ; the last award was in 2009 . Year Recipient Country 1965 U Thant Burma 1966 Martin Luther King , Jr . United States 1967 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Pakistan 1968 Yehudi Menuhin United States 1969 Mother Teresa India 1970 Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1971 Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1972 André Malraux France 1973 Julius Nyerere Tanzania Raúl Prebisch Argentina Jonas Salk United States 1976 Giuseppe Tucci Italy 1977 Tulsi Meherji Shrestha Nepal 1978 Nichidatsu Fujii Japan 1979 Nelson Mandela South Africa 1980 Barbara Ward United Kingdom 1981 Alva Myrdal Gunnar Myrdal Sweden 1982 Léopold Sédar Senghor Senegal Bruno Kreisky Austria 1984 Indira Gandhi ( posthumous ) India 1985 Olof Palme ( posthumous ) Sweden Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru Yasser Arafat Palestine Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe Helmut Kohl Germany 1991 Aruna Asaf Ali India Maurice Strong Canada Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar Mahathir Mohamad Malaysia 1995 Hosni Mubarak Egypt 2003 Goh Chok Tong Singapore Sultan Qaboos ( yet to be presented ) Oman 2005 Wangari Maathai Kenya 2006 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Brazil 2007 Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Iceland 2009 Angela Merkel Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nehru Award '' . Indian Council for Cultural Relations . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Award Recipients '' . Indian Council for Cultural Relations . Government of India . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . This award - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award&oldid=814724032 '' Categories : Jawaharlal Nehru Award International awards Indian awards Awards established in 1965 Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru Award stubs Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français हिन्दी മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 15 : 03 . About Wikipedia	who received the jawaharlal nehru award of international understanding for the year 2009	[]	[]
-166156832899333830	Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965	Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 - wikipedia Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Long title An Act to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act Acronyms ( colloquial ) INA of 1965 Nicknames Hart -- Celler Enacted by the 89th United States Congress Effective June 30 , 1968 Citations Public law Pub. L. 89 -- 236 Statutes at Large 79 Stat. 911 Codification Acts amended Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Titles amended 8 U.S.C. : Aliens and Nationality U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12 ( § § 1101 , 1151 -- 1157 , 1181 -- 1182 , 1201 , 1254 -- 1255 , 1259 , 1322 , 1351 ) Legislative history Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2580 by Rep. Emanuel Celler ( D - NY ) Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on August 25 , 1965 ( 318 -- 95 ) Passed the Senate on September 22 , 1965 ( 76 -- 18 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on September 30 , 1965 ( 320 -- 70 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 3 , 1965 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ( H.R. 2580 ; Pub. L. 89 -- 236 , 79 Stat. 911 , enacted June 30 , 1968 ) , also known as the Hart -- Celler Act , changed the way quotas were allocated by ending the National Origins Formula that had been in place in the United States since the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 . Representative Emanuel Celler of New York proposed the bill , Senator Philip Hart of Michigan co-sponsored it , and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts helped to promote it . The Hart -- Celler Act abolished the quota system based on national origins that had been American immigration policy since the 1920s . The 1965 Act marked a change from past U.S. policy which had discriminated against non-northern Europeans . In removing racial and national barriers the Act would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S. The new law maintained the per - country limits , but also created preference visa categories that focused on immigrants ' skills and family relationships with citizens or U.S. residents . The bill set numerical restrictions on visas at 170,000 per year , with a per - country - of - origin quota . However , immediate relatives of U.S. citizens and `` special immigrants '' had no restrictions . Contents 1 Background 2 Provisions 3 Wages under Foreign Certification 4 Legislative history 5 Long - term impact 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Hart -- Celler Act of 1965 marked a radical break from the immigration policies of the past . Previous laws restricted immigration from Asia and Africa , and gave preference to northern and western Europeans over southern and eastern Europeans . In the 1960s , the United States faced both foreign and domestic pressures to change its nation - based formula , which was regarded as a system that discriminated based on an individual 's place of birth . Abroad , former military allies and new independent nations aimed to delegitimize discriminatory immigration , naturalization and regulations through international organizations like the United Nations . In the United States , the national - based formula had been under scrutiny for a number of years . In 1952 , President Truman had directed the Commission on Immigration and Naturalization to conduct an investigation and produce a report on the current immigration regulations . The report , Whom We Shall Welcome , served as the blueprint for the Hart -- Celler Act . At the height of the Civil Rights Movement the restrictive immigration laws were seen as an embarrassment . President Lyndon Johnson signed the 1965 act into law at the foot of the Statue of Liberty . The immigration into the country , of `` sexual deviants '' , including homosexuals , was still prohibited under the legislation . The INS continued to deny entry to homosexual prospective immigrants on the grounds that they were `` mentally defective '' , or had a `` constitutional psychopathic inferiority '' until the Immigration Act of 1990 rescinded the provision discriminating against gay people . Provisions ( edit ) The Hart -- Celler Act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 ( McCarran - Walter Act ) , while it upheld many provisions of the Immigration Act of 1924 . It maintained per - country limits , which had been a feature of U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s , and it developed preference categories . One of the main components aimed to abolish the national - origins quota . This meant that it eliminated national origin , race , and ancestry as basis for immigration . It created a seven - category preference system , which gave priority to relatives of U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents and to professionals and other individuals with specialized skills . Immediate relatives and `` special immigrants '' were not subject to numerical restrictions . Some of the `` special immigrants '' include ministers , former employees of the U.S. government , foreign medical graduates , among others . For the first time , immigration from the Western Hemisphere was limited . It added a labor certification requirement , which dictated that the Secretary of Labor needed to certify labor shortages . Refugees were given the seventh and last category preference with the possibility of adjusting their status . However , refugees could enter the United States through other means as well like those seeking temporary asylum . Wages under foreign certification ( edit ) As per the rules under the Immigration and Nationality Act ( INA ) , U.S. organizations are permitted to employ foreign workers either temporarily or permanently to fulfill certain types of job requirement . The Employment and Training Administration ( ETA ) under the U.S. Department of Labor ( DOL ) is the body that usually provides certification to employers allowing them to hire foreign workers in order to bridge qualified and skilled labor gaps in certain business areas . Employers must confirm that they are unable to hire American workers willing to perform the job for wages paid by employers for the same occupation in the intended area of employment . However , some unique rules are applied to each category of visas . They are as follows : H - 1B and H - 1B1 Specialty ( Professional ) Workers should have a pay , as per the prevailing wage -- an average wage that is paid to a person employed in the same occupation in the area of employment ; or that the employer pays its workers the actual wage paid to people having similar skills and qualifications . H - 2A Agricultural Workers should have the highest pay in accordance to the ( a ) Adverse Effect Wage Rate ( AEWR ) , ( b ) the present rate for a particular crop or area , or ( c ) the state or federal minimum wage . The law also stipulates requirements like employer - sponsored meals and transportation of the employees as well as restrictions on deducting from the workers ' wages . H - 2B Non-agricultural Workers should receive a pay that is in accordance with the prevailing wage ( mean wage paid to a worker employed in a similar occupation in the concerned area of employment ) . D - 1 Crewmembers ( longshore work ) should be paid the current wage ( mean wage paid to a person employed in a similar occupation in the respective area of employment ) . Permanent Employment of Aliens should be employed after the employer has agreed to provide and pay as per the prevailing wage trends and that it should be decided on the basis of one of the many alternatives provisioned under the said Act . This rule has to be followed the moment the Alien has been granted with permanent residency or the Alien has been admitted in the United States so as to take the required position . Legislative history ( edit ) October 3 , 1965 : President Lyndon Johnson visits the Statue of Liberty to sign the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . The Hart -- Celler Act was widely supported in Congress . Senator Philip A. Hart introduced the administration - backed immigration bill which was reported to the Senate Judiciary Committee 's Immigration and Naturalization Subcommittee . Representative Emanuel Celler introduced the bill in the House of Representatives , which voted 320 to 70 in favor of the act , while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 76 to 18 . In the Senate , 52 Democrats voted yes , 14 no , and 1 abstained . Among Senate Republicans , 24 voted yes , 3 voted no , and 1 abstained . In the House , 202 Democrats voted yes , 60 voted no and 12 abstained , 118 Republicans voted yes , 10 voted no and 11 abstained . In total , 74 % of Democrats and 85 % of Republicans voted for passage of this bill . Most of the no votes were from the American South , which was then still strongly Democratic . During debate on the Senate floor , Senator Kennedy , speaking of the effects of the act , said , `` our cities will not be flooded with a million immigrants annually ... Secondly , the ethnic mix of this country will not be upset '' . Senator Hiram Fong ( R - HI ) answered questions concerning the possible change in our cultural pattern by an influx of Asians : `` Asians represent six - tenths of 1 percent of the population of the United States ... with respect to Japan , we estimate that there will be a total for the first 5 years of some 5,391 ... the people from that part of the world will never reach 1 percent of the population ... Our cultural pattern will never be changed as far as America is concerned . '' ( U.S. Senate , Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary , Washington , D.C. , Feb. 10 , 1965 , pp. 71 , 119 . ) ( Note : From 1966 to 1970 , 19,399 immigrants came from Japan , more than three times Sen. Fong 's estimate . Immigration from Asia as a whole has totaled 5,627,576 from 1966 to 1993 . 6.8 % of the American population is currently of Asian birth or heritage . ) Michael A. Feighan and other conservative Democrats had insisted that `` family unification '' should take priority over `` employability '' , on the premise that such a weighting would maintain the existing ethnic profile of the country . That change in policy instead resulted in Chain migration dominating the subsequent patterns of immigration to the United States . On October 3 , 1965 , President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the legislation into law , saying , `` This ( old ) system violates the basic principle of American democracy , the principle that values and rewards each man on the basis of his merit as a man . It has been un-American in the highest sense , because it has been untrue to the faith that brought thousands to these shores even before we were a country '' . Long - term impact ( edit ) Foreign - born in US labor force 1900 - 2015 The proponents of the Hart -- Celler Act argued that it would not significantly influence United States culture . President Johnson called the bill `` not a revolutionary bill . It does not affect the lives of millions . '' Secretary of State Dean Rusk and other politicians , including Senator Ted Kennedy , asserted that the bill would not affect US demographic mix . However , the ethnic composition of immigrants changed following the passage of the law . Specifically , the Hart -- Celler Act allowed increased numbers of people to migrate to the United States from Asia , Africa , and the Middle East. The 1965 act , however , imposed the first cap on immigration from the Western Hemisphere . This marks the first time numerical limitations were placed on legal immigration from Latin American countries including Mexico . Prior to 1965 , the demographics of immigration stood as mostly Europeans ; 68 percent of legal immigrants in the 1950s came from Europe and Canada . However , in the years 1971 -- 1991 , immigrants from Hispanic and Latin American countries made 47.9 percent of immigrants ( with Mexico accounting for 23.7 percent ) and immigrants from Asia 35.2 percent . Not only did it change the ethnic makeup of immigration , but it also greatly increased the number of immigrants -- immigration constituted 11 percent of the total U.S. population growth between 1960 and 1970 , growing to 33 percent from 1970 -- 80 , and to 39 percent from 1980 -- 90 . The elimination of the National Origins Formula and the introduction of numeric limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere , along with the strong demand for immigrant workers by U.S. employers , led to rising numbers of illegal immigrants in the U.S. in the decades after 1965 , especially in the Southwest . Policies in the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 that were designed to curtail migration across the Mexican - U.S. border led many unauthorized workers to settle permanently in the U.S. These demographic trends became a central part of anti-immigrant activism from the 1980s leading to greater border militarization , rising apprehension of migrants by the Border Patrol , and a focus in the media on the criminality of immigrants . The INA 's elimination of national and ethnic quotas has limited recent efforts at immigration restriction . In January 2017 , president Donald Trump 's Executive Order 13769 temporarily halted immigration from 7 majority - Muslim nations . However , lower federal courts ruled that the Executive Order violated the INA 's prohibitions of discrimination on the basis of nationality and religion . In June , the US Supreme Court overrode both appeals courts and allowed the second ban to go into effect , but carved out an exemption for persons with `` bona fide relationships '' in the US . In December , the US Supreme Court allowed the full travel ban to take effect which excludes people who have a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States . In June 2018 , the Supreme Court upheld the travel ban , saying that the president 's power to secure the country 's borders , delegated by Congress over decades of immigration lawmaking , was not undermined by the president 's history of incendiary statements about the dangers he said Muslims pose to the United States . See also ( edit ) Immigration Act of 1924 History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States Luce -- Celler Act of 1946 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 National Origins Formula References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sarah Starkweather . `` US immigration legislation online '' . University of Washington , Bothell Library . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Ludden. `` 1965 immigration law changed face of America '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Immigration Before 1965 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Geopolitical Origins of the U.S. Immigration Acts of 1965 '' . migrationpolicy.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Whom we shall welcome ; report '' . archive.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tracy J. Davis . `` Opening the Doors of Immigration : Sexual Orientation and Asylum in the United States '' . Human Rights Brief. 6 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Keely , Charles B. ( Winter 1979 ) . `` The Development of U.S. Immigration Policy Since 1965 '' . Journal of International Affairs . 33 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Wages under Foreign Labor Certification '' . U.S. Department of Labor . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Association of Centers for the Study of Congress . `` Immigration and Nationalization Act '' . The Great Society Congress . Association of Centers for the Study of Congress . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Poole . `` Senate Vote # 232 ( Sep 22 , 1965 ) '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Jump up ^ Keith Poole . `` House Vote # 177 ( Sep 30 , 1965 ) '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Jump up ^ Bill Ong Hing ( 2012 ) , Defining America : Through Immigration Policy , Temple University Press , p. 95 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 848 - 7 Jump up ^ https://cis.org/Report/Legacy-1965-Immigration-Act Jump up ^ Tom Gjelten , Laura Knoy ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) . NPR 's Tom Gjelten on America 's Immigration Story ( Radio broadcast ) . The Exchange . New Hampshire Public Radio . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gjelten , Tom ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Michael Feighan and LBJ '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , L.B. , ( 1965 ) . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill . Liberty Island , New York October 3 , 1965 transcript at lbjlibrary . Jump up ^ Ngai , Mae M. ( 2004 ) . Impossible Subjects : Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America . Princenton : Princeton University Press . pp. 266 -- 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16082 - 5 . Jump up ^ Law , Anna O. ( Summer 2002 ) . `` The Diversity Visa Lottery -- A Cycle of Unintended Consequences in United States Immigration Policy '' . Journal of American Ethnic History . 21 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Template : Cite Center for American Progress Jump up ^ Lind , Michael ( 1995 ) . The Next American Nation : The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution . New York : The Free Press . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82503 - 8 . Jump up ^ Massey , Douglas S. ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) . `` How a 1965 immigration reform created illegal immigration '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Massey , Douglas S. ; Durand , Jorge ; Pren , Karen A. ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Why Border Enforcement Backfired '' . American Journal of Sociology. 121 ( 5 ) : 1557 -- 1600 . doi : 10.1086 / 684200 . ISSN 0002 - 9602 . PMC 5049707 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Leo ( 2013 ) . The Latino threat : constructing immigrants , citizens , and the nation . Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ See Wikisource : Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States Jump up ^ Lydia Wheeler ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Supreme Court allows full Trump travel ban to take effect '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Travel Ban Is Upheld by Supreme Court '' . The New York Timrs . June 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) An Act to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act , and for other purposes Text of Public Law 89 - 236 -- October 3 , 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 in the South Asian American Digital Archive ( SAADA ) Immigration Policy in the United States ( 2006 ) , Congressional Budget office . The Great Society Congress Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery Central American Minors US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Trump administration family separation policy Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Office of Refugee Resettlement Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) `` Phalanx '' ( 2010 -- 2016 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Johnson desk Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Path to War , ( 2002 film ) All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → LCCN : n2015026657 VIAF : 315594444 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965&oldid=856301446 '' Categories : United States federal immigration and nationality legislation 1965 in law History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 07 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	this was common in the u.s. until the immigration and nationality act of 1965 did what	[]	[]
4910563484894186797	Dunning (process)	Dunning ( process ) - Wikipedia Dunning ( process ) Dunning is the process of methodically communicating with customers to ensure the collection of accounts receivable . Communications progress from gentle reminders to threatening letters and phone calls and more or less intimidating location visits as accounts become more overdue . Laws in each country regulate the form that dunning can take . It is generally unlawful to harass or threaten consumers . It is acceptable to issue firm reminders and to take all allowable collection options . The word stems from the 17th century verb dun , meaning to demand payment of a debt . See also ( edit ) Collection agency Consumer Credit Protection Act FDCPA , the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dictionary reference External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of dun at Wiktionary This legal term article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunning_(process)&oldid=746377473 '' Categories : Contract law Legal terminology stubs Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Русский Тоҷикӣ Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2016 , at 01 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the last name dunning come from	[]	[]
2941611080095900320	Flag of Chicago	Flag of Chicago - wikipedia Flag of Chicago Jump to : navigation , search Flag of the City of Chicago Adopted Original , 1917 ; additional stars added , 1933 and 1939 . Design Four red stars between two light blue horizontal bars on a white field Designed by Wallace Rice The flag of Chicago consists of two blue horizontal stripes or bars on a field of white , each stripe one - sixth the height of the full flag , and placed slightly less than one - sixth of the way from the top and bottom . Between the two blue stripes are four red , six - pointed stars arranged in a horizontal row . The flag , designed by Wallace Rice , was adopted in 1917 after Rice won the design competition for the flag . The three sections of the white field and the two stripes represent geographical features of the city , the stars symbolize historical events , and the points of the stars represent important virtues or concepts . The historic events represented by the stars are Fort Dearborn , the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , and the Century of Progress Exposition of 1933 -- 34 . In a review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 American city flags , the Chicago city flag was ranked second best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10 , behind only the flag of Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbolism 1.1 Stripes 1.2 Stars 2 History 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Symbolism ( edit ) Stripes ( edit ) The three white background areas of the flag represent , from top to bottom , the North , West and South sides of the city . The top blue stripe represents Lake Michigan and the North Branch of the Chicago River . The bottom blue stripe represents the South Branch of the river and the `` Great Canal '' , over the Chicago Portage . The lighter blue on the flag is variously called sky blue or pale blue ; in a 1917 article of a speech by Rice , it was called `` the color of water '' . Stars ( edit ) There are four red six - pointed stars on the center white stripe . Six - pointed stars are used because five - pointed stars represent sovereign states , and because the star as designed was not found on any other known flags as of 1917 . From left to right : The first star represents Fort Dearborn . It was added to the flag in 1939 . Its six points symbolize transportation , labor , commerce , finance , populousness , and salubrity . The second star stands for the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and is original to the 1917 design of the flag . Its six points represent the virtues of religion , education , aesthetics , justice , beneficence , and civic pride . The third star symbolizes the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , and is original to the 1917 design . Its six points stand for political entities Chicago has belonged to and the flags that have flown over the area : France , 1693 ; Great Britain , 1763 ; Virginia , 1778 ; the Northwest Territory , 1789 ; Indiana Territory , 1802 ; and Illinois ( territory , 1809 , and state , since 1818 ) . The fourth star represents the Century of Progress Exposition ( 1933 -- 34 ) , and was added in 1933 . Its points refer to bragging rights : the United States ' second largest city ( became third largest in a 1990 census when passed by Los Angeles ) ; Chicago 's Latin motto , Urbs in horto ( `` City in a garden '' ) ; Chicago 's `` I Will '' motto ; the Great Central Marketplace ; Wonder City ; and Convention City . Additional stars have been proposed , with varying degrees of seriousness . A fifth star could represent Chicago 's contribution to the nuclear age , an idea first suggested in a 1940s letter published by the Chicago Tribune and later championed by Mayor Daley in the 1960s . In the 1980s , a star was proposed in honor of Harold Washington , the first African - American mayor of Chicago . The 1992 Chicago Flood was suggested as an additional natural disaster deserving of a star , in line with the existing star for the 1871 Great Chicago Fire . Another fifth star was in the works from a group of Chicago real estate professionals to represent Chicago 's entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s . When Chicago was bidding to host the 2016 Summer Olympics , the Bid Committee proposed that a fifth star be added to the flag in commemoration , but the bid was won instead by Rio de Janeiro . Other sports - related suggestions include recognizing the Chicago Bulls ' dominance of the NBA in the 1990s and a proposal for a fifth star if the Chicago Cubs should ever win the World Series , which did not happen between their long drought of series wins in 1908 , up to 2016 . History ( edit ) Flag of Chicago In 1915 , Mayor William Hale Thompson appointed a municipal flag commission , chaired by Alderman James A. Kearnes . Among the commission members were wealthy industrialist Charles Deering and impressionist painter Lawton S. Parker . Parker asked lecturer and poet Wallace Rice to develop the rules for an open public competition for the best flag design . Over a thousand entries were received . In the end , the commission chose the design by Wallace Rice himself . On April 4 , 1917 , the commission 's recommendation was accepted by the city council . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 American City Flags Survey '' , North American Vexillological Association press release , 2 October 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Facts : Municipal Flag '' . Chicago Public Library . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Chicago magazine . Jump up ^ `` Flying Colors : The Best and Worst of Flag Design '' . Print Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Association Sounds Chicago 's Call ... '' Chicago Commerce . Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry . December 6 , 1917 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chicago 's flag : The history of every star and every stripe , Chicago Tribune , 13 June , 2016 Jump up ^ Rice , Wallace ; T.E. Whalen ( 22 July 2005 ) . `` Wallace Rice on Chicago Stars '' . introvert.net . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fine Line Flag `` Why is the Chicago Flag So Popular ? And What Does it Mean ? '' https://www.finelineflag.com/blogs/news/why-is-the-chicago-flag-so-popular-and-what-does-it-mean Jump up ^ Heise , Kenan ( August 15 , 1976 ) . `` It 's a grand old flag . But it could be grander '' . Chicago Tribune Magazine . p. 34 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whalen , T.E. ( January 3 , 2006 ) , The Municipal Flag of Chicago : References ( PDF ) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Konkol , Mark ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Story of the Rare 5 - Star Chicago Flag That Was n't Supposed To Exist '' . My Chicago . DNAinfo . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Please , A Moratorium On Memorials '' . Chicago Tribune . 23 December 1987 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Ald . Raymond Figueroa and others want a fifth star added to the city 's flag in memory of Mr. Washington . Jump up ^ Chicago 2016 Newswire ( December 14 , 2006 ) , Chicago Students Creatively Try to Bring Home the Bid , Chicago 2016 Committee , archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 , retrieved April 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Rumore , Kori ; Marx , Ryan ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago 's flag : The history of every star and every stripe '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Art and Architecture : How the Chicago Municipal Flag Came to be Chosen '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , July 17 , 1921 , p. 21 . `` City Gets New Flag Today with Third Star for 1933 Fair '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , October 9 , 1933 , p. 7 . `` Fort Dearborn Gets a Star on Chicago 's Flag '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 22 , 1939 . p. 18 . External links ( edit ) NAVA city flag survey ( hide ) City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Chicago&oldid=836587859 '' Categories : Chicago Flags of cities in the United States Flags of Illinois Government of Chicago Flags introduced in 1917 1917 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Occitan Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski Svenska தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many stars are on the chicago flag	[ "The flag of Chicago consists of two blue horizontal stripes or bars on a field of white, each stripe one-sixth the height of the full flag, and placed slightly less than one-sixth of the way from the top and bottom. Between the two blue stripes are four red, six-pointed stars arranged in a horizontal row." ]	[ "four" ]

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