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-6143395523186769427	History of Texas (1845–1860)	History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 ) - wikipedia History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520 -- French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal In 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America , becoming the 28th U.S. state . Border disputes between the new state and Mexico , which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state , led to the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . When the war concluded , Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas , as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States . Texas ' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery . The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850 , in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave - owning areas but gained El Paso Contents ( hide ) 1 Annexation 2 Mexican -- American War 3 Compromise of 1850 4 Settlement 5 Indian wars 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Annexation ( edit ) Main article : Texas Annexation The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836 , after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . The following year , an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state . Fearing a war with Mexico , which did not recognize Texas independence , the United States declined the offer . In 1844 , James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas . Before he assumed office , the outgoing president , John Tyler , entered negotiations with Texas . On February 26 , 1845 , six days before Polk took office , the U.S. Congress approved the annexation . The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution . In October , Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution , and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29 , 1845 . Mexican -- American war ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War When Texas was annexed , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States . The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas . The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border , while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River , situated further north , to be the boundary of Mexican Texas . The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government , offering $25 million ( $707,115,385 today ) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale , and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell . The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande . On April 25 , 1846 , in an event known as the Thornton Affair , a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces , killing 16 Americans . On May 3 , Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas , bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande . On May 8 , Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort . He was intercepted by Mexican troops , leading to the Battle of Palo Alto . Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup , and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma . The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery , and the Mexican soldiers retreated . The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13 . Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7 . Throughout the official hostilities , the United States maintained two fronts -- one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande , and one in California . There was no further fighting in Texas . The war ended on February 2 , 1848 , with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Mexico ceded claims to Texas , and the border was set at the Rio Grande . Compromise of 1850 ( edit ) The expansion of the United States after the Mexican -- American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints . Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state , yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36 ° 30 ' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise . According to the annexation agreement , if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states , those north of the compromise line would become free states . Following the conclusion of the Mexican -- American War , Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico . In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States , Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 . Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts . Settlement ( edit ) Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state . German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic , social and political conditions in their states . In 1842 , German nobles organized the Adelsverein , banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement . The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the `` Forty - Eighters . '' Many were educated artisans and businessmen . Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890 . The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19 , 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar . The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants . The counties of Austin , Fayette , Lavaca , and Washington had early Czech settlements . The Czech - American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech - American life in Texas . By 1865 , the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech - Americans by 1940 . With their investments in cotton cultivation , Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement . They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state , where labor was done by enslaved African Americans . The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers . Indian wars ( edit ) Further information : Texas -- Indian Wars In the late 1850s , settlers continued to push west and north , and by 1856 had begun settling , parts of the Comancheria in large numbers . Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds , several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers . In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche , in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe -- traditionally , enemies of the Comanche -- for the Antelope Hills Expedition . Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory , located just north of Texas . Nevertheless , the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek . This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria , attacked Comanche villages with impunity , and successfully made it home . The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget , and the governor disbanded the Rangers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Bruce Winders , Crisis in the Southwest : The United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , Lone Star , pp. 264 -- 267 Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ `` German Immigration in Texas '' Archived 2010 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online Czechs accessed July 28 , 2008 Sources ( edit ) T.R. Fehrenbach , Lone Star : A History of Texas and Texans ( Cambridge : Da Capo Press , 2000 ) External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Texas_(1845 -- 1860 ) &oldid = 841743439 '' Categories : History of Texas by period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the united states acquire texas from	[ "In 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America, becoming the 28th U.S. state. Border disputes between the new state and Mexico, which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state, led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso" ]	[ "Mexico" ]
5929366209454737965	United States two-dollar bill	United States two - dollar bill - wikipedia United States two - dollar bill Two dollars ( United States ) Value $2.00 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx. 1 g Security features None Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1862 -- 1966 , 1976 -- present ( Federal Reserve Note , current form ) Obverse Design Thomas Jefferson Design date 1976 Reverse Design Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Design date 1976 The United States two - dollar bill ( $2 ) is a current denomination of U.S. currency . The third U.S. President ( 1801 -- 09 ) , Thomas Jefferson , is featured on the obverse of the note . The reverse features an engraving of the painting Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull . Throughout the $2 bill 's pre-1929 life as a large - sized note , it was issued as a United States Note , National Bank Note , silver certificate , Treasury or `` Coin '' Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note . When U.S. currency was changed to its current size , the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note . Production went on until 1966 , when the series was discontinued . Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design . Two - dollar bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand . This comparative scarcity in circulation , coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation , has also inspired urban legends about its authenticity and value and has occasionally created problems for those trying to use the bill to make purchases . Contents 1 Denomination overview 2 Rarity 3 History 3.1 Large - sized notes 3.2 Small size notes 3.2. 1 1928 -- 1966 3.2. 2 1976 -- present 3.3 Series dates 3.3. 1 Large size 3.3. 2 Small size 4 Visual snapshot 5 Usage 5.1 Incidents 6 Uncut currency sheets 7 References 8 External links Denomination overview ( edit ) The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act , and first used in March 1862 . The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s ; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two - dollar bill was assigned to . In 1966 it was decided to discontinue production of all United States Notes , which included the two - dollar bill . The two - dollar denomination was not immediately reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued ; the Treasury Department cited the two - dollar bill 's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination . In 1976 , production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note , with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull 's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello . It has remained a current denomination since then . It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation , the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ( $112 million adjusted for inflation ) over the period from 1976 to 1981 , due to reduced production , storage , and shipping costs . However , due to their limited use , two - dollar bills are not printed as frequently in a new series as other denominations , which are produced according to demand . Some bill acceptors found in vending machines , self checkout lanes , transit systems and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two - dollar bills , even if the fact is not stated on the label . Although they are generally available at most banks , two - dollar bills are usually not handed out except upon specific request by the customer , and may cause a delay with a trip to the vault . Rarity ( edit ) Printing $2 bills is twice as cost - effective for the government as printing $1 bills , since they both cost the same amount ( about $0.05 ) to make , but the public has not circulated them as widely . During the Great Depression , few Americans had enough money to require $2 bills . In the middle of the 20th century , $2 bills were commonly used at strip clubs , for betting on horse racing , and for bribery when politicians wanted votes ( though this may be an urban legend ) and so acquired a negative reputation . The unusual reverse design of the 1976 note contributed to hoarding and combined with the earlier discontinuation to give the impression these notes might be valuable as collector 's items , above their face value . The public at large continues to be unfamiliar with the notes because they are not being circulated widely . Today , there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer being produced , though bills have been printed with series of 1976 , 1995 , 2003 , 2003A , 2009 , and 2013 . A series changes when there is a redesign of the bill or changes in signatory ; Secretary of the Treasury or Treasurer of the United States . The U.S. treasury reports that $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills were in circulation worldwide as of April 30 , 2007 . Things such as unusual serial numbers ( example : A11111111A ) , and replacement notes designated by a star in the serial number can raise the collector value . `` Collectible '' two - dollar bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding colors and special graphics to regular issue bills by using computer printers . However , these bills are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors ' market . Certain conventions and tourism / convention bureaus capitalize on the scarcity of $2 bills in circulation , encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring . Sometimes known as `` SpendTom '' campaigns , the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder . Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes . History ( edit ) Large - sized notes ( edit ) First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note . Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Winfield Scott Hancock Series 1890 featuring James McPherson . This `` Coin Note '' was used for government purchases of silver bullion from the mining industry . ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) In March 1862 , the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note ( United States Note ) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton ; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is not the same portrait used currently for the $10 bill . The continental congress based on defending the United States , released on June 25 , 1776 , began to authorize $2 credit , the circulation of 49,000 copies . Pass two - dollar bill was first used in March 1862 . Between 1966 and 1976 , two - dollar notes were not printed . By 1869 , the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse . This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse . Although this note is technically a United States Note , TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE . The reverse was completely redesigned . This series was again revised in 1874 ; changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting , adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. , and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE . The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 , and by 1880 , the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue . This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time . National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 ( Lazy Duce ) on the obverse . The reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield . The second two - dollar denomination in the silver certificate series printed in 1891 . This note features United States Secretary of the Treasury William Windom . In 1886 , the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued . This design continued until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse . Two - dollar Treasury , or `` Coin '' , Notes were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry . The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . In 1891 , the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' , making it too easy to counterfeit . More open space was incorporated into the new design . In 1896 , the `` Educational Series '' Silver Certificate was issued . The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture . The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F.B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . By 1899 , however , The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics . Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse depicted on the reverse of the 1896 $2 ' Educational Series '' Silver Certificate . The final design of the United States ' silver certificate series featuring George Washington , printed in 1899 . Large - sized Federal Reserve Bank Notes were issued in 1918 . Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank . The obverse of the note featured a borderless portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center . The reverse featured a World War I battleship . Beginning in the 1950s , production of $2 bills began to decrease . The relative scarcity of the bills led some to start saving any they found , with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation . Currently , the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1 % of the U.S. currency in circulation . Small size notes ( edit ) ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm ) 1928 -- 1966 ( edit ) In 1928 , when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size , the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note . The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson 's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills . The reverse featured Jefferson 's home , Monticello . The note 's seal and serial numbers were red . The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right . In 1953 , the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note . The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill ; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO . The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2 . The reverse remained unchanged . The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello . Further , because dollar bills were soon to be no longer redeemable in silver , WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse . Two - dollar bills , along with $5 and $100 United States Notes , were officially discontinued in August 1966 , although they all remain legal tender . 1976 -- present ( edit ) Series 1976 first day of issue $2 bill with a canceled JFK postage stamp . On April 13 , 1976 , the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost - saving measure . Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note . The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson . A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes . Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial , it was decided to use a bicentennial - themed design on the reverse , though the bill was not issued specifically because of the bicenntenial . An engraved rendition ( not an exact reproduction ) of John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse . First - day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date `` APR 13 1976 '' . In all , 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed . Currently , stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value . If the bills were stamped in a city with an unusual name , the value may be slightly higher . However , no first - day - issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable . Despite their age , crisp , uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable . More than half a billion of these notes were printed and a large amount were saved and hoarded upon their original issue . A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value . If the note is circulated , then it is only worth its $2 face value . In 1996 and 1997 , 153,600,000 bills were printed as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta . In 2004 , 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank . An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all twelve Federal Reserve Banks . In all , 220,800,000 notes were printed . In February 2012 , the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes , in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012 . Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012 . In November 2013 , the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta ; these notes entered circulation in early 2014 . A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014 , which ran from October 2013 through September 2014 . Series dates ( edit ) Large size ( edit ) Series 1880 $2 Legal Tender note showing a large brown treasury seal . The signatures of Blanche Bruce & A.U. Wyman . are present on the obverse near the bottom Type Series Register Treasurer Seal Notes Legal Tender Note 1862 Lucius E. Chittenden F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Also called a `` Greenback '' . Legal Tender Note 1869 John Allison F.E. Spinner Large Red Nicknamed : `` Rainbow Note '' from its red , white , and blue colors . Legal Tender Note 1874 John Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Legal Tender Note 1875 John Allison New & Wyman Small Red w / rays Legal Tender Note 1878 Allison & Scofield James Gilfillan Small Red w / rays Scofield / Gilfillan combo is scarce Legal Tender Note 1880 Scofield , Bruce , Rosecrans , and Tillman Gilfillan , Wyman , Huston , Nebeker , and Morgan Large Brown / Red Small Red scalloped Legal Tender Note 1917 Teehee , Elliott , and Speelman John Burke & White Small Red scalloped National Bank Note Original Colby , Jeffries , and Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Jeffries / Spinner combo is very rare National Bank Note 1875 Allison & Scofield New , Wyman , and Gilfillan Small Red scalloped Nicknamed : `` Lazy Deuce '' along with the original series from the position of the `` 2 '' on the note . Silver Certificate 1886 William S. Rosecrans Jordan , Hyatt , and Huston Large Brown / Red Small Red scalloped Silver Certificate 1891 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red Silver Certificate 1891 Rosecrans & Tillman Nebecker & Morgan Small Red scalloped Silver Certificate 1896 Tillman & Bruce Morgan & Roberts Small Red w / rays Part of the `` Educational Series '' . Silver Certificate 1899 Lyons , Vernon , Napier , Parker , Teehee , Elliott , and Speelman Roberts , Treat , McClung , Thompson , Burke , and White Blue Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Huston & Nebecker Large Brown & Small Red scalloped Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red Treasury Note 1891 Rosecrans , Tillman , and Bruce Nebecker , Morgan , and Roberts Small Red scalloped Federal Reserve Bank Note 1918 Teehee & Elliott John Burke Blue Nicknamed : `` Battleship note '' from the reverse design . Small size ( edit ) The first small - size $2 Legal Tender Note printed ( Smithsonian ) Type Series Treasurer Secretary Seal Legal Tender Note 1928 , 1928 - A to G Tate , Woods , Julian , Clark Mellon , Mills , Morgenthau , Vinson , Snyder Red Legal Tender Note 1953 , 1953 - A to C Priest , Smith , Granahan Humphrey , Anderson , Dillon Red Legal Tender Note 1963 , 1963 - A Kathryn E. Granahan Dillon & Fowler Red Federal Reserve Note 1976 Francine I. Neff William E. Simon Green Federal Reserve Note 1995 Mary Ellen Withrow Robert E. Rubin Green Federal Reserve Note 2003 Rosario Marin John W. Snow Green Federal Reserve Note 2003 - A Anna Escobedo Cabral John W. Snow Green Federal Reserve Note 2009 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Timothy F. Geithner Green Federal Reserve Note 2013 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Jack Lew Green ^ α These are sourced by The Official Red Book ( Whitman ) . Visual snapshot ( edit ) A chronological display of the American two - dollar bill . Visual collection of the two - dollar bill throughout the history of the United States . Usage ( edit ) Over five million $2 bills are entered into the database of the American currency - tracking website Where 's George ? . Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use , their use can make a particular group of spenders visible . A documented case of using two - dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in the surrounding Utah County . In 1989 , Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills . When the bills began to appear in different places , people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy . Use of the two - dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights , particularly at stores that allow open carry or concealed carry of weapons on their premises . Two - dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged , especially in gentlemen 's clubs . This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single , higher - denomination bill as the lowest common note in use . The use of the two - dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University , who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area . The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened no longer to play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations . Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw ( Clemson 's logo ) on the note as a sign of its origin . During the 1930s , the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet . Because of the German and Jewish influence , the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a `` zwei - buck '' , and the upper right corner `` 2 '' was sometimes torn off to increase the luck . Incidents ( edit ) The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale , as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill . In 2005 , a man in Baltimore , Maryland , was jailed for attempting to use $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place . In 2016 , a 13 - year - old girl in Texas was detained by police at Fort Bend Independent School District 's Christa McAuliffe Middle School and prevented from eating lunch that day for attempting to use a $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria . Uncut currency sheets ( edit ) Uncut currency delivery from BEP . Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings . Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills . Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston ( A ) , New York ( B ) , Atlanta ( F ) , Chicago ( G ) , Minneapolis ( I ) , and Dallas ( K ) Federal Reserve districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation . Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced , although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made . All two - dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth , Texas , ( indicated by `` FW '' preceding the face plate number on the obverse of the note ) . Tipping $2 uncut currency at Starbucks . Two - Dollar Bill Challenge - Spend only two dollar bills for an entire month . Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes . A 32 - subject sheet , which is the original - size sheet on which the notes are printed , is available . Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32 - subject sheet . These include half ( sixteen - note ) , quarter ( eight - note ) , and eighth ( four - note ) sheets for $2 bills . Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values . Uncut sheets of large size notes ( issued before 1928 ) also exist , but are extremely rare . Steve Wozniak , a co-founder of Apple Inc. , has been using $2 banknotes separated from four - bill uncut sheets ( glued together into pads ) , to surprise merchants and waiters ; also , because of the notes ' unusual appearance , he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent . It has become common and trendy for patrons of Wolfgang 's Steakhouse located on Park Ave in Manhattan to leave a full sheet ( or portion thereof ) of $2 bills as a tip for service . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Tender Alexander Hamilton : 1862 $2 Currency '' . The Kennedy Mint . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency '' . friesian.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Paper Money - Small - size Bicentennial $2 notes '' . Coinworld.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Suzanne J. ( March -- April 1976 ) . `` The $2 Bill Returns '' ( PDF ) . The Economic Review . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 62 ( 2 ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` $2.00 still printed ? '' . Ustreas.gov . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` $2 accepting vending machines '' . 4mega-vending.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Use The $2 '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Why $2 bills are thought to be bad luck - clip from The Two Dollar Bill Documentary Jump up ^ Why are there so few $2 bills ? ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs : Denominations of currency '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ bbbconsumeralert ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Sometimes a $2 Bill is Just a $2 Bill '' . Tucson Citizen.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spend Tom 2010 '' . Visit California . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 88 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stone , Suzanne J. ( March -- April 1976 ) . `` The $2 Bill Returns '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing . `` Annual Production Figures '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2003A $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2009 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 BEP Production Info via FOIA '' . WheresGeorge.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2013 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1869 $2 Legal Tender Rainbow Note '' . usrarecurrency.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kathy Lawrence ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` '' Lazy Deuces '' -- $2 National Bank Notes `` . currency.ha.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Reed ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Battleship Note Projects American Naval Strength '' . numismaster.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. & Ira S. Friedberg ( 2014 ) . A guide Book of United States Paper Money 4th Edition . Whitman . pp. 56 -- 68 . Jump up ^ http://www.wheresgeorge.com/wrapper.php?page=denom Jump up ^ Tad Walch ( May 17 , 2003 ) . `` Geneva workers give their $2 worth '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2A supporters start Buycott to battle the Starbucks Anti-Firearm Boycott '' . Military Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks `` $2 for 2A '' Appreciation Day Going Viral `` . The Truth About Guns . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` $2 bill increasing in use and shedding its ' play - money ' image '' . USA Today . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson University Traditions '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olesker , Michael ( 8 March 2005 ) . `` A tale of customer service , justice and currency as funny as a $2 bill '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Little Girl Detained By Police After Trying to Buy School Lunch with Real $2 Bill '' . Reason.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lunchroom Lunacy : ISD cops investigate $2 bill spent on school lunch '' . abc13.com . Retrieved Feb 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Series 1995 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2003 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEP to Raise Uncut Currency Sheet Prices '' . coinnews.net . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Large Size. 1896 . Silver Certificates . Bound Presentation Set of the First Educational Uncut Sheets. $1 , $2 , and $5 . Fr - 224 , 247 , and 268 . PMG Photo Proof Certificates '' . stacksbowers.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woz and the Secret Service : `` The infamous $2 bill incident '' `` . Woz.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Woz 's $2 bill sheets - The Engadget Show on YouTube ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) Jump up ^ `` Wolfgang 's Steakhouse '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 15 . General Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money , 17th edition published by Krause Publications Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) The Bureau of Engraving and Printing website USpapermoney.info External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2 United States dollar banknotes . The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing 's website USAToday : `` $2 bill increasing in use and shedding its ' play - money ' image '' 2006 - 11 - 06 . The Two Dollar Bill project teaches Americans about the history of the $2 bill '' Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) American Creed Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Jefferson Hall Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Thomas Jefferson ( Karl Bitter statues ) Jefferson Literary and Debating Society Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) ← John Adams James Madison → United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_two-dollar_bill&oldid=866519098 '' Categories : 1862 introductions Banknotes of the United States Thomas Jefferson Two - base - unit banknotes United States Declaration of Independence Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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-4230994953411502145	Carnoustie Golf Links	Carnoustie Golf Links - wikipedia Carnoustie Golf Links Carnoustie Golf Links Club information Location Carnoustie , Scotland Established 1842 ; 176 years ago ( 1842 ) Type Public Total holes 54 Championship Designed by Allan Robertson and Old Tom Morris ; James Braid ( 1926 ) Par 72 ( 71 for The Open ) Length 6,941 yards ( 6,347 m ) ( 7,421 yards ( 6,786 m ) for the 2007 Open Championship ) Course record 63 by Tommy Fleetwood The Burnside Designed by James Braid Par 68 Length 5,972 yards ( 5,461 m ) Buddon Links Par 68 Length 5,921 yards ( 5,414 m ) Carnoustie Location in Scotland Carnoustie Location in Angus , Scotland The Carnoustie Golf Links are in Carnoustie , Angus , Scotland . Its historic championship golf course is one of the venues in the Open Championship rotation . Contents 1 History 2 The Open Championship 3 The Women 's British Open 4 The Senior British Open 5 Course 5.1 Course record 5.1. 1 Scorecard 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Golf is recorded as having been played at Carnoustie in the early 16th century . In 1890 , the 14th Earl of Dalhousie , who owned the land , sold the links to the local authority . It had no funds to acquire the property , and public fundraising was undertaken and donated to the council . The original course was of ten holes , crossing and recrossing the Barry Burn ; it was designed by Allan Robertson , assisted by Old Tom Morris , and opened in 1842 . The opening of the coastal railway from Dundee to Arbroath in 1838 brought an influx of golfers from as far afield as Edinburgh , anxious to tackle the ancient links . This led to a complete restructuring of the course , extended in 1867 by Old Tom Morris to the 18 holes which had meanwhile become standardized . Young Tom Morris won a major open event there that same year . Two additional courses have since been added : the Burnside Course and the shorter though equally testing Buddon Links . Carnoustie first played host to The Open Championship in 1931 , after modifications to the course by James Braid in 1926 . The winner then was Tommy Armour , from Edinburgh . Later Open winners at Carnoustie include Henry Cotton of England in 1937 , Ben Hogan of the USA in 1953 , Gary Player of South Africa in 1968 , Tom Watson of the USA in 1975 , Paul Lawrie of Scotland in 1999 , Pádraig Harrington of Ireland in 2007 and Francesco Molinari of Italy in 2018 . The 1975 , 1999 and 2007 editions were all won in playoffs . The Championship course was modified significantly ( but kept its routing used since 1926 ) prior to the 1999 Open , with all bunkers being rebuilt , many bunkers both added and eliminated , many green complexes expanded and enhanced , and several new tees being built . A large hotel was also built behind the 18th green of the Championship course . Tee off down Hogan 's Alley , Hole # 6 , at Carnoustie The Amateur Championship was first hosted by Carnoustie in 1947 ; the winner was Willie Turnesa . The world 's oldest amateur event has returned three times since : 1966 ( won by Bobby Cole ) , 1971 ( won by Steve Melnyk ) , and 1992 ( won by Stephen Dundas ) . The British Ladies Amateur was first hosted by Carnoustie in 1973 , and also in 2012 . The Senior Open Championship was held at Carnoustie for the first time in 2010 , with Germany 's Bernhard Langer winning . The Women 's British Open was held here for the first time in 2011 ; the winner was Yani Tseng . Carnoustie is one of the three courses hosting the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship , an autumn event on the European Tour ; the others are the Old Course at St Andrews and Kingsbarns . The Golf Channel 's reality series The Big Break , in which aspiring golfers compete for exemptions on professional tours and other prizes , filmed its fourth season at Carnoustie in 2005 . As that year also saw the Ryder Cup at The K Club in Ireland , that year 's show was based around a US vs Europe theme , with the two teams competing for European Tour exemptions . In North America , the course is nicknamed `` Car - nasty , '' due to its famous difficulty , especially under adverse weather conditions . Carnoustie is considered by many to be the most difficult course in the Open rota , and one of the toughest courses in the world . The term Carnoustie effect dates from the 1999 Open , when the world 's best players , many of whom were reared on manicured and relatively windless courses , were frustrated by the unexpected difficulties of the Carnoustie links , which was compounded by the weather . One much - fancied young favourite , a 19 - year - old Sergio García of Spain , went straight from the course to his mother 's arms crying after shooting 89 and 83 in the first two rounds . The Carnoustie effect is defined as `` that degree of mental and psychic shock experienced on collision with reality by those whose expectations are founded on false assumptions . '' This being a psychological term , it can of course apply to disillusionment in any area of activity , not just in golf . The 1999 Open Championship is best remembered for the collapse of French golfer Jean van de Velde , who needed only a double - bogey six on the 72nd hole to win the Open -- and proceeded to score a triple - bogey seven , tying Paul Lawrie and 1997 champion Justin Leonard at 290 ( + 6 ) . Lawrie won the four - hole aggregate playoff and the championship . The Open Championship was once again contested at Carnoustie in July 2007 . The eight - year absence was far shorter than the lengthy 24 years it took to return to Carnoustie , between 1975 and 1999 . Harrington triumphed over García in a four - hole playoff . The 18th hole once again proved itself among the most dramatic and exciting in championship golf . Harrington had a one - shot lead over García as he approached the final hole in the fourth round , but proceeded to put not one but two shots into the Barry Burn , on his way to a double - bogey 6 . García , playing in the final pairing of the day , reached the 18th with a one - shot lead over Harrington , but bogeyed the hole after missing a putt from just under ten feet away , setting up the playoff . In the four - hole playoff , which ended on the 18th , Harrington took no chances with a two - shot lead on the 18th ; his bogey was enough to defeat García by one shot . The Open Championship returned to Carnoustie in 2018 . The 18th hole at Carnoustie and the Barry Burn . On 17 January 2014 , it was announced that Carnoustie Golf Links -- which operates the six publicly owned courses , including the Championship Course -- had appointed its first - ever female chairman , Pat Sawers . The Open Championship ( edit ) Carnoustie is known as ' The Beast ' . It is one of the venues for The Open Championship . This is a list of The Open Championship champions at Carnoustie Golf Links : Year Winner Score Winner 's share ( £ ) R1 R2 R3 R4 Total 1931 Tommy Armour 73 75 77 71 296 ( + 8 ) 100 1937 Henry Cotton 74 72 73 71 290 ( + 6 ) 100 1953 Ben Hogan 73 71 70 68 282 ( − 6 ) 500 1968 Gary Player 74 71 71 73 289 ( + 1 ) 3,000 Tom Watson 71 67 69 72 279 ( − 9 ) 7,500 1999 Paul Lawrie 73 74 76 67 290 ( + 6 ) 350,000 2007 Pádraig Harrington 69 73 68 67 277 ( − 7 ) 750,000 2018 Francesco Molinari 70 72 65 69 276 ( − 8 ) 1,625,387 Note : For multiple winners of The Open Championship , superscript ordinal identifies which in their respective careers . The Women 's British Open ( edit ) Winner of the Women 's British Open at Carnoustie Golf Links . Year Winner Score R1 R2 R3 R4 Total 2011 Yani Tseng 71 66 66 69 272 ( − 16 ) The Senior British Open ( edit ) Winner of The Senior Open Championship at Carnoustie Golf Links . Year Winner Score R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Bernhard Langer 67 71 69 72 279 ( − 5 ) 2016 Paul Broadhurst 75 66 68 68 277 ( − 11 ) Course ( edit ) Carnoustie Golf Links - Championship Course 2007 Open Championship Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Cup 406 10 South America 466 Gulley 463 11 John Philp 383 Jockie 's Burn 358 12 Southward Ho 499 Hillocks 412 13 Whins 176 5 Brae 415 14 Spectacles 514 5 6 Hogan 's Alley 578 5 15 Lucky Slap 472 7 Plantation 410 16 Barry Burn 248 8 Short 183 17 Island 461 9 Railway 478 18 Home 499 Out 3,703 36 In 3,718 35 Total 7,421 71 Lengths of the course for previous Opens ( since 1950 ) : 1999 : 7,361 yards ( 6,731 m ) , par 71 1975 : 7,065 yards ( 6,460 m ) , par 72 1968 : 7,252 yards ( 6,631 m ) , par 72 1953 : 6,701 yards ( 6,127 m ) , par 72 The 12th hole was played as a par - 5 through 1975 . Length of the course for Women 's British Open 2011 : 6,490 yards ( 5,934 m ) , par 72 Length of the course for Senior Open Championship 2016 : 7,345 yards ( 6,716 m ) , par 72 2010 : 7,197 yards ( 6,581 m ) , par 71 Course record ( edit ) Player Country Score Tournament Date Tommy Fleetwood England 63 ( − 9 ) Alfred Dunhill Links Championship 6 Oct 2017 Source : Scorecard ( edit ) Hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 5 Fleetwood − 1 − 1 − 2 − 2 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 4 − 5 − 6 − 7 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 9 Birdie The course was par 72 at 7,394 yards ( 6,761 m ) , with the 12th hole as a par 5 at 504 yards ( 461 m ) . Source : See also ( edit ) Golf in Scotland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The World Atlas of Golf , second edition , 1988 ; Scotland : Where Golf is Great , by James W. Finegan , 2010 Jump up ^ Scotland : Where Golf is Great , by James W. Finegan , 2010 Jump up ^ The Real Carnoustie Awaits British Open Field , The Golf Channel , 18 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Royal Birkdale and Carnoustie to host The Open in 2017 and 2018 '' . R&A Championships Limited . Archived from the original on 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carnoustie appoints first female chairman '' . bunkered . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media guide '' . The Open Championship. 2011 . pp. 22 , 203 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood makes history to lead at Carnoustie '' . PGA European Tour . 6 Oct 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tommy Fleetwood shoots record 63 at Carnoustie in Dunhill Links '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . 6 Oct 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Dunhill Links Championship '' . PGA European Tour . ( leaderboard ) . 8 Oct 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . External Links ( edit ) Carnoustie Golf Links.co.uk - official site Carnoustie even tougher than Oakmont , says Open chairman , stv interview , 19 June 2007 . webcam Carnoustie golf links OurCarnoustie - Carnoustie Facebook Page The Open Championship rota courses Current rota courses St Andrews Carnoustie Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) Royal Birkdale Royal Lytham & St Annes Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal Portrush Former rota courses Prestwick Musselburgh Royal Cinque Ports Prince 's Coordinates : 56 ° 29 ′ 49 '' N 2 ° 43 ′ 01 '' W / 56.497 ° N 2.717 ° W / 56.497 ; - 2.717 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnoustie_Golf_Links&oldid=854983296 '' Categories : Golf clubs and courses in Angus The Open Championship venues 1850 establishments in Scotland Sports venues completed in 1850 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Scots Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 03 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the british open played at carnoustie	[]	[]
966970711828094451	DSM-5	DSM - 5 - wikipedia DSM - 5 For further information , see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ) Author American Psychiatric Association Country United States Language English Series Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Subject Classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Published May 18 , 2013 Media type Print ( hardcover , softcover ) ; e-book Pages 947 ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 554 - 1 OCLC 830807378 Dewey Decimal 616.89'075 LC Class RC455. 2. C4 Preceded by DSM - IV - TR The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) . In the United States , the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses . Treatment recommendations , as well as payment by health care providers , are often determined by DSM classifications , so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance . The DSM - 5 was published on May 18 , 2013 , superseding the DSM - IV - TR , which was published in 2000 . The development of the new edition began with a conference in 1999 and proceeded with the formation of a Task Force in 2007 , which developed and field - tested a variety of new classifications . In most respects , the DSM - 5 is not greatly modified from the DSM - IV - TR ; however , some significant differences exist between them . Notable changes in the DSM - 5 include the reconceptualization of Asperger syndrome from a distinct disorder to an autism spectrum disorder ; the elimination of subtypes of schizophrenia ; the deletion of the `` bereavement exclusion '' for depressive disorders ; the renaming of gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria , along with a revised treatment plan ; the inclusion of binge eating disorder as a discrete eating disorder ; the renaming and reconceptualization of paraphilias to paraphilic disorders ; the removal of the axis system ; and the splitting of disorders not otherwise specified into other specified disorders and unspecified disorders . In addition , the DSM - 5 is the first DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title , as well as the first `` living document '' version of a DSM . Various authorities criticized the fifth edition both before and after it was formally published . Critics assert , for example , that many DSM - 5 revisions or additions lack empirical support ; inter-rater reliability is low for many disorders ; several sections contain poorly written , confusing , or contradictory information ; and the psychiatric drug industry unduly influenced the manual 's content . Many of the members of work groups for the DSM - 5 had conflicting interests , including ties to pharmaceutical companies . Various scientists have argued that the DSM - 5 forces clinicians to make distinctions that are not supported by solid evidence , distinctions that have major treatment implications , including drug prescriptions and the availability of health insurance coverage . General criticism of the DSM - 5 ultimately resulted in a petition , signed by many mental health organizations , which called for outside review of the DSM - 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Changes 1.1 Section I 1.2 Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes 1.2. 1 Neurodevelopmental disorders 1.2. 2 Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 1.2. 3 Bipolar and related disorders 1.2. 4 Depressive disorders 1.2. 5 Anxiety disorders 1.2. 6 Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders 1.2. 7 Trauma - and stressor - related disorders 1.2. 8 Dissociative disorders 1.2. 9 Somatic symptom and related disorders 1.2. 10 Feeding and eating disorders 1.2. 11 Elimination disorders 1.2. 12 Sleep -- wake disorders 1.2. 13 Sexual dysfunctions 1.2. 14 Gender dysphoria 1.2. 15 Disruptive , impulse - control , and conduct disorders 1.2. 16 Substance - related and addictive disorders 1.2. 17 Neurocognitive disorders 1.2. 18 Personality disorders 1.2. 19 Paraphilic disorders 1.3 Section III : emerging measures and models 1.3. 1 Alternative DSM - 5 model for personality disorders 2 Conditions for further study 3 Development 4 Revisions and updates 5 Criticism 5.1 General 5.2 Borderline personality disorder controversy 5.3 British Psychological Society response 5.4 National Institute of Mental Health 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Changes ( edit ) This part of the article summarizes changes from the DSM - IV to the DSM - 5 . The DSM - 5 is divided into three Sections , using Roman numerals to designate each Section . The same organizational structure is used in this overview , e.g. , Section I ( immediately below ) summarizes relevant changes discussed in the DSM - 5 , Section I . Note that if a specific disorder ( or set of disorders ) can not be seen , e.g. , enuresis and other elimination disorders , mentioned in Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes ( below ) , it means that the diagnostic criteria for those disorders did not change significantly from DSM - IV to DSM - 5 . Section I ( edit ) Section I describes DSM - 5 chapter organization , its change from the multiaxial system , and Section III 's dimensional assessments . The DSM - 5 deleted the chapter that includes `` disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy , childhood , or adolescence '' opting to list them in other chapters . A note under Anxiety Disorders says that the `` sequential order '' of at least some DSM - 5 chapters has significance that reflects the relationships between diagnoses . This introductory section describes the process of DSM revision , including field trials , public and professional review , and expert review . It states its goal is to harmonize with the ICD systems and share organizational structures as much as is feasible . Concern about the categorical system of diagnosis is expressed , but the conclusion is the reality that alternative definitions for most disorders is scientifically premature . The new version replaces the NOS ( Not Otherwise Specified ) categories with two options : other specified disorder and unspecified disorder to increase the utility to the clinician . The first allows the clinician to specify the reason that the criteria for a specific disorder are not met ; the second allows the clinician the option to forgo specification . DSM - 5 has discarded the multiaxial system of diagnosis ( formerly Axis I , Axis II , Axis III ) , listing all disorders in Section II . It has replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features and dropped Axis V ( Global Assessment of Functioning , known as GAF ) . The World Health Organization 's ( WHO ) Disability Assessment Schedule is added to Section III ( Emerging measures and models ) under Assessment Measures , as a suggested , but not required , method to assess functioning . Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes ( edit ) Neurodevelopmental disorders ( edit ) `` Mental retardation '' has a new name : `` intellectual disability ( intellectual developmental disorder ) '' . Phonological disorder and stuttering are now called communication disorders -- which include language disorder , speech sound disorder , childhood - onset fluency disorder , and a new condition characterized by impaired social verbal and nonverbal communication called social ( pragmatic ) communication disorder . Autism spectrum disorder incorporates Asperger disorder , childhood disintegrative disorder , and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( PDD - NOS ) -- see Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome § DSM - 5 changes . A new sub-category , motor disorders , encompasses developmental coordination disorder , stereotypic movement disorder , and the tic disorders including Tourette syndrome . Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders ( edit ) All subtypes of schizophrenia were removed from the DSM - 5 ( paranoid , disorganized , catatonic , undifferentiated , and residual ) . A major mood episode is required for schizoaffective disorder ( for a majority of the disorder 's duration after criterion A ( related to delusions , hallucinations , disorganized speech or behavior , and negative symptoms such as avolition ) is met ) . Criteria for delusional disorder changed , and it is no longer separate from shared delusional disorder . Catatonia in all contexts requires 3 of a total of 12 symptoms . Catatonia may be a specifier for depressive , bipolar , and psychotic disorders ; part of another medical condition ; or of another specified diagnosis . Bipolar and related disorders ( edit ) New specifier `` with mixed features '' can be applied to bipolar I disorder , bipolar II disorder , bipolar disorder NED ( not elsewhere defined , previously called `` NOS '' , not otherwise specified ) and MDD . Allows other specified bipolar and related disorder for particular conditions . Anxiety symptoms are a specifier ( called `` anxious distress '' ) added to bipolar disorder and to depressive disorders ( but are not part of the bipolar diagnostic criteria ) . Depressive disorders ( edit ) The bereavement exclusion in DSM - IV was removed from depressive disorders in DSM - 5 . New disruptive mood dysregulation disorder ( DMDD ) for children up to age 18 years . Premenstrual dysphoric disorder moved from an appendix for further study , and became a disorder . Specifiers were added for mixed symptoms and for anxiety , along with guidance to physicians for suicidality . The term dysthymia now also would be called persistent depressive disorder . Anxiety disorders ( edit ) For the various forms of phobias and anxiety disorders , DSM - 5 removes the requirement that the subject ( formerly , over 18 years old ) `` must recognize that their fear and anxiety are excessive or unreasonable '' . Also , the duration of at least 6 months now applies to everyone ( not only to children ) . Panic attack became a specifier for all DSM - 5 disorders . Panic disorder and agoraphobia became two separate disorders . Specific types of phobias became specifiers but are otherwise unchanged . The generalized specifier for social anxiety disorder ( formerly , social phobia ) changed in favor of a performance only ( i.e. , public speaking or performance ) specifier . Separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism are now classified as anxiety disorders ( rather than disorders of early onset ) . Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders ( edit ) A new chapter on obsessive - compulsive and related disorders includes four new disorders : excoriation ( skin - picking ) disorder , hoarding disorder , substance - / medication - induced obsessive - compulsive and related disorder , and obsessive - compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition . Trichotillomania ( hair - pulling disorder ) moved from `` impulse - control disorders not elsewhere classified '' in DSM - IV , to an obsessive - compulsive disorder in DSM - 5 . A specifier was expanded ( and added to body dysmorphic disorder and hoarding disorder ) to allow for good or fair insight , poor insight , and `` absent insight / delusional '' ( i.e. , complete conviction that obsessive - compulsive disorder beliefs are true ) . Criteria were added to body dysmorphic disorder to describe repetitive behaviors or mental acts that may arise with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance . The DSM - IV specifier `` with obsessive - compulsive symptoms '' moved from anxiety disorders to this new category for obsessive - compulsive and related disorders . There are two new diagnoses : other specified obsessive - compulsive and related disorder , which can include body - focused repetitive behavior disorder ( behaviors like nail biting , lip biting , and cheek chewing , other than hair pulling and skin picking ) or obsessional jealousy ; and unspecified obsessive - compulsive and related disorder . Trauma - and stressor - related disorders ( edit ) Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is now included in a new section titled `` Trauma - and Stressor - Related Disorders . '' The PTSD diagnostic clusters were reorganized and expanded from a total of three clusters to four based on the results of confirmatory factor analytic research conducted since the publication of DSM - IV . Separate criteria were added for children six years old or younger . For the diagnosis of acute stress disorder and PTSD , the stressor criteria ( Criterion A1 in DSM - IV ) was modified to some extent . The requirement for specific subjective emotional reactions ( Criterion A2 in DSM - IV ) was eliminated because it lacked empirical support for its utility and predictive validity . Previously certain groups , such as military personnel involved in combat , law enforcement officers and other first responders , did not meet criterion A2 in DSM - IV because their training prepared them to not react emotionally to traumatic events . Two new disorders that were formerly subtypes were named : reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder . Adjustment disorders were moved to this new section and reconceptualized as stress - response syndromes . DSM - IV subtypes for depressed mood , anxious symptoms , and disturbed conduct are unchanged . Dissociative disorders ( edit ) Depersonalization disorder is now called depersonalization / derealization disorder . Dissociative fugue became a specifier for dissociative amnesia . The criteria for dissociative identity disorder were expanded to include `` possession - form phenomena and functional neurological symptoms '' . It is made clear that `` transitions in identity may be observable by others or self - reported '' . Criterion B was also modified for people who experience gaps in recall of everyday events ( not only trauma ) . Somatic symptom and related disorders ( edit ) Somatoform disorders are now called somatic symptom and related disorders . Patients that present with chronic pain can now be diagnosed with the mental illness somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain ; or psychological factors that affect other medical conditions ; or with an adjustment disorder . Somatization disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder were combined to become somatic symptom disorder , a diagnosis which no longer requires a specific number of somatic symptoms . Somatic symptom and related disorders are defined by positive symptoms , and the use of medically unexplained symptoms is minimized , except in the cases of conversion disorder and pseudocyesis ( false pregnancy ) . A new diagnosis is psychological factors affecting other medical conditions . This was formerly found in the DSM - IV chapter `` Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention '' . Criteria for conversion disorder ( functional neurological symptom disorder ) were changed . Feeding and eating disorders ( edit ) Criteria for pica and rumination disorder were changed and can now refer to people of any age . Binge eating disorder graduated from DSM - IV 's `` Appendix B -- Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study '' into a proper diagnosis . Requirements for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder were changed from `` at least twice weekly for 6 months to at least once weekly over the last 3 months '' . The criteria for anorexia nervosa were changed ; there is no longer a requirement of amenorrhea . `` Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood '' , a rarely used diagnosis in DSM - IV , was renamed to avoidant / restrictive food intake disorder , and criteria were expanded . Elimination disorders ( edit ) NO significant changes . Disorders in this chapter were previously classified under disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy , childhood , or adolescence in DSM - IV . Now it is an independent classification in DSM 5 . Sleep -- wake disorders ( edit ) `` Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder , and sleep disorders related to a general medical condition '' were deleted . Primary insomnia became insomnia disorder , and narcolepsy is separate from other hypersomnolence . There are now three breathing - related sleep disorders : obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea , central sleep apnea , and sleep - related hypoventilation . Circadian rhythm sleep -- wake disorders were expanded to include advanced sleep phase syndrome , irregular sleep -- wake type , and non-24 - hour sleep -- wake type . Jet lag was removed . Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and restless legs syndrome are each a disorder , instead of both being listed under `` dyssomnia not otherwise specified '' in DSM - IV . Sexual dysfunctions ( edit ) DSM - 5 has sex - specific sexual dysfunctions . For females , sexual desire and arousal disorders are combined into female sexual interest / arousal disorder . Sexual dysfunctions ( except substance - / medication - induced sexual dysfunction ) now require a duration of approximately 6 months and more exact severity criteria . A new diagnosis is genito - pelvic pain / penetration disorder which combines vaginismus and dyspareunia from DSM - IV . Sexual aversion disorder was deleted . Subtypes for all disorders include only `` lifelong versus acquired '' and `` generalized versus situational '' ( one subtype was deleted from DSM - IV ) . Two subtypes were deleted : `` sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition '' and `` due to psychological versus combined factors '' . Gender dysphoria ( edit ) Further information : Gender dysphoria DSM - IV gender identity disorder is similar to , but not the same as , gender dysphoria in DSM - 5 . Separate criteria for children , adolescents and adults that are appropriate for varying developmental states are added . Subtypes of gender identity disorder based on sexual orientation were deleted . Among other wording changes , criterion A and criterion B ( cross-gender identification , and aversion toward one 's gender ) were combined . Along with these changes comes the creation of a separate gender dysphoria in children as well as one for adults and adolescents . The grouping has been moved out of the sexual disorders category and into its own . The name change was made in part due to stigmatization of the term `` disorder '' and the relatively common use of `` gender dysphoria '' in the GID literature and among specialists in the area . The creation of a specific diagnosis for children reflects the lesser ability of children to have insight into what they are experiencing and ability to express it in the event that they have insight . Disruptive , impulse - control , and conduct disorders ( edit ) Some of these disorders were formerly part of the chapter on early diagnosis , oppositional defiant disorder ; conduct disorder ; and disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified became other specified and unspecified disruptive disorder , impulse - control disorder , and conduct disorders . Intermittent explosive disorder , pyromania , and kleptomania moved to this chapter from the DSM - IV chapter `` Impulse - Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified '' . Antisocial personality disorder is listed here and in the chapter on personality disorders ( but ADHD is listed under neurodevelopmental disorders ) . Symptoms for oppositional defiant disorder are of three types : angry / irritable mood , argumentative / defiant behavior , and vindictiveness . The conduct disorder exclusion is deleted . The criteria were also changed with a note on frequency requirements and a measure of severity . Criteria for conduct disorder are unchanged for the most part from DSM - IV . A specifier was added for people with limited `` prosocial emotion '' , showing callous and unemotional traits . People over the disorder 's minimum age of 6 may be diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder without outbursts of physical aggression . Criteria were added for frequency and to specify `` impulsive and / or anger based in nature , and must cause marked distress , cause impairment in occupational or interpersonal functioning , or be associated with negative financial or legal consequences '' . Substance - related and addictive disorders ( edit ) Gambling disorder and tobacco use disorder are new . Substance abuse and substance dependence from DSM - IV - TR have been combined into single substance use disorders specific to each substance of abuse within a new `` addictions and related disorders '' category . `` Recurrent legal problems '' was deleted and `` craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance '' was added to the criteria . The threshold of the number of criteria that must be met was changed and severity from mild to severe is based on the number of criteria endorsed . Criteria for cannabis and caffeine withdrawal were added . New specifiers were added for early and sustained remission along with new specifiers for `` in a controlled environment '' and `` on maintenance therapy '' . DSM - 5 substance dependencies include : 303.90 Alcohol dependence 304.00 Opioid dependence 304.10 Sedative , hypnotic , or anxiolytic dependence ( including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence ) 304.20 Cocaine dependence 304.30 Cannabis dependence 304.40 Amphetamine dependence ( or amphetamine - like ) 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence 304.60 Inhalant dependence 304.80 Polysubstance dependence 304.90 Phencyclidine ( or phencyclidine - like ) dependence 304.90 Other ( or unknown ) substance dependence 305.10 Nicotine dependence There are no more polysubstance diagnoses in DSM - 5 ; the substance ( s ) must be specified . Neurocognitive disorders ( edit ) Dementia and amnestic disorder became major or mild neurocognitive disorder ( major NCD , or mild NCD ) . DSM - 5 has a new list of neurocognitive domains . `` New separate criteria are now presented '' for major or mild NCD due to various conditions . Substance / medication - induced NCD and unspecified NCD are new diagnoses . Personality disorders ( edit ) Personality disorder ( PD ) previously belonged to a different axis than almost all other disorders , but is now in one axis with all mental and other medical diagnoses . However , the same ten types of personality disorder are retained . There is a call for the DSM - 5 to provide relevant clinical information that is empirically based to conceptualize personality as well as psychopathology in personalities . The issue ( s ) of heterogeneity of a PD is problematic as well . For example , when determining the criteria for a PD it is possible for two individuals with the same diagnosis to have completely different symptoms that would not necessarily overlap . There is also concern as to which model is better for the DSM - the diagnostic model favored by psychiatrists or the dimensional model that is favored by psychologists . The diagnostic approach / model is one that follows the diagnostic approach of traditional medicine , is more convenient to use in clinical settings , however , it does not capture the intricacies of normal or abnormal personality . The dimensional approach / model is better at showing varied degrees of personality ; it places emphasis on the continuum between normal and abnormal , and abnormal as something beyond a threshold whether in unipolar or bipolar cases . Paraphilic disorders ( edit ) New specifiers `` in a controlled environment '' and `` in remission '' were added to criteria for all paraphilic disorders . A distinction is made between paraphilic behaviors , or paraphilias , and paraphilic disorders . All criteria sets were changed to add the word disorder to all of the paraphilias , for example , pedophilic disorder is listed instead of pedophilia . There is no change in the basic diagnostic structure since DSM - III - R ; however , people now must meet both qualitative ( criterion A ) and negative consequences ( criterion B) criteria to be diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder . Otherwise they have a paraphilia ( and no diagnosis ) . Section III : Emerging measures and models ( edit ) Alternative DSM - 5 model for personality disorders ( edit ) An alternative hybrid dimensional - categorical model for personality disorders is included to stimulate further research on this modified classification system . Conditions for further study ( edit ) These conditions and criteria are set forth to encourage future research and are not meant for clinical use . Attenuated psychosis syndrome Depressive episodes with short - duration hypomania Persistent complex bereavement disorder Caffeine use disorder Internet gaming disorder Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure Suicidal behavior disorder Non-suicidal self - injury Development ( edit ) In 1999 , a DSM -- 5 Research Planning Conference ; sponsored jointly by APA and the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) , was held to set the research priorities . Research Planning Work Groups produced `` white papers '' on the research needed to inform and shape the DSM - 5 and the resulting work and recommendations were reported in an APA monograph and peer - reviewed literature . There were six workgroups , each focusing on a broad topic : Nomenclature , Neuroscience and Genetics , Developmental Issues and Diagnosis , Personality and Relational Disorders , Mental Disorders and Disability , and Cross-Cultural Issues . Three additional white papers were also due by 2004 concerning gender issues , diagnostic issues in the geriatric population , and mental disorders in infants and young children . The white papers have been followed by a series of conferences to produce recommendations relating to specific disorders and issues , with attendance limited to 25 invited researchers . On July 23 , 2007 , the APA announced the task force that would oversee the development of DSM - 5 . The DSM - 5 Task Force consisted of 27 members , including a chair and vice chair , who collectively represent research scientists from psychiatry and other disciplines , clinical care providers , and consumer and family advocates . Scientists working on the revision of the DSM had a broad range of experience and interests . The APA Board of Trustees required that all task force nominees disclose any competing interests or potentially conflicting relationships with entities that have an interest in psychiatric diagnoses and treatments as a precondition to appointment to the task force . The APA made all task force members ' disclosures available during the announcement of the task force . Several individuals were ruled ineligible for task force appointments due to their competing interests . The DSM - 5 field trials included test - retest reliability which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient -- a common approach to the study of diagnostic reliability . About 68 % of DSM - 5 task - force members and 56 % of panel members reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry , such as holding stock in pharmaceutical companies , serving as consultants to industry , or serving on company boards . Revisions and updates ( edit ) Beginning with the fifth edition , it is intended that diagnostic guidelines revisions will be added incrementally . The DSM - 5 is identified with Arabic rather than Roman numerals , marking a change in how future updates will be created . Incremental updates will be identified with decimals ( DSM - 5.1 , DSM - 5.2 , etc . ) , until a new edition is written . The change reflects the intent of the APA to respond more quickly when a preponderance of research supports a specific change in the manual . The research base of mental disorders is evolving at different rates for different disorders . Criticism ( edit ) General ( edit ) Robert Spitzer , the head of the DSM - III task force , publicly criticized the APA for mandating that DSM - 5 task force members sign a nondisclosure agreement , effectively conducting the whole process in secret : `` When I first heard about this agreement , I just went bonkers . Transparency is necessary if the document is to have credibility , and , in time , you 're going to have people complaining all over the place that they did n't have the opportunity to challenge anything . '' Allen Frances , chair of the DSM - IV task force , expressed a similar concern . Although the APA has since instituted a disclosure policy for DSM - 5 task force members , many still believe the association has not gone far enough in its efforts to be transparent and to protect against industry influence . In a 2009 Point / Counterpoint article , Lisa Cosgrove , PhD and Harold J. Bursztajn , MD noted that `` the fact that 70 % of the task force members have reported direct industry ties -- an increase of almost 14 % over the percentage of DSM - IV task force members who had industry ties -- shows that disclosure policies alone , especially those that rely on an honor system , are not enough and that more specific safeguards are needed '' . David Kupfer , chair of the DSM - 5 task force , and Darrel A. Regier , MD , MPH , vice chair of the task force , whose industry ties are disclosed with those of the task force , countered that `` collaborative relationships among government , academia , and industry are vital to the current and future development of pharmacological treatments for mental disorders '' . They asserted that the development of DSM - 5 is the `` most inclusive and transparent developmental process in the 60 - year history of DSM '' . The developments to this new version can be viewed on the APA website . Public input was requested for the first time in the history of the manual . During periods of public comment , members of the public could sign up at the DSM - 5 website and provide feedback on the various proposed changes . In June 2009 , Allen Frances issued strongly worded criticisms of the processes leading to DSM - 5 and the risk of `` serious , subtle , ( ... ) ubiquitous '' and `` dangerous '' unintended consequences such as new `` false ' epidemics ' '' . He writes that `` the work on DSM - V has displayed the most unhappy combination of soaring ambition and weak methodology '' and is concerned about the task force 's `` inexplicably closed and secretive process '' . His and Spitzer 's concerns about the contract that the APA drew up for consultants to sign , agreeing not to discuss drafts of the fifth edition beyond the task force and committees , have also been aired and debated . The appointment , in May 2008 , of two of the taskforce members , Kenneth Zucker and Ray Blanchard , led to an internet petition to remove them . According to MSNBC , `` The petition accuses Zucker of having engaged in ' junk science ' and promoting ' hurtful theories ' during his career , especially advocating the idea that children who are unambiguously male or female anatomically , but seem confused about their gender identity , can be treated by encouraging gender expression in line with their anatomy . '' According to The Gay City News , `` Dr. Ray Blanchard , a psychiatry professor at the University of Toronto , is deemed offensive for his theories that some types of transsexuality are paraphilias , or sexual urges . In this model , transsexuality is not an essential aspect of the individual , but a misdirected sexual impulse . '' Blanchard responded , `` Naturally , it 's very disappointing to me there seems to be so much misinformation about me on the Internet . ( They did n't distort ) my views , they completely reversed my views . '' Zucker `` rejects the junk - science charge , saying there ' has to be an empirical basis to modify anything ' in the DSM . As for hurting people , ' in my own career , my primary motivation in working with children , adolescents and families is to help them with the distress and suffering they are experiencing , whatever the reasons they are having these struggles . I want to help people feel better about themselves , not hurt them . ' '' In 2011 , psychologist Brent Robbins co-authored a national letter for the Society for Humanistic Psychology that brought thousands into the public debate about the DSM . Approximately 13,000 individuals and mental health professionals signed a petition in support of the letter . Thirteen other American Psychological Association divisions endorsed the petition . In a November 2011 article about the debate in the San Francisco Chronicle , Robbins notes that under the new guidelines , certain responses to grief could be labeled as pathological disorders , instead of being recognized as being normal human experiences . In 2012 , a footnote was added to the draft text which explains the distinction between grief and depression . The DSM - 5 has been criticized for purportedly saying nothing about the biological underpinnings of mental disorders . A book - long appraisal of the DSM - 5 , with contributions from philosophers , historians and anthropologists , was published in 2015 . The financial association of DSM - 5 panel members with industry continues to be a concern for financial conflict of interest . Of the DSM - 5 task force members , 69 % report having ties to the pharmaceutical industry , an increase from the 57 % of DSM - IV task force members . A 2015 essay from an Australian university criticized the DSM - 5 for having poor cultural diversity , stating that recent work done in cognitive sciences and cognitive anthropology is still only accepting western psychology as the norm . Borderline personality disorder Controversy ( edit ) In 2003 , the Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders ( TARA - APD ) campaigned to change the name and designation of borderline personality disorder in DSM - 5 . The paper How Advocacy is Bringing BPD into the Light reported that `` the name BPD is confusing , imparts no relevant or descriptive information , and reinforces existing stigma . '' Instead , it proposed the name `` emotional regulation disorder '' or `` emotional dysregulation disorder . '' There was also discussion about changing borderline personality disorder , an Axis II diagnosis ( personality disorders and mental retardation ) , to an Axis I diagnosis ( clinical disorders ) . The TARA - APD recommendations do not appear to have affected the American Psychiatric Association , the publisher of the DSM . As noted above , the DSM - 5 does not employ a multi-axial diagnostic scheme , therefore the distinction between Axis I and II disorders no longer exists in the DSM nosology . The name , the diagnostic criteria for , and description of , borderline personality disorder remain largely unchanged from DSM - IV - TR . British psychological Society response ( edit ) The British Psychological Society stated in its June 2011 response to DSM - 5 draft versions , that it had `` more concerns than plaudits '' . It criticized proposed diagnoses as `` clearly based largely on social norms , with ' symptoms ' that all rely on subjective judgements ... not value - free , but rather reflect ( ing ) current normative social expectations '' , noting doubts over the reliability , validity , and value of existing criteria , that personality disorders were not normed on the general population , and that `` not otherwise specified '' categories covered a `` huge '' 30 % of all personality disorders . It also expressed a major concern that `` clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences ... which demand helping responses , but which do not reflect illnesses so much as normal individual variation '' . The Society suggested as its primary specific recommendation , a change from using `` diagnostic frameworks '' to a description based on an individual 's specific experienced problems , and that mental disorders are better explored as part of a spectrum shared with normality : `` ( We recommend ) a revision of the way mental distress is thought about , starting with recognition of the overwhelming evidence that it is on a spectrum with ' normal ' experience , and that psychosocial factors such as poverty , unemployment and trauma are the most strongly - evidenced causal factors . Rather than applying preordained diagnostic categories to clinical populations , we believe that any classification system should begin from the bottom up -- starting with specific experiences , problems or ' symptoms ' or ' complaints ' ... We would like to see the base unit of measurement as specific problems ( e.g. hearing voices , feelings of anxiety etc . ) ? These would be more helpful too in terms of epidemiology . While some people find a name or a diagnostic label helpful , our contention is that this helpfulness results from a knowledge that their problems are recognised ( in both senses of the word ) understood , validated , explained ( and explicable ) and have some relief . Clients often , unfortunately , find that diagnosis offers only a spurious promise of such benefits . Since -- for example -- two people with a diagnosis of ' schizophrenia ' or ' personality disorder ' may possess no two symptoms in common , it is difficult to see what communicative benefit is served by using these diagnoses . We believe that a description of a person 's real problems would suffice . Moncrieff and others have shown that diagnostic labels are less useful than a description of a person 's problems for predicting treatment response , so again diagnoses seem positively unhelpful compared to the alternatives . - British Psychological Society June 2011 response '' National Institute of mental Health ( edit ) National Institute of Mental Health director Thomas R. Insel , MD , wrote in an April 29 , 2013 blog post about the DSM - 5 : `` The goal of this new manual , as with all previous editions , is to provide a common language for describing psychopathology . While DSM has been described as a `` Bible '' for the field , it is , at best , a dictionary , creating a set of labels and defining each . The strength of each of the editions of DSM has been `` reliability '' -- each edition has ensured that clinicians use the same terms in the same ways . The weakness is its lack of validity ... Patients with mental disorders deserve better . '' Insel also discussed an NIMH effort to develop a new classification system , Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) , currently for research purposes only . Insel 's post sparked a flurry of reaction , some of which might be termed sensationalistic , with headlines such as `` Goodbye to the DSM - V '' , `` Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '' , `` National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '' , and `` Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced '' . Other responses provided a more nuanced analysis of the NIMH Director 's post . In May 2013 , Insel , on behalf of NIMH , issued a joint statement with Jeffrey A. Lieberman , MD , president of the American Psychiatric Association , that emphasized that DSM - 5 `` ... represents the best information currently available for clinical diagnosis of mental disorders . Patients , families , and insurers can be confident that effective treatments are available and that the DSM is the key resource for delivering the best available care . The National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) has not changed its position on DSM - 5 . '' Insel and Lieberman say that DSM - 5 and RDoC `` represent complementary , not competing , frameworks '' for characterizing diseases and disorders . However , epistemologists of psychiatry tend to see the RDoC project as a putative revolutionary system that in the long run will try to replace the DSM , its expected early effect being a liberalization of the research criteria , with an increasing number of research centers adopting the RDoC definitions . See also ( edit ) Psychiatry portal Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ICD - 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wakefield , Jerome C. ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) . `` DSM - 5 : An Overview of Changes and Controversies '' . Clinical Social Work Journal . 41 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / s10615 - 013 - 0445 - 2 . ISSN 0091 - 1674 . Jump up ^ Welch , Steven ; Klassen , Cherisse ; Borisova , Oxana ; Clothier , Holly . `` The DSM - 5 controversies : How should psychologists respond ? '' . Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne. 54 ( 3 ) : 166 -- 175 . doi : 10.1037 / a0033841 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition for DSM - 5 Reform '' . Coalition for DSM - 5 Reform . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of Changes from DSM - IV - TR to DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . May 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 5 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Neurodevelopmental Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Autism Spectrum Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 74 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Mixed - Mood Specifier '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Removal of the Bereavement Exclusion From MDD '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ( DMDD ) '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , M.J. ; Resick , P.A. ; Bryant , R.A. ; Strain , J. ; Horowitz , M. ; Spiegel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Classification of trauma and stressor - related disorders in DSM - 5 '' . 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( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Criterion A2 in the DSM - IV Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder '' . Biological Psychiatry . 68 ( 5 ) : 465 -- 473 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2010.04. 032 . PMC 3228599 . PMID 20599189 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diagnostic Ethics : Harms / Benefits , Somatic Symptom Disorder '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DSM - 5 redefines hypochondriasis -- For Medical Professionals -- Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justina Pelletier : The Case Continues '' . Mad In America . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Binge Eating Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` P 01 Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents or Adults '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P 00 Gender Dysphoria in Children '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Substance Use Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of Changes from DSM - IV - TR to DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Publishing . American Psychiatric Association . 2013 . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . The DSM - IV specifier for a physiological subtype has been eliminated in DSM - 5 , as has the DSM - IV diagnosis of polysubstance dependence . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Neurocognitive Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Personality Disorders '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krueger , Robert F. ; Hopwood , Christopher J. ; Wright , Aidan G.C. ; Markon , Kristian E. ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) . `` DSM - 5 and the Path Toward Empirically Based and Clinically Useful Conceptualization of Personality and Psychopathology '' . Clinical Psychology : Science and Practice. 21 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 261 . doi : 10.1111 / cpsp. 12073 . ISSN 1468 - 2850 . Jump up ^ Crocq , Marc - Antoine ( 2013 ) . `` Milestones in the History of Personality Disorders '' ( PDF ) . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Personality Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 783 -- 808 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ First , Michael B. ( 2002 ) , `` A Research Agenda for DSM - V : Summary of the DSM - V Preplanning White Papers Published in May 2002 '' , DSM - V Prelude Project , American Psychiatric Association , archived from the original on April 13 , 2008 , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kupfer , David J. ; First , Michael B. ; Regier , Darrel A. , eds. ( 2002 ) , A Research Agenda for DSM - 5 , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Association , ISBN 9780890422922 , OCLC 49518977 Jump up ^ Regier , Darrel A ; Narrow , William E ; First , Michael B ; Marshall , Tina ( 2002 ) . `` The APA classification of mental disorders : future perspectives '' . Psychopathology. 35 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 166 -- 170 . doi : 10.1159 / 000065139 . PMID 12145504 . ^ Jump up to : `` DSM - 5 Research Planning '' , DSM - V Prelude Project , American Psychiatric Association , DSM - V Research White Papers , archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Regier , MD , MPH , Darrel A. ( 2007 ) . `` Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders : Refining the Research Agenda for DSM - V '' ( PDF ) . Psychosomatic Medicine . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 69 ( 9 ) : 827 -- 828 . doi : 10.1097 / PSY. 0b013e31815afbe4 . PMID 18040087 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reliability and Prevalence in the DSM - 5 Field Trials , January 12 , 2012 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Lisa ; Bursztajn , Harold J. ; Krimsky , Sheldon ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` Developing Unbiased Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines in Psychiatry '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 19 ) : 2035 -- 2036 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc0810237 . ^ Jump up to : `` About DSM - 5 Frequently Asked Questions '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harold , Eve ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` APA Modifies DSM Naming Convention to Reflect Publication Changes '' ( Release No. 10 - 17 ) . The American Psychiatric Association . Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Psychiatrists Propose Revisions to Diagnosis Manual . via PBS Newshour , February 10 , 2010 ( interviews Frances and Alan Schatzberg on some of the main changes proposed to the DSM - 5 ) Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Lisa ; Krimsky , Sheldon ; Vijayaraghavan , Manisha ; Schneider , Lisa ( April 2006 ) , `` Financial Ties between DSM - IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry '' , Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 75 ( 3 ) : 154 -- 160 , doi : 10.1159 / 000091772 , PMID 16636630 Jump up ^ Cosgrove L , Bursztajn HJ , Kupfer DJ , Regier DA . `` Toward Credible Conflict of Interest Policies in Clinical Psychiatry '' Psychiatric Times 26 : 1 . Jump up ^ `` DSM - V Task Force Member Disclosure Report : David J Kupfer , MD '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . and `` DSM - V Task Force Member Disclosure Report : Darrel Alvin Regier M.D '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DSM - 5 Overview : The Future Manual APA DSM - 5 Archived December 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Registration page for DSM - 5 public comment Archived May 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , page found June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suggestions and ideas for members of the work groups were also solicited through the DSM - 5 website . The proposed draft revisions to DSM - 5 are posted on the website , and anyone can provide feedback to the work groups during periods of public comment . '' Question 4 on the DSM - 5 FAQ Archived September 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , page found June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frances , Allen ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM - V : Beware of Its Unintended Consequences '' ( Full text ) . Psychiatric Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Christopher ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Diagnostic Madness of DSM - V '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Lou Chibbaro , Jr . ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Activists alarmed over APA : Head of psychiatry panel favors ' change ' therapy for some trans teens '' . Washington Blade . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Brian ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` What 's ' normal ' sex ? Shrinks seek definition : Controversy erupts over creation of psychiatric rule book 's new edition '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Duncan ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Flap Flares Over Gender Diagnosis '' . Gay City News . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Professor co-authors letter about America 's mental health manual '' . Point Park University . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Erin Allday ( November 26 , 2011 ) . `` Revision of psychiatric manual under fire '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( May 8 , 2012 ) , `` Psychiatry Manual Drafters Back Down on Diagnoses '' , The New York Times , nytimes.com , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ New DSM - 5 Ignores Biology of Mental Illness ; `` The latest edition of psychiatry 's standard guidebook neglects the biology of mental illness . New research may change that . '' May 5 , 2013 Scientific American Jump up ^ Demazeux , Steeves ; Singy , Patrick ( 2015 ) . The DSM - 5 in Perspective : Philosophical Reflections on the Psychiatric Babel . Springer . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 9764 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove , Lisa ; Drimsky Lisa ( March 2012 ) . `` A comparison of DSM - iv and DSM - 5 panel members ' financial associations with industry : A pernicous problem persisits '' . PLoS Medicine . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1001190 . PMC 3302834 . PMID 22427747 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Dominic ( 2015 ) . `` Deviant deviance '' : Cultural diversity in DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders ( TARA - APD ) Jump up ^ `` TARA Association for Personality Disorder '' . tara4bpd.org . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New , Antonia ; Triebwasser Joseph ; Charney Dennis ( October 2008 ) . `` The case for shifting borderline personality disorder to Axis I '' ( PDF ) . Biol. Psychiatry . 64 ( 8 ) : 653 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2008.04. 020 . PMID 18550033 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 663 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ British Psychological Society Response , June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Director 's Biography '' . National Institute of Mental Health . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Insel , Thomas . `` Transforming Diagnosis '' . National Institute of Mental Health . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIMH Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) ( Draft 3.1 ) '' . National Institute of Mental Health . June 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harbinger , New ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Goodbye to the DSM - V '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '' . Verge . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '' . Mind Hacks . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced '' . New Scientist . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Did the NIMH Withdraw Support for the DSM - 5 ? No '' . PsychCentral . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` Mental Health Researchers Reject Psychiatry 's New Diagnostic ' Bible ' '' . Time . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` THE RATS OF N.I.M.H. '' The New Yorker . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Belluck , Pam ; Carey , Benedict ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Psychiatry 's Guide Is Out of Touch With Science , Experts Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` DSM - 5 and RDoC : Shared Interests '' . National Institute of Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aragona M. ( 2014 ) Epistemological reflections about the crisis of the DSM - 5 and the revolutionary potential of the RDoC project Dialogues in Philosophy , Mental and Neuro Sciences 7 : 11 - 20 External links ( edit ) `` DSM - V The Future Manual '' . American Psychiatric Association . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . `` DSM - 5 Update : Supplement to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition '' ( PDF ) . PsychiatryOnline . American Psychiatric Association Publishing . September 2016 . hide DSM personality disorders DSM - III - R only Sadistic Self - defeating ( masochistic ) DSM - IV only Personality disorder not otherwise specified Appendix B ( proposed ) Depressive Negativistic ( passive -- aggressive ) DSM - 5 ( Categorical model ) Cluster A ( odd ) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B ( dramatic ) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C ( anxious ) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive - compulsive DSM - 5 Alternative hybrid categorical and dimensional model in Section III included to stimulate further research hide Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV 5 BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DSM-5&oldid=843790382 '' Categories : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Română Русский 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which statement best describes the diagnostic and statistical manual fifth edition (dsm-5) dsm-5	[]	[]
-442523483078469941	Saturn Vue	Saturn VUE - wikipedia Saturn VUE Saturn VUE Overview Manufacturer Saturn Corporation ( 2002 - 2007 ) Opel ( General Motors ) ( 2008 - 2010 ) Production 2001 -- 2009 Model years 2002 -- 2010 Body and chassis Class Compact SUV Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Related Pontiac Torrent Chevrolet Equinox Chronology Predecessor Isuzu Rodeo ( Canada ) Geo / Chevrolet Tracker Successor Chevrolet Captiva Sport GMC Terrain The Saturn VUE is a compact SUV that was sold and built by Saturn , and it was Saturn 's best - selling model . It was the first vehicle to use the GM Theta platform when it was introduced in 2001 for the 2002 model year . The VUE was later facelifted for the 2006 model year . A second generation model was launched in 2007 for the 2008 model year as a rebadged Opel Antara . The VUE production in North America ended as GM wound down the Saturn brand during its 2009 reorganization . Contents 1 First generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 1.1 Model year changes 1.2 Red Line 1.3 Green Line 1.4 Engines 1.5 Safety 2 Second generation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 3 Sales 4 References 5 External links First generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production 2001 -- 2007 Model years 2002 -- 2007 Assembly Spring Hill , Tennessee , United States ( Spring Hill Manufacturing ) Body and chassis Class Compact SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Platform GM Theta platform Powertrain Engine 2.2 L L61 I4 ( gasoline ) 2.4 L LAT ( hybrid gasoline / electric ) 3.0 L L81 V6 ( gasoline ) 3.5 L L66 V6 ( gasoline ) Transmission 4 - speed GM 4T45 - E automatic 5 - speed Aisin AF33 automatic 5 - speed Honda H5 automatic 5 - speed Getrag F23 manual CVT VTi automatic Wheelbase 106.6 in ( 2,710 mm ) Length 181.3 in ( 4,610 mm ) Width 71.5 in ( 1,820 mm ) Hybrid : 71.6 in ( 1,820 mm ) Height 66.5 in ( 1,690 mm ) Hybrid : 66.3 in ( 1,680 mm ) The Vue was introduced for the 2002 model year and was designed by Saturn . It was manufactured at the Spring Hill GM plant . Its unibody platform is shared with the Chevrolet Equinox , Pontiac Torrent and the European Opel Antara . The first generation ran from model year 2002 - 2007 . Four - cylinder VUE 's use the Ecotec I4 . The L81 V6 from the L - Series and five - speed Aisin AF33 automatic transmission were initially offered , but starting in 2004 , all six - cylinder Vues were equipped with Honda 's 250 - horsepower ( 190 kW ) J35A3 engine and a Honda transmission . The four - cylinder Vue was available with the VTi continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) until GM canceled it for 2005 due to dependability issues . The VUE received a facelift for the 2006 model year . Upgrades included a redesigned interior with higher - quality materials , a new bumper and grille , and some minor cosmetic pieces to the exterior . OnStar is now standard as well as cruise control and automatic headlights . However , GM badges were not added to the side of the vehicle until GM took over production from Saturn for the second generation VUE . Model year changes ( edit ) In 2004 : The VUE Red Line was released V6 models received Honda 's J35A3 engine and Honda transmission . This 3.5 liter engine and 5 speed transmission boosted performance over the prior V - 6 . It was an important selling point at the time . This V - 6 engine was used in the Saturn VUE 's 2004 to 2007 model years . In 2005 : 5 - and 4 - speed automatic transmissions return for 2005 , and the CVT is dropped . All VUE 's get a redesigned interior critique with new air vents , new steering wheel , and a new radio faceplate which contributes noise , vibration , and harshness . In 2006 : Facelift with new interior , cosmetic changes to the exterior . Red Line ( edit ) 2004 -- 2005 Saturn Vue Red Line Saturn introduced a special high - performance line of vehicles in 2004 under the name , `` Red Line '' . The VUE Red Line includes the same 250 hp ( 186 kW ) Honda J35A3 V6 as the regular model , but with sportier suspension tuning , lowered 1 inch , and unique power steering calibration for performance , 18 in alloy wheels , ground - effect front and rear bumpers , unique rocker panel trim , chrome exhaust tip , special black leather and suede seats ( optional for 2005 , standard for 2006 and 2007 ) , footwell lighting ( included with leather and suede seats package , not available with optional full - leather ( heated front ) seats ) , and a special gauge cluster complete the visual updates . It also includes some special interior features as well , such as a higher quality audio system . Green Line ( edit ) The high - performance VUE Red Line was joined for 2007 by an environmentally oriented Green Line model . The Vue is a mild hybrid , or `` assist hybrid '' , using what GM calls a `` belt alternator starter '' BAS Hybrid system . A large electric motor is connected to the crankshaft via a special accessory drive belt , with a modified automatic transmission fitted . It automatically stops the engine when the vehicle comes to a halt and instantly restarts it when the vehicle must move again . Not to be confused as just a `` start - stop '' system , the electric motor also assists somewhat during initial launch , during torque smoothing and when under heavy acceleration . A 36 - volt nickel metal hydride ( NiMH ) battery pack , located under the load floor , powers the motor / generator unit and also stores regenerative braking energy . The regenerative charging and electric motor assist functions are shown to the driver via an analog gauge on the dash board , and real - time fuel - economy feedback is accomplished via an `` eco '' light that glows when the instantaneous fuel economy is beating the window sticker fuel economy values . The fuel savings are 20 percent up from the base vehicle 's 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ) / 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ) city / highway EPA sticker to 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ) / 32 mpg ( 7.4 L / 100 km ) , the highest highway fuel economy of any 2007 model SUV sold in the US market . In Canada , according to Saturn , the Vue gets an estimated 8.8 L / 100 km ( 32 mpg ; 27 mpg ) city and 6.7 L / 100 km ( 42 mpg ; 35 mpg ) highway . The Green Line has a 170 hp ( 127 kW ) 2.4 - liter Ecotec DOHC - phaser engine which replaces the standard 144 - horsepower ( 107 kW ) 2.2 - liter inline - four engine , resulting in the improvement of 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) acceleration time by 1.0 second . Pricing for the hybrid is about US $2,000 more than a similarly equipped Vue , and debuted in production form on January 8 , 2006 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The Green Line went on sale in the third quarter of 2006 . Engines ( edit ) Years Engine Power Torque 2002 -- 2007 2.2 L Ecotec L61 I4 143 hp ( 107 kW ) 152 lb ft ( 206 N m ) 2002 -- 2003 3.0 L 54 - Degree V6 181 hp ( 135 kW ) 195 lb ft ( 264 N m ) 2004 -- 2007 3.5 L GM L66 ( J35A3 ) V6 250 hp ( 186 kW ) 242 lb ft ( 328 N m ) 2007 - 2010 2.4 L Ecotec LE5 I4 170 hp ( 127 kW ) 163 lb ft ( 220 N m ) 2008 - 2010 3.6 L LY7 V6 257 hp ( 192 kW ) 248 lb ft ( 336 N m ) Safety ( edit ) In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) crash tests the Vue receives a Good overall rating in the frontal offset crash test . In 2008 models came equipped with standard front and rear head side curtain airbags and front seat - mounted torso airbags . These models were given an acceptable overall rating in side impacts . Models without side airbags were given an overall poor rating . Second generation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Manufacturer Opel ( General Motors ) Also called Opel Antara Vauxhall Antara Holden Captiva 5 GMC Terrain ( Middle East ) Daewoo Winstorm MaXX Chevrolet Captiva Sport Production 2007 -- 2009 Model years 2008 -- 2010 Assembly Ramos Arizpe , Mexico Body and chassis Class Compact SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Platform GM Theta platform Related Chevrolet Captiva Sport Main article : Opel Antara Saturn introduced the second generation VUE in 2007 for the 2008 model year , manufactured in Mexico as a rebranded version of the German - designed Opel Antara . Saturn offered four trim levels : base `` XE '' , classier , up - level `` XR '' , top of the line sporty `` Red Line '' and a `` Green Line '' hybrid trim . Available engines include a 2.4 L inline 4 cylinder , as well as 3.5 L and a 3.6 L V6 options . A hybrid powertrain version of the 2.4 - liter model was also available . GM badges were now added to the front doors . The Mexican - manufactured VUE was also retailed in Mexico and South America as the Chevrolet Captiva Sport , with only badges changed and a new grille insert fitted . Following the demise of the Saturn brand in 2009 for the 2010 model year , the VUE was discontinued . However , GM continued to produce the Chevrolet Captiva Sport , for the Mexican and South American markets . The Chevrolet Captiva Sport was introduced for the US commercial and fleet markets in late 2011 for the 2012 model year . Sales ( edit ) Calendar Year United States 393 2002 75,478 2003 81,924 86,957 2005 91,972 2006 88,581 2007 81,676 2008 84,767 2009 28,429 References ( edit ) `` Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid Delivers Great Fuel Economy Through New , Lower - Cost Hybrid System '' . General Motors press release . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2006 . Retrieved January 9 , 2006 . `` 2007 Saturn Vue Roadtest '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Vue '' . Advertisement brochure . Canada : General Motors Corporation and General Motors of Canada Limited , 2006 , p. 21 of 32 . Jump up ^ `` GM - GMability Advanced Technology : GM 's Belt Alternator Starter ... - www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/300_hybrids '' . 2003 - 11 - 11 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2007 model EPA Highway rating of 32 mpg . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Vue '' . Advertisement brochure . Canada : General Motors Corporation and General Motors of Canada Limited , 2006 , p. 8 of 32 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Vue '' . Iihs.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kimberly ; Krisher , Tom ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` GM to phase out Saturn division '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lassa , Todd ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Chevy 's Vue - Like Captiva Sport is for Fleets Only '' . Motor Trend . Source Interlink Media . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2003 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2006 - 01 - 04 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saturn VUE . Saturn automobile timeline , 1991 -- 2010 Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Sports car Sky Compact car S series S series S series Ion Astra Mid-size car L series Aura Compact crossover utility vehicle Vue Vue Full - size crossover utility vehicle Outlook Minivan Relay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn_Vue&oldid=862192111 '' Categories : Saturn vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Hybrid sport utility vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Vehicles with CVT transmission All - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2002 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Plug - in hybrid vehicles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what year did they stop making the saturn vue	[ "Saturn VUE\nOverviewManufacturer\nSaturn Corporation (2002-2007)Opel (General Motors) (2008-2010)Production\n2001–2009Model years\n2002–2010Body and chassisClass\nCompact SUVBody style\n4-door SUVLayout\nTransverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel driveRelated\nPontiac Torrent\n\nChevrolet EquinoxChronologyPredecessor\nIsuzu Rodeo (Canada)Geo/Chevrolet TrackerSuccessor\nChevrolet Captiva SportGMC Terrain" ]	[ "2009" ]
-6622030590205886346	Circuit breaker	Circuit breaker - wikipedia Circuit breaker Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Circuit breaker ( disambiguation ) . Relevant topics on Electrical Installations Wiring practice by region or country North American practice United Kingdom Practice Regulation of electrical installations BS 7671 UK wiring regulations IEC 60364 IEC international standard Canadian Electrical Code ( CEC ) US National Electrical Code ( NEC ) Cabling and accessories AC power plugs and sockets Cable tray Electrical conduit Mineral - insulated copper - clad cable Multiway switching Steel wire armoured cable Ring circuit Thermoplastic - sheathed cable Switching and protection devices AFCI ELCB Circuit breakers Fuse Residual Current Device ( RCD ) / GFCI ( USA ) Distribution board Consumer unit Electrical switch Earthing system Circuit Breaker Electronic symbol An air circuit breaker for low - voltage ( less than 1,000 volt ) power distribution switchgear A two - pole miniature circuit breaker Four one - pole miniature circuit breakers Molded - case or miniature circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current , typically resulting from an overload or short circuit . Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected . Unlike a fuse , which operates once and then must be replaced , a circuit breaker can be reset ( either manually or automatically ) to resume normal operation . Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes , from small devices that protect low - current circuits or individual household appliance , up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city . The generic function of a circuit breaker , RCD or a fuse , as an automatic means of removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated as ADS ( Automatic Disconnection of Supply ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Operation 3 Arc interruption 4 Short - circuit 5 Standard current ratings 6 Types of circuit breakers 6.1 Low - voltage circuit breakers 6.2 Magnetic circuit breakers 6.3 Thermal magnetic circuit breakers 6.4 Magnetic - hydraulic circuit breakers 6.5 Common trip breakers 6.6 Medium - voltage circuit breakers 6.7 High - voltage circuit breakers 6.8 Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) high - voltage circuit breakers 6.9 Disconnecting circuit breaker ( DCB ) 6.10 Carbon dioxide ( CO ) high - voltage circuit breakers 7 Other breakers 8 See also 9 References Origins ( edit ) An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Edison in an 1879 patent application , although his commercial power distribution system used fuses . Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads . A modern miniature circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown , Boveri & Cie in 1924 . Hugo Stotz , an engineer who had sold his company to BBC , was credited as the inventor on DRP ( Deutsches Reichspatent ) 458392 . Stotz 's invention was the forerunner of the modern thermal - magnetic breaker commonly used in household load centers to this day . Interconnection of multiple generator sources into an electrical grid required development of circuit breakers with increasing voltage ratings and increased ability to safely interrupt the increasing short - circuit currents produced by networks . Simple air - break manual switches produced hazardous arcs when interrupting high voltages ; these gave way to oil - enclosed contacts , and various forms using directed flow of pressurized air , or of pressurized oil , to cool and interrupt the arc . By 1935 , the specially constructed circuit breakers used at the Boulder Dam project use eight series breaks and pressurized oil flow to interrupt faults of up to 2,500 MVA , in three cycles of the AC power frequency . Operation ( edit ) All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation , but details vary substantially depending on the voltage class , current rating and type of the circuit breaker . The circuit breaker must firstly detect a fault condition . In small mains and low voltage circuit breakers , this is usually done within the device itself . Typically , the heating or magnetic effects of electric current are employed . Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism . These typically require a separate power source , such as a battery , although some high - voltage circuit breakers are self - contained with current transformers , protective relays , and an internal control power source . Once a fault is detected , the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit ; This is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker , such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts . Circuit breakers may also use the higher current caused by the fault to separate the contacts , such as thermal expansion or a magnetic field . Small circuit breakers typically have a manual control lever to switch off the load or reset a tripped breaker , while larger units use solenoids to trip the mechanism , and electric motors to restore energy to the springs . The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating , and must also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting ( opening ) the circuit . Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys , silver alloys and other highly conductive materials . Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current . Miniature and molded - case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn , but power circuit breakers and high - voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts . When a high current or voltage is interrupted , an arc is generated . The length of the arc is generally proportional to the voltage while the intensity ( or heat ) is proportional to the current . This arc must be contained , cooled and extinguished in a controlled way , so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit . Different circuit breakers use vacuum , air , insulating gas , or oil as the medium the arc forms in . Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including : Lengthening or deflecting the arc Intensive cooling ( in jet chambers ) Division into partial arcs Zero point quenching ( contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC waveform , effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening . The zero crossing occurs at twice the line frequency ; i.e. , 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per second for 60 Hz AC . ) Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits . Finally , once the fault condition has been cleared , the contacts must again be closed to restore power to the interrupted circuit . Arc interruption ( edit ) Low - voltage miniature circuit breakers ( MCB ) use air alone to extinguish the arc . These circuit breakers contain so - called arc chutes , a stack of mutually insulated parallel metal plates which divide and cool the arc . By splitting the arc into smaller arcs the arc is cooled down while the arc voltage is increased and serves as an additional impedance which limits the current through the circuit breaker . The current - carrying parts near the contacts provide easy deflection of the arc into the arc chutes by a magnetic force of a current path , although magnetic blowout coils or permanent magnets could also deflect the arc into the arc chute ( used on circuit breakers for higher ratings ). So The number of plates in the arc chute is dependent on the short - circuit rating and nominal voltage of the circuit breaker . In larger ratings , oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil through the arc . Gas ( usually sulfur hexafluoride ) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field , and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) to quench the stretched arc . Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing ( as there is nothing to ionize other than the contact material ). the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small amount ( less than 2 -- 3 mm ( 0.079 -- 0.118 in ) ) . Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern medium - voltage switchgear to 38,000 volts . Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow out the arc , or alternatively , the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber , the escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc . Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current very quickly : typically the arc is extinguished between 30 ms and 150 ms after the mechanism has been tripped , depending upon age and construction of the device . The maximum current value and let - through energy determine the quality of the circuit breakers . Short - circuit ( edit ) Circuit breakers are rated both by the normal current that they are expected to carry , and the maximum short - circuit current that they can safely interrupt . This latter figure is the ampere interrupting capacity ( AIC ) of the breaker . Under short - circuit conditions , the calculated maximum prospective short - circuit current may be many times the normal , rated current of the circuit . When electrical contacts open to interrupt a large current , there is a tendency for an arc to form between the opened contacts , which would allow the current to continue . This condition can create conductive ionized gases and molten or vaporized metal , which can cause further continuation of the arc , or creation of additional short circuits , potentially resulting in the explosion of the circuit breaker and the equipment that it is installed in . Therefore , circuit breakers must incorporate various features to divide and extinguish the arc . The maximum short - circuit current that a breaker can interrupt is determined by testing . Application of a breaker in a circuit with a prospective short - circuit current higher than the breaker 's interrupting capacity rating may result in failure of the breaker to safely interrupt a fault . In a worst - case scenario the breaker may successfully interrupt the fault , only to explode when reset . Typical domestic panel circuit breakers are rated to interrupt 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 kA ( 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 A ) short - circuit current . Miniature circuit breakers used to protect control circuits or small appliances may not have sufficient interrupting capacity to use at a panel board ; these circuit breakers are called `` supplemental circuit protectors '' to distinguish them from distribution - type circuit breakers . Standard current ratings ( edit ) Time till trip versus current as multiple of nominal current Circuit breakers are manufactured in standard sizes , using a system of preferred numbers to cover a range of ratings . Miniature circuit breakers have a fixed trip setting ; changing the operating current value requires changing the whole circuit breaker . Larger circuit breakers can have adjustable trip settings , allowing standardized elements to be applied but with a setting intended to improve protection . For example , a circuit breaker with a 400 ampere `` frame size '' might have its overcurrent detection set to operate at only 300 amperes , to protect a feeder cable . International Standards , IEC 60898 - 1 and European Standard EN 60898 - 1 , define the rated current I of a circuit breaker for low voltage distribution applications as the maximum current that the breaker is designed to carry continuously ( at an ambient air temperature of 30 ° C ) . The commonly available preferred values for the rated current are 6 A , 10 A , 13 A , 16 A , 20 A , 25 A , 32 A , 40 A , 50 A , 63 A , 80 A , 100 A , and 125 A ( similar to the R10 Renard series , but using 6 , 13 , and 32 instead of 6.3 , 12.5 , and 31.5 -- it includes the 13 A current limit of British BS 1363 sockets ) . The circuit breaker is labeled with the rated current in amperes , but excluding the unit symbol , A. Instead , the ampere figure is preceded by a letter , B , C , or D , which indicates the instantaneous tripping current -- that is , the minimum value of current that causes the circuit breaker to trip without intentional time delay ( i.e. , in less than 100 ms ) , expressed in terms of I : Type Instantaneous tripping current Above 3 I Above 5 I up to and including 10 I Above 10 I up to and including 20 I Above 8 I up to and including 12 I For the protection of loads that cause frequent short duration ( approximately 400 ms to 2 s ) current peaks in normal operation . Z Above 2 I up to and including 3 I for periods in the order of tens of seconds . For the protection of loads such as semiconductor devices or measuring circuits using current transformers . Circuit breakers are also rated by the maximum fault current that they can interrupt ; this allows use of more economical devices on systems unlikely to develop the high short - circuit current found on , for example , a large commercial building distribution system . In the United States , Underwriters Laboratories ( UL ) certifies equipment ratings , called Series Ratings ( or `` integrated equipment ratings '' ) for circuit breaker equipment used for buildings . Power circuit breakers and medium - and high - voltage circuit breakers used for industrial or electric power systems are designed and tested to ANSI or IEEE standards in the C37 series . Types of circuit breakers ( edit ) Front panel of a 1250 A air circuit breaker manufactured by ABB . This low voltage power circuit breaker can be withdrawn from its housing for servicing . Trip characteristics are configurable via DIP switches on the front panel . Many classifications of circuit breakers can be made , based on their features such as voltage class , construction type , interrupting type , and structural features . Low - voltage circuit breakers ( edit ) Low - voltage ( less than 1,000 V ) types are common in domestic , commercial and industrial application , and include : Miniature circuit breaker ( MCB ) -- rated current not more than 100 A. Trip characteristics normally not adjustable . Thermal or thermal - magnetic operation . Breakers illustrated above are in this category . Molded Case Circuit Breaker ( MCCB ) -- rated current up to 2,500 A. Thermal or thermal - magnetic operation . Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings . Low - voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in low - voltage switchboards or switchgear cabinets . The characteristics of low - voltage circuit breakers are given by international standards such as IEC 947 . These circuit breakers are often installed in draw - out enclosures that allow removal and interchange without dismantling the switchgear . Large low - voltage molded case and power circuit breakers may have electric motor operators so they can open and close under remote control . These may form part of an automatic transfer switch system for standby power . Low - voltage circuit breakers are also made for direct - current ( DC ) applications , such as DC for subway lines . Direct current requires special breakers because the arc is continuous -- unlike an AC arc , which tends to go out on each half cycle . A direct current circuit breaker has blow - out coils that generate a magnetic field that rapidly stretches the arc . Small circuit breakers are either installed directly in equipment , or are arranged in a breaker panel . Inside of a circuit breaker The DIN rail - mounted thermal - magnetic miniature circuit breaker is the most common style in modern domestic consumer units and commercial electrical distribution boards throughout Europe . The design includes the following components : Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker . Also indicates the status of the circuit breaker ( On or Off / tripped ) . Most breakers are designed so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the `` on '' position . This is sometimes referred to as `` free trip '' or `` positive trip '' operation . Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart . Contacts - allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart . Terminals Bimetallic strip - separates contacts in response to smaller , longer - term overcurrents Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the device after assembly . Solenoid - separates contacts rapidly in response to high overcurrents Arc divider / extinguisher Magnetic circuit breakers ( edit ) Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid ( electromagnet ) whose pulling force increases with the current . Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid . The circuit breaker contacts are held closed by a latch . As the current in the solenoid increases beyond the rating of the circuit breaker , the solenoid 's pull releases the latch , which lets the contacts open by spring action . Thermal magnetic circuit breakers ( edit ) Shihlin Electric MCCB with SHT Thermal magnetic circuit breakers , which are the type found in most distribution boards , incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in current ( short circuits ) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer - term over-current conditions . The thermal portion of the circuit breaker provides a time response feature , that trips the circuit breaker sooner for larger overcurrents but allows smaller overloads to persist for a longer time . This allows short current spikes such as are produced when a motor or other non-resistive load is switched on . With very large over-currents during a short - circuit , the magnetic element trips the circuit breaker with no intentional additional delay . Magnetic - hydraulic circuit breakers ( edit ) A magnetic - hydraulic circuit breaker uses a solenoid coil to provide operating force to open the contacts . Magnetic - hydraulic breakers incorporate a hydraulic time delay feature using a viscous fluid . A spring restrains the core until the current exceeds the breaker rating . During an overload , the speed of the solenoid motion is restricted by the fluid . The delay permits brief current surges beyond normal running current for motor starting , energizing equipment , etc . Short - circuit currents provide sufficient solenoid force to release the latch regardless of core position thus bypassing the delay feature . Ambient temperature affects the time delay but does not affect the current rating of a magnetic breaker . Large power circuit breakers , applied in circuits of more than 1000 volts , may incorporate hydraulic elements in the contact operating mechanism . Hydraulic energy may be supplied by a pump , or stored in accumulators . These form a distinct type from oil - filled circuit breakers where oil is the arc extinguishing medium . Common trip breakers ( edit ) Three - pole common trip breaker for supplying a three - phase device . This breaker has a 2 A rating . When supplying a branch circuit with more than one live conductor , each live conductor must be protected by a breaker pole . To ensure that all live conductors are interrupted when any pole trips , a `` common trip '' breaker must be used . These may either contain two or three tripping mechanisms within one case , or for small breakers , may externally tie the poles together via their operating handles . Two - pole common trip breakers are common on 120 / 240 - volt systems where 240 volt loads ( including major appliances or further distribution boards ) span the two live wires . Three - pole common trip breakers are typically used to supply three - phase electric power to large motors or further distribution boards . Two - and four - pole breakers are used when there is a need to disconnect multiple phase AC , or to disconnect the neutral wire to ensure that no current flows through the neutral wire from other loads connected to the same network when workers may touch the wires during maintenance . Separate circuit breakers must never be used for live and neutral , because if the neutral is disconnected while the live conductor stays connected , a dangerous condition arises : the circuit appears de-energized ( appliances do n't work ) , but wires remain live and some residual - current devices ( RCDs ) may not trip if someone touches the live wire ( because some RCDs need power to trip ) . This is why only common trip breakers must be used when neutral wire switching is needed . Medium - voltage circuit breakers ( edit ) Medium - voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV may be assembled into metal - enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor use , or may be individual components installed outdoors in a substation . Air - break circuit breakers replaced oil - filled units for indoor applications , but are now themselves being replaced by vacuum circuit breakers ( up to about 40.5 kV ) . Like the high voltage circuit breakers described below , these are also operated by current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers . The characteristics of MV breakers are given by international standards such as IEC 62271 . Medium - voltage circuit breakers nearly always use separate current sensors and protective relays , instead of relying on built - in thermal or magnetic overcurrent sensors . Medium - voltage circuit breakers can be classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc : Vacuum circuit breakers -- With rated current up to 6,300 A , and higher for generator circuit breakers . These breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container - aka `` bottle '' . Long life bellows are designed to travel the 6 -- 10 mm the contacts must part . These are generally applied for voltages up to about 40,500 V , which corresponds roughly to the medium - voltage range of power systems . Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers . Air circuit breakers -- Rated current up to 6,300 A and higher for generator circuit breakers . Trip characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays . Usually electronically controlled , though some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip unit . Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant , where the breakers are arranged in draw - out enclosures for ease of maintenance . SF circuit breakers extinguish the arc in a chamber filled with sulfur hexafluoride gas . Medium - voltage circuit breakers may be connected into the circuit by bolted connections to bus bars or wires , especially in outdoor switchyards . Medium - voltage circuit breakers in switchgear line - ups are often built with draw - out construction , allowing breaker removal without disturbing power circuit connections , using a motor - operated or hand - cranked mechanism to separate the breaker from its enclosure . Some important manufacturer of VCB from 3.3 kV to 38 kV are ABB , Eaton , Siemens , HHI ( Hyundai Heavy Industry ) , S&C Electric Company , Jyoti and BHEL . High - voltage circuit breakers ( edit ) Main article : High - voltage switchgear Three single phase Soviet / Russian 110 kV oil circuit breakers 400 kV SF live tank circuit breakers 72.5 kV hybrid switchgear module Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high - voltage breakers . The definition of high voltage varies but in power transmission work is usually thought to be 72.5 kV or higher , according to a recent definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) . High - voltage breakers are nearly always solenoid - operated , with current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers . In substations the protective relay scheme can be complex , protecting equipment and buses from various types of overload or ground / earth fault . High - voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc : Bulk oil Minimum oil Air blast Vacuum SF CO Due to environmental and cost concerns over insulating oil spills , most new breakers use SF gas to quench the arc . Circuit breakers can be classified as live tank , where the enclosure that contains the breaking mechanism is at line potential , or dead tank with the enclosure at earth potential . High - voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765 kV . 1,200 kV breakers were launched by Siemens in November 2011 , followed by ABB in April the following year . High - voltage circuit breakers used on transmission systems may be arranged to allow a single pole of a three - phase line to trip , instead of tripping all three poles ; for some classes of faults this improves the system stability and availability . High - voltage direct current circuit breakers are still a field of research as of 2015 . Such breakers would be useful to interconnect HVDC transmission systems . Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) high - voltage circuit breakers ( edit ) Main article : Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc . They are most often used for transmission - level voltages and may be incorporated into compact gas - insulated switchgear . In cold climates , supplemental heating or de-rating of the circuit breakers may be required due to liquefaction of the SF6 gas . Disconnecting circuit breaker ( DCB ) ( edit ) 72.5 kV carbon dioxide high - voltage circuit breaker The disconnecting circuit breaker ( DCB ) was introduced in 2000 and is a high - voltage circuit breaker modeled after the SF - breaker . It presents a technical solution where the disconnecting function is integrated in the breaking chamber , eliminating the need for separate disconnectors . This increases the availability , since open - air disconnecting switch main contacts need maintenance every 2 -- 6 years , while modern circuit breakers have maintenance intervals of 15 years . Implementing a DCB solution also reduces the space requirements within the substation , and increases the reliability , due to the lack of separate disconnectors . In order to further reduce the required space of substation , as well as simplifying the design and engineering of the substation , a fiber optic current sensor ( FOCS ) can be integrated with the DCB . A 420 kV DCB with integrated FOCS can reduce a substation 's footprint with over 50 % compared to a conventional solution of live tank breakers with disconnectors and current transformers , due to reduced material and no additional insulation medium . Carbon dioxide ( CO ) high - voltage circuit breakers ( edit ) In 2012 ABB presented a 75 kV high - voltage breaker that uses carbon dioxide as the medium to extinguish the arc . The carbon dioxide breaker works on the same principles as an SF breaker and can also be produced as a disconnecting circuit breaker . By switching from SF to CO it is possible to reduce the CO emissions by 10 tons during the product 's life cycle . Other breakers ( edit ) Residual current circuit breaker with overload protection The following types are described in separate articles . Breakers for protections against earth faults too small to trip an over-current device : Residual - current device ( RCD , formerly known as a residual current circuit breaker ) -- detects current imbalance , but does not provide over-current protection . Residual current breaker with over-current protection ( RCBO ) -- combines the functions of an RCD and an MCB in one package . In the United States and Canada , panel - mounted devices that combine ground ( earth ) fault detection and over-current protection are called ground fault interrupter ( GFI ) breakers ; a wall mounted outlet device or separately enclosed plug - in device providing ground fault detection and interruption only ( no overload protection ) is called a ground fault circuit interrupter ( GFCI ) . Earth leakage circuit breaker ( ELCB ) -- This detects current in the earth wire directly rather than detecting imbalance . They are no longer seen in new installations as they can not detect any dangerous condition where the current is returning to earth by another route - such as via a person on the ground or via plumbing . ( also called VOELCB in the UK ) . Recloser -- A type of circuit breaker that closes automatically after a delay . These are used on overhead electric power distribution systems , to prevent short duration faults from causing sustained outages . Polyswitch ( polyfuse ) -- A small device commonly described as an automatically resetting fuse rather than a circuit breaker . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Arc - fault circuit interrupter Circuit total limitation ( CTL ) Distribution board ( Circuit breaker panel ) Earthing system Hybrid switchgear module Insulation monitoring device Motor control center ( MCC ) Network protector Power distribution center ( PDC ) Power system protection Remote racking system Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Friedel and Paul Israel , Edison 's Electric Light : Biography of an Invention , Rutgers University Press , New Brunswick New Jersey USA , 1986 ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1118 - 6 pp. 65 - 66 Jump up ^ `` '' 1920 - 1929 Stotz miniature circuit breaker and domestic appliances `` , ABB , 2006 - 01 - 09 , accessed 4 July 2011 ''. > Jump up ^ Flurscheim , Charles H. , ed. ( 1982 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Power Circuit Breaker Theory and Design ( Second ed . ) . IET . ISBN 0 - 906048 - 70 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weedy , , B.M. ( 1972 ) . Electric Power Systems ( Second ed . ) . London : John Wiley and Sons . pp. 428 -- 430 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 92445 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://bonle.en.alibaba.com/product/50348671/51680889/Switch/MCB___MCCB.html Jump up ^ John Matthews Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Building Electrical Systems Springer 1993 0442008740 page 86 Jump up ^ Hwaiyu Geng , Data Center Handbook , John Wiley & Sons , 2014 page 542 Jump up ^ GR Jones ( ed ) , Electrical Engineer 's Reference Book , Butterworth - Heinemann Ltd , 1993 , page 25 / 14 Jump up ^ A few manufacturers now offer a single - bottle vacuum breaker rated up to 72.5 kV and even 145 kV . See http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113307491/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Electrical Engineering in Japan , vol 157 issue 4 pages 13 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Siemens launches world 's first 1200kV SF6 Circuit Breaker '' . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABB to develop ultra high voltage circuit breaker '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High Voltage DC Switch Enables Supergrids for Renewable Energy , MIT Technology Review '' . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Applications of Disconnecting Circuit Breakers , Michael Faxå , p. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HPL Disconnecting Circuit Breaker '' . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disconnecting Circuit Breakers , Buyer 's and Application Guide , p. 10 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 362 -- 550 kV Disconnecting Circuit Breaker with FOCS : Small , smart and flexible , p. 1 '' . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland : ABB breaks new ground with environment friendly high - voltage circuit breaker '' . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . General BS EN 60898 - 1 . Electrical accessories -- Circuit breakers for over-current protection for household and similar installations . British Standards Institution , 2003 . NDL : 00571798 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuit_breaker&oldid=809889607 '' Categories : Electric power distribution Electric power systems components Electrical wiring Safety switches Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 03 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8873922442408209391	A Little Party Never Killed Nobody (All We Got)	A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) - wikipedia A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' Single by Fergie , Q - Tip and GoonRock from the album The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film Released June 14 , 2013 Format Digital download stream Recorded 2013 Genre Electronic hip hop swing Length 4 : 01 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Stacy Ferguson David Listenbee Kamaal Fareed Andrea Martin Jordan Orvash Maureen McDonald Francesca Richard Andre Smith Alexander Scott Producer ( s ) Camilo Siabato GoonRock Orvash Richard ( vocal ) Fergie singles chronology `` Beautiful Dangerous '' ( 2011 ) `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( 2013 ) `` L.A. Love ( La La ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Beautiful Dangerous '' ( 2011 ) `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( 2013 ) `` L.A. Love ( La La ) '' ( 2014 ) Q - Tip singles chronology `` Bang Bang Bang '' ( 2010 ) Bang Bang Bang 2010 `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( 2013 ) A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) 2013 `` Thank You '' ( 2013 ) Thank You 2013 GoonRock singles chronology `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2011 ) Party Rock Anthem 2011 `` A Little Party Never Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( 2013 ) A Little Party Never Nobody ( All We Got ) 2013 Music video `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' on YouTube `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' is a 2013 song recorded by Fergie , Q - Tip and GoonRock for the soundtrack to the 2013 film The Great Gatsby , an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's novel of the same name , released through Interscope Records on May 6 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Release history 6 References Background ( edit ) On April 4 , 2013 , Interscope and Warner Bros. announced the track listing for the Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film The Great Gatsby , which included a brand new track titled `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' performed by Fergie with Q - Tip and GoonRock . Prior to the release of the album , the song premiered on Rolling Stone 's official website on April 15 , 2013 . `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' is an electronic and hip hop song with lyrics about partying . Music Video ( edit ) The official music video was released via YouTube on August 6 , 2013 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( Drop City Yacht Club Remix ) -- 4 : 26 Digital download ( remixes ) `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( Paige Festival Remix ) -- 6 : 04 `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( Connor Cruise + Chebacca Remix ) -- 3 : 50 `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( Marco Da Silva Remix ) -- 4 : 00 `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( Audiobot Remix ) -- 3 : 13 `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( Drop City Yacht Club Gangster Summer Remix ) -- 4 : 26 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 43 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 72 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 89 Italy ( FIMI ) 83 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 5 Poland ( Video Chart ) 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 90 US Billboard Hot 100 77 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Germany ( Media Control AG ) 58 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Release date Format Label Italy May 17 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Universal Australia June 14 , 2013 Digital download , stream Interscope Records United States July 30 , 2013 Digital download References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` The Great Gatsby ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack Boasts Big Names Jay - Z , Beyonce and Lana Del Rey '' . MTV . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie , Q - Tip and GoonRock Throw ' A Little Party ' for ' Gatsby ' -- Song Premiere '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC. April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` NPR is streaming the ' Gatsby ' soundtrack : What 's worth talking about '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's Fergie 's ill - timed Great Gatsby song , `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody '' `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Paula ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Album Review : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film The Great Gatsby '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) ( Drop City Yacht Club Remix ) -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Apple . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) ( Gatsby Remix Invasion ) -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fergie -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Fergie . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201333 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 21 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tutti i successi del 2013 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Airplay TV '' . Polish Video Chart . ZPAV . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHART : CLUK Update 1.06. 2013 ( wk21 ) '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Fergie . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Songs for Fergie . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Type ' in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select ' and see certification . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Fergie -- A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ http://www.radioairplay.fm/RadioDate/PublicDetails/20710 Jump up ^ `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) ( Drop City Yacht Club Remix ) '' . Universal Music Australia Pty. Ltd . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Fergie The Dutchess `` Fergalicious '' `` Clumsy '' `` London Bridge '' `` Glamorous '' `` Here I Come '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Finally '' `` Pick It Up '' `` Labels or Love '' Double Dutchess `` Hungry '' `` You Already Know '' `` Life Goes On '' `` M.I.L.F. $ '' `` L.A. 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-9070698806153708210	Benoni, Gauteng	Benoni , Gauteng - Wikipedia Benoni , Gauteng Place in Gauteng , South Africa Benoni The CBD of Benoni Benoni Benoni shown within Gauteng Benoni Benoni ( South Africa ) Benoni Benoni ( Africa ) Show map of Gauteng Show map of South Africa Show map of Africa Show all Coordinates : 26 ° 11 ′ 18 '' S 28 ° 19 ′ 14 '' E / 26.18833 ° S 28.32056 ° E / - 26.18833 ; 28.32056 Coordinates : 26 ° 11 ′ 18 '' S 28 ° 19 ′ 14 '' E / 26.18833 ° S 28.32056 ° E / - 26.18833 ; 28.32056 Country South Africa Province Gauteng Municipality Ekurhuleni Established 1881 Area Total 175.55 km ( 67.78 sq mi ) Elevation 1,645 m ( 5,397 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 158,777 Density 900 / km ( 2,300 / sq mi ) Racial makeup ( 2011 ) Black African 45.2 % Coloured 2.1 % Indian / Asian 13.9 % White 38.1 % Other 0.8 % First languages ( 2011 ) English 41.0 % Afrikaans 19.3 % Zulu 17.1 % Northern Sotho 5.3 % Other 17.3 % Time zone UTC + 2 ( SAST ) Postal code ( street ) 1501 PO box 1500 Area code 011 Benoni is a town in Ekurhuleni municipality , Gauteng , South Africa . The Kopanong Conference Centre in Benoni Benoni is a diverse city , featuring more horse stables per square kilometre than anywhere else in the Southern Hemisphere and over ten schools ; in some areas there is a concentration of up to 6000 students within a 5 km radius . Ashton International College was founded here in 1998 . Over time gold mining has decreased in importance . Today Benoni is focused more on industry and services , rather than mining , and is used as a service hub for eastern Ekurhuleni like Brakpan , Nigel and Springs . Benoni is also the site of the Benoni Heliport , for the use of helicopters . Visitors to the town may visit the local museum , the many lakes ( Benoni is known as `` the City of Lakes '' ) , the Lakeside Shopping Mall ( built in the shape of a Mississippi Steamboat on one of the lakes ) or Northmead Square ( known as the first shopping centre to bring cinemas back to Benoni ) located in the Northmead suburb . Near Northmead Square is the Bunny Park , which contains hundreds of rabbits and other small animals and is aimed at entertaining children . Willowmoore Park is a provincial and One Day International Cricket venue . Sibikwa , an internationally recognised and acclaimed community theatre , has been situated in the east of the town since 1989 During the 1990s Benoni was the site for the WOMAD Festival ( the World of Music , Arts and Dance ) , an international cultural festival held annually around the world and used to showcase various artists . Oscar - winning actress Charlize Theron was born in Benoni , while Charlene , Princess of Monaco attended school there . Lira , R'n B singer was raised in Daveyton and went to Wordsworth High school . Soccer Legend , Pollen Ndlanya is also among the famous people of theach metro . Benoni was also the setting for the MTV - inspired movie Crazy Monkey : Straight Outta Benoni , released internationally in 2005 . Benoni is currently represented in the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality by the African National Congress ( ANC ) in the majority , with the liberal - democratic Democratic Alliance being the official local opposition . The City Hall , built in 1937 , is a good example of art deco architecture . Contents 1 History 2 Parks and greenspace 3 Law and government 3.1 Government 3.1. 1 Coats of arms 4 Infrastructure 4.1 Transportation 4.2 Roads 5 Suburbs of Benoni 6 Notable people 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Benoni 's inauspicious beginnings date to 1881 when then surveyor - general of the Transvaal Republic Johan Rissik found it difficult to assign title deeds to all unclaimed state property , called `` Uitvalgrond '' , or land that fell out of already claimed properties . He named a piece of land in the area Government Farm Benoni after the Hebrew name ( meaning `` son of my sorrow '' ) , given by Rachel to her son after she suffered a very difficult birthing . This is according to the biblical Book of Genesis . ( Rachel unfortunately died after giving birth to Benoni but his father , Jacob , called him Benjamin `` Son - of - my - right - hand '' . ) Rissik 's naming was apparently due to the fact that he had difficulties in establishing the exact boundaries of the surrounding and already existing Rietfontein , Modderfontein , Kleinfontein and Brakpan farms and considered the formal demarcation to have been as commensurately sorrowful as that of the birth of Rachel 's son and accordingly named the unclaimed land Government Farm Benoni . On a happier note , it should be understood that Benoni City 's existence is primarily due the discovery of gold in 1887 , elaborated upon below , where the mines were subsequently concentrated in the Blesbokspruit Valley from the Kleinfontein Dam eastwards towards Van Ryn and Modderfontein Deep Level mines and for several kilometres to the south of the Kleinfontein Dam , mainly to the west of Snake Road . At the time , the mining industry and supporting infrastructure and businesses attracted people from all walks of life and include those from Europe , America , Australia as well as the local Boer , Blacks , Coloureds and Indians and thus makes modern Benoni a veritable stewing - pot of races , creeds and religions . By early 1887 the gold reef discovered in Johannesburg the previous year had been followed by prospectors to outcrops on the Kleinfontein , Vlakfontein and Modderfontein farms in the Benoni area and to that same piece of `` uitvalgrond '' that had been named Benoni by Mr. Rissik and which , had in the meantime , been leased to a Mr. E.W. Noyce by the Republican Government in 1885 . There was a clause in this lease however that stated that should gold be discovered on the property , Mr. Noyce 's lease would be cancelled ; and it was here , ironically , in the North - Eastern corner that gold was discovered early in 1887 after which the Benoni farm was proclaimed to be gold - bearing land , some time later on 9 May 1888 . Nevertheless , the intrepid Mr Noyce became one of the Directors of the Benoni Gold - Mining Company which subsequently laid claims on the farm and which was promulgated in September 1887 . This was the first registered gold mine in the Benoni area . In September 1887 , gold was discovered also discovered on the Modderfontein Farm and the Chimes Mine was established by Cornish men . The mining village became known as `` Little Cornwall '' for a time . The famous Van Ryn and Modderfontein series mines later established here went on towards some very successful discoveries ! In 1895 , the Kleinfontein farm was sold to the G & F Syndicate , the primary member being George Farrar ( who was later knighted ) and who had put his water - boring equipment to good stead towards gold - searching and thus knew that there was gold - bearing reef in the South - Eastern corner of the farm , near to where the first gold had been discovered on the Benoni farm , South of New Modder Road . The huge Kleinfontein Mine dump remains as testament to the success of the New Kleinfontein mine 's subsequent endeavours . Farrar went on to plan and develop the town of Benoni on the non-gold - bearing portion of Kleinfontein land between the Blesbok spruit and the Northern boundaries of the Benoni farm and the history proceeds as follows : Prior to the 2nd Anglo - Boer - war it seems that plans had been made by the Kruger Government to develop a township called Kleinfontein on the Northern slopes of the Blesbokspruit , on Kleinfontein farmland approximately where the older part of Northmead is situated today but this was never developed since it was considered to be too far away from the road leading to Boksburg and Johannesburg in the West . It was also thought to be too distant from the Rand Tram ( opened from Boksburg to Springs in 1890 in order to service the coalfields discovered in Springs and in Brakpan ) that trundled along far away , just north of Leeupan before curving around near the present day Apex station then back towards Brakpan . In those days , Brakpan did not exist as a town , only as The Brakpan Colliery . Then came the 2nd Anglo - Boer - War in 1899 which ended the Transvaal Government and thus any further plans along that avenue anyway . During the spring of 1902 , after the cessation of the 2nd Anglo - Boer - war , Sir George was inspecting the Homestead and Kleinfontein dams ( which he had ordered to be built before the war in order to supply water to the thirsty E.R.P.M. mine in Boksburg and the New Kleinfontein mine respectively , and where he held significant financial interests in both : the war had put a halt to gold - mining activities and Sir George had in fact taken a commission in the Imperial Forces during this time and had thus been unable to manage these valuable assets for a while . Some of the Benoni mines ' stamp - batteries and headgear had been burnt down during those tragic days but he was nevertheless impressed with the way the dams had been transformed from unattractive earthworks with sterile shorelines into lush , green oasis of rushes , young willows and sparkling clear waters . It was said to have reminded him of the pretty River Ouse in his home - town of Bedford in the UK . Thus it was that in September , he met with the Kleinfontein Estates and Township Company , ( where he held much influence ) who also administered the Benoni farm by then , and proposed that the town be laid out on the North - facing slopes of the Blesbok spruit valley , on Kleinfontein land alongside the now - beautiful Kleinfontein dam , and to the West of the then - existing mining shanty - town and present day Snake Road . The board were swayed by Sir George Farrar 's inspirational ideas and duly appointed him the town planner of the new Benoni Township . So it was that he named many of the streets , which run North - South , and Avenues , which run East - West , in honour of places and peoples of his fondest memories back in and around his hometown , Bedford in England : Bedford Street naturally , came from the name of his home town . ( It was renamed Tom Jones Street after the town councilor with the same name ) . Howard Avenue was named after his grandfather who lived at Kempston Grange ( spelt Kemston Avenue in Benoni ) and who had taken the young Farrar on horserides around the historical Bunyan countryside . They rode to Ampthill , a hill with fine views and then on to Elstow ( curiously spelt Elston here ) and then dismounted at the Swan Hotel for lunch . Russel Street almost certainly came from the family name of the Dukes of Bedford who happily resided at Woburn Abbey . Cranbourne Avenue was named after Lord Cranbourne , the Colonial Secretary of this country at the time and a good friend of Sir George 's . Wooton ( spelt Wootton in England ) , Turvey , Rothsay and Wilstead are all place names from around Bedford . The area between Taylor and Horsefall Streets ( origins unknown ) he declared a public open market but Market Avenue was renamed Prince 's Avenue after the visit of H.R.H. Edward , Prince of Wales in 1925 . The original market square is now occupied by the Benoni Plaza complex . The original Fort Street named after a British fort nearby was renamed Voortrekker Street in 1938 in honour of the Centenary of the Great Trek . Harpur Avenue is named in memory of the founder ( Sir William Harper ) of his old school , The Bedford Modern which is still in existence today and indeed makes mention of Sir George on its war memorial . The Benoni coat of arms designed in 1937 further continued the connection with Bedford by incorporating , in the centre shield , the triple - castle coat - of - arms of the town of Bedford and in the border , three escallops taken from the coats - of - arms of the Dukes of Bedford . It should be mentioned that Farrar had in fact wanted to name the new township Bedford but there already existed a Bedford in the Eastern Cape ( ironically named in honour of the Duke of Bedford of his hometown ) so he went along with the biblical name of Benoni that had been bequeathed to the Benoni farm , as cited earlier . Some variations as to the reasons for the name Benoni are detailed in the excellent book `` Benoni -- Son of My Sorrows '' , p27 - 28 , available in the Benoni Library . `` Foxy '' Farrar , as he was often called due to his clever business nous , ( he was renowned as being one of the hugely wealthy `` Randlords '' of the time ) was an inspirational character and apart from being responsible for the laying out of our city , he also ensured that the religious , schooling , sporting and social aspects of Benoni life were catered for as well as his becoming embroiled in local politics later on . Sir George Herbert Farrar bart , DSO was killed in ( then ) South West Africa during the 1st World War in 1915 in a train accident whilst on active army duty under the command of General Sir Duncan McKenzie who led the initial attack upon the German forces there . He presently rests - in - peace off a small road behind his magnificent Herbert Baker - designed manor house , Bedford Court , ( now St. Andrews Girls ' School ) in local Bedfordview . Thousands of trees were planted in the new mining district and it was officially declared the Township of Benoni in 1906 . Residents of that time were predominantly British or those from the Jewish population who had suffered anti-Semitism in eastern Europe , lost all their possessions and who had come to start life afresh here . A street in Lakefield , Benoni In 1907 , the first synagogue and the Benoni Race Track were opened . This horse - racing track was breathtaking by its sheer size as compared to the small mining town in which it was situated . The first race was run on Saturday 7 December 1907 and was won by a pony named Fusy owned by John ( Jack ) William Travis , a Jewish farrier on the gold mines who had come from England . Two unusual prizes were awarded for that first race , a mounted golden whip for the jockey and a gold medal for the owner of the pony . John William Travis imported the first race horses from England for Benoni racing . In 1922 , the Rand Revolt ( or 1922 Strike ) broke out throughout the mines on the Witwatersrand and thousands of white miners went on strike . The strike was partly led by the South African Communist Party and was not well received by the South African Government so soon after the Russian Communist Revolution of 1917 . The strike quickly degenerated into open revolt , with armed miners fighting the South African police and army in the streets . The revolt lasted for about a year and the miners were bombed by the newly formed South African Air Force ( SAAF ) during this time . Some of the SAAF aeroplanes were shot down by groundfire from the miners . During the revolt , Benoni was used as one of the headquarters of the miners and much fighting took place in and around the area . The Benoni Museum details this episode in the town 's history . Great North Road in Benoni During World War II , the South African Air Force trained pilots in Benoni on a site ( Presently the Police College ) a kilometer north of the old aerodrome which now constitutes the suburb of Airfield . In 1957 , in an effort to introduce the sport of rugby league to South Africa , Great Britain and France played the first of a series of three exhibition matches in Benoni . During the apartheid era , designated townships for black people was established outside Benoni , namely Daveyton and Wattville . The township of Actonville was established for the habitation of Indians , whilst Benoni proper was reserved for `` whites only '' . These various suburbs remain although the town is today relatively well - integrated and members of all race groups may live anywhere they please . Benoni has been honoured with three British royal visits , as well as several visits from Princess Charlene Wittstock of Monaco who grew up in Benoni . Today Benoni remains an English - speaking city with rich Jewish history . Parks and greenspace ( edit ) Middle Lake , Benoni Due to the string of four lakes ; Homestead , Middle , Civic and Kleinfontein , the Rynfield dam and numerous pans , most notably Korsman 's , Bullfrog and Sandpan , the city of Benoni is affectionately known by its residents as the City of Lakes . Law and Government ( edit ) Government ( edit ) Coats of arms ( edit ) Municipal ( 1 ) By 1926 , the Benoni municipality had assumed a pseudo-heraldic coat of arms , depicting ( 1 ) a mine headgear on a golden background , ( 2 ) an arm holding a sledgehammer on a red background , ( 3 ) a plough on a green background , and ( 4 ) the Diskobolos statue on a blue background . Municipal ( 2 ) A proper coat of arms was granted by the College of Arms in March 1938 . It was registered with the Transvaal Provincial Administration in June 1966 and at the Bureau of Heraldry in September 1969 . The arms were : Or , a turreted castle of three storeys Sable ; on a chief Sable three escallops Argent , all within a bordure Gules charged with four bezants and four heraldic fountains alternately . In layman 's terms , the shield displays a three - storeyed black castle on a golden background , below a black horizontal strip bearing three silver scallop shells , all surrounded by a red border bearing four gold coins alternating with four white and blue - striped discs . The crest was an armed holding a sledgehammer in front of agolden rising sun ; the supporters were two springboks wearing blue collars studded with golden discs ; and the motto was Auspicium melioris aevi . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Benoni as a city is served by a good transportation system , by rail as well as by road and by air . There is the Springs - Johannesburg Metro Rail Line running through Benoni south of the Benoni CBD and the Dunswart - Daveyton Metro Rail Line from Dunswart running north of Benoni CBD through to Daveyton . Benoni is also served by the OR Tambo International Airport in Kempton Park and close to the airport . Roads ( edit ) The following routes serve Benoni , the N12 , R23 , R29 and the R51 . The N12 Freeway is an East / West national route connecting Benoni with Springs to the East and to Johannesburg to the west . The R29 is a regional East / West route that is connecting with Springs in the east and with Boksburg in the west . The R23 is a North / South Route that is connecting Benoni with Kempton Park in the north towards the OR Tambo International in Kempton Park and with Heidelberg in the South . The R51 is also a North / South regional route connecting with Pretoria in the north and with Springs in the South . Suburbs of Benoni ( edit ) Planners from the Ekurhuleni Town Planning department on a routine site visit in the Benoni Benoni contains numerous attractive and tree - lined suburbs , and has a strong suburban character , quite unlike many other East Rand towns , which tend to be more industrialised . The main suburbs are : Actonville Airfield Alliance Alphen Park Benoni North Agricultural Holdings Brentwood Park Crystal Park Cloverdene Daveyton Etwatwa Fairleads Farrarmere Goedeburg Jatniel Lakefield Lakeside Mackenzie Park Morehill Norton Estates Northmead Northvilla Rynfield The Stewards Wattville Westdene Western Extension Notable people ( edit ) Charlene , Princess of Monaco , ( née Charlene Wittstock ) , swimmer , and consort of Prince Albert II of Monaco Bryan Habana , current Springboks rugby player Philip Holiday , IBF World Champion Boxer Morris Kahn ( born 1930 ) , Israeli billionaire , founder and chairman of Aurec Group Mildred Mangxola , singer and member of the Mahotella Queens Jessica Marais , actress Frith van der Merwe , schoolteacher at Benoni High and the most prolific female runner in the history of the Comrades Marathon Brian Mitchell , boxing champion Genevieve Morton , top model Grace Mugabe , former First Lady of Zimbabwe Bradley Player , cricketer Spike Stent , DJ / producer , record label owner Oliver Reginald Tambo , ANC , ANCYL and SACP hero during the Apartheid regime . Charlize Theron , Oscar - winning actress ( Academy Awards : Best Actress Monster ( 2003 film ) ) Vic Toweel , former undisputed World bantamweight champion and South African boxing champion . Jill Trappler , visual artist References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Main Place Benoni '' . Census 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Monkey Presents Straight Outta Benoni '' . IMDb.com. 1 August 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ The arms appear in a photograph of a document dated 1926 in Hugo M. ( 1977 ) ; ' n Volk Praat met sy leier . Jump up ^ The arms were depicted on a cigarette card issued in 1931 . Jump up ^ Transvaal Official Gazette 3216 ( 29 June 1966 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Jewish Report : Lieberman being sidelined as Israeli foreign minister '' ( PDF ) . Sajr.co.za. 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Do n't mess with Grace Mugabe -- she could be the next president of Zimbabwe '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benoni . AllRefer Encyclopedia -- Benoni , South Africa Communities of Ekurhuleni , Gauteng Seat : Germiston Places in Ekurhuleni Alberton Bapsfontein Bedfordview Benoni Boksburg Brakpan Daveyton Dawn Park Duduza Edenvale Elsburg Etwatwa Germiston Isando Katlehong Kempton Park KwaThema Nigel Primrose Reiger Park Springs Tembisa Thokoza Tsakane Vosloorus Wattville Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benoni,_Gauteng&oldid=861975265 '' Categories : Populated places in Ekurhuleni Populated places established in 1881 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use South African English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Български Cebuano Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Հայերեն Italiano Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sesotho sa Leboa Ślůnski Svenska Українська اردو Winaray 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 10 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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3819988860434986649	Matt Cassel	Matt Cassel - wikipedia Matt Cassel Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the NFL quarterback . For the American soccer ( association football ) player , see Matt Kassel . Matt Cassel Cassel with the Minnesota Vikings in 2013 No. 16 -- Tennessee Titans Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1982 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Northridge , California Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 228 lb ( 103 kg ) Career information High school : Chatsworth ( CA ) College : USC NFL Draft : 2005 / Round : 7 / Pick : 230 Career history New England Patriots ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2015 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2015 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2016 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2010 ) Career NFL statistics as of 2017 Pass completions : 1,571 Pass attempts : 2,666 TD -- INT : 104 -- 81 Passing yards : 17,449 Passer rating : 78.8 Rushing touchdowns : 5 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Matthew Brennan Cassel ( born May 17 , 1982 ) is an American football quarterback for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the New England Patriots in the seventh round of the 2005 NFL draft , and has also played for the Kansas City Chiefs , Minnesota Vikings , Buffalo Bills , and Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at USC . Cassel became the Patriots ' starting quarterback after Week 1 of the 2008 season after then reigning NFL MVP Tom Brady suffered a season - ending knee injury . According to ESPN research , he is the only known quarterback in NFL history to start an NFL game at quarterback without ever starting as a quarterback in college . In February 2009 , the Patriots used their franchise tag on Cassel , extending him a one - year contract worth over $14 million , the largest one - year contract for an offensive player in NFL history . Later that offseason , the Patriots made a trade which sent Cassel to the Kansas City Chiefs , who signed him to a 6 - year , $62.7 million contract in July 2009 . In 2010 , Cassel led the Chiefs to their first AFC West divisional championship in seven years , and earned a Pro Bowl berth in the process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 New England Patriots 3.1. 1 2005 season 3.1. 2 2006 season 3.1. 3 2007 season 3.1. 4 2008 season 3.2 Kansas City Chiefs 3.2. 1 2009 season 3.2. 2 2010 season 3.2. 3 2011 season 3.2. 4 2012 season 3.3 Minnesota Vikings 3.4 Buffalo Bills 3.5 Dallas Cowboys 3.6 Tennessee Titans 3.7 Statistics 3.8 Awards and highlights 4 Personal life 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Cassel was born in Northridge , Los Angeles , California . When he was 11 years old , his family home was at the epicenter of the 1994 Northridge earthquake , which at one point trapped his father Greg under a marble column and caused water from their swimming pool to flood their house . Their home was eventually condemned as a result , forcing the Cassel family to move . Cassel was the starting first baseman on the Northridge baseball team that reached the finals of the 1994 Little League World Series . He attended Chatsworth High School and was a letterman , an all - city selection , and a standout in both football and baseball . As a senior , he was ranked as the number eight quarterback and number 53 overall of the top high school players in the nation according to ESPN 's Tom Lemming 's Top 100 . Lemming called Cassel a `` pro-style pocket passer with a very strong , accurate delivery . '' In addition to playing quarterback , Cassel was also Chatsworth 's punter . Cassel committed to play at USC before starting his senior year in high school . He also had an appearance in the HBO Family program Freshman Year , a reality show in which his younger brother was one of the featured students . College career ( edit ) Cassel began his college career in 2001 and spent that entire Trojan career as a backup behind Heisman Trophy winners Carson Palmer and Matt Leinart . He saw limited time in three games in the 2001 season . He made his lone collegiate start at H - back against California in 2001 . Cassel was the backup for Palmer during his Heisman - winning 2002 season . He appeared in three games and completed three passes for 27 total yards . In the fall , Cassel lost the battle for the starting position to the previous third - string quarterback in Leinart . As a result of Leinart 's success , Cassel spent time at tight end and wide receiver in 2003 , and some special teams that year . In the 2003 season , he appeared in two games and completed 6 - of - 13 passes for 63 yards . In his last season with the Trojans , he was 10 - of - 14 for 97 yards and an interception . During his four seasons at USC , Cassel completed 20 - of - 33 passes for 192 yards , with no touchdowns and one interception . Cassel , a communication major at USC , was also roommates with Pittsburgh Steelers safety Troy Polamalu and Carson Palmer . Cassel played one season of baseball for USC in 2004 , compiling an 0 -- 1 record with 10 strikeouts and four walks . He played in eight games and started one . Cassel struck out in his only at bat in college . He also had two saves with a 9.35 ERA , and was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the 36th round of the 2004 MLB Draft . Statistics ( edit ) Year Team GP Passing Rushing Comp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rating Att Yds TD USC Trojans 7 50.0 5 2.5 0 0 NA 22 0 2002 USC Trojans 10 75.0 27 6.8 0 0 132 0 2003 USC Trojans 8 6 13 46.2 63 4.8 0 0 87 - 2 0 USC Trojans 9 10 14 71.4 97 6.9 0 115 6 11 0 Total 32 20 33 61 192 5.8 0 103 11 32 0 Source : sports-reference.com Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad 6 ft 4 ⁄ in ( 1.94 m ) 222 lb ( 101 kg ) 4.88 s 4.08 s 7.21 s 34 in ( 0.86 m ) 9 ft 7 in ( 2.92 m ) Values taken at Pro Day . New England Patriots ( edit ) Despite having had little chance to demonstrate his skills in actual game situations at USC , Cassel earned himself a place on several NFL teams ' draft boards after working out at USC 's 2005 Pro Day . One of Cassel 's coaches , Norm Chow , who had left USC to become the offensive coordinator for the Tennessee Titans , had discussed signing Cassel as an undrafted free agent after the 2005 NFL Draft ; Chow was surprised to learn the Patriots had drafted Cassel in the seventh round , with the 230th overall pick , ahead of more accomplished college quarterbacks such as Timmy Chang and 2003 Heisman Trophy winner Jason White . 2005 season ( edit ) Cassel began the 2005 season third on the Patriots ' depth chart behind Tom Brady and Doug Flutie , after beating out two more veteran quarterbacks , Chris Redman and Rohan Davey . He saw his first regular season action in the closing minutes of the Patriots ' 41 -- 17 loss to the San Diego Chargers on October 2 , 2005 , going 2 - for - 4 for 15 yards and throwing an interception . In the Patriots ' final game of the 2005 regular season , a 28 -- 26 loss to the Miami Dolphins on January 1 , 2006 , Cassel played the final three quarters . Though he was sacked for a safety , he threw two touchdown passes , one to wide receiver Tim Dwight , and the second to tight end Benjamin Watson . The pass to Dwight set up a drop - kick by Doug Flutie , the first such kick since 1941 . 2006 season ( edit ) Following Flutie 's retirement in the 2006 offseason , Cassel moved up to second on the Patriots ' depth chart . Although the Patriots considered signing a veteran quarterback to compete with him , Cassel played well in preseason and became the primary backup to Brady . Cassel was on the 45 - man active roster for all 16 games in 2006 ; when the Patriots brought in yet another Heisman winner , Vinny Testaverde , Testaverde acted as the emergency quarterback . In Week 16 of the 2006 season , after injuries to Josh Miller and Ken Walter , Cassel assumed duties as holder for kicker Stephen Gostkowski . He also led a late touchdown drive in the Week 17 regular season finale against the Tennessee Titans . 2007 season ( edit ) In Week 7 of the 2007 season , Cassel 's second pass was intercepted by Jason Taylor of the Miami Dolphins and returned for a touchdown . The next week , with the Patriots leading the Washington Redskins 45 -- 0 , he capped off the 52 -- 7 blowout with a 15 - yard touchdown run in which he dove over two Washington defenders to reach the end zone . Cassel in 2007 . 2008 season ( edit ) In the 2008 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs , Cassel came under center when Brady suffered a torn ACL and MCL in the first quarter from a hit by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard . Cassel led the Patriots to a 17 -- 10 victory , completing 13 - of - 18 passes for 152 yards and one touchdown ; Cassel 's drives accounted for all of New England 's points . Cassel in action against the Broncos in October 2008 . The day after the game , the Patriots confirmed that Brady 's serious injuries would sideline him for the rest of the season . Although the Patriots did bring quarterbacks Chris Simms and Tim Rattay to Foxborough , they signed neither , and kept Cassel as the starter . Cassel made his first career start on Sunday , September 14 , 2008 , with a winning effort over the New York Jets , completing 16 of 23 passes for 165 yards ; though he threw no touchdowns , he also threw no interceptions . The Patriots ' 19 -- 10 victory was the first time in six tries that a quarterback making his first NFL start defeated a team led by Brett Favre . Cassel was voted AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his Week 7 performance against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football . He had 183 passing yards and three touchdowns in a 41 -- 7 rout , which made it his first three touchdown pass game . Cassel scored the second rushing touchdown of his career on a 13 - yard touchdown in Week 10 against the Buffalo Bills . Cassel had zero touchdowns , but also zero interceptions , as he led the Patriots to a 20 -- 10 win ; the Patriots held the ball in the game for over 37 minutes ; the final 19 - play drive , which lasted over 9 minutes , tied a franchise record for most plays in a single drive . In the Patriots ' 34 -- 31 overtime loss to the New York Jets , on November 13 , 2008 , Cassel led the Patriots on three consecutive scoring drives to bring them back from a 24 -- 6 deficit with two minutes left in the first half , and threw a 16 - yard touchdown to Randy Moss on 4th - and - 1 with one second remaining to send the game into overtime . He finished 30 - for - 51 passing , with 400 yards , 3 touchdowns ( and a pass for a two - point conversion ) , and no interceptions for a passer rating of 103.4 , and 62 yards rushing on eight attempts . Cassel became the first Patriot to throw for 300 yards and rush for 50 yards in the same game , and the first player since at least the AFL - NFL merger to have 400 passing yards and 60 rushing yards in the same game . In Week 12 , Cassel led the Patriots to a 48 -- 28 win over the Miami Dolphins , who in Week 3 had ended the Patriots ' NFL record 21 - game regular season win streak . While Cassel threw for just 131 yards in the Week 3 loss , his Week 12 performance topped his performance against the Jets : Cassel completed 30 of 43 passes for 415 yards , three touchdowns to Randy Moss , and one interception , for a passer rating of 114.0 ; Cassel also had 14 yards on two rushes , including an 8 - yard touchdown run . The performance made Cassel the first quarterback in franchise history , and only the fifth quarterback in NFL history , to have consecutive games with 400 + yards passing . His efforts earned him the title of AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the second time . In Week 15 , against the Oakland Raiders , Cassel , playing just six days after the death of his father , set a new personal best , throwing for four touchdowns in the Patriots ' 49 -- 26 rout . Cassel during the 2008 NFL season . In Week 16 , against the playoff - bound Arizona Cardinals , Cassel led the Patriots to a 47 -- 7 blowout win through snow , sleet , and rain in the Patriots ' last regular - season home game of 2008 . Cassel , playing in snow for the first time ever , nevertheless completed 20 of 36 passes for 345 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions , while helping the Patriots remain in the hunt for the AFC East title . In a role reversal , Matt Leinart entered the game as the Cardinals ' backup quarterback when Kurt Warner was pulled from the game with the Cardinals trailing 44 -- 0 ; Leinart completed 6 of 14 passes , for 138 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . In Week 17 , Cassel led the Patriots to their fourth consecutive win , 13 -- 0 over the Buffalo Bills in a game marked by winds so severe that they bent the goalposts both before and during the game . Cassel completed 6 passes out of just 8 attempts , the second - lowest attempt total in franchise history ( the lowest being the 5 attempts of the 1982 Snowplow Game ) . Cassel finished with 78 yards , zero touchdowns , and zero interceptions ; his most notable play , however , was a quick kick punt on third down in the fourth quarter ; with the wind at his back , Cassel 's kick landed inside the 20 , and then rolled towards the Bills ' end zone before it was downed , stranding the Bills at their own 2 - yard line , struggling against the wind , down two scores with five minutes remaining . Cassel , in the last year of his four - year rookie contract , was scheduled to be an unrestricted free agent in 2009 . Given the quality of his performance , and the uncertainty over Brady 's recovery , NFL analysts and reporters raised the question of whether the Patriots should , or would , franchise Cassel , less than three months after some of those same reporters predicted Cassel would be cut from the team . On January 4 , 2009 , ESPN 's Chris Mortensen reported that the Patriots would franchise tag Cassel . The Patriots made it official on February 5 , 2009 , the first day of the 2009 franchise period , and Cassel agreed to the tender two days later . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) 2009 season ( edit ) Cassel in 2010 On February 28 , 2009 , the Patriots traded both Cassel and outside linebacker Mike Vrabel to the Kansas City Chiefs for the No. 34 overall selection in the 2009 NFL Draft . NFL Network 's Adam Schefter ( now with ESPN ) described as `` one of the wilder and more complex behind - the - scene dramas the NFL has seen in any recent offseason , '' with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers proposing a three - way trade with the Denver Broncos , in which the Buccaneers would have received Broncos quarterback Jay Cutler , the Broncos would have received Cassel , and New England would have received a first - round draft pick . Cassel , during his first season with the Chiefs Cassel then briefly became teammates with Bernard Pollard , the player whose hit in 2008 caused Brady 's injury and subsequently made Cassel the starter that season . In an interview , Cassel said he would `` thank '' Pollard for the opportunity , but also stated that he believed the hit on Brady was `` unintentional '' and he never wishes to see anyone get hurt while playing . Cassel was expected to compete with Tyler Thigpen , who started 11 games for the Chiefs in 2008 , for the starting quarterback position . Since Cassel 's number 16 from New England is retired in Kansas City in honor of Len Dawson , Cassel decided to wear number 7 ; he chose 7 because it equals one plus six . Eventually , Thigpen was traded to the Miami Dolphins . On July 14 , 2009 , the Chiefs signed Cassel to a six - year , $62.7 million contract that included $28 million in guaranteed money , and $40.5 million in total compensation in the first three seasons . On August 29 , 2009 , Cassel suffered an MCL injury during the 1st quarter of a preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks . Cassel was dragged to the ground and grabbed for his knee immediately upon impact . He attempted to continue playing but called a timeout and limped off the field . Brodie Croyle started the final game of the preseason against the St. Louis Rams as well as the regular season opening game against the Baltimore Ravens when Cassel was still unable to play . Cassel , though , started every game thereafter , going 4 -- 11 . Matt Cassel threw for 2,924 yards with 16 touchdowns and 16 interceptions and had a quarterback rating of 69.9 in his first season with the Chiefs . 2010 season ( edit ) In 2010 , Cassel had a resurgent season starting with a 21 -- 14 victory over the San Diego Chargers in the opening week 's Monday Night Football late game at home in Arrowhead . Cassel would build off of this start helping guide the Chiefs to a 7 -- 4 record over the first 12 weeks of football . Due to his form during November , he was named AFC Offensive Player of the Month for November . Cassel completed 90 of 144 passes ( 62.5 % ) for 1,111 yards and an NFL - leading 12 touchdowns , with just one interception . He had a 111.2 quarterback rating for the month . As a result of his performance against the Seattle Seahawks , Cassel won the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week award , as voted by the fans . On December 8 , 2010 , Cassel underwent an emergency appendectomy . It was unclear at the time whether he would be able to play in that week 's game against the San Diego Chargers . The Chiefs ended up starting backup Brodie Croyle and lost the game 31 -- 0 . Cassel returned for the next two games however and led the Chiefs to landslide wins over both the St. Louis Rams in the Governors Cup and then at home against the Tennessee Titans . The 34 -- 14 win over the Titans , along with a loss by the Chargers to the Bengals , helped the Chiefs clinch the division title . This would be the first Chiefs playoff game in four years and the first home playoff game since 2003 , the last time the Chiefs won the AFC West division . In a home playoff 30 - 7 loss against the Baltimore Ravens , Cassel went 9 of 18 for 70 yards passing , zero touchdown passes , and three interceptions . Cassel on September 1 , 2011 playing against the Green Bay Packers . Cassel at the 2011 Pro Bowl . In January 2011 , Cassel was named as an alternate to the Pro Bowl in place of an injured Tom Brady . Cassel threw for two touchdowns and two interceptions in the Pro Bowl . 2011 season ( edit ) In 2011 , Cassel had led the Chiefs to a 4 -- 4 record . During the first two games , Cassel only threw one touchdown . Those first two games were blowout losses . In the second game , Cassel threw three interceptions . Cassel finally had his first good game , throwing two touchdowns in a 17 -- 20 loss against the Chargers . He led the Chiefs to their first win against the Vikings , where he threw for 260 yards and one touchdown . The next week , he led the Chiefs to a comeback victory against the Colts . The Colts jumped to a 17 -- 0 lead , but Cassel threw four touchdowns and 257 yards with no interceptions to lead the Chiefs to a 28 -- 24 win . After the game , Cassel had a 138.9 quarterback rating . In week 8 , Cassel threw one touchdown though throwing two interceptions . Cassel injured his hand in a week 10 game vs. the Denver Broncos . He was replaced by Tyler Palko , and had surgery on the injured hand on November 14 . On November 21 , he was placed on injured reserve , ending his season . 2012 season ( edit ) In Week 1 of the 2012 season , Cassel had a tremendous first half against the Atlanta Falcons , but threw two interceptions in the second half . His final stats were two interceptions , one touchdown , one rushing touchdown , and a 72.5 quarterback rating . The final score resulted in a Chiefs loss , 24 - 40 . The Chiefs had to rely on a 91 - yard run by Jamaal Charles , a safety , and four field goals to gain their first win against the New Orleans Saints , as even with excellent field position throughout the second half , Cassel could not lead the team to the endzone ; he threw one interception and no touchdowns . The final score of that game was a 24 - 27 overtime win for the Chiefs . The next week , Cassel struggled and threw two touchdowns , but three interceptions in a 20 - 37 Chiefs loss against the Chargers . After the game Cassel 's starting job appeared to be in jeopardy , but coach Romeo Crennel said Cassel would start the next game against the Ravens . On October 7 , 2012 against the Baltimore Ravens , Cassel left the game with a head injury . Earlier in the day , a group called Save Our Chiefs rallied fans together and flew a banner over Arrowhead calling for the General Manager Scott Pioli to be fired and for Cassel to be benched . On October 11 , 2012 Chiefs head coach Romeo Crennel announced Cassel had been ruled out of the October 14 , 2012 game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and named Brady Quinn the starter for the game . At the time of Cassel 's injury , he had accumulated nine interceptions and five fumbles through the first five games of the season . This mark was more than any other team in the NFL , except the Philadelphia Eagles , who also had fourteen turnovers in their first five games of the 2012 season . On October 22 , 2012 , Crennel named Quinn as the starting quarterback for the Chiefs following their bye week . Cassel was deemed healthy enough to play , but still given the backup role . On March 13 , 2013 , sources close to the Chiefs reported they intended to trade or release Cassel . On March 14 , 2013 , the Chiefs released Cassel . Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) Cassel in 2014 On the same day he was released from the Chiefs , Cassel signed with the Minnesota Vikings . On September 27 , it was announced that Cassel would get his first start as a Viking in Week 4 against the Pittsburgh Steelers , due to a rib injury to starting quarterback Christian Ponder . The Vikings won the game 34 -- 27 . Due to another injury to Christian Ponder , Cassel received his third start of the season week 14 against the Baltimore Ravens . Despite a two touchdown , zero interception performance , the Vikings lost to the Ravens 29 - 26 during a heavy snow game . He would remain the starting quarterback the rest of the season where the Vikings finished with a 5 - 10 - 1 record and Cassel either played the whole game or came in to rally the Vikings from behind in all five victories . On March 7 , 2014 , it was reported that Cassel had signed a new two - year deal for $10 million . It was later announced on August 25 , 2014 that Cassel would be the starting quarterback over rookie Teddy Bridgewater and Ponder . However , on September 21 , 2014 Cassel broke his foot against the New Orleans Saints and was placed on injured reserve . In only three games , he totaled 425 passing yards , three touchdowns , and four interceptions . Buffalo Bills ( edit ) On March 10 , 2015 , the Vikings traded Cassel along with a sixth round 2015 NFL Draft pick ( # 188 - Tony Steward ) to the Buffalo Bills in exchange for a 2015 fifth round pick ( # 137 - Grady Jarrett ) and a seventh round pick in 2016 ( # 137 - Alex McCalister ) . Cassel was involved in a three - way quarterback competition between former Bills first round pick EJ Manuel and former Baltimore Ravens backup Tyrod Taylor . After losing the competition to Taylor , he was released by the Bills on September 5 , 2015 . However , he was re-signed three days later to back up Taylor . Cassel was credited as the Bills ' starting quarterback for the season opener due to him taking the team 's first snap on offense in the wildcat formation with Taylor lined up at wide receiver . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Cassel with the Dallas Cowboys in 2015 On September 22 , 2015 , the Bills traded Cassel to the Dallas Cowboys after Tony Romo suffered a broken collarbone . In addition to Cassel , the Cowboys also received Buffalo 's 2017 seventh round pick ( # 228 - Joey Ivie ) in exchange for Dallas ' 2017 fifth round pick ( # 171 - Nathan Peterman ) . Although Brandon Weeden was expected to start , the Cowboys covered themselves by also trading for Cassel . After Weeden lost the 3 games he started , Cassel replaced him as the starting quarterback while the injured Romo continued to rehab . He was never able to have any sustained offensive success and was prone to critical errors . On December 19 , after a disastrous showing against the New York Jets , Cassel was benched and replaced by Kellen Moore for the game and the rest of the season . In his seven starts and eight appearances , he posted a 1 - 6 record , 1,276 passing yards , 5 touchdowns and 7 interceptions . On Cassel 's last play before being benched for Moore , he became the first quarterback in over twelve years to throw an interception that was also flagged for intentional grounding . The play was designed to be a wide receiver bubble screen , but Cassel held onto the ball after a pump - fake , then turned to look at the other side of the field . Forced to scramble to get away from the immediate pressure , thanks largely to most of the Dallas offensive linemen moving to the left side of the field to block for the presumed wide receiver screen , Cassel stumbled and nearly fell over . Trying to salvage the play , Cassel threw the ball towards the right sideline . No Dallas receiver was in the area , and the ball failed to reach the sideline and was intercepted by Darrelle Revis . On top of the intentional grounding call against Cassel , there was also an illegal lineman downfield call against Dallas , as several offensive linemen had run downfield to block for what they assumed was a quick screen pass to a receiver . Both penalties were declined so that the interception would stand . Tennessee Titans ( edit ) Cassel signed with the Tennessee Titans on March 10 , 2016 . In Week 16 , on Christmas Eve , against the Jacksonville Jaguars , Cassel entered the game in the third quarter after starter Marcus Mariota suffered an injury . Cassel completed 13 - of - 24 passes for 124 yards and one touchdown with an interception as the Titans lost by a score of 38 -- 17 . Due to Mariota 's injury , Cassel started the season finale against the Houston Texans , completing 16 - of - 26 passes for 150 yards and one touchdown with one interception as the Titans won by a score of 24 -- 17 . On March 2 , 2017 , Cassel signed a two - year , $5.25 million contract extension with the Titans . On October 1 , 2017 , against the Houston Texans , Mariota suffered a hamstring injury in the third quarter and was relieved by Cassel . Cassel completed 4 of 10 passes for 21 yards and two interceptions as the Titans lost by a score of 57 -- 14 . Due to Mariota 's injury , Cassel started the game against the Miami Dolphins on October 8 , completing 21 of 32 passes for 141 yards and 1 touchdown as the Titans lost by a score of 16 -- 10 . Statistics ( edit ) Year Team GP GS Passing Rushing Comp Att Yds TD Int Rate Att Yds Avg TD 2005 New England 0 0 0 13 24 183 89.4 6 12 2.0 0 2006 New England 6 0 0 0 5 8 32 0 0 70.8 2.0 0 2007 New England 6 0 0 0 7 38 0 32.7 12 3.0 2008 New England 16 15 10 5 327 516 3,693 21 11 89.4 73 270 3.7 2009 Kansas City 15 15 11 271 493 2,924 16 16 69.9 50 189 3.8 0 Kansas City 15 15 10 5 262 450 3,116 27 7 93.0 33 125 3.8 0 2011 Kansas City 9 9 5 160 269 1,713 10 9 76.6 25 99 4.0 0 2012 Kansas City 9 8 7 161 277 1,796 6 12 66.7 27 145 5.4 2013 Minnesota 9 6 153 254 1,807 11 9 81.6 18 57 3.2 2014 Minnesota 41 71 425 65.8 9 18 2.0 0 2015 Buffalo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 Dallas 8 7 6 119 204 1,276 5 7 70.6 15 78 5.2 0 2016 Tennessee 0 30 51 284 71.0 0.8 0 2017 Tennessee 0 25 42 162 55.9 0 0 0 0 Total 106 81 36 45 1,571 2,666 17,449 104 81 78.8 266 1,012 3.8 5 Source : ESPN.com Awards and highlights ( edit ) Pro Bowl ( 2010 ) AFC champion ( 2007 ) 2 × AFC Offensive Player of the Week ( 2008 ) AFC Offensive Player of the Month ( November 2010 ) FedEx Air Player of the Week ( Week 15 -- 2013 ) Personal life ( edit ) Cassel married his longtime girlfriend Lauren Killian , a former USC volleyball player , in February 2007 ; Carson Palmer was his best man . Cassel has three siblings : older brother Jack ( who is married to Killian 's USC roommate and teammate , Julie Mariani ) , younger brother Justin , and younger sister Amanda . Jack pitched for the San Diego Padres and Houston Astros . Justin pitched for in the Chicago White Sox farm system for six seasons . Cassel is the son of Emmy - winning set decorator Barbara Cassel and her husband Greg Cassel ; they divorced when Cassel was 14 . Cassel 's father died on December 8 , 2008 . On the night of January 26 , 2012 , a fire broke out in a family 's house in the village of Loch Lloyd , Missouri . Cassel , seeing smoke from the fire , ran to their house to alert them . The family was able to make it out of the fire alive . See also ( edit ) List of NFL quarterbacks who have passed for 400 or more yards in a game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cassel likely to remain in New England '' . Blogs.nfl.com. 2009 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Later in the 2009 franchise period , the Carolina Panthers franchised Julius Peppers , which required a salary of over $16 million . ^ Jump up to : King , Peter ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Chiefs complete trade for Cassel '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Peter King -- Chiefs , Rams players lend hand to tornado recovery effort in Joplin '' . SI.com. 2011 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Exit Interview : Matt Cassel '' . Scout.com. 2005 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sondheimer , Eric ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Matt Cassel 's story is one of patience , perseverance '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Recruiting : Tom Lemming 's Top 100 '' . ESPN.com. 2000 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` QB had to throw caution at the wind '' . Boston.com. 2008 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Four of a Kind '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1999 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer on Matt Cassel '' . Nfl.com. 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2001 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2002 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2003 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2004 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel Stats -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com. 1982 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( 2008 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Parker back to practice '' . Pittsburghlive.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos '' . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 MLB Draft Results Round 36 MLB Draft Results 2004 MLB Amateur Draft Picks '' . Mymlbdraft.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel - Southern California , QB : 2005 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile '' . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com - Prospect Profiles '' . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Peter , Josh ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Cassel finally gets his shot '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at New England Patriots - October 2nd , 2005 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at New England Patriots - January 1st , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Tennessee Titans - December 31st , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins - October 21st , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at New England Patriots - October 28th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at New England Patriots - September 7th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2008 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Belichick Declines to Sign Simms and Rattay '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at New York Jets - September 14th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Martone , Art . `` Transcript : Matt Cassel 's Thursday press conference ( September 11 , 2008 ) '' . Beloblog.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at New England Patriots - October 20th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cassel named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . Reiss ' Pieces , The Boston Globe . 2008 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at New England Patriots - November 9th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at New England Patriots - November 13th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NFL game stats '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins - November 23rd , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cassel is AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . Reiss ' Pieces , The Boston Globe . 2008 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New England Patriots at Oakland Raiders -- 2008 Week 15 '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Worcester Telegram & Gazette -- telegram.com -- Snow problem '' . telegram.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Somers , Kent ( 2008 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Leinart , Cassel continue role reversals '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NFL GameDay : Patriots vs. Bills '' . Nfl.com. 2008 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Monday Money Matters Archived 2009 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . National Football Post Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` King of the Cassel '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Updated 53 - man roster projection '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Sources : New England Patriots to put franchise tag on Matt Cassel -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Franchise Cassel '' . Boston.com. 2009 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cassel to make $14.65 M next season '' . ESPN.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs acquire QB Matt Cassel , LB Mike Vrabel in trade with Patriots '' . Kansas City Chiefs . 2009 - 02 - 28 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Cutler upset over potential deals to Detroit , Tampa Bay '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with QB Matt Cassel '' . Kansas City Chiefs . 2009 - 03 - 02 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with head coach Todd Haley '' . Kansas City Chiefs . 2009 - 03 - 02 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Snap Judgments : Chiefs ' Cassel at ease with role as face of franchise '' . SI.com. 2009 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ John Clayton ( 2009 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Chiefs lock up Cassel '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Haley : Cassel ( knee ) a question mark '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2009 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City 24 , Baltimore 38 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2009 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cassel picks up pace in practice '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2009 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2009 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Kansas City Chiefs Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at Kansas City Chiefs - September 13th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Matt Looney ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Arrowhead Report : Thursday , December 2nd '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Cassel , Hillis voted FedEx Air & Ground Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sean Leahy ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Chiefs QB Matt Cassel undergoes appendectomy '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Teicher ( 2010 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Chiefs on their way to playoffs with win over Titans '' . Kansas City Star . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Baltimore Ravens at Kansas City Chiefs - January 9th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at Kansas City Chiefs - September 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at Detroit Lions - September 18th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at San Diego Chargers - September 25th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Kansas City Chiefs - October 2nd , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at Indianapolis Colts - October 9th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at Kansas City Chiefs - October 31st , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at Kansas City Chiefs - November 13th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Matt Cassel placed on injured reserve with hand injury , ending his season '' . Washington Post / Associated Press . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Kansas City Chiefs - September 9th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at New Orleans Saints - September 23rd , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at Kansas City Chiefs - September 30th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens at Kansas City Chiefs - October 7th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Chiefs banner flies at Arrowhead '' . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quinn to start for Chiefs on Sunday '' . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel on Kansas City Chiefs ' trading block '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel released by Kansas City Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel agrees to Minnesota Vikings contract '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel to start for Vikings over Christian Ponder '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers at Minnesota Vikings - September 29th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Baltimore Ravens - December 8th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben . `` Matt Cassel , Vikings reach new deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel will start Week 1 for Minnesota Vikings '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Vikings place QB Matt Cassel on IR '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2014 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Bills trade for Matt Cassel '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Bills officially acquire QB Cassel from Vikings in trade '' . BuffaloBills.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` Buffalo Bills release QB Matt Cassel '' . nfl.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Bills re-sign Matt Cassel to back up Tyrod Taylor '' . nfl.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Cassel `` starts '' at quarterback for the Bills `` . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Cowboys trade for bills qb Matt Cassel '' . nfl.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel to start at QB for Dallas Cowboys after bye week '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel benched , Kellen Moore is Cowboys ' fourth QB this year '' . Yahoo Sports . 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Cassel 2015 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/12/19/matt-cassel-double-dips-for-intentional-grounding-and-an-interception-on-the-same-play/ Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at Dallas Cowboys - December 19th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Titans Agree to Terms with Veteran QB Matt Cassel Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Titans Lose to Jaguars as Mariota Suffers Fractured Fibula '' . titansonline.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Titans Beat Texans , Finish Season with 9 - 7 Mark '' . titansonline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Cassel Ready to Step in for Titans '' . titansonline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Titans Agree to Terms with Veteran QB Matt Cassel '' . TitansOnline.com . Jump up ^ `` Titans ' Matt Cassel : Comes in in relief of Mariota '' . cbssports.com . October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cassel Ca n't Rescue Titans ; Latest on Marcus Mariota '' . titansonline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen . `` For Cassels , Athletics Are Part of the Family '' . New York Times . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Globe ( 2008 - 09 - 14 ) . `` After years as a backup , he hands off clipboard '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Cassel Stats '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Cassel Minor , Fall , Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Father of Patriots ' Cassel Passes Away December 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Patriots unsure when Cassel will return after father 's death '' . Associated Press . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Justin Unell ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Chiefs quarterback Matt Cassel helps rescue family from fire in Loch Lloyd '' . KSHB . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Cassel . USC bio Tennessee Titans current roster Active roster 4 Ryan Succop 6 Brett Kern 8 Marcus Mariota 11 Alex Tanney 13 Taywan Taylor 16 Matt Cassel 18 Rishard Matthews 19 Tajae Sharpe 20 Demontre Hurst 21 Da'Norris Searcy 22 Derrick Henry 24 Kalan Reed 25 Adoree ' Jackson 26 Logan Ryan 28 Khalfani Muhammad 29 DeMarco Murray 31 Kevin Byard 32 David Fluellen 33 Tye Smith 36 LeShaun Sims 37 Johnathan Cyprien 41 Brynden Trawick 44 Josh Carraway 48 Beau Brinkley 50 Nate Palmer 51 Victor Ochi 52 Aaron Wallace Jr . 53 Daren Bates 55 Jayon Brown 59 Wesley Woodyard 60 Ben Jones 61 Corey Levin 71 Dennis Kelly 77 Taylor Lewan 78 Jack Conklin 81 Jonnu Smith 82 Delanie Walker 84 Corey Davis 88 Luke Stocker 89 Phillip Supernaw 91 Derrick Morgan 92 Kevin Dodd 94 Austin Johnson 96 Sylvester Williams 97 Karl Klug 98 Brian Orakpo 99 Jurrell Casey Reserve lists 5 Tyler Ferguson ( Future ) 15 Darius Jennings ( Future ) 17 Zach Pascal ( Future ) 39 Jeremy Boykins ( Future ) 42 Denzel Johnson ( Future ) 68 Cody Wichmann ( Future ) 69 Tyler Marz ( Future ) 70 Johnny Maxey ( Future ) 72 Julius Warmsley ( Future ) 75 Antwaun Woods ( Future ) 85 Tim Semisch ( Future ) Free agents 3 Brandon Weeden ( UFA ) 14 Eric Weems ( UFA ) 23 Brice McCain ( UFA ) 35 Curtis Riley ( ERFA ) 54 Avery Williamson ( UFA ) 62 Brian Schwenke ( UFA ) 64 Josh Kline ( UFA ) 67 Quinton Spain ( RFA ) 83 Harry Douglas ( UFA ) 87 Eric Decker ( UFA ) 90 DaQuan Jones ( UFA ) 93 Erik Walden ( UFA ) 95 David King ( RFA ) AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA 2003 USC Trojans football -- AP national champions Marcell Allmond Kevin Arbet Collin Ashton Sam Baker Darnell Bing John David Booty Will Buchanon Reggie Bush Dominique Byrd Matt Cassel Shaun Cody Keary Colbert Hershel Dennis Sedrick Ellis Matt Grootegoed Gregg Guenther Brandon Hancock Alex Holmes Lawrence Jackson Winston Justice Ryan Kalil Norm Katnik Ryan Killeen David Kirtman Jason Leach Matt Leinart Whitney Lewis Oscar Lua Tom Malone Fred Matua Chris McFoy Jason Mitchell Mike Patterson Will Poole LaJuan Ramsey Drew Radovich Jacob Rogers Frostee Rucker Dallas Sartz Steve Smith Matt Spanos Lofa Tatupu Terrell Thomas Kenechi Udeze Lenny Vandermade John Walker Chauncey Washington Lee Webb LenDale White Kyle Williams Mike Williams Thomas Williams Eric Wright Manuel Wright Justin Wyatt Head coach : Pete Carroll Assistant coaches : Greg Burns Brennan Carroll Norm Chow Nick Holt Lane Kiffin Ed Orgeron Kennedy Pola Steve Sarkisian Rocky Seto 2004 USC Trojans football -- AP national champions ( BCS / Coaches Poll vacated ) Kevin Arbet Collin Ashton Sam Baker Darnell Bing John David Booty Will Buchanon Reggie Bush Jeff Byers Dominique Byrd Matt Cassel Shaun Cody Mario Danelo Fred Davis Hershel Dennis Sedrick Ellis Matt Grootegoed Brandon Hancock Alex Holmes Lawrence Jackson Dwayne Jarrett Winston Justice Ryan Kalil Ryan Killeen David Kirtman Jason Leach Matt Leinart Whitney Lewis Oscar Lua Deuce Lutui Tom Malone Fred Matua Chris McFoy Jason Mitchell Mike Patterson Josh Pinkard Ryan Powdrell Chilo Rachal Drew Radovich LaJuan Ramsey Keith Rivers Frostee Rucker Dallas Sartz Steve Smith Matt Spanos Lofa Tatupu Terrell Thomas John Walker Scott Ware Chauncey Washington Lee Webb LenDale White Kyle Williams Thomas Williams Eric Wright Manuel Wright Justin Wyatt Head coach : Pete Carroll Assistant coaches : Greg Burns Brennan Carroll Norm Chow Lane Kiffin Todd McNair Ken Norton Jr . Ed Orgeron Rocky Seto Carl Smith New England Patriots 2005 NFL draft selections Logan Mankins Ellis Hobbs Nick Kaczur James Sanders Ryan Claridge Matt Cassel Andy Stokes Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs starting quarterbacks Cotton Davidson ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Hunter Enis ( 1960 ) Randy Duncan ( 1961 ) Len Dawson ( 1962 -- 1975 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1963 ) Pete Beathard ( 1965 ) Jacky Lee ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Mike Livingston ( 1969 -- 1979 ) Tony Adams ( 1975 , 1977 -- 1978 ) Steve Fuller ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Bill Kenney ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Todd Blackledge ( 1984 -- 1987 ) Matt Stevens ( 1987 ) Frank Seurer ( 1987 ) Doug Hudson ( 1987 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Ron Jaworski ( 1989 ) Steve Pelluer ( 1989 ) Mark Vlasic ( 1991 ) Dave Krieg ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Joe Montana ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Steve Bono ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Rich Gannon ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Elvis Grbac ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Warren Moon ( 2000 ) Trent Green ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Damon Huard ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Brodie Croyle ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Tyler Thigpen ( 2008 ) Matt Cassel ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Tyler Palko ( 2011 ) Kyle Orton ( 2011 ) Brady Quinn ( 2012 ) Alex Smith ( 2013 -- present ) Chase Daniel ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Nick Foles ( 2016 ) Patrick Mahomes II ( 2017 ) Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks George Shaw ( 1961 ) Fran Tarkenton ( 1961 -- 1966 , 1972 -- 1978 ) Ron Vander Kelen ( 1963 , 1966 -- 1967 ) Bob Berry ( 1966 , 1974 ) Joe Kapp ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Gary Cuozzo ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Bob Lee ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1976 -- 1977 ) Norm Snead ( 1971 ) Tommy Kramer ( 1977 , 1979 -- 1989 ) Steve Dils ( 1980 -- 1981 , 1983 ) Wade Wilson ( 1983 -- 1991 ) Archie Manning ( 1984 ) Tony Adams ( 1987 ) Rich Gannon ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Sean Salisbury ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Jim McMahon ( 1993 ) Warren Moon ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Brad Johnson ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2005 -- 2006 ) Randall Cunningham ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Jeff George ( 1999 ) Daunte Culpepper ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Todd Bouman ( 2001 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2001 ) Gus Frerotte ( 2003 , 2008 ) Tarvaris Jackson ( 2006 -- 2008 , 2010 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2007 ) Brooks Bollinger ( 2007 ) Brett Favre ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Joe Webb ( 2010 ) Donovan McNabb ( 2011 ) Christian Ponder ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Matt Cassel ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Josh Freeman ( 2013 ) Teddy Bridgewater ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Shaun Hill ( 2016 ) Sam Bradford ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Case Keenum ( 2017 -- present ) Buffalo Bills starting quarterbacks Johnny Green ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tommy O'Connell ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Richie Lucas ( 1960 ) Bob Brodhead ( 1960 ) Warren Rabb ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Mack Reynolds ( 1961 ) Al Dorow ( 1962 ) Jack Kemp ( 1962 -- 1967 , 1969 ) Daryle Lamonica ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Tom Flores ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Dan Darragh ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Ed Rutkowski ( 1968 ) Kay Stephenson ( 1968 ) James Harris ( 1969 , 1971 ) Dennis Shaw ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Leo Hart ( 1972 ) Joe Ferguson ( 1973 -- 1984 ) Gary Marangi ( 1976 ) Joe Dufek ( 1984 ) Vince Ferragamo ( 1985 ) Bruce Mathison ( 1985 ) Jim Kelly ( 1986 -- 1996 ) Brian McClure ( 1987 ) Willie Totten ( 1987 ) Dan Manucci ( 1987 ) Frank Reich ( 1989 -- 1991 , 1994 ) Todd Collins ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Alex Van Pelt ( 1997 , 2001 ) Doug Flutie ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Rob Johnson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 2002 -- 2004 ) J.P. Losman ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2005 ) Trent Edwards ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Ryan Fitzpatrick ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Brian Brohm ( 2009 -- 2010 ) EJ Manuel ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Thad Lewis ( 2013 ) Jeff Tuel ( 2013 ) Kyle Orton ( 2014 ) Matt Cassel ( 2015 ) Tyrod Taylor ( 2015 -- present ) Nathan Peterman ( 2017 ) Dallas Cowboys starting quarterbacks Eddie LeBaron ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Don Meredith ( 1960 -- 1968 ) Don Heinrich ( 1960 ) John Roach ( 1964 ) Jerry Rhome ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Craig Morton ( 1965 , 1967 -- 1972 ) Roger Staubach ( 1969 -- 1971 , 1973 -- 1979 ) Clint Longley ( 1975 ) Danny White ( 1978 , 1980 -- 1987 ) Glenn Carano ( 1981 ) Gary Hogeboom ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Steve Pelluer ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Reggie Collier ( 1986 ) Kevin Sweeney ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Troy Aikman ( 1989 -- 2000 ) Steve Walsh ( 1989 ) Babe Laufenberg ( 1990 ) Steve Beuerlein ( 1991 ) Bernie Kosar ( 1993 ) Jason Garrett ( 1993 -- 1994 , 1998 -- 1999 ) Rodney Peete ( 1994 ) Wade Wilson ( 1996 ) Randall Cunningham ( 2000 ) Anthony Wright ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Quincy Carter ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Ryan Leaf ( 2001 ) Clint Stoerner ( 2001 ) Chad Hutchinson ( 2002 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 2004 ) Drew Henson ( 2004 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Tony Romo ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Brad Johnson ( 2008 ) Jon Kitna ( 2010 ) Stephen McGee ( 2010 ) Kyle Orton ( 2013 ) Brandon Weeden ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Matt Cassel ( 2015 ) Kellen Moore ( 2015 ) Dak Prescott ( 2016 -- present ) Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans starting quarterbacks George Blanda ( 1960 -- 1966 ) Jacky Lee ( 1960 -- 1961 , 1963 , 1967 ) Don Trull ( 1964 -- 1966 , 1968 -- 1969 ) Buddy Humphrey ( 1966 ) Pete Beathard ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Bob Davis ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Charley Johnson ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Jerry Rhome ( 1970 ) Dan Pastorini ( 1971 -- 1979 ) Lynn Dickey ( 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 ) Kent Nix ( 1972 ) John Hadl ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Gifford Nielsen ( 1979 , 1981 -- 1983 ) Ken Stabler ( 1980 -- 1981 ) John Reaves ( 1981 ) Archie Manning ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Oliver Luck ( 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 ) Warren Moon ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Brent Pease ( 1987 ) Cody Carlson ( 1988 , 1990 , 1992 -- 1994 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1994 ) Bucky Richardson ( 1994 ) Chris Chandler ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Steve McNair ( 1995 -- 2005 ) Will Furrer ( 1995 ) Neil O'Donnell ( 1999 -- 2001 , 2003 ) Billy Volek ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Matt Mauck ( 2005 ) Vince Young ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Kerry Collins ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Rusty Smith ( 2010 ) Matt Hasselbeck ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Jake Locker ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Ryan Fitzpatrick ( 2013 ) Charlie Whitehurst ( 2014 ) Zach Mettenberger ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Marcus Mariota ( 2015 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Cassel&oldid=827558284 '' Categories : 1982 births American football quarterbacks Buffalo Bills players Dallas Cowboys players Kansas City Chiefs players Living people Minnesota Vikings players New England Patriots players People from Chatsworth , Los Angeles People from Northridge , Los Angeles People from Sharon , Massachusetts Players of American football from California Sportspeople from Los Angeles Tennessee Titans players USC Trojans baseball players USC Trojans football players Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Tennessee Titans currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who replaced tom brady when he was hurt	[]	[]
-2721319784945171986	Logrolling (medicine)	Logrolling ( Medicine ) - wikipedia Logrolling ( Medicine ) Log - rolling onto a spine board In medicine , in particular , in emergency medicine , the log roll or logrolling is a maneuver used to move a patient without flexing the spinal column . Patient 's legs are stretched , the head is held , to immobilize the neck . Some sources recommend patient 's arms crossed over the chest , while others suggest that to minimize the amount of lateral spinal displacement the arms must be stretched along the sides , with palms resting on the thighs . After that the patient is carefully rolled in the desired direction without twisting or bending the body . Log - rolling Typically logrolling into a supine position is used for transport of a casualty . Other cases include logrolling on a side , e.g. , to facilitate vomiting. , or from side to side , for medical examination . See also ( edit ) Casualty lifting References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualty lifting . ^ Jump up to : `` Log roll '' , Mosby 's Medical Dictionary , 8th edition . © 2009 , Elsevier . Jump up ^ Roberts , J.R. ; Hedges , J.R. ( 2009 ) . Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 9781437727500 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , E. ; Jacobs , M. ( 2012 ) . Marine Medicine : A Comprehensive Guide , Adventure Medical Kits , 2nd Edition . Mountaineers Books . ISBN 9781594856617 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schepsis , A.A. ; Busconi , B.D. ( 2006 ) . Sports Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9780781756532 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logrolling_(medicine)&oldid=762111767 '' Categories : Emergency medical procedures Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 January 2017 , at 18 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	logrolling is a method of moving patients having suspected	[]	[]
-4438503085690771059	Decolonization	Decolonization - wikipedia Decolonization Jump to : navigation , search Decolonization ( US ) or decolonisation ( UK ) is the undoing of colonialism : where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories . The term refers particularly to the dismantlement , in the years after World War II , of the colonial empires established prior to World War I throughout the world . However , decolonization not only refers to the complete `` removal of the domination of non-indigenous forces '' within the geographical space and different institutions of the colonized , but it also refers to the intellectual decolonization from the colonizers ' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior . The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has stated that in the process of decolonization there is no alternative to the colonizer allowing a process of self - determination , but in practice decolonization may involve either nonviolent revolution or national liberation wars by pro-independence groups . It may be intramural or involve the intervention of foreign powers acting individually or through international bodies such as the United Nations . Although examples of decolonization can be found as early as the writings of Thucydides , there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times . These include the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century ; of the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires following World War I ; of the British , French , Dutch , Japanese , Portuguese , Belgian and Italian colonial empires following World War II ; and of the Soviet Union ( successor to the Russian Empire ) in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methods and stages 2 History 2.1 American Revolution 2.2 Haitian Revolution 2.3 Spanish America 2.4 Ottoman Empire 2.4. 1 Egypt 2.4. 2 Greece 2.4. 3 Bulgaria 2.4. 4 Romania 2.4. 5 Serbia 2.4. 6 Montenegro 2.5 British Empire 2.5. 1 Violence , civil warfare and partition 2.6 French Empire 2.7 After 1918 2.7. 1 Western European colonial powers 2.7. 2 United States 2.7. 3 Japan 2.7. 4 Central Europe 2.8 After 1945 2.8. 1 Planning for decolonization 2.8. 1.1 U.S. and Philippines 2.8. 1.2 Portugal 2.8. 1.3 Belgium 2.8. 1.4 The Netherlands 2.8. 2 United Nations Trust Territories 2.8. 3 The emergence of the Third World ( 1945 -- present ) 2.8. 4 Decolonization of Africa 2.8. 5 Decolonization in the Americas after 1945 2.8. 6 Decolonization of Asia 2.8. 7 Decolonization in Europe 3 Challenges 3.1 State - building 3.2 Nation - building 3.2. 1 Settled populations 3.3 Economic development 3.3. 1 Effects on the colonizers 3.3. 2 Effects on the former colonies 4 Post-colonial organizations 5 Assassinated anti-colonialist leaders 6 Timeline of independence 6.1 18th century to World War I 6.2 Interwar period 6.3 Cold War 6.4 Post -- Cold War era 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources Methods and stages ( edit ) Decolonization is a political process and vital internalization of the rejection of colonialist mindsets and `` norms '' . In extreme circumstances , there is a war of independence , sometimes following a revolution . More often , there is a dynamic cycle where negotiations fail , minor disturbances ensue resulting in suppression by the police and military forces , escalating into more violent revolts that lead to further negotiations until independence is granted . In rare cases , the actions of the pro-independence movements are characterized by nonviolence , with the Indian independence movement led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi being one of the most notable examples , and the violence comes as active suppression from the occupying forces or as political opposition from forces representing minority local communities who feel threatened by the prospect of independence . For example , there was a war of independence in French Indochina , while in some countries in French West Africa ( excluding the Maghreb countries ) decolonization resulted from a combination of insurrection and negotiation . The process is only complete when the de facto government of the newly independent country is recognized as the de jure sovereign state by the community of nations . Independence is often difficult to achieve without the encouragement and practical support from one or more external parties . The motives for giving such aid are varied : nations of the same ethnic and / or religious stock may sympathize with the people of the country , or a strong nation may attempt to destabilize a colony as a tactical move to weaken a rival or enemy colonizing power or to create space for its own sphere of influence ; examples of this include British support of the Haitian Revolution against France , and the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 , in which the United States warned the European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the newly independent states of the Western Hemisphere . As world opinion became more pro-independence following World War I , there was an institutionalized collective effort to advance the cause of decolonization through the League of Nations . Under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , a number of mandates were created . The expressed intention was to prepare these countries for self - government , but are often interpreted as a mere redistribution of control over the former colonies of the defeated powers , mainly the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire . This reassignment work continued through the United Nations , with a similar system of trust territories created to adjust control over both former colonies and mandated territories . Comorians protest against Mayotte referendum on becoming an overseas department of France , 2009 In referendums , some colonial populations have chosen to retain their colonial status , such as Gibraltar and French Guiana . There are even examples , such as the Falklands War , in which an imperial power goes to war to defend the right of a colony to continue to be a colony . Colonial powers have sometimes promoted decolonization in order to shed the financial , military and other burdens that tend to grow in those colonies where the colonial governments have become more benign . Decolonization is rarely achieved through a single historical act , but rather progresses through one or more stages of decolonization , each of which can be offered or fought for : these can include the introduction of elected representatives ( advisory or voting ; minority or majority or even exclusive ) , degrees of autonomy or self - rule . Thus , the final phase of decolonization may , in fact , concern little more than handing over responsibility for foreign relations and security , and soliciting de jure recognition for the new sovereignty . But , even following the recognition of statehood , a degree of continuity can be maintained through bilateral treaties between now equal governments involving practicalities such as military training , mutual protection pacts , or even a garrison and / or military bases . History ( edit ) Beginning with the emergence of the United States in the 1770s , decolonization took place in the context of Atlantic history , against the background of the American and French revolutions . Decolonization became a popular movement in many colonies in the 20th century , and a reality after 1945 . American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and American Revolutionary War Great Britain 's Thirteen North American colonies were the first to break from the British Empire in 1776 , and were recognized as an independent nation by France in 1778 and Britain in 1783 . The United States of America was the first set of European established colonies to achieve independence and establish itself as a nation , and was the first independent settler state in the Americas . Haitian Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a slave uprising that began in 1791 in the French colony of Saint - Domingue , on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola . In 1804 , Haiti secured independence from France as the Empire of Haiti , which later became a republic . Spanish America ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence The Chilean Declaration of Independence on 18 February 1818 The chaos of the Napoleonic wars in Europe cut the direct links between Spain and its American colonies , allowing for process of decolonization to begin . With the invasion of Spain by Napoleon in 1806 , the American colonies declared autonomy and loyalty to King Ferdinand VII . The contract was broken and the regions of the Spanish Empire had to decide whether to show allegiance to the Junta of Cadiz ( the only territory in Spain free from Napoleon ) or have a junta ( assembly ) of its own . The economic monopoly of the metropolis was the main reason why many countries decided to become independent from Spain . In 1809 , the independence wars of Latin America begun with a revolt in La Paz , Bolivia . In 1807 and 1808 , the Viceroyalty of the River Plate was invaded by the British , after their 2nd defeat a Frenchman called Santiague de Liniers was proclaimed new Viceroy by the local population , and later accepted by Spain . In May 1810 in Buenos Aires , a Junta was created , but in Montevideo it was not recognized by the local government who followed the authority of the Junta of Cadiz , the rivalry between the 2 harbors was the main reason for the distrust between the 2 cities . During the next 15 years , the Spanish and Royalist on one side , and the rebels fought in South America and Mexico . Numerous countries declared their independence . In 1824 , the Spanish forces were defeated in the Battle of Ayacucho . The mainland was free and in 1898 , Spain lost Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Spanish -- American War , Puerto Rico became a Colony of the U.S.A. but Cuba was independent in 1902 . Ottoman Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Eastern Question and Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire Cyprus Main article : Cyprus Cyprus was invaded and taken over by the Ottoman Empire in 1570 . It was later relinquished by the Ottomans in 1878 . The Cypriots expressed their true disdain for Ottoman rule through revolts and nationalist movements . The Ottomans only suppressed these revolts in the harshest of fashion but that only ended up fueling the revolts and desire for independence . The Cypriots desired to merge with Greece because they felt a close connection with Greece . They were tired of 3 centuries of Turkic rule and openly expressed their desire for enosis . The Cypriots would embrace Greek culture and traditions . They abandoned Ottoman architecture and showed little respect for Ottoman rule . All these acts of defiance could be attributed to decolonization . When the Cypriots made acts of nationalism , they were participating in a form of decolonization because they were attempting to remove all trace of Turkic and Muslim influence within their society . The Greek War of Independence had major affects on Cyprus and after the Ottomans had left , Cyprus continued to create a Greek culture they wished to be a part of . Cyprus would continue to create this imagined identity of Greek culture . This can also be a form of imagined human geography because Cyprus used this identity to justify its revolts and nationalist movements . Russian and Bulgarian defence of Shipka Pass against Turkish troops was crucial for the independence of Bulgaria . A number of people ( mainly Christians in the Balkans ) previously conquered by the Ottoman Empire were able to achieve independence in the 19th century , a process that peaked at the time of the Ottoman defeat in the Russo - Turkish War of 1877 -- 78 . The Ottoman Empire had failed to raise revenue and a monopoly of effective armed forces . This may have caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire . Egypt ( edit ) Main article : Muhammad Ali 's seizure of power In the wake of the 1798 French Invasion of Egypt and its subsequent expulsion in 1801 , the commander of an Albanian regiment , Muhammad Ali , was able to gain control of Egypt . Although he was acknowledged by the Sultan in Constantinople in 1805 as his pasha , Muhammad Ali , and eventually his successors , were de facto monarchs of a largely independent state managing its own foreign relations . However , despite this de facto independence , Egypt did remain nominally a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire obliged to pay a hefty annual tribute to the Sultan . Throughout the ' long 19th century ' , Muhammad Ali would send scores of Azhar scholars to France and other European countries to be educated in the empirical sciences ( due to the heavy inferiority complex ingrained from French defeat ) ; however , such scholars would unwittingly participate in their country 's intellectual colonization throughout this century and establish the national public educational system on Secular Humanist ( Enlightenment ) philosophy and principles and Western culture in general to this day . Upon declaring war on Turkey in November 1914 , Britain unilaterally declared the Sultan 's rights and title over Egypt abolished and proclaimed its own protectorate over the country . Greece ( edit ) Main article : Greek War of Independence Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 1829 ) was fought to liberate Greece from a three centuries long Ottoman occupation . Independence was secured by the intervention of the British and French navies and the French and Russian armies , but Greece was limited to an area including perhaps only one - third of ethnic Greeks , that later grew significantly with the Megali Idea project . The war ended many of the privileges of the Phanariot Greeks of Constantinople . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Bulgarian National Revival Following a failed Bulgarian revolt in 1876 , the subsequent Russo - Turkish war ended with the provisional Treaty of San Stefano established a huge new realm of Bulgaria including most of Macedonia and Thrace . The final 1878 Treaty of Berlin allowed the other Great Powers to limit the size of the new Russian client state and even briefly divided this rump state in two , Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia , but the irredentist claims from the first treaty would direct Bulgarian claims through the first and second Balkan Wars and both World Wars . Romania ( edit ) Main article : National awakening of Romania Romanian War of Independence Romania fought on the Russian side in the Russo - Turkish War and in the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , Romania was recognized as an independent state by the Great Powers . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : Serbian revolution Centuries of armed and unarmed struggle ended with the recognition of Serbian independence from the Ottoman Empire at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 . Montenegro ( edit ) The independence of the Principality of Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire was recognized at the congress of Berlin in 1878 . However , the Montenegrin nation has been de facto independent since 1711 ( officially accepted by the Tsardom of Russia by the order of Tsar Petr I Alexeyevich - Romanov . In the period 1795 -- 1798 , Montenegro once again claimed independence after the Battle of Krusi . In 1806 , it was recognized as a power fighting against Napoleon , meaning that it had a fully mobilized and supplied army ( by Russia , trough Admiral Dmitry Senyavin at the Bay of Kotor ) . In the period of reign of Petar II Petrović - Njegoš , Montenegro was again colonized by Turkey , but that changed with the coming of Knyaz Danilo I , with a totally successful war against Turkey in the late 1850s ending with a decisive victory of the Montenegrin army under Grand Duke Mirko Petrović - Njegoš , brother of Danilo I , at the Battle of Grahovac . The full independence was given to Montenegro , after almost 170 years of fighting the Turks , Bosniaks , Albanians and the French ( 1806 -- 1814 ) at the Congress of Berlin . British Empire ( edit ) A mural in Belfast depicting the Easter Rising of 1916 Main article : British Empire The emergence of indigenous bourgeois elites was especially characteristic of the British Empire , which seemed less capable ( or less ruthless ) in controlling political nationalism . Driven by pragmatic demands of budgets and manpower the British made deals with the nationalist elites . Across the empire , the general protocol was to convene a constitutional conference in London to discuss the transition to greater self - government and then independence , submit a report of the constitutional conference to parliament , if approved submit a bill to Parliament at Westminster to terminate the responsibility of the United Kingdom ( with a copy of the new constitution annexed ) , and finally , if approved , issuance of an Order of Council fixing the exact date of independence . After World War I , several former German and Ottoman territories in the Middle East , Africa , and the Pacific were governed by the UK as League of Nations mandates . Some were administered directly by the UK , and others by British dominions -- Nauru and the Territory of New Guinea by Australia , South West Africa by the Union of South Africa , and Western Samoa by New Zealand . Egypt became independent in 1922 , although the UK retained security prerogatives , control of the Suez Canal , and effective control of the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . The 1931 Statute of Westminster established full legislative independence for six dominions -- Canada , Newfoundland , Australia , the Irish Free State , New Zealand , and the Union of South Africa . Newfoundland ceded self - rule back to London in 1934 . Iraq , a League of Nations mandate , became independent in 1932 . In response to a growing Indian independence movement , the UK made successive reforms to the British Raj , culminating in the Government of India Act ( 1935 ) . These reforms included creating elected legislative councils in some of the Provinces of British India . Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , India 's independence movement leader , led a peaceful resistance to the British rule . By becoming a symbol of both peace and opposition to British imperialism , many Indians began to view the British as the cause of India 's problems leading to a newfound sense of nationalism among its population . With this new wave of Indian nationalism , Gandhi was eventually able to garner the support needed to push back the British and create an independent India in 1947 . Tropical Africa was only fully drawn into the colonial system at the end of the 19th century . In the north - east the continued independence of the Empire of Ethiopia remained a beacon of hope to pro-independence activists . However , with the anti-colonial wars of the 1900s ( decade ) barely over , new modernising forms of African Nationalism began to gain strength in the early 20th - century with the emergence of Pan-Africanism , as advocated by the Jamaican journalist Marcus Garvey ( 1887 -- 1940 ) whose widely distributed newspapers demanded swift abolition of European imperialism , as well as republicanism in Egypt . Kwame Nkrumah ( 1909 -- 1972 ) who was inspired by the works of Garvey led Ghana to independence from colonial rule . Independence for the colonies in Africa began with the independence of Sudan in 1956 , and Ghana in 1957 . All of the British colonies on mainland Africa became independent by 1966 , although Rhodesia 's unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 was not recognized by the UK or internationally . Some of the British colonies in Asia were directly administered by British officials , while others were ruled by local monarchs as protectorates or in subsidiary alliance with the UK . In 1947 , British India was partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan . Hundreds of princely states , states ruled by monarchs in treaty of subsidiary alliance with Britain , were integrated into India and Pakistan . India and Pakistan fought several wars over the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir . French India was integrated into India between 1950 and 1954 , and India annexed Portuguese India in 1961 , and the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1975 . Violence , Civil warfare and partition ( edit ) Significant violence was involved in several prominent cases of decolonization of the British Empire ; partition was a frequent solution . In 1783 , the North American colonies were divided between the independent United States , and British North America , which later became Canada . The Indian Rebellion of 1857 Was a revolt of a portion of the Indian Army , was characterized by massacres of civilians on both sides . It was not a movement for independence , however , and only a small part of India was involved . In the aftermath , the British pulled back from modernizing reforms of Indian society , and the level of organized violence under the British Raj , was relatively small , and most of that was initiated by repressive British administrators , as in the Amritsar massacre of 1919 , Or the police assaults on the Salt March of 1930 . Large - scale communicable violence broke out after the British left in 1947 , turning India over to the new nations of India and Pakistan . The independence movement in Ireland and the 19th and early 20th century was marked by occasional outbursts of violence , culminating in the small - scale Easter Rising of 1916 and the much larger Irish War of Independence of 1919 to 1921 . It was resolved when London gave independence to the Catholic regions of southern Ireland , and kept control of Protestant Northern Ireland . Cyprus , which came under full British control in 1914 from the Ottoman Empire , was culturally divided between the majority Greek element ( which demanded demanded `` enosis or union with Greece ) and the minority Turks . London for decades assumed it needed the island to defend the Suez Canal ; but after the Suez crisis of 1956 , that became a minor factor , and Greek violence became a more serious issue . Cyprus became an independent country in 1960 , but ethnic violence escalated until 1974 , when Turkey invaded and partitioned the island . Each side rewrote its own history , blaming the other . Palestine became a British mandate from the League of Nations , and the British gain support during the war from both sides by making promises both to the Arabs and the Jews . See Balfour Declaration . Decades of enthno -- religious violence resulted . The British pulled out , and the mandate was effectively partitioned . French Empire ( edit ) Further information : French colonial empire After World War I , the colonized people were frustrated at France 's failure to recognize the effort provided by the French colonies ( resources , but more importantly colonial troops -- the famous tirailleurs ) . Although in Paris the Great Mosque of Paris was constructed as recognition of these efforts , the French state had no intention to allow self - rule , let alone grant independence to the colonized people . Thus , nationalism in the colonies became stronger in between the two wars , leading to Abd el - Krim 's Rif War ( 1921 -- 1925 ) in Morocco and to the creation of Messali Hadj 's Star of North Africa in Algeria in 1925 . However , these movements would gain full potential only after World War II . After World War I , France administered the former Ottoman territories of Syria and Lebanon , and the former German colonies of Togoland and Cameroon , as League of Nations mandates . Lebanon declared its independence in 1943 , and Syria in 1945 . Although France was ultimately a victor of World War II , Nazi Germany 's occupation of France and its North African colonies during the war had disrupted colonial rule . On October 27 , 1946 France adopted a new constitution creating the Fourth Republic , and substituted the French Union for the colonial empire . However power over the colonies remained concentrated in France , and the power of local assemblies outside France was extremely limited . On the night of March 29 , 1947 , a nationalist uprising in Madagascar led the French government headed by Paul Ramadier ( Socialist ) to violent repression : one year of bitter fighting , 11,000 -- 40,000 Malagasy died . In 1946 , the states of French Indochina withdrew from the French Union , leading to the Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) . Ho Chi Minh , who had been a co-founder of the French Communist Party in 1920 and had founded the Vietminh in 1941 , declared independence from France , and led the armed resistance against France 's reoccupation of Indochina . Cambodia and Laos became independent in 1953 , and the 1954 Geneva Accords ended France 's occupation of Indochina , leaving North Vietnam and South Vietnam independent . In 1956 , Morocco and Tunisia gained their independence from France . In 1960 eight independent countries emerged from French West Africa , and five from French Equatorial Africa . The Algerian War of Independence raged from 1954 to 1962 . To this day , the Algerian war -- officially called a `` public order operation '' until the 1990s -- remains a trauma for both France and Algeria . Philosopher Paul Ricœur has spoken of the necessity of a `` decolonization of memory '' , starting with the recognition of the 1961 Paris massacre during the Algerian war , and the decisive role of African and especially North African immigrant manpower in the Trente Glorieuses post -- World War II economic growth period . In the 1960s , due to economic needs for post-war reconstruction and rapid economic growth , French employers actively sought to recruit manpower from the colonies , explaining today 's multiethnic population . After 1918 ( edit ) Western European colonial powers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : New Imperialism and Colonialism Czechoslovak anti-colonialist propaganda poster : `` Socialism opened the door of liberation for colonial nations . '' The New Imperialism period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries , which included the scramble for Africa and the Opium Wars , marked the zenith of European colonization . It also accelerated the trends that would end colonialism . The extraordinary material demands of the conflict had spread economic change across the world ( notably inflation ) , and the associated social pressures of `` war imperialism '' created both peasant unrest and a burgeoning middle class . Economic growth created stakeholders with their own demands , while racial issues meant these people clearly stood apart from the colonial middle - class and had to form their own group . The start of mass nationalism , as a concept and practice , would fatally undermine the ideologies of imperialism . There were , naturally , other factors , from agrarian change ( and disaster -- French Indochina ) , changes or developments in religion ( Buddhism in Burma , Islam in the Dutch East Indies , marginally people like John Chilembwe in Nyasaland ) , and the impact of the 1930s Great Depression . The Great Depression , despite the concentration of its impact on the industrialized world , was also exceptionally damaging in the rural colonies . Agricultural prices fell much harder and faster than those of industrial goods . From around 1925 until World War II , the colonies suffered . The colonial powers concentrated on domestic issues , protectionism and tariffs , disregarding the damage done to international trade flows . The colonies , almost all primary `` cash crop '' producers , lost the majority of their export income and were forced away from the `` open '' complementary colonial economies to `` closed '' systems . While some areas returned to subsistence farming ( British Malaya ) others diversified ( India , West Africa ) , and some began to industrialise . These economies would not fit the colonial straitjacket when efforts were made to renew the links . Further , the European - owned and - run plantations proved more vulnerable to extended deflation than native capitalists , reducing the dominance of `` white '' farmers in colonial economies and making the European governments and investors of the 1930s co-opt indigenous elites -- despite the implications for the future . Colonial reform also hastened their end ; notably the move from non-interventionist collaborative systems towards directed , disruptive , direct management to drive economic change . The creation of genuine bureaucratic government boosted the formation of indigenous bourgeoisie . United States ( edit ) Main articles : American imperialism and Timeline of United States military operations A former colony itself , the United States approached imperialism differently from the other Powers . Much of its energy and rapidly expanding population was directed westward across the North American continent against English and French claims , the Spanish Empire and Mexico . The Native Americans were sent to reservations , often unwillingly . With support from Britain , its Monroe Doctrine reserved the Americas as its sphere of interest , prohibiting other states ( particularly Spain ) from recolonizing the newly independent polities of Latin America . However , France , taking advantage of the American government 's distraction during the Civil War , intervened militarily in Mexico and set up a French - protected monarchy . Spain took the step to occupy the Dominican Republic and restore colonial rule . The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 forced both France and Spain to accede to American demands to evacuate those two countries . America 's only African colony , Liberia , was formed privately and achieved independence early ; Washington unofficially protected it . By 1900 the US advocated an Open Door Policy and opposed the direct division of China . Manuel L. Quezón , the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( from 1935 to 1944 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in Micronesia administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986 After 1898 direct intervention expanded in Latin America . In 1867 the United States purchased Russian America from the tsar and annexed Hawaii in 1898 . It added most of Spain 's remaining colonies in 1898 - 99 . Deciding not to annex Cuba outright , the U.S. established it as a client state with obligations including the perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay to the U.S. Navy . The attempt of the first governor to void the island 's constitution and remain in power past the end of his term provoked a rebellion that provoked a reoccupation between 1906 and 1909 , but this was again followed by devolution . Similarly , the McKinley administration , despite prosecuting the Philippine -- American War against a native republic , set out that the Territory of the Philippine Islands was eventually granted independence . In 1917 , Puerto Ricans became full U.S. citizens . The US government declared Puerto Rico the territory was no longer a colony and stopped transmitting information about it to the United Nations Decolonization Committee . As a result , the UN General Assembly removed Puerto Rico from the U.N. list of non-self - governing territories . Four referenda showed little support for independence , but much interest in statehood such as Hawaii and Alaska received in 1959 . The Monroe Doctrine was expanded by the Roosevelt Corollary in 1904 , providing that the United States had a right and obligation to intervene `` in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence '' that a nation in the Western Hemisphere became vulnerable to European control . In practice , this meant that the United States was led to act as a collections agent for European creditors by administering customs duties in the Dominican Republic ( 1905 -- 1941 ) , Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) , and elsewhere . The intrusiveness and bad relations this engendered were somewhat checked by the Clark Memorandum and renounced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's `` Good Neighbor Policy . '' After 1947 , the U.S. poured tens of billions of dollars into the Marshall Plan , and other grants and loans to Europe and Asia to rebuild the world economy . Washington pushed hard to accelerate decolonialization and bring an end to the colonial empires of its Western allies , most importantly during the 1956 Suez Crisis , but American military bases were established around the world and direct and indirect interventions continued in Korea , Indochina , Latin America ( inter alia , the 1965 occupation of the Dominican Republic ) , Africa , and the Middle East to oppose Communist invasions and insurgencies . Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the United States has been far less active in the Americas , but invaded Afghanistan and Iraq following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , establishing army and air bases in Central Asia . Japan ( edit ) U.S. troops in Korea , September 1945 Before World War I , Japan had gained several substantial colonial possessions in East Asia such as Taiwan ( 1895 ) and Korea ( 1910 ) . Japan joined the allies in World War I , and after the war acquired the South Pacific Mandate , the former German colony in Micronesia , as a League of Nations Mandate . Pursuing a colonial policy comparable to those of European powers , Japan settled significant populations of ethnic Japanese in its colonies while simultaneously suppressing indigenous ethnic populations by enforcing the learning and use of the Japanese language in schools . Other methods such as public interaction , and attempts to eradicate the use of Korean , Hokkien , and Hakka among the indigenous peoples , were seen to be used . Japan also set up Imperial universities in Korea ( Keijo Imperial University ) and Taiwan ( Taihoku University ) to compel education . In 1931 , Japan seized Manchuria from the Republic of China , setting up a puppet state under Puyi , the last Manchu emperor of China . In 1933 Japan seized the Chinese province of Jehol , and incorporated it into its Manchurian possessions . The Second Sino - Japanese War started in 1937 , and Japan occupied much of eastern China , including the Republic 's capital at Nanjing . An estimated 20 million Chinese died during the 1931 -- 1945 war with Japan . In December 1941 , the Japanese Empire joined World War II by invading the European and US colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific , including French Indochina , Hong Kong , the Philippines , Burma , Malaya , Indonesia , Portuguese Timor , and others . Following its surrender to the Allies in 1945 , Japan was deprived of all its colonies . The Soviet Union declared war on Japan in August 1945 , and shortly after occupied and annexed the southern Kuril Islands , which Japan still claims . Central Europe ( edit ) The Russian , German , and Austro - Hungarian empires collapsed at the end of World War I , and were replaced by republics . Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , and Czechoslovakia became independent countries . Yugoslavia and Romania expanded into former Austro - Hungarian territory . The Soviet Union succeeded the Russian empire in the remainder if its former territory , and Germany , Austria , and Hungary were reduced in size . In 1938 , Nazi Germany annexed Austria and part of Czechoslovakia , and in 1939 , Nazi Germany and the USSR concluded a pact to occupy the countries that lie between them ; the USSR occupied Finland , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , and Germany and the USSR split Poland in two . The occupation of Poland started World War II . Germany attacked the USSR in 1941 . The USSR allied with the UK and USA , and emerged as one of the victors of the war , occupying most of central and eastern Europe . After 1945 ( edit ) Planning for decolonization ( edit ) US and Philippines ( edit ) In the United States , the two major parties were divided on the acquisition of the Philippines , which became a major campaign issue in 1900 . The Republicans , who favored permanent acquisition , won the election , but after a decade or so , Republicans turned their attention to the Caribbean , focusing on building the Panama Canal . President Woodrow Wilson , a Democrat in office from 1913 to 1921 , ignored the Philippines , and focused his attention on Mexico and Caribbean nations . By the 1920s , the peaceful efforts by the Filipino leadership to pursue independence proved convincing . When the Democrats returned to power in 1933 , they worked with Filipino to plan a smooth transition to independence . It was scheduled for 1946 by Tydings -- McDuffie Act of 1934 . In 1935 , the Philippines transitioned out of territorial status , controlled by an appointed governor , to the semi-independent status of the Commonwealth of the Philippines . Its constitutional convention wrote a new constitution , which was approved by Washington and went into effect , with an elected governor Manuel L. Quezon and legislature . Foreign Affairs remained under American control . The Philippines build up a new army , under general Douglas MacArthur , who took leave from his U.S. Army position to take command of the new army reporting to Quezon . The Japanese occupation 1942 to 1945 disrupted but did not delay the transition . It took place on schedule in 1946 as Manuel Roxas took office as president . Portugal ( edit ) Although a small , poor country , Portugal had one of the oldest and largest of the empires . The British had long protected it , and by 1945 it regained possessions it had lost to the Japanese . Portugal was an authoritarian state , with no taste for democracy at home or in its colonies . There was a fierce determination to maintain possession and all costs , and aggressively defeat any insurgencies . However , Portugal was helpless when India seized Goa in 1961 . In 1961 , nationalist forces began organizing in Portugal , and the revolts and spread to Mozambique and Guinea Bissau . Lisbon escalated its repressive measures , and setting up strategic hamlets . Deeply distrustful of the natives , Portugal sent another 300,000 European settlers into Angola by 1974 . In 1974 left - wing revolution inside Portugal , destroy the old system , and encouraged pro-Soviet elements to attempt to seize control in the colonies . The result was a very long and extremely difficult multi-party Civil War and Angola , and lesser insurrections in Mozambique . Belgium ( edit ) Belgium is a small , rich European country that had an empire forced upon it by international demand in 1908 in response to the malfeasance of its King Leopold in greatly mistreating the Congo . It added Rwanda and Burundi as League of Nations mandates from the former German Empire in 1919 . The colonies remained independent during the war , while Belgium itself was cruelly occupied by the Germans . There was no serious planning for independence , and exceedingly little training or education provided . The Belgian Congo was especially rich , and many Belgian businessmen lobbied hard to maintain control . Local revolts grew in power and finally , the Belgian king suddenly announced in 1959 that independence was on the agenda -- and it was hurriedly arranged in 1960 , for country bitterly and deeply divided on social and economic grounds . The Netherlands ( edit ) The Netherlands , a small rich country in Western Europe , had spent centuries building up its empire . By 1940 it consisted mostly of the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . Its massive oil reserves provided about 14 percent of the Dutch national product and supported a large population of ethnic Dutch government officials and businessmen in Jakarta and other major cities . The Netherlands was overrun and almost starved to death by the Nazis during the war , and Japan sank the Dutch fleet in seizing the East Indies . In 1945 the Netherlands could not regain these islands on its own ; it did so by depending on British military help and American financial grants . By the time Dutch soldiers returned , an independent government under Sukarno , originally set up by the Japanese , was in power . The Dutch in the East Indies , and at home , were practically unanimous ( except for the Communists ) that Dutch power and prestige and wealth depended on an extremely expensive war to regain the islands . Compromises were negotiated , were trusted by neither side . When the Indonesian Republic successfully suppressed a large - scale communist revolt , the United States realized that it needed the nationalist government as an ally in the Cold War . Dutch possession was an obstacle to American Cold War goals , so Washington forced the Dutch to granted full independence . A few years later , Sukarno seized all Dutch properties and expelled all ethnic Dutch -- over 300,000 -- as well as several hundred thousand ethnic Indonesians who supported the Dutch cause . In the aftermath , the Netherlands prospered greatly in the 1950s and 1960s but nevertheless public opinion was bitterly hostile to the United States for betrayal . Washington remained baffled why the Dutch were so inexplicably enamored of an obviously hopeless cause . United Nations Trust territories ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Trust Territories When the United Nations was formed in 1945 , it established trust territories . These territories included the League of Nations mandate territories which had not achieved independence by 1945 , along with the former Italian Somaliland . The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was transferred from Japanese to US administration . By 1990 all but one of the trust territories had achieved independence , either as independent states or by merger with another independent state ; the Northern Mariana Islands elected to become a commonwealth of the United States . The emergence of the Third World ( 1945 -- present ) ( edit ) Czechoslovak anti-colonialist propaganda poster : `` Africa -- in fight for freedom '' . The term `` Third World '' was coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952 , on the model of the Third Estate , which , according to Abbé Sieyès , represented everything , but was nothing : `` ... because at the end this ignored , exploited , scorned Third World like the Third Estate , wants to become something too '' ( Sauvy ) . The emergence of this new political entity , in the frame of the Cold War , was complex and painful . Several tentatives were made to organize newly independent states in order to oppose a common front towards both the US 's and the USSR 's influence on them , with the consequences of the Sino - Soviet split already at works . Thus , the Non-Aligned Movement constituted itself , around the main figures of Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India , Sukarno , the Indonesian president , Josip Broz Tito the Communist leader of Yugoslavia , and Gamal Abdel Nasser , head of Egypt who successfully opposed the French and British imperial powers during the 1956 Suez crisis . After the 1954 Geneva Conference which put an end to the First Indochina War , the 1955 Bandung Conference gathered Nasser , Nehru , Tito , Sukarno , the leader of Indonesia , and Zhou Enlai , Premier of the People 's Republic of China . In 1960 , the UN General Assembly voted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . The next year , the Non-Aligned Movement was officially created in Belgrade ( 1961 ) , and was followed in 1964 by the creation of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) which tried to promote a New International Economic Order ( NIEO ) . The NIEO was opposed to the 1944 Bretton Woods system , which had benefited the leading states which had created it , and remained in force until 1971 after the United States ' suspension of convertibility from dollars to gold . The main tenets of the NIEO were : Developing countries must be entitled to regulate and control the activities of multinational corporations operating within their territory . They must be free to nationalize or expropriate foreign property on conditions favourable to them . They must be free to set up associations of primary commodities producers similar to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , created on September 17 , 1960 to protest pressure by major oil companies ( mostly owned by U.S. , British , and Dutch nationals ) to reduce oil prices and payments to producers ) ; all other states must recognize this right and refrain from taking economic , military , or political measures calculated to restrict it . International trade should be based on the need to ensure stable , equitable , and remunerative prices for raw materials , generalized non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory tariff preferences , as well as transfer of technology to developing countries ; and should provide economic and technical assistance without any strings attached . The UN Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a quantitative index of development , alternative to the classic Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) , which some use as a proxy to define the Third World . While the GDP only calculates economic wealth , the HDI includes life expectancy , public health and literacy as fundamental factors of a good quality of life . Countries in North America , the Southern Cone , Europe , East Asia , and Oceania generally have better standards of living than countries in Central Africa , East Africa , parts of the Caribbean , and South Asia . The UNCTAD however was n't very effective in implementing this New International Economic Order ( NIEO ) , and social and economic inequalities between industrialized countries and the Third World kept on growing throughout the 1960s until the 21st century . The 1973 oil crisis which followed the Yom Kippur War ( October 1973 ) was triggered by the OPEC which decided an embargo against the US and Western countries , causing a fourfold increase in the price of oil , which lasted five months , starting on October 17 , 1973 , and ending on March 18 , 1974 . OPEC nations then agreed , on January 7 , 1975 , to raise crude oil prices by 10 % . At that time , OPEC nations -- including many who had recently nationalised their oil industries -- joined the call for a New International Economic Order to be initiated by coalitions of primary producers . Concluding the First OPEC Summit in Algiers they called for stable and just commodity prices , an international food and agriculture program , technology transfer from North to South , and the democratization of the economic system . But industrialized countries quickly began to look for substitutes to OPEC petroleum , with the oil companies investing the majority of their research capital in the US and European countries or others , politically sure countries . The OPEC lost more and more influence on the world prices of oil . The second oil crisis occurred in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution . Then , the 1982 Latin American debt crisis exploded in Mexico first , then Argentina and Brazil , which proved unable to pay back their debts , jeopardizing the existence of the international economic system . The 1990s were characterized by the prevalence of the Washington consensus on neoliberal policies , `` structural adjustment '' and `` shock therapies '' for the former Communist states . Decolonization of Africa ( edit ) Main article : Decolonization of Africa The decolonization of North Africa , and sub - Saharan Africa took place in the mid-to - late 1950s , very suddenly , with little preparation . There was widespread unrest and organized revolts , especially in French Algeria , Portuguese Angola , the Belgian Congo and British Kenya . In 1945 , Africa had four independent countries -- Egypt , Ethiopia , Liberia , and South Africa . After Italy 's defeat in World War II , France and the UK occupied the former Italian colonies . Libya became an independent kingdom in 1951 . Eritrea was merged with Ethiopia in 1952 . Italian Somaliland was governed by the UK , and by Italy after 1954 , until its independence in 1960 . By 1977 European colonial rule in mainland Africa had ended . Most of Africa 's island countries had also become independent , although Réunion and Mayotte remain part of France . However the black majorities in Rhodesia and South Africa were disenfranchised until 1980 in Rhodesia , which became Zimbabwe that year , and until 1994 in South Africa . Namibia , Africa 's last UN Trust Territory , became independent of South Africa in 1990 . Most independent African countries exist within prior colonial borders . However Morocco merged French Morocco with Spanish Morocco , and Somalia formed from the merger of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland . Eritrea merged with Ethiopia in 1952 , but became an independent country in 1993 . Most African countries became independent as republics . Morocco , Lesotho , and Swaziland remain monarchies under dynasties that predate colonial rule . Egypt and Libya gained independence as monarchies , but both countries ' monarchs were later deposed , and they became republics . African countries cooperate in various multi-state associations . The African Union includes all 55 African states . There are several regional associations of states , including the East African Community , Southern African Development Community , and Economic Community of West African States , some of which have overlapping membership . Decolonization in the Americas after 1945 ( edit ) Main article : Decolonization of the Americas United Kingdom : Newfoundland ( formerly an independent dominion but under direct British rule since 1934 ) ( 1949 , union with Canada ) ; Jamaica ( 1962 ) ; Trinidad and Tobago ( 1962 ) ; Barbados ( 1962 ) ; Guyana ( 1966 ) ; Bahamas ( 1973 ) : Grenada ( 1974 ) ; Dominica ( 1978 ) ; Saint Lucia ( 1979 ) ; St. Vincent and the Grenadines ( 1979 ) ; Antigua and Barbuda ( 1981 ) ; Belize ( 1981 ) ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 1983 ) . Netherlands : Netherlands Antilles , Suriname ( 1954 , both becoming constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ) . Denmark : Greenland ( 1979 , became a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark ) . Decolonization of Asia ( edit ) Main article : Decolonization of Asia Western European colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Japan expanded its occupation of Chinese territory during the 1930s , and occupied Southeast Asia during World War II . After the war , the Japanese colonial empire was dissolved , and national independence movements resisted the re-imposition of colonial control by European countries and the United States . The Republic of China regained control of Japanese - occupied territories in Manchuria and eastern China , as well as Taiwan . Only Hong Kong and Macau remained in outside control . The Allied powers divided Korea into two occupation zones , which became the states of North Korea and South Korea . The Philippines became independent of the US in 1946 . The Netherlands recognized Indonesia 's independence in 1949 , after a four - year independence struggle . Indonesia annexed Netherlands New Guinea in 1963 , and Portuguese Timor in 1975 . In 2002 , former Portuguese Timor became independent as East Timor . The following list shows the colonial powers following the end of hostilities in 1945 , and their colonial or administrative possessions . The year of decolonization is given chronologically in parentheses . United Kingdom : Transjordan ( 1946 ) , British India and Pakistan ( 1947 ) ; British Mandate of Palestine , Burma , Sri Lanka and Ceylon ( 1948 ) ; British Malaya and Ghana ( 1957 ) ; Nigeria ( 1960 ) ; Kuwait , Sierra Leone and Tanganyika ( 1961 ) ; Uganda ( 1962 ) ; Kingdom of Sarawak , North Borneo , Kenya and Singapore ( 1963 ) ; Maldives ( 1965 ) ; Trucial States ( 1971 ) ; Zimbabwe ( 1980 ) ; Brunei ( 1984 ) ; Hong Kong ( 1997 ) . France : French India ( 1954 ) and Indochina ( comprising Vietnam ( 1945 ) , Cambodia ( 1953 ) , and Laos ( 1953 ) ; French African colonies , including Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Gabon , Ivory Coast , Madagascar , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Senegal and Upper Volta ( 1960 ) , Algeria ( 1962 ) , and the Territory of the Afars and the Issas ( 1977 ) . Portugal : Portuguese India ( 1961 ) ; Guinea - Bissau ( 1974 ) ; Mozambique , Cape Verde , Sao Tome , Angola , Portuguese Timor ( 1975 ) ; Macau ( 1999 ) . United States : Philippines ( 1946 ) Netherlands : Netherlands East Indies ( 1949 ) ; Netherlands New Guinea ( 1962 , incorporated to Indonesia ) . Belgium : Zaire ( 1960 ) ; Rwanda ( 1962 ) . Decolonization in Europe ( edit ) Italy had occupied the Dodecanese islands in 1912 , but Italian occupation ended after World War II , and the islands were integrated into Greece . British rule ended in Cyprus in 1960 , and Malta in 1964 , and both islands became independent republics . Soviet control of its non-Russian member republics weakened rapidly as movements for democratization and self - government gained strength during 1990 and 1991 . The Soviet coup d'état attempt in August 1991 began the breakup of the USSR , which formally ended on December 26 , 1991 . The Republics of the Soviet Union become sovereign states -- Armenia , Azerbaijan , Byelorussia ( later Belarus ) , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , the Russian Federation , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , and Uzbekistan . Historian Robert Daniels says , `` A special dimension that the anti-Communist revolutions shared with some of their predecessors was decolonisation . '' Moscow 's policy had long been to settle ethnic Russians in the non-Russian republics . After independence , minority rights for Russian - speakers has been an issue ; see Russians in the Baltic states . Challenges ( edit ) Typical challenges of decolonization include state - building , nation - building , and economic development . State - building ( edit ) Main article : State - building After independence , the new states needed to establish or strengthen the institutions of a sovereign state -- governments , laws , a military , schools , administrative systems , and so on . The amount of self - rule granted prior to independence , and assistance from the colonial power and / or international organizations after independence , varied greatly between colonial powers , and between individual colonies . Except for a few absolute monarchies , most post-colonial states are either republics or constitutional monarchies . These new states had to devise constitutions , electoral systems , and other institutions of representative democracy . Nation - building ( edit ) The Black Star Monument in Accra , built by Ghana 's first president Kwame Nkrumah to commemorate the country 's independence Main article : Nation - building Nation - building is the process of creating a sense of identification with , and loyalty to , the state . Nation - building projects seek to replace loyalty to the old colonial power , and / or tribal or regional loyalties , with loyalty to the new state . Elements of nation - building include creating and promoting symbols of the state like a flag and an anthem , monuments , official histories , national sports teams , codifying one or more indigenous official languages , and replacing colonial place - names with local ones . Nation - building after independence often continues the work began by independence movements during the colonial period . Settled populations ( edit ) Decolonization is not an easy matter in colonies where a large population of settlers lives , particularly if they have been there for several generations . This population , in general , was often repatriated , often losing considerable property . For instance , the decolonisation of Algeria by France was particularly uneasy due to the large European and Sephardic Jewish population ( see also pied noir ) , which largely evacuated to France when Algeria became independent . In Zimbabwe , former Rhodesia , president Robert Mugabe has , starting in the 1990s , targeted white African farmers and forcibly seized their property . Other ethnic minorities that are also the product of colonialism may pose problems as well . A large Indian community lived in Uganda -- as in most of East Africa -- as a result of Britain colonizing both India and East Africa . As many Indians had considerable wealth Idi Amin expelled them for domestic political gain . In some cases , decolonisation is hardly possible or impossible because of the importance of the settler population or where the indigenous population is now in the minority ; such is the case of the British population of the Cayman Islands or the European population of the United States of America . Economic development ( edit ) Main article : Economic development Newly independent states also had to develop independent economic institutions -- a national currency , banks , companies , regulation , tax systems , etc . Many colonies were serving as resource colonies which produced raw materials and agricultural products , and as a captive market for goods manufactured in the colonizing country . Many decolonized countries created programs to promote industrialization . Some nationalized industries and infrastructure , and some engaged in land reform to redistribute land to individual farmers or create collective farms . Some decolonized countries maintain strong economic ties with the former colonial power . The CFA franc is a currency shared by 14 countries in West and Central Africa , mostly former French colonies . The CFA franc is guaranteed by the French treasury . After independence , many countries created regional economic associations to promote trade and economic development among neighboring countries , including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) , the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) , and the Gulf Cooperation Council . Effects on the colonizers ( edit ) John Kenneth Galbraith argues that the post -- World War II decolonization was brought about for economic reasons . In A Journey Through Economic Time , he writes : `` The engine of economic well - being was now within and between the advanced industrial countries . Domestic economic growth -- as now measured and much discussed -- came to be seen as far more important than the erstwhile colonial trade ... The economic effect in the United States from the granting of independence to the Philippines was unnoticeable , partly due to the Bell Trade Act , which allowed American monopoly in the economy of the Philippines . The departure of India and Pakistan made small economic difference in the United Kingdom . Dutch economists calculated that the economic effect from the loss of the great Dutch empire in Indonesia was compensated for by a couple of years or so of domestic post-war economic growth . The end of the colonial era is celebrated in the history books as a triumph of national aspiration in the former colonies and of benign good sense on the part of the colonial powers . Lurking beneath , as so often happens , was a strong current of economic interest -- or in this case , disinterest . '' In general , the release of the colonized caused little economic loss to the colonizers . Part of the reason for this was that major costs were eliminated while major benefits were obtained by alternate means . Decolonization allowed the colonizer to disclaim responsibility for the colonized . The colonizer no longer had the burden of obligation , financial or otherwise , to their colony . However , the colonizer continued to be able to obtain cheap goods and labor as well as economic benefits ( see Suez Canal Crisis ) from the former colonies . Financial , political and military pressure could still be used to achieve goals desired by the colonizer . Thus decolonization allowed the goals of colonization to be largely achieved , but without its burdens . Effects on the former colonies ( edit ) Further information : Third World debt Post-colonial organizations ( edit ) Four international organizations whose membership largely follows the pattern of previous colonial empires . Due to a common history and culture , former colonial powers created institutions which more loosely associated their former colonies . Membership is voluntary , and in some cases can be revoked if a member state loses some objective criteria ( usually a requirement for democratic governance ) . The organizations serve cultural , economic , and political purposes between the associated countries , although no such organization has become politically prominent as an entity in its own right . Former Colonial Power Organization Founded United Kingdom Commonwealth of Nations 1931 France French Union 1946 French Community 1958 La Francophonie 1970 Spain & Portugal Latin Union 1954 Organization of Ibero - American States 1991 Portugal Community of Portuguese Language Countries Russia Commonwealth of Independent States 1991 United States Commonwealths 1934 Freely Associated States 1982 Netherlands De Nederlandse Unie 1949 De Nederlandse Taalunie 1980 Assassinated anti-colonialist leaders ( edit ) Gandhi in 1947 , with Lord Louis Mountbatten , Britain 's last Viceroy of India , and his wife Vicereine Edwina Mountbatten . A non-exhaustive list of assassinated leaders would include : Tiradentes was a leading member of the Brazilian seditious movement known as the Inconfidência Mineira , against the Portuguese Empire . He fought for an independent Brazilian republic . Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , nonviolent leader of the Indian independence movement was assassinated in 1948 by Nathuram Godse . Ruben Um Nyobé , leader of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon ( UPC ) , killed by the French SDECE on September 13 , 1958 . No clear cause has ever been ascertained for the mysterious crash . Assassination has been alleged . Barthélemy Boganda , leader of a nationalist Central African Republic movement , who died in a plane - crash on March 29 , 1959 , eight days before the last elections of the colonial era . Félix - Roland Moumié , successor to Ruben Um Nyobe at the head of the Cameroon 's People Union , assassinated in Geneva in 1960 by the SDECE ( French secret services ) . Patrice Lumumba , the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was assassinated on January 17 , 1961 . Burundi nationalist Louis Rwagasore was assassinated on October 13 , 1961 , while Pierre Ngendandumwe , Burundi 's first Hutu prime minister , was also murdered on January 15 , 1965 . Sylvanus Olympio , the first president of Togo , was assassinated on January 13 , 1963 . Mehdi Ben Barka , the leader of the Moroccan National Union of Popular Forces ( UNPF ) and of the Tricontinental Conference , which was supposed to prepare in 1966 in Havana its first meeting gathering national liberation movements from all continents -- related to the Non-Aligned Movement , but the Tricontinal Conference gathered liberation movements while the Non-Aligned were for the most part states -- was `` disappeared '' in Paris in 1965 , allegedly by Moroccan agents and French police officers . Nigerian leader Ahmadu Bello was assassinated in January 1966 during a coup which toppled Nigeria 's post-independence government . Eduardo Mondlane , the leader of FRELIMO and the father of Mozambican independence , was assassinated in 1969 . Both the Portuguese intelligence or the Portuguese secret police PIDE / DGS and elements of FRELIMO , have been accused of killing Mondlane . Mohamed Bassiri , Sahrawi leader of the Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab was `` disappeared '' in El Aaiún in 1970 , allegedly by the Spanish Legion . Amílcar Cabral was killed on January 20 , 1973 by PAIGC rival Inocêncio Kani , with the help of Portuguese agents operating within the PAIGC . Timeline of independence ( edit ) Further information : List of national independence days This list includes formerly non-self - governing territories , such as colonies , protectorates , condominia , and leased territories . Changes in status of autonomy leading up to and after independence are not listed , and some dates of independence may be disputed . For details , see each national history . 18th century to World War I ( edit ) Year Colonizer Event 1776 Great Britain Thirteen colonies of British America declare their independence a year into a general insurrection . Recognized by Great Britain in 1783 at the Treaty of Paris . 1804 France After initially revolting only to restore French control , Saint - Domingue declares its independence as Haiti . Recognized by France in 1825 in exchange for a ₣ 150 million indemnity , financed through French banks . 1810 Spain West Florida declares independence , but is almost immediately annexed by the United States as part of Orleans Territory under its claims from the Louisiana Purchase . Annexation recognized by Spain in 1819 . 1811 Spain Paraguay achieves independence . Recognized by Spain in 1880 . Venezuela declares its independence . During its revolution , first yields , then joins Gran Colombia , before seceding to achieve independence in 1830 . Cartagena declares its independence . Cundinamarca and the United Provinces of New Granada followed suit in 1813 . Briefly retaken by Spain , saved by Simon Bolivar and united as Colombia in 1821 . Panama seceded 1903 . 1815 Spain The Federal League declares its independence of the restored Spanish crown , after having successfully revolted against Napoleonic Spain in 1811 . Attacked by Portugal , some provinces united with the future Argentina ; others , after a protracted struggle , successfully formed Uruguay in 1828 . Recognized by Spain in 1870 . 1816 Spain The United Provinces of South America formally declare their independence of the restored Spanish crown , after having successfully revolted against Napoleonic Spain in its name in 1810 . Became Argentina in 1826 . Recognized by Spain in 1859 . 1818 Spain Chile declares its independence of the restored crown , after having unsuccessfully revolted against Napoleonic Spain in its name in 1810 . Recognized by the Spanish in 1844 . 1819 Spain The Adams - Onís Treaty cedes Florida ( also called East Florida ) to the United States in exchange for US cession of its claims to Texas under the Louisiana Purchase and in exchange for settling $5 million of its residents ' claims against Spain . 1821 Spain Following a failed liberal insurrection in New Spain , the colony declares its independence as the Mexican Empire after a liberal mutiny succeeds in Spain . Recognized by Spain in 1836 . Texas independent in 1836 , annexed to the United States in 1845 . Upper California and New Mexico lost to the United States in 1848 . Chiapas and then all of Guatemala declares its independence as part of the Mexican Empire . Independent from Mexico in 1823 as the Federal Republic of Central America . Divided into Nicaragua , Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala in 1838 ; remnant renamed El Salvador in 1841 . Santo Domingo declares independence as Spanish Haiti , requests union with Gran Colombia , and is swiftly annexed by Haiti . It will achieve independence in 1844 only to restore Spanish rule in 1861 . A Chilean expeditionary force declares the independence of Peru . Bolivia formed from Upper Peru in 1825 . Recognized by Spain in 1879 . Ottoman Empire Greece revolts . Recognized by the Porte in 1832 in the Treaty of Constantinople . 1822 Spain Quito declares independence as a part of Gran Colombia . Independent from Colombia as Ecuador in 1830 . Recognized by Spain in 1840 . Portugal Brazil , long the seat of the Portuguese royal government , declares independence under a rogue prince after the king returns to Lisbon . Recognized by Portugal in 1825 . 1847 United States Liberia declares its independence as an organized nation . 1852 Ottoman Empire Montenegro declares its independence . Recognized in 1878 at the Congress of Berlin . Voluntarily united with Serbia as Yugoslavia in 1918 . 1864 Great Britain The United States of the Ionian Islands , a majority Greek protectorate , peaceably united with modern Greece by the Treaty of London . 1865 Spain Santo Domingo regains independence as the Dominican Republic after four years as a restored colony . 1867 Great Britain Britain grants internal autonomy to Canada , while keeping control of foreign policy . This is popularly considered Canada 's independence day ; Britain retained legal powers over Canada until 1931 , and a role in Canada constitutional law until 1982 . 1868 Spain Cuba briefly declares itself independent before being reconquered . 1869 Ottoman Empire Serbia declares its full independence from the Ottoman Empire . Recognized in 1878 at the Congress of Berlin . Renamed Yugoslavia in 1929 . 1877 Ottoman Empire The United Principalities of Romania declare their independence . Recognized in 1878 at the Congress of Berlin . 1898 Spain The United States ( barred from annexing Cuba itself by the Teller Amendment ) forces Spain to abjure its own claims to the island in the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish -- American War . Various other Spanish colonies are purchased for $20 million , including the Philippines , which are granted independence in 1934 . 1902 United States Cuba granted independence . Guantanamo Bay is leased in perpetuity as a US Naval base . 1908 Ottoman Empire Bulgaria , largely autonomous since the Congress of Berlin , declares itself fully independent of the Ottoman Empire . 1912 Ottoman Empire Albania declares independence . Recognized in the 1913 Treaty of London . Interwar period ( edit ) Year Colonizer Event 1916 Russian Empire The independence of Russian Poland as a new kingdom is proclaimed by occupying German and Austro - Hungarian forces . Recognized by Soviet Russia in the 1918 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . Absorbed Polish regions from Germany , Austria , and Hungary following World War I and from Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine after the Polish - Soviet War . 1917 Russian Empire Finland declares its independence . Recognized in the 1918 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , although Karelia remained disputed . Crimean People 's Republic declares independence but Crimean Tatar forces hold out less than a month against the Bolsheviks . Wolga Tatars declare independence of the Idel - Ural State , other ethnic groups including Volga Germans join them . Kazakhs declare independence of the Alash Autonomy . 1918 Russian Empire Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , Republic of Georgia and Armenia declare independence on May 26 -- 28 . Occupied by the Soviet Russia in 1920 -- 1921 . Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania also declare independence . Occupied by the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 . Austria - Hungary Bohemia , Moravia , and sections of Silesia , Galicia , and Hungary declare their independence as Czechoslovakia . Recognized in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 . Slovakia independent from 1939 to 1945 . Carpathian Ruthenia independent in 1939 , eventually annexed to Ukraine . Secession of Slovakia in 1993 . Croatia - Slavonia and Dalmatia declare their independence as the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs and swiftly unites with Serbia as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes which later became Yugoslavia . 1919 United Kingdom End of the protectorate over Afghanistan , when the United Kingdom accepts the presence of a Soviet ambassador in Kabul . 1921 China Communist Mongolian revolutionaries , with the help of the Red Army , expel the Chinese government presence from Outer Mongolia , and Mongolia passes into the heavy influence of the Soviet Union . Mongolia was recognized by the United Nations in 1961 . 1922 United Kingdom In Ireland , following insurgency by the Irish Republican Army , most of Ireland separates from the United Kingdom as the Irish Free State , remaining as a dominion . Northern Ireland , the north - east area of the island , remains within the United Kingdom . Egypt is unilaterally granted independence by the United Kingdom . However , four matters ( imperial communications , defence , the protection of foreign interests and minorities , as well as Sudan ) remain `` absolutely reserved to the discretion '' of the British government , which greatly restricts the full exercise of Egyptian sovereignty . 1923 United Kingdom End of the de facto protectorate over Nepal which was never truly colonized . 1930 United Kingdom The United Kingdom returns the leased port territory at Weihaiwei to China , the first episode of decolonisation in East Asia . 1931 United Kingdom The Statute of Westminster grants virtually full independence to Canada , the Irish Free State , and the Union of South Africa when it declares the British parliament incapable of passing law over these former colonies without their own consent . Does n't take effect over New Zealand , Newfoundland , and the Commonwealth of Australia , until independently ratified by these dominions . 1932 United Kingdom Ends League of Nations Mandate over Iraq . The United Kingdom continues to station troops in the country and influence the Iraqi government until 1958 . 1934 United States Establishes the Philippine Islands into a Commonwealth under the provisions of the Philippine Independence Act . Abrogates Platt Amendment , which gave it direct authority to intervene in Cuba . 1941 France Lebanon declares independence , effectively ending the French mandate ( previously together with Syria ) -- it is recognized in 1943 . 1941 Italy Ethiopia , Eritrea and Tigray Province ( appended to it ) , and Italian Somaliland are taken by the Allies after an uneasy occupation of Ethiopia since 1935 -- 36 , and no longer joined as one colonial federal state ; the Ogaden desert ( disputed by Somalia ) remains under British military control until 1948 . 1942 United Kingdom Australia ratifies the Statute of Westminster . 1944 Denmark Following a plebiscite , Iceland formally becomes an independent republic on June 17 , 1944 . 1945 Japan After surrender of Japan , Korea is occupied by the Soviet Union and the United States . After surrender of Japan , Mengjiang and Manchukuo are returned to China . Taiwan is put under the post-war occupation of China in accordance with the arrangement in General Order No. 1 , but China has never officially grained sovereignty of Taiwan . France Vietnam declares independence , but France does not recognize it until 1954 . Netherlands Indonesia declares independence , which the Netherlands does not recognize until December 1949 . Cold War ( edit ) Year Colonizer Event 1946 United States The treaty of Manila is signed , effectively ending over 380 years of foreign domination in the Philippines . United States military bases continued to be stationed in the islands . United Kingdom The former emirate of Transjordan ( present - day Jordan ) becomes an independent Hashemite kingdom when the United Kingdom relinquishes UN trusteeship . France The former Mandate of Syria becomes an independent Republic . 1947 United Kingdom New Zealand ratifies the Statute of Westminster . United Kingdom The British government leaves British India , which is partitioned into the secular state of Republic of India and the Muslim state of Pakistan ( the eastern half of which will later become independent as Bangladesh ) . 1948 United Kingdom In the Far East , Burma and Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) become independent . In the Middle East , the state of Israel is formed less than a year after the British government withdraws from the Palestine Mandate ; the remainder of Palestine becomes de facto part of the Arab states of Egypt ( Gaza strip ) and Transjordan ( West Bank ) . United States Republic of Korea is established in the southern part of the Korean peninsula . Soviet Union Democratic People 's Republic of Korea is established in the northern part of the peninsula . 1949 United Kingdom The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada . End of the de facto protectorate over Bhutan . France Laos becomes independent . Netherlands The Netherlands recognises the sovereignty of Indonesia following an armed and diplomatic struggle since 1945 . 1951 Italy , United Kingdom The Mandate of Eritrea is given by the British to Ethiopia . Italy , France , United Kingdom Libya becomes an independent kingdom . 1952 United States According to the United States , Puerto Rico becomes a self - governing Commonwealth associated to the U.S. through the creation of the 1952 Constitution for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , which stands as a bilateral pact between two nations . This issue has been under review by the United Nations Special Committee , who continue to urge the United States to expedite self - determination processes for the island . 1953 France France recognizes Cambodia 's independence . 1954 France Vietnam 's independence recognized , though the nation is partitioned . The Puducherry enclave is incorporated into India . Beginning of the Algerian War of Independence United Kingdom The United Kingdom withdraws from the last part of Egypt it controls : the Suez Canal zone . 1955 United States The Bell Trade Act is repealed , providing a more independent market for the Philippines . The Laurel -- Langley Agreement is signed to take its place . 1956 United Kingdom Anglo - Egyptian Sudan becomes independent . France Tunisia and the sherifian kingdom of Morocco in the Maghreb achieve independence . Spain Spain - controlled areas in Morocco become independent . 1957 United Kingdom Ghana becomes independent , initiating the decolonisation of sub-Saharan Africa . The Federation of Malaya became independent . 1958 France Guinea on the coast of West Africa is granted independence . United States Signing of the Alaska Statehood Act by Dwight D. Eisenhower , granting Alaska the possibility of the equal rights of statehood United Kingdom UN trustee , the United Kingdom , withdraws from Iraq , which becomes an independent Hashemite Kingdom ( like Jordan , but soon to become a republic through the first of several coups d'état ) . 1959 United States Hawaii becomes the fiftieth state in the United States . 1960 United Kingdom Nigeria , British Somaliland ( present - day northwestern Somalia ) , and most of Cyprus become independent , though the UK retains sovereign control over Akrotiri and Dhekelia . As the State of Somaliland , the former British Somaliland protectorate merges as scheduled five days later with the newly independent Trust Territory of Somaliland ( the former Italian Somaliland ) to form the Somali Republic ( Somalia ) . France Benin ( then Dahomey ) , Upper Volta ( present - day Burkina Faso ) , Cameroon , Chad , Republic of the Congo , Ivory Coast , Gabon , the Mali Federation ( split the same year into present - day Mali and Senegal ) , Mauritania , Niger , Togo and the Central African Republic ( the Oubangui Chari ) and Madagascar all become independent . Belgium The Belgian Congo ( also known as Congo - Kinshasa , later renamed Zaire and presently the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , becomes independent . 1961 United Kingdom Tanganyika ( formerly a German colony under UK trusteeship , merged to federal Tanzania in 1964 with the island of Zanzibar , formerly a proper British colony wrested from the Omani sultanate ) ; Sierra Leone , Kuwait and British Cameroon become independent . South Africa declares itself a republic . Portugal The former coastal enclave colonies of Goa , Daman and Diu are taken over by India . 1962 United Kingdom Uganda in Africa , and Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean , achieve independence . France End of Algerian War , Algeria becomes independent . Belgium Rwanda and Burundi ( then Urundi ) attain independence through the ending of the Belgian trusteeship . New Zealand The South Sea UN trusteeship over the Polynesian kingdom of Western Samoa ( formerly German Samoa and nowadays called just Samoa ) is relinquished . 1963 United Kingdom Kenya becomes independent . Singapore , Sarawak and Sabah ( North Borneo ) formed Malaysia with the independent Federation of Malaya . Singapore became independent of Malaysia two years later . Netherlands Netherlands New Guinea occupied by Indonesia . 1964 United Kingdom Northern Rhodesia declares independence as Zambia and Malawi , formerly Nyasaland does the same . The Mediterranean island of Malta becomes independent . 1965 Southern Rhodesia ( the present Zimbabwe ) declares independence as Rhodesia , but is not recognized . Gambia is recognized as independent . The British protectorate over the Maldives archipelago in the Indian Ocean is ended . 1966 In the Caribbean , Barbados and Guyana ; and in Africa , Botswana ( then Bechuanaland ) and Lesotho become independent . 1967 On the Arabian peninsula , Aden colony becomes independent as South Yemen , to be united with formerly Ottoman North Yemen in 1990 -- 1991 . 1968 Mauritius and Swaziland achieve independence . Portugal After nine years of organized guerrilla resistance , most of Guinea - Bissau comes under native control . Spain Equatorial Guinea ( then Rio Muni ) achieves independence . Australia Relinquishes UN trusteeship ( nominally shared by the United Kingdom and New Zealand ) of Nauru in the South Sea . 1971 United Kingdom Fiji and Tonga are given independence Bahrain , Qatar , Oman and seven Trucial States ( the same year , six federated together as United Arab Emirates and the seventh , Ras al - Kaimah , joined soon after ) become independent Arab monarchies in the Persian Gulf as the British protectorates are lifted . Pakistan Bangladesh achieves independence from Pakistan with the military help of India . 1973 United Kingdom The Bahamas are granted independence . Portugal Guerrillas unilaterally declare independence in the Southeastern regions of Guinea - Bissau . United Kingdom Grenada in the Caribbean becomes independent . Portugal Guinea - Bissau on the coast of West - Africa is recognized as independent by Portugal . United States The Laurel -- Langley Agreement is repealed by Ferdinand Marcos . France The Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa is granted independence . Portugal Angola , Mozambique and the island groups of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe , all four in Africa , achieve independence . East Timor declares independence , but is subsequently occupied and annexed by Indonesia nine days later . Netherlands Suriname ( then Dutch Guiana ) achieves independence . Australia Released from trusteeship , Papua New Guinea gains independence . 1976 United Kingdom Seychelles archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the African coast becomes independent ( one year after granting of self - rule ) . Spain The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara ( then Rio de Oro ) , when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco ( which annexes the entire territory in 1979 ) , rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day . 1977 France French Somaliland , also known as the `` French Territory of the Afars and the Issas '' ( after its dominant ethnic groups ) , the present Djibouti , gains independence . 1978 United Kingdom Dominica in the Caribbean and the Solomon Islands , as well as Tuvalu ( then the Ellice Islands ) , all in the South Sea , become independent . 1979 United States Returns the Panama Canal Zone ( held under a regime sui generis since 1903 ) to the republic of Panama . United Kingdom The Gilbert Islands ( present - day Kiribati ) in the South Sea as well as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia in the Caribbean become independent . 1980 Zimbabwe ( then ( Southern ) Rhodesia ) , already independent de facto , becomes formally independent . The joint Anglo - French colony of the New Hebrides becomes the independent island republic of Vanuatu . 1981 Belize ( then British Honduras ) and Antigua & Barbuda become independent . 1982 Canada gains full independence from the British parliament with the Canada Act . Saint Kitts and Nevis ( an associated state since 1963 ) becomes independent . 1984 Brunei sultanate on Borneo achieves independence . 1986 Australia and New Zealand become fully independent with the Australia Act 1986 and The New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 . South Africa Namibia becomes independent from South Africa . United States The UN Security Council gives final approval to end the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific ( dissolved already in 1986 ) , finalizing the independence of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia , having been a colonial possession of the empire of Japan before UN trusteeship . 1991 Soviet Union Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Ukraine , Belarus , Moldova , Armenia , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia and Turkmenistan become independent from the Soviet Union . Post -- Cold War era ( edit ) Year Colonizer Event Ethiopia Eritrea , a former Italian colony declares independence and is subsequently recognized . United States Palau ( after a transitional period as a Republic since 1981 , and before part of the U.S. Trust territory of the Pacific ) becomes independent from its former trustee , having been a mandate of the Japanese Empire before UN trusteeship . United Kingdom The British overseas territory of Hong Kong is given to People 's Republic of China . 1999 Portugal Macau is given to People 's Republic of China . It is the last in a series of coastal enclaves that militarily stronger powers had obtained through treaties from the Ming and Qing Empire which ruled China . Macau , like Hong Kong , is not organized into the existing provincial structure applied to other provinces of the People 's Republic of China , but is guaranteed an autonomous system of government within the People 's Republic of China as a `` Special Administrative Region '' or S.A.R. 2002 Indonesia East Timor formally achieves independence after a transitional UN administration , three years after Indonesia ended its quarter - century occupation of the former Portuguese colony . 2006 Serbia and Montenegro Montenegro 2011 Sudan South Sudan formally achieves independence . See also ( edit ) colonialism portal Current United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Neocolonialism Imperialism Partition ( politics ) Separatism Secession Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Indigenous decolonization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hack , Karl ( 2008 ) . International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 255 -- 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865965 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pushkala , , Prasad , . Crafting qualitative research : working in the postpositivist traditions . London . ISBN 9781317473695 . OCLC 904046323 . ^ Jump up to : Sabrin , Mohammed ( 2013 ) . `` EXPLORING THE INTELLECTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF EGYPTIAN NATIONAL EDUCATION '' ( PDF ) . athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/handle/10724/28885 . Jump up ^ Walter. , Mignolo , ( 2011 ) . The darker side of Western modernity : global futures , decolonial options . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 9780822350606 . OCLC 700406652 . Jump up ^ Adopted by General Assembly resolution 1514 ( XV ) ( 14 December 1960 ) . `` Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples '' . The United Nations and Decolonization . Jump up ^ Robert Strayer , `` Decolonization , Democratization , and Communist Reform : The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective , '' Journal of World History 12 # 2 ( 2001 ) , 375 -- 406 . online Jump up ^ David Strang , `` Global patterns of decolonization , 1500 -- 1987 . '' International Studies Quarterly ( 1991 ) : 429 -- 454 . online Jump up ^ Robert R. Palmer , The age of the Democratic Revolution : a political history of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The emerging nations and the American Revolution ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Nicole Bousquet , `` The Decolonization of Spanish America in the Early Nineteenth Century : A World - Systems Approach . '' Review ( Fernand Braudel Center ) ( 1988 ) : 497 -- 531 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Luke , Harry ( 1969 ) . `` Cyprus under the Turks , 1571 -- 1878 '' . London : Hurst . Jump up ^ Sant Cassia , Paul ( 1986 ) . `` Religion , politics and ethnicity in Cyprus during the Turkocratia ( 1571 -- 1878 ) . '' `` . Archives Europeennes de Sociologie , . Jump up ^ Koumoulides , John ( 1974 ) . `` Cyprus and the war of Greek Independence , 1821 -- 1829 '' . London : Zeno . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Human Geography , Colonialism . Oxford : Blackwell reference . 1981 . pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Said , Edward ( 1978 ) . Orientalism . United States : Vintage books . pp. 358 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Howe , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford UP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280223 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Berlin , 1878 -- Excerpts on the Balkans . Internet Modern History Sourcebook . Berlin : Fordham University . July 13 , 1878 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Michelle ( August 1996 ) . `` The Road to Romanian Independence '' . Canadian Journal of History . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State '' . msu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Boyd , M.L. ( 1991 ) . `` The evolution of agrarian institutions : The case of medieval and Ottoman Serbia '' . Explorations in Economic History . 28 : 36 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 91 ) 90023 - C . Jump up ^ J.H.W. Verzijl. 1969 . International Law in Historical Perspective , Volume II . Leyden : A.W. Sijthoff . Pp. 76 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Lynn , Thomas R. Martin , Barbara H. Rosenwein , R. Po - chia Hsia , and Bonnie G. Smith . The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2008 . Jump up ^ On the nonviolent methodology see Jim Masselos , `` Audiences , actors and congress dramas : Crowd events in Bombay city in 1930 . '' South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies 8.1 - 2 ( 1985 ) : 71 - 86 . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ John Crowley et al. eds. , Atlas of the Irish Revolution ( 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Yiannis Papadakis , `` Narrative , Memory and History Education in Divided Cyprus : A Comparison of Schoolbooks on the ' History of Cyprus ' . '' History & Memory 20.2 ( 2008 ) : 128 - 148 . Jump up ^ * Laqueur , Walter ; Schueftan , Dan ( 2016 ) . The Israel - Arab Reader : A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict : 8th edition . Penguin Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Thomas A , Bailey , A diplomatic history of the American people ( 1969 ) online free Jump up ^ Wong , Kwok Chu ( 1982 ) . `` The Jones Bills 1912 -- 16 : A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence '' . Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 13 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 269 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022463400008687 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H. ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . New York : Rowman and Littlefield . pp. 166 , 178 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) ) Jump up ^ Kelly M. Torres , `` Puerto Rico , the 51st state : the implications of statehood on culture and language . '' Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino - américaines et caraïbes 42.2 ( 2017 ) : 165 - 180 . Jump up ^ `` Remember role in ending fascist war '' . chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , Bound to Empire : The United States and the Philippines ( 1992 ) pp 138 - 60 . online free Jump up ^ Norrie MacQueen , The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa : Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Henri Grimal , Decolonization : The British , French , Dutch and Belgian Empires , 1919 - 63 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Frances Gouda ( 2002 ) . American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies / Indonesia : US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism , 1920 - 1949 . Amsterdam UP . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Henri Baudet , `` The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire '' Journal of Contemporary History 4 # 1 ( 1969 ) , pp. 127 - 139 online Jump up ^ John Hatch , Africa : The Rebirth of Self - Rule ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ William Roger Louis , The transfer of power in Africa : decolonization , 1940 - 1960 ( Yale UP , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ John D. Hargreaves , Decolonization in Africa ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini , Decolonization : the Administration and Future of the Colonies , 1919 - 1960 ( Doubleday , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Baylis , J. & Smith S. ( 2001 ) . The Globalization of World Politics : An introduction to international relations . Jump up ^ David Parker , ed. ( 2002 ) . Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition : In the West 1560 -- 1991 . Routledge . pp. 202 -- 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Askel Kirch , et al. `` Russians in the Baltic States : To be or not to be ? . '' Journal of Baltic Studies 24.2 ( 1993 ) : 173 -- 188 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Glassner , Martin Ira ( 1980 ) . Systematic Political Geography 2nd Edition . John Wiley & Sons , New York . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/ Jump up ^ Jacques Foccart , counsellor to Charles de Gaulle , Georges Pompidou and Jacques Chirac for African matters , recognized it in 1995 to Jeune Afrique review . See also Foccart parle , interviews with Philippe Gaillard , Fayard -- Jeune Afrique ( in French ) and also `` The man who ran Francafrique -- French politician Jacques Foccart 's role in France 's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle -- Obituary '' in The National Interest , Fall 1997 Jump up ^ Spain proffered a treaty of recognition in 1857 , but it was rejected by the Argentine legislature . Jump up ^ The UK Statute Law Database : Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 ( c. 60 ) Jump up ^ `` No. 10760 : Agreement relating to Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Treaty Collection . United Nations . July 1963 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES '' . un.org . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Thomas A . A diplomatic history of the American people ( 1969 ) online free Betts , Raymond F. Decolonization ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) Betts , Raymond F. France and Decolonisation , 1900 -- 1960 ( 1991 ) Butler , Larry , and Sarah Stockwell , eds . The Wind of Change : Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization ( 2013 ) excerpt Chafer , Tony . The end of empire in French West Africa : France 's successful decolonization ( Bloomsbury , 2002 ) . Chamberlain , Muriel E. ed . Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century ( Routledge , 2014 ) Clayton , Anthony . The wars of French decolonization ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Cooper , Frederick . `` French Africa , 1947 -- 48 : Reform , Violence , and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation . '' Critical Inquiry ( 2014 ) 40 # 4 pp : 466 -- 478 . in JSTOR Darwin , John . `` Decolonization and the End of Empire '' in Robin W. Winks , ed. , The Oxford History of the British Empire - Vol. 5 : Historiography ( 1999 ) 5 : 541 - 57 . online Grimal , Henri . Decolonization : The British , Dutch , and Belgian Empires , 1919 -- 1963 ( 1978 ) . Hyam , Ronald . Britain 's Declining Empire : The Road to Decolonisation , 1918 -- 1968 ( 2007 ) excerpt Ikeda , Ryo . The Imperialism of French Decolonisation : French Policy and the Anglo - American Response in Tunisia and Morocco ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 ) Jansen , Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel . Decolonization : A Short History ( Princeton UP , 2017 ) . online Jones , Max , et al. `` Decolonising imperial heroes : Britain and France . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42 # 5 ( 2014 ) : 787 -- 825 . Lawrence , Adria K. Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism : Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire ( Cambridge UP , 2013 ) online reviews McDougall , James . `` The Impossible Republic : The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France , 1945 -- 1962 , '' The Journal of Modern History 89 # 4 ( December 2017 ) pp 772 -- 811 excerpt MacQueen , Norrie . The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa : Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire ( 1997 ) . Monroe , Elizabeth . Britain 's Moment in the Middle East , 1914 - 1956 ( 1963 ) online Rothermund , Dietmar . The Routledge companion to decolonization ( Routledge , 2006 ) , comprehensive global coverage ; 365pp Rothermund , Dietmar . Memories of Post-Imperial Nations : The Aftermath of Decolonization , 1945 -- 2013 ( 2015 ) excerpt ; Compares the impact on Great Britain , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Portugal , Italy and Japan Shepard , Todd . The Invention of Decolonization : The Algerian War and the Remaking of France ( 2006 ) Simpson , Alfred William Brian . Human Rights and the End of Empire : Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) . Smith , Simon C. Ending empire in the Middle East : Britain , the United States and post-war decolonization , 1945 -- 1973 ( Routledge , 2013 ) Smith , Tony . `` A comparative study of French and British decolonization . '' Comparative Studies in Society and History ( 1978 ) 20 # 1 pp : 70 -- 102 . online Smith , Tony . `` The French Colonial Consensus and People 's War , 1946 -- 58 . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1974 ) : 217 -- 247 . in JSTOR Strayer , Robert . `` Decolonization , Democratization , and Communist Reform : The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective , '' Journal of World History 12 # 2 ( 2001 ) , 375 -- 406 . online Thomas , Martin , Bob Moore , and Lawrence J. Butler . Crises of Empire : Decolonization and Europe 's imperial states ( Bloomsbury Publishing , 2015 ) White , Nicholas . Decolonisation : the British experience since 1945 ( 2nd ed . Routledge , 2014 ) excerpt online Primary sources ( edit ) Le Sueur , James D. ed . The Decolonization Reader ( Routledge , 2003 ) Madden , Frederick , ed. he End of Empire : Dependencies since 1948 : Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth - Vol. 1 ( 2000 ) online at Questia , 596pp Mansergh , Nicholas , ed . Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs , 1952 - 1962 ( 1963 ) online at Questia Wiener , Joel H. ed . Great Britain : Foreign Policy and the Span of Empire , 1689 - 1971 : A Documentary History - Vol. 4 ( 1972 ) online at Questia 712pp ; Covers 1872 to 1968 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did most of the world powers begin to give up their colonies	[]	[]
1355256233151107319	Suresh Tendulkar	Suresh Tendulkar - wikipedia Suresh Tendulkar Jump to : navigation , search Suresh Tendulkar 15 February 1939 21 June 2011 ( aged 72 ) Pune , India Nationality Indian Alma mater Pune University Delhi School of Economics Harvard University Occupation Economist Known for Report on Estimation of Poverty Spouse ( s ) Sunetra Suresh D. Tendulkar ( 15 February 1939 -- 21 June 2011 ) was an Indian economist and former chief of National Statistical Commission . Tendulkar was a member of the Prime Minister 's Economic Advisory Council ( PMEAC ) from 2004 to 2008 and as its chairman from 2008 to 2009 when C. Rangarajan vacated the post to enter the Rajya Sabha . He died on 21 June 2011 , as a result of cardiac arrest at Prayag Hospital , Pune ( India ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 References 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Suresh Tendulkar did his B.Com. from Pune University and was the topper . He then did M.A. from Delhi School of Economics again coming first . He went on to do his Ph. D. in Economics from Harvard University . Career ( edit ) Suresh Tendulkar headed committee named as Suresh Tendulkar Committee to look into the people living under poverty line in India . He also served as member of the Reserve Bank of India 's central board of directors . Prof. Tendulkar was known for his extensive work on `` Credit and Privatisation policies '' and `` Indian development issues and policies '' , including liberalisation and globalisation . He was also a part - time member of the National Statistical Commission ( 2000 -- 01 ) , the first `` Disinvestment Commission '' ( 1996 -- 99 ) , and the Fifth `` Central Pay Commission '' ( 1994 -- 97 ) . Prof. Tendulkar 's pioneering contribution was his extensive work on poverty and estimation of people below poverty line ( BPL ) . A committee was formed by government of India in 2005 , with Tendulkar as chairman to ' report on methodology of estimation of poverty ' . In 2009 , this committee came out with a new method to calculate poverty . According to this method , the number of the poor in India in 2004 -- 05 rose from 27.5 per cent of the total population to 37.2 per cent . In past , poverty was estimated by looking at a limited view of money required for stipulated minimum calorie intake by individuals . But the Tendulkar committee moved to a wider definition , including spending on food as well as education , health , light ( electricity ) , clothing and footwear . He was a , visiting fellow , was professor of economics at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi , India . To his credit he authored several books like ' Reintegrating India with the World Economy ' and ' Understanding Reforms ' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RSS Feeds Page '' . Hindustantimes.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ashok Dasgupta ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) . `` News : Suresh Tendulkar , eminent economist , passes away '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New food scheme based on Tendulkar report likely - Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Economist Suresh Tendulkar dead '' . Business-standard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes India Magazine - Suresh Tendulkar : The Judge Amongst Economists '' . Business.in.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Profile VIAF : 174148642 GND : 138021945 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Tendulkar&oldid=816447825 '' Categories : University of Pune Delhi School of Economics alumni Harvard University alumni 20th - century Indian economists 2011 deaths 1939 births Scientists from Pune Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 11 : 32 . About Wikipedia	who was tasked with revising the formula given by the tendulkar committee	[]	[]
5627076469745160872	Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless)	Paul Williams ( the Young and the Restless ) - wikipedia Paul Williams ( the Young and the Restless ) Jump to : navigation , search Paul Williams The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Doug Davidson Duration 1978 -- First appearance May 23 , 1978 Introduced by William J. Bell Classification Present , regular Profile Occupation Genoa City chief of police Residence Genoa City , Wisconsin ( show ) Family Father Carl Williams Mother Mary Williams Brothers Todd Williams Steven Williams Sisters Patty Williams Wife April Stevens ( 1981 ) Lauren Fenmore ( 1984 -- 86 ) Christine Blair ( 1996 -- 2002 , 2013 -- ) Isabella Braña ( 2002 -- 03 ) Sons Ricky Williams Dylan McAvoy Daughters Heather Stevens Aunts Jane Paul Williams is a fictional character on the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . Paul was introduced to the show on May 23 , 1978 , and has been portrayed by Doug Davidson ever since . Initially Paul was a `` bad boy '' , who had a romance with Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) , giving her an STD . The relationship ultimately ended , but the two have remained friends since . After a year on the series , Bell gave the character a proper backstory , surname and family . This included his notoriously unstable sister Patty Williams ( Stacey Haiduk ) . After a failed marriage to April Stevens ( Cynthia Eilbacher ) -- who gave birth to his daughter Heather Stevens ( Jennifer Landon ) -- focus turned towards Paul 's career as a private investigator , as well as his relationship and eventual marriage to and later divorce from Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey Bregman ) . Paul 's string of unsuccessful romances with women -- including his ill - fated bride Cindy Lake ( DeAnna Robbins ) , and Cassandra Rawlins ( Nina Arvesen ) , the wife of one of his clients -- continued . Over the years , Paul continued to become heavily involved in various storylines as a private investigator . The character 's most prominent love story occurred when he married attorney Christine Blair ( Lauralee Bell ) . The couple faced various challenges together , with their first marriage ending as a result of his affair with the psychotic Isabella Braña ( Eva Longoria ) . The affair produced Paul 's son Ricky Williams ( Pete Porte ) ; Isabella was admitted to a mental institution and Ricky grew up away from his father . Years later , Paul established a relationship with his daughter Heather , who returned to Genoa City ( now an adult ) as a lawyer . After years away , Paul 's adult son Ricky returned to town and it was revealed that he , like his mother , was mentally unstable . In a controversial storyline , Paul was forced to shoot and kill Ricky to prevent him from killing Eden Baldwin ( Jessica Heap ) . Paul has since assumed the role of police chief for the GCPD and remarried Christine . Davidson 's performance of Paul has garnered him acclaim from both critics and audiences , and he has emerged as one of the soap opera genre 's most popular actors . Davidson 's high Q Score has allowed him to be recognized as daytime 's most desirable performer ; although TV Guide has labelled him `` underrated '' . Similarly , Canyon News described his performance as `` understated '' , yet `` overpowering '' and `` strong '' . TVSource magazine stated that the actor has maintained `` raw honesty and conviction '' in his portrayal . The storyline in which Paul was forced to kill his son earned Davidson a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , having previously been nominated for this award twice . Additionally , Davidson has claimed three Soap Opera Digest Awards from six nominations . Currently , he is the longest - tenured actor present on The Young and the Restless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 3 Character development 3.1 Portrayal 3.2 Relationships 3.3 Isabella and Ricky 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) Doug Davidson joined the cast of the show on May 15 , 1978 . Its creator , William J. Bell , discovered him during one of Bell 's trips to Chicago , while Davidson was modelling for magazines . The actor learned that he had been cast as Paul when a costumer contacted him for measurements . Before joining the soap opera Davidson studied marine biology , abandoning his studies to pursue acting full - time . Former executive producer Wes Kenny had a profound impact on his career : `` Wes taught me to listen , respond and to play the situation '' . In mid-1979 Davidson signed a five - year contract , and began receiving more airtime . In September 1994 he was hired to host The New Price Is Right , which taped down the hall from The Young and the Restless at CBS Television City . By May 2002 , the actor had appeared in over 3,600 episodes of the daytime drama . Reflecting on the `` unique demands '' of the soap - opera genre , Davidson said : `` You must see each day as fresh , but it 's also dangerous to invest too much because you do have to come back tomorrow . It 's not the Super Bowl every day . '' Storylines ( edit ) The character Paul Williams was born in May 1960 , the son of police detective Carl Williams ( Brett Hadley ) and Mary Williams ( Carolyn Conwell ) . He has three siblings : Todd , Steven and Patty . Paul begins dating close friend , Nikki Reed ( Melody Thomas Scott ) , giving her a sexually transmitted disease . The romance ends when she takes up with Greg Foster ( Wings Hauser ) ; Paul begins dating April Stevens ( Cynthia Eilbacher ) , who gives birth to his daughter Heather ( Eden Riegel ) despite his desire for her to terminate the pregnancy . He leaves town with Nikki to join a cult , the New World Commune . Paul 's brother , Steven , helps to save them from the cult and rescues the former lovers . While Paul and Nikki are away , Greg dates April . However , April falls ill and Greg convinces Paul to marry her . The ill - conceived marriage ends in divorce ; Paul focuses on his detective career , unsuccessfully trying to find his mentally unstable sister Patty ( Stacy Haiduk ) . While Paul and business partner Andy Richards ( Steven Ford ) work undercover to infiltrate organized crime , he dates prostitute Cindy Lake . Cindy takes a bullet for Paul , dying in his arms . His mother opposes his relationship with Cindy , and also disapproves Paul 's marriage to Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey Bregman ) . Their union suffers when she is stalked by Shawn Garrett ( Grant Cramer ) , who convinces Paul that Shawn and Lauren had an affair . The marriage ends , although Paul comes to her rescue when Lauren is kidnapped and buried alive by Shawn . Pregnant , Lauren has a miscarriage . She and Paul reconcile , although when Lauren submits a nude photo of Paul for a magazine centerfold they break up permanently . Paul becomes involved with his friend George Rawlins ' ( Jonathon Farwell ) wife Cassandra ( Nina Arvesen ) , unaware of the marriage . Cassandra 's announcement that she is filing for divorce causes George to have a heart attack , and he becomes terminally ill . He learns about the affair , planning to kill himself and frame Paul for his murder . Paul fakes his own suicide and goes into hiding ; he , his father and Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) work to clear Paul 's name . George 's killer is Adrian , Cassandra 's lover from Bermuda . She marries Brad Carlton ( Don Diamont ) , who leaves her after learning that she drugged him . Cassandra tries to reconcile with Paul , but she dies in a car crash . After dating his secretary Lynne Bassett ( Laura Bryan Birn ) , Paul falls in love with his partner Christine Blair ( Lauralee Bell ) . After his mother declares his father Carl dead , Christine discovers that he is an amnesiac living in Norfolk . She brings Carl to town to see Paul , although he remembers little . Despite Mary wanting him back , Carl does not remember anything and returns to Norfolk . After Christine 's marriage to Danny Romalotti ( Michael Damian ) ends , Paul and Christine begin a relationship . April , married to Robert Lynch , returns to town with Paul 's daughter Heather . Lynch abuses April , and she stabs him . She is arrested , and Christine is her legal representative . April is acquitted , and returns to New York with Heather . Christine still loves Danny ; his mistress Phyllis Summers ( Michelle Stafford ) faked her son Daniel Romalotti 's ( Michael Graziadei ) paternity , and he is not Danny 's biological child . However , Christine and Paul continue their wedding plans . A crazed Phyllis believes that Christine will try to reconcile with Danny . The night before the wedding Phyllis crashes her car into Christine and Paul , postponing the marriage . Christine and Danny briefly reconcile before she returns to Paul , whom she marries shortly thereafter . She begins a law practice with Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) , who raped her years ago , which requires her to spend months out of town working on cases in Hong Kong and Australia . Paul begins an affair with a client , Isabella Braña ( Eva Longoria ) , who previously dated Michael . Christine finds out and divorces Paul after a six - year marriage . Isabella becomes pregnant ; she does not tell Paul because of his feelings for Christine , telling Michael that he is the father . She and Michael begin a relationship , and reconciles with his ex-wife Lauren . When Paul learns about Isabella 's baby he moves in with her , and they eventually marry despite Mary 's opposition . She gives birth to their son , Ricky Williams ( Peter Porte ) . However , when Christine and Michael become engaged Paul recognizes his feelings for her and wants to reconcile . He assaults her sexually , and she leaves town . Christine returns in disguise , and works with Mary to expose Isabella as manipulative and scheming . Christine and Michael 's engagement ends when he tells her he set up Isabella and Paul so he could have Christine for himself , and she and Paul reconcile . An unstable Isabella tries to frame Christine for her own murder , and later tries to drown Christine in her bathtub . Paul rescues Christine , Isabella is institutionalized and Ricky is sent to live with her parents . Paul and Christine 's relationship again ends . Paul closes his investigative company and begins a partnership with Christine and Paul , hiring fledgling PI J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) as an apprentice . He continues detective work , rescuing J.T. and Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) when they are kidnapped by the attempted murderers of Brad 's family decades earlier ( when he was known by his birth name , George Kaplan ) . Paul investigates Lauren 's enemy Sheila Carter ( Kimberlin Brown ) , who had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis ( Lauren 's best friend ) and scheme her way into Lauren 's life . Paul captures Sheila , locking her in a warehouse cage , and begins dating detective Maggie Sullivan ( Tammy Lauren ) . Sheila escapes , shoots Maggie ( leaving her locked in the cage with Paul ) and goes on a rampage , kidnapping Lauren , Phyllis and their children until she is shot and killed by Lauren . Maggie agrees not to tell the authorities about Paul ( and eventually Michael ) , keeping Sheila trapped . Paul 's daughter Heather ( Vail Bloom ) returns to Genoa City as an assistant district attorney , and develops a relationship with her father . He reconciles with first love Nikki , and they become engaged . She then breaks up with Paul , unable to move past her feelings for ex-husband Victor . Paul investigates a businesswoman , Mary Jane Benson , only to discover that she is his unstable sister Patty . Patty goes on a crime spree , poisoning Nikki and Victor 's granddaughter Summer Newman ( Haley King ) , kidnapping Colleen Carlton ( Tammin Sursok ) -- who eventually drowns -- and shooting Victor three times before escaping . Paul tracks down Nikki , and brings her back to town to help Victor recover . Patty is found and sent to a mental institution , where Paul visits her regularly . He begins dating Christine 's former best friend , Nina Webster ( Tricia Cast ) . A love triangle forms between Paul , Nina and Christine when the latter briefly returns to Genoa City , and Paul helps Nina track down her long - lost son Ronan Malloy ( Jeff Branson ) . Paul 's son Ricky ( now an adult ) returns to Genoa City , working for attorney Avery Bailey Clark ( Jessica Collins ) . Paul attempts to bond with Ricky , but soon discovers that Ricky is psychotic like Isabella . Paul is forced to shoot and kill Ricky to keep him from killing Eden Baldwin ( Jessica Heap ) . Before dying , Ricky confesses that he murdered his ex-girlfriend Rachel when she dumped him . Paul surrenders to the police , and is shocked when no knife ( with which Ricky threatened Eden ) is found at the scene and Eden has no memory of the event . Christine returns to town , and with her and Heather 's help Paul is acquitted . Months later he becomes the Genoa City police chief , remaining involved in a number of legal cases . Eleven years after their divorce , Christine and Paul remarry at their friend Katherine Chancellor 's ( Jeanne Cooper ) funeral , with Paul following Katherine 's advice in a letter he received during the ceremony . Character development ( edit ) Portrayal ( edit ) I think at this juncture , it 's hard to separate . Pretty much my entire adult life I spent on this show , and from arriving at my early 20 's and until now , there is a separation between Paul and Doug , but it 's pretty blurred . There 's certain things that I just innately know , like how he 'd react to things . It 's hard to , after so many years , it 's truly hard to separate the two . -- Davidson , on distinguishing himself from Paul Global Regina describes Paul , a detective , as always doing `` his best to see that justice is done '' . CBS created him as a `` charismatic '' private investigator who was compassionate and attractive . Canyon News described Paul as a `` sexy private eye who many Genoa City citizens have called upon to save their lives and their companies '' . Bell had introduced Paul as a `` bad boy '' who would be a rival for Nikki Reed 's ( Melody Thomas Scott ) affections ( which he won ) , and `` too green to know anything '' . Only after an estimated 450 episodes , according to The Age , was Paul given a surname , family and backstory . Davidson said : `` Bill brought in my family and the show went to an hour and that was a huge transition for my character '' . In 1989 , he described coping with the ever - changing storylines as `` mental '' : `` Just when you think you know everything ... you get fooled by complacency . I 've been playing Paul Williams for a long time and I have to keep my performance fresh and new '' . In an interview with The Gadsden Times , the actor said he treats himself as an `` open vessel '' and has a `` childlike frame of mind '' when undertaking a variety of storylines . Relationships ( edit ) Lauralee Bell plays Christine Blair , one of Paul 's main love interests . Paul has had several unsuccessful relationships , and has been described as `` often luckless in love '' . His main love interest during the 1980s was Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey Bregman ) . Davidson described the relationship as Paul 's `` first non-drama fling '' and said that Bell decided to pair the characters on the `` spur of the moment '' , uncertain of the outcome . He enjoys the dynamics between Lauren and Paul : `` I always am excited whenever I get to work with her . We 've played friends , husband and wife , enemies , you name it . She is a dynamic actress and a wonderful friend and person '' . The couple have faced a number of challenges , including Lauren 's crazed stalker Shawn Garrett ( Grant Cramer ) and disapproval from Paul 's mother , Mary Williams ( Carolyn Conwell ) . Lauren and Paul divorced : Lynda Hirsch of the Sun Sentinel wrote , `` The marriage did n't work out , since Lauren desperately wanted a career in music and Paul wanted her to be a stay - at - home wife and eventually a mom '' . Paul had a `` strong interest '' in Cindy Lake ( DeAnna Robbins ) , a prostitute with whom he fell in love . Before their scheduled marriage , Cindy took a bullet for Paul and died . He later fell for a `` mysterious '' woman , Cassandra Rawlins ( Nina Arvesen ) , the wife of Paul 's client George Rawlins ( Jonathan Farwell ) . George was shot through the heart and killed , and Paul was a suspect in his death ; The actor credited the Cassandra - and - George storyline with significantly changing Paul 's character , telling the Orlando Sentinel : `` It was a tremendous story . Until then I was the younger leading man , and this was really a departure for me . '' He previously described it as his `` first adult storyline '' , in which Bell transformed Paul `` from a juvenile lead into a lead male '' . The actor told BuddyTV it is his favorite storyline : `` I usually claim that the most exciting story for me was Cassandra 's storyline , simply because it was the transition from Paul as a young man to an adult . '' For years Paul has been romantically involved with Christine Blair , played by Lauralee Bell ( daughter of the show 's creator , William J. Bell ) . In 2013 , the couple were married for a second time during the memorial service for their friend Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) . Davidson felt that the couple never fell out of love , although they were driven apart by characters such as Isabella Braña ( Eva Longoria ) and Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) . The actor said , `` The fact that they have such a strong foundation and relationship beyond husband and wife , is the reason it 's probably going to last forever . '' As a teenager Paul dated Nikki Reed ( Melody Thomas Scott ) , and they remained friends for thirty years . In November 2008 , Paul and Nikki slept together . Davidson described their reunion as `` love in the purest sense '' : `` They 've been friends for 30 years and are supporting each other in the most intimate way possible . They do not judge the rightness or wrongness of their actions , nor do they want to tell anyone about it . They know their kids probably wo n't understand . '' He also said , `` It was the other end of the trail and I do n't think for Paul , at this juncture , was the love of Nikki 's life , nor was Nikki the love of Paul 's . '' In 2010 the show explored a romance between Paul and Christine 's best friend , Nina Webster ( Tricia Cast ) . Cast has praised the couple 's storyline for not being `` overly dramatic '' and more `` normal '' : `` Paul and Nina are less exciting -- and I like that . There are no shenanigans ... it 's kind of like a real relationship . '' However , it yielded to Paul and Christine 's ongoing affinity . Isabella and Ricky ( edit ) Eva Longoria played Isabella Braña , Paul 's mentally unstable lover and ( later ) wife . In 2001 Paul cheated on his wife Christine with the mentally unstable Isabella Braña ( Eva Longoria ) , impregnating her . The writers had introduced Isabella as a love interest ( and eventual spouse ) for him when the pregnant Lauralee Bell was written out of the show . During her two years as a character Isabella developed an obsession with Paul , faked her death ( framing Christine ) and tried to kill Christine . She was committed to a mental institution , where she remains . Michael Logan of TV Guide called Isabella a `` nutjob '' who made Christine 's life a `` living hell '' , and the National Post called Isabella `` evil '' . Of the show not reintroducing Paul and Isabella 's son Ricky , Davidson said at the time : `` It 's hard to bring something like that up without delving deeper . I always make the assumption that I am communicating with him offscreen . '' In 2011 it was announced that Pete Porte would play Paul and Isabella 's rapidly aged adult son , Ricky Williams . Ricky arrived in town as a legal intern working on Sharon Newman 's court case . Michael Logan wrote : `` But what 's he really up to ? To get this mystery moving , Y&R needs to remind viewers of the emotional havoc caused by Ricky 's mama '' . Ricky 's appearance in Genoa City sparked uncertainty about his motives and personality . Lauralee Bell , who returned for this story arc , said : `` That whole Isabella thing was a very scary time for Chris and Paul and now they wonder if there 's something off about Ricky . At first , no one knew Isabella was crazy . He could be a whack job like his mother '' . Bell described Christine 's seeing Ricky as a man as `` really startling '' . Davidson said that Paul may have been guilty about Ricky 's upbringing , since he was raised by his grandparents . Viewer suspicions were confirmed when Ricky turned out to be a psychotic like his mother , acting strangely and tormenting Paul . Davidson described the discovery that Paul had a `` psycho son '' as painful : `` You feel it in your heart , and it 's supported by the things you discover with logic . It 's hard to ignore when people are disappearing or dropping dead '' . One night , Paul arrived at Ricky 's place and found his son holding a knife to Eden Baldwin 's ( Jessica Heap ) throat . Paul pulled out a gun , threatened to shoot Ricky and did so , killing his son . Moments before , Ricky had confessed his crimes to Paul ( including murdering his former girlfriend ) . Jillian Bowe of Zap2it asked of the guilt - ridden Paul : `` Will this lead him to the brink ? '' During an interview with On - Air On - Soaps , Davidson said that preparing for the scene where Paul kills his son made him nervous and the storyline was described as one of Paul 's toughest yet . About what would happen to Paul after Ricky 's death , Davidson felt that it would be `` incredibly hard '' for the character to come to terms with what happened : `` It would be a dark place for the rest of Paul 's life when he thinks of Ricky . It 's like a war veteran . It 's like a part of your life that you have to deal with and go on . '' Reception ( edit ) Davidson 's portrayal of Paul has made him one of daytime television 's most popular actors in the U.S. He has had a high Q Score , making him a desirable daytime - drama performer . The score is based on `` talent , familiarity and likability '' . Michael Logan of TV Guide has called Davidson `` one of daytime 's best yet most underrated actors '' for his 30 - year portrayal of Paul . The Toronto Star has called him `` one of soapdom 's favorite pin - ups '' , with Lilana Novakovich calling the actor `` one of daytime television 's most popular stars '' . The authors of The Soap Opera Book : Who 's Who in Daytime Drama ( 1992 ) have called Williams `` one of daytime 's leading stars '' . After ten years on the show he was described as a `` veteran '' by John Goudas of The Gadsden Times , who noted Davidson 's `` very large fan following '' . The Washington Times described Paul as a `` hero '' to the audience . Donna Gable of USA Today called him `` daytime 's consummate good guy '' . When Davidson celebrated thirty years on the show , `` Melodie '' wrote on Zap2it : `` Paul 's journey from teenage bad boy to resident hero has been an interesting one and I sure hope we see 30 more years from Doug '' . Paul 's long - term romance with Lauren Fenmore was disliked by fans during the 1980s . John Goudas of the TimesDaily noted that viewers had wanted Paul to dump Lauren for three years , but by the early 1990s fans wanted the couple back together . Discussing a storyline in which a `` loyal and protective '' Paul dealt with his sister Patty 's dementia , Tommy Garrett of Canyon News called Davidson 's performance `` strong '' and `` overpowering '' yet `` understated '' : `` ... each week for the past three decades we wonder how he does it so well '' . In a separate article , Garrett called Davidson `` one of the most popular and beloved actors in television history '' . Michael Fairman of On - Air On - Soaps praised the actor : `` Doug is that dependable performer who can make us smile or break us down in tears . '' TVSource said , `` Through the years we 've seen Paul at his best and at his worst , but the one constant has always been the raw honesty and conviction in Davidson 's portrayal '' . The storyline in which Peter Porte joined the show as Paul 's psychotic son Ricky was praised . Adam Hughes of Yahoo ! described the possibilities stemming from his return : `` Ricky will undoubtedly open up many old wounds and many new story line possibilities . Will he angrily confront Paul ? Will Isabella manage to return home , as well , to see her big boy ? '' After Paul was forced to shoot ( and kill ) Ricky , Michael Logan of TV Guide wrote that `` the actor tackled his toughest story yet when his character unintentionally killed his own son and nearly went to the slammer . Davidson 's performance was so beautiful and poignant it made our souls ache '' . Zap2it placed Davidson on a list of `` Top 10 Male Entertainers '' by the end of 2012 : `` For the better part of a decade , daytime 's best male crier , Doug Davidson rode the bench on The Young and the Restless . This was strange , since his popular , P.I. character Paul Williams had previously and consistently driven story on the soap throughout the late 70 's , 80 's , 90 's and early 00 's '' . The website was pleased with Paul 's new storylines , saying that the `` harrowing image '' before Paul shot and killed his son `` will stay with us for a while '' . Dave Masko of the website Huliq called `` turning the character of Paul from a mainstay on the series for 30 years , into someone who murders his own son '' one of the stops pulled out by The Young and the Restless to boost `` slipping '' ratings . For his work on The Young and the Restless , Davidson has been awarded three Soap Opera Digest Awards and six nominations . He was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actor in 1986 before his nomination for Outstanding Hero two years later , an award he won in 1990 and 1991 . In 1992 and 1997 , Davidson won the Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor . The actor was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2003 , 2010 and 2014 winning the award in 2013 . Two years earlier in 2011 , he was nominated in the Daytime Emmy Award category for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davidson taped his first scenes on May 15 , 1978 ; his first airdate was on May 23 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Davidson '' . Global Regina . Shaw Media . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Davidson Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Short Takes '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . September 2 , 1993 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goudas , John ( August 6 , 1989 ) . `` Fans dig Doug Davidson '' . The Gadsden Times . Halifax Media Group . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Davidson '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group : 8 . October 5 , 1987 . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Scene '' . Boca Raton News . Robert and Lora Britt . September 4 , 1981 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hart , Marla ( September 8 , 1994 ) . `` Soap Veteran Tries His Luck as a Game Show Host '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company : 13 . ISSN 1085 - 6706 . Jump up ^ Carter , Alan ( October 8 , 1993 ) . `` The Price is Right 's New Soap Star Host '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` SoapNet Brings the Only Live Daytime Emmy Preview Show From the Red Carpet ; CBS Daytime Stars Doug Davidson And Lesli Kay To Host '' . Business Wire . Berkshire Hathaway . May 8 , 2002 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bellman , Annmaree ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` Restless , yes , but staying put '' . The Age . Fairfax Digital . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Doug Davidson , from ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . BuddyTV . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Day In the Life of Doug Davidson '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive , Inc . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Kathleen ( August 14 , 1994 ) . `` Y & R star , come on down ! '' . Toronto Star . Star News Group : 10 . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Tommy ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Hollywood 's Most Handsome Men , Part V '' . Canyon News . ( Glen Kelly ) . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Luke ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Doug Davidson talks Paul Williams '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Lynda ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` Paul Williams Often Luckless in Love '' . Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Company : 4 . ISSN 0744 - 8139 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goudas , John ( May 15 , 1987 ) . `` ' Restless ' Doug Davidson needs fresh face to love '' . TimesDaily . Tennessee Valley Printing Co. , Inc . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Novakovich , Lilana ( July 26 , 1986 ) . `` One of the reasons The Young And The Restless ... '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group : 64 . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Tracey Bregman Recht , Television Superstar '' . Canyon News . Glen Kelly . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( December 6 , 2003 ) . `` Speaking of Soaps '' . The Ledger . Halifax Media Group . ISSN 0163 - 0288 . Jump up ^ Spence , Louise ( 2005 ) . Watching Daytime Soap Operas : The Power of Pleasure . Wesleyan University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 0819567655 . Jump up ^ `` Former soap star at IWU '' . The Pantagraph. Lee Enterprises . May 14 , 1992 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Carita ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Favorite moments from cast , crew : The Young & The Restless 10,000 th Episode '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soaps.com Chats with The Young and the Restless ' Doug Davidson '' . She Knows Soaps . Atomic Online . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lauralee Bell and Doug Davidson Interview -- The Young and the Restless '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Lauralee Bell Dishes Cricket Kissing Paul And New Young and Restless Regime '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` Y&R Preview : Paul and Nikki Get Back in the Sack '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 32 Years and Still Restless , An Interview with Doug Davidson '' . TVSource . SoSource Media LLC . June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R 's Tricia Cast Talks Nina 's Relationship with Paul , Maria Arena Bell 's Storytelling & If A Return To Playing Bad Is In the Cards ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sally ( December 22 , 2004 ) . `` A conversation with Eva Longoria '' . The Spokesman - Review . Cowles Publishing Company . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Lauralee Bell Has Eva Longoria Flashbacks on The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Rebecca ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` I 'm ambitious and a little bit crazy , says Desperate Housewife Eva '' . Daily Mail . ( Associated Newspapers ) . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Lauralee Bell Returns to The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Govani , Shinan ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Shinan : Scents & sensitivity '' . National Post . Postmedia Network , Inc . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Doug Davidson on Paul 's Missing Son '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Casts Paul 's Son '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Doug Davidson Interview -- The Young and the Restless '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On - Air On - Soaps Names The Best and Worst Of 2012 ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bowe , Jillian ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` The Young and The Restless Spoilers : Paul Plugs Ricky ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Best in Soaps 2012 '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Davidson '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group : 8 . February 17 , 1992 . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . ^ Jump up to : Novakovich , Lilana ( August 10 , 1991 ) . `` Lilana 's Diary Orangeville / Hamilton '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group : 64 . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Ellen ; Rout , Nancy E. ( 1992 ) . The Soap Opera Book : Who 's Who in Daytime Drama . Todd Publications . ISBN 091534436X . Jump up ^ `` ` Y&R 's ' Davidson is a hero to audience '' . The Washington Times . Sun Myung Moon . December 17 , 1990 . ISSN 0732 - 8494 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gable , Donna ( August 17 , 1992 ) . `` The Donald cuts a wide swath in cameos '' . USA Today . Gannett Company : 3 . ISSN 0734 - 7456 . Jump up ^ `` Young and Restless : Doug Davidson Celebrates 30th Anniversary '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Leading Men , Fighting Knights '' . Canyon News . Glen Kelly . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Adam ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Peter Porte Coming to ' The Young and the Restless ' as Mature Ricky Williams '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Top 10 Male Entertainers of 2012 '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Masko , Dave ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Eva Longoria may return to daytime TV role on the Young and the Restless '' . Huliq.com . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 1986 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 1993 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 1987 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 1993 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Soap Opera Digest Awards : 1990 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Soap Opera Digest Awards : 1991 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Soap Opera Digest Awards : 1992 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' wins Soap Opera awards '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 1 , 1997 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for Daytime Emmys '' . USA Today . Tysons Corner , Virginia : Gannett Company . Associated Press . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2013 : The winners and nominees in full '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 38th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Paul Williams at Soap Central Paul Williams at She Knows Soaps The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Williams_(The_Young_and_the_Restless)&oldid=834508558 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional private investigators Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 26 . 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6350172326487635064	Michelle Rodriguez	Michelle Rodriguez - wikipedia Michelle Rodriguez This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Michelle Rodriguez Rodriguez at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con Mayte Michelle Rodriguez ( 1978 - 07 - 12 ) July 12 , 1978 ( age 39 ) San Antonio , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Website Official website Mayte Michelle Rodriguez ( born July 12 , 1978 ) is an American actress . Her breakout role was as a troubled boxer in the independent film Girlfight ( 2000 ) , which was met with critical acclaim and earned her several awards , including the Independent Spirit Award and Gotham Award for Best Debut Performance . The following year , she starred as Letty in the blockbuster film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , a role she has reprised in four additional films in the Fast and Furious franchise to date . During her career , Rodriguez has played in a number of successful action films , including Resident Evil , S.W.A.T. , and Avatar . Rodriguez also branched into television , playing Ana Lucia Cortez in the second season of the television series Lost . She has also had numerous voice work appearances in video games such as Call of Duty and Halo , and lent her voice for the 3D animated film Turbo and the television series IGPX . With her films grossing over $5 billion ( U.S. ) collectively , a 2013 Entertainment Weekly article described Rodriguez as `` arguably the most iconic actress in the action genre , as well as one of the most visible Latinas in Hollywood '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film and television 2.2 Screenwriting 3 Personal life 3.1 Relationships 3.2 Legal issues 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Video games 4.5 Theme park ride 5 Awards and nominations 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Rodriguez was born in San Antonio , Texas . Her mother , Carmen Milady Rodriguez ( née Pared Espinal ) , is Dominican , and her father , Rafael Rodriguez , was a Puerto Rican who served in the U.S. Army . Rodriguez moved to the Dominican Republic with her mother when she was eight years old and lived there until age 11 . Later , she moved to Puerto Rico until the age of 17 , and finally settled in Jersey City , New Jersey . She dropped out of high school , but later earned her GED . In total , she was expelled from five schools . She briefly attended business school before quitting to pursue a career in acting , with the ultimate goal of becoming a screenwriter and director . Rodriguez has 10 siblings and half - siblings . She was partly raised by her devoutly religious maternal grandmother , and was brought up as a Jehovah 's Witness ( her mother 's religion ) , although she has since abandoned the faith . A DNA test of Rodriguez , performed by the television program Finding Your Roots , found that her ancestry is 72.4 % European , 21.3 % African , and 6.3 % Native American . She also stated on the show that there was some racial conflict between her families , since her Puerto Rican father had a light complexion and her Dominican mother had a dark complexion . Career ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Rodriguez at the New York Fashion Week , in 2006 Having run across an ad for an open casting call and attending her first audition , Rodriguez beat 350 other applicants to win her first role in the low - budget 2000 independent film Girlfight . With her performance as Diana Guzman , a troubled teen who decides to channel her aggression by training to become a boxer , Rodriguez accumulated several awards and nominations for the role in independent circles , including major acting accolades from the National Board of Review , Deauville Film Festival , Independent Spirit Awards , Gotham Awards , Las Vegas Film Critics Sierra Awards , and many others . The film itself took home a top prize at the Sundance and won Award of the Youth at the Cannes Film Festival . Rodriguez has had notable roles in other successful movies , including Letty in The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) and Rain Ocampo in Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . She also appeared in Blue Crush and S.W.A.T. . In 2004 , Rodriguez lent her voice to the video game Halo 2 , playing a Marine . She also provided the voice of Liz Ricarro in the Cartoon Network series IGPX . From 2005 to 2006 , she played tough cop Ana Lucia Cortez on the television series Lost during the show 's second season ( the character 's first appearance was a flashback during the first season 's finale , `` Exodus : Part 1 '' ) , and returned for a cameo in the second episode of the show 's fifth season , `` The Lie '' , in 2009 . She returned again in the penultimate episode of the series , `` What They Died For '' , in 2010 . In 2006 , Rodriguez was featured in her own episode of G4 's show Icons . In 2008 , Rodriguez appeared in the political drama Battle in Seattle opposite Charlize Theron and Woody Harrelson . In 2009 , she appeared in Fast & Furious , the fourth installment of The Fast and the Furious film series . Later that year , Rodriguez starred in James Cameron 's high - budget sci - fi adventure epic Avatar , which became the highest - grossing film in history and Rodriguez 's most successful film to date . In 2009 , Rodriguez also starred in Trópico de Sangre , an independent film based on the Dominican Republic 's historic Mirabal sisters . From left to right , Rodriguez , Jonathan Liebesman and Aaron Eckhart at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International In 2010 , Rodriguez appeared in Robert Rodriguez 's Machete . In 2011 , she appeared with Aaron Eckhart in the science fiction film Battle : Los Angeles which grossed over US $200 million in the worldwide box office . In 2012 , she returned to play the good clone and bad clone of Rain Ocampo in Resident Evil : Retribution . In 2013 , she reprised her roles as Letty in Fast & Furious 6 and Luz / Shé in the Robert Rodriguez sequel Machete Kills . She also voiced a character in DreamWorks Animation 's Turbo . In 2015 , she appeared in Furious 7 which grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide . In 2017 , she lent her voice to Smurfs : The Lost Village . She also starred in The Fate of the Furious , which broke records for the largest global box office opening of all - time . She 'll next be reunited with director James Cameron for Alita : Battle Angel and star opposite Viola Davis in Widows from award - winning director Steve McQueen . Screenwriting ( edit ) As of 2013 , Rodriguez stated she was working on several projects including a family adventure film , a drug drama , and a female - oriented period piece . Personal life ( edit ) Rodriguez 's hobbies include tactical gun training , skydiving , and DJing . Relationships ( edit ) Rodriguez in 2009 In early 2000 , Rodriguez broke off an engagement to a Muslim boyfriend , citing opposition to religious requests he made of her . She has since reportedly dated actors Vin Diesel , Olivier Martinez and Zac Efron , and model Cara Delevingne . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly quoted her saying : `` I 've gone both ways . I do as I please . I am too curious to sit here and not try when I can . Men are intriguing . So are chicks . '' As she explained to Latina magazine : `` I 'm getting older . Eventually it 's going to wrinkle up and I 'm not going to be able to use it . I wanted to be honest about who I am and see what happens . '' The following year , she said in an interview that she hoped her actions would help others in a similar situation : `` Maybe by me opening my big fat mouth like I usually do and stepping up and owning who I am , maybe it might inspire somebody else to do the same . '' She described herself as bisexual in another interview later that month : `` Bi , yeah , I fall under the B category of LGBT '' . Regarding the lack of unconventional female roles available in films , she said : `` What 's wrong with being bi ? I mean , we 're getting flak everywhere we go . '' Legal issues ( edit ) In March 2002 , Rodriguez was arrested for assault after getting into a fight with her roommate , but charges were later dropped after the roommate declined to press the allegations in court . In November 2003 , Rodriguez went to court to face eight misdemeanor charges based on two driving incidents including a hit and run and driving under the influence ( DUI ) . In June 2004 , Rodriguez pleaded no contest in Los Angeles to three of the charges : hit and run , drunken driving , and driving with a suspended license . She went to jail for 48 hours , performed community service at the morgues of two New York hospitals , completed a three - month alcohol program , and was placed on probation for three years . In 2005 , while filming Lost in Hawaii , Rodriguez was pulled over by Honolulu police multiple times for speeding violations and on December 1 she was arrested for DUI . In April 2006 , she pleaded guilty to one charge of driving under the influence and chose to pay a US $500 fine and spend five days in jail . She cited her high doses of allergy - relieving steroids as part of the reason for her erratic behavior . Because the incident was a violation of her Los Angeles probation , she was sentenced to 60 days in jail , a 30 - day alcohol rehabilitation program and another 30 days of community service , including work for Mothers Against Drunk Driving . Because of overcrowding , she was released from jail on the same day she entered . In September 2007 , Rodriguez allegedly violated her probation by not completing her community service and not following an alcohol education program . Her lawyer claimed it was a clerical error . On October 10 , 2007 , following a hearing , she was sentenced to 180 days jail time after agreeing to admit to violating her probation . She was expected to spend the full 180 - day term in jail , but she was released eighteen days later due to overcrowding . In January 2009 , Rodriguez completed her community service . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Girlfight Diana Guzman 2001 Fast and the Furious , The The Fast and the Furious Letty Ortiz 2001 3 A.M. Salgado 2002 Resident Evil Rain Ocampo 2002 Blue Crush Eden 2003 S.W.A.T. Officer Chris Sanchez Control Teresa 2005 BloodRayne Katarin 2006 Breed , The The Breed Nicki 2007 Battle in Seattle Lou 2008 Gardens of the Night Lucy 2009 Fast & Furious Letty 2009 Los Bandoleros Short film 2009 Avatar Captain Trudy Chacon Machete Luz / Shé Trópico de Sangre Minerva Mirabal 2011 Battle : Los Angeles Technical Sergeant Elana Santos 2012 Resident Evil : Retribution Rain Ocampo 2013 InAPPropriate Comedy Harriet 2013 Fast & Furious 6 Letty 2013 Turbo Paz Voice 2013 Machete Kills Luz / Shé 2015 Furious 7 Letty 2016 The Assignment Frank Kitchen / Tomboy 2016 Milton 's Secret Ms. Ferguson 2017 Smurfs : The Lost Village Smurf Storm Voice 2017 The Fate of the Furious Letty 2018 Alita : Battle Angel Gelda Post-production 2018 Widows Linda Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Slavi 's Show Herself TV show ( 1 episode ) 2005 Punk 'd Herself 1 episode 2005 -- 06 Immortal Grand Prix Liz Ricarro 26 episodes Voice : English version 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Lost Ana Lucia Cortez Guest ( season 1 ) Main cast ( season 2 ) Special guest star ( season 5 & 6 ) : 22 episodes 2011 CollegeHumor Original Jessica Episode : `` Sorority Pillow Fight '' 2012 Germany 's Next Top Model Herself Episode : `` A Dream Comes True : Hollywood is Waiting '' 2015 Running Wild with Bear Grylls Herself Episode : `` Michelle Rodriguez '' 2015 Super Into Herself Episode : `` Michelle Rodriguez is Super Into Superbikes '' Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2000 `` I Can Do Too '' Cole featuring Queen Latifah 2001 `` Always on Time '' Ja Rule and Ashanti 2002 `` If I Could Fall in Love '' Lenny Kravitz 2015 `` Confident '' Demi Lovato Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2003 True Crime : Streets of LA Rosie Velasco Driv3r Calita Halo 2 Marine 2009 James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game Captain Trudy Chacon 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Strike Force Soldier Theme park ride ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Fast & Furious : Supercharged Letty Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2001 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Most Promising Newcomer Girlfight Nominated Deauville Film Festival Best Female Performance Won ALMA Award Outstanding Latino Cast in a Feature Film Nominated Black Reel Award Best Actress Nominated Independent Spirit Award Best Debut Performance Won National Board of Review Award Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actress Won Gotham Award Breakthrough Performance Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award Best Actress Nominated Best Female Newcomer Won Online Film Critics Society Award Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated 2002 ALMA Award Best Actress in Film The Fast and the Furious Nominated Outstanding Actor / Actress in a Made for Television Movie or Miniseries 3 A.M. Nominated 2002 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team ( with Kate Bosworth and Sanoe Lake ) Blue Crush Nominated Imagen Foundation Award Best Supporting Actress in a Film S.W.A.T. Won 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Lost Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated 2006 Golden Raspberry Award Worst Supporting Actress BloodRayne Nominated 2009 ALMA Award Actress in a Film Fast & Furious Nominated 2011 ALMA Award Favorite Movie Actress - Drama / Adventure Battle : Los Angeles Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Fast & Furious 6 Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Furious 7 Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite Action Movie Actress Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action The Fate of the Furious Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is `` Pared '' and the second or maternal family name is `` Espinal '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Woman '' . Michelle-Rodriguez.com ( official site ) . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Marx , Rebecca Flint ( 2008 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez : Biography '' . Rovi via MSN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelle Rodriguez Biography ( 1978 -- ) '' . Film Reference . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Gives birthplace as Bexar County , Texas , in which San Antonio partially is located . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Girlfight '' a Winner `` . FilmFestivals.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : IFP Gotham Independent Film Awards . `` Gothan Awards Recipients '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ghost Cast & Crew List '' . The Big Cartoon Database . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vilkomerson , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez talks movies , female empowerment , and sex : ' I do n't talk about what I do with my vagina ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Race Matters : Michelle Rodriguez Recently Discovered Her Father 's Ancestors Practiced Inbreeding To Keep The Fam ' Light And Bright ' '' . Bossip.com . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . citing Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , May 20 , 2012 , PBS . Jump up ^ Romero , Angie ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez : `` I Feel Like I 'm Being Born Again '' `` . Latina . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stated on Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , May 20 , 2012 , PBS Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Amy ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Amy Raphael interviews Michelle Rodriguez '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Official Biography '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez : in role after role , she has kicked the stereotype of the token female in the teeth , leaving an imprint all her own '' . September 2003 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Religious Affiliation of Actress Michelle Rodriguez '' . World Religions . August 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Grenier , Michelle Rodriguez , and Linda Chavez ( @ the 47 : 30 mark ) '' . PBS . March 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` A Conversation About `` Girlfight '' ; October 27 , 2000 `` . Charlierose.com . October 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Girlfight '' a Winner `` . FilmFestivals.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfight , ' ' Count on Me ' Tie at Sundance '' . Los Angeles Times . January 30 , 2000 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` S.W.A.T '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Michelle Rodriguez in Halo 2 '' . Gamestar . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` She loves acting tough on ' Lost ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ICONS : Michelle Rodriguez Episode # 6004 '' . G4 Media . June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Battle in Seattle '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` What a Stunt ! Can They Do It Again ? '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Universal Shuffles 2009 Schedule `` ; December 10 , 2008 '' . Sfluxe.com . December 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropico de Sangre '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` La historia de las hermanas Mirabal '' . El Tiempo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Get Your Grindhouse Fix With a New Poster from Robert Rodriguez 's Machete '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Voices ' Turbo ' Character For First Animation Gig '' . HuffingtonPost.com . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Furious 7 ' Crosses $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety.com. April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fate of the Furious ' races to biggest global box office opening ever '' . CNN.com. April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Joins Robert Rodriguez 's ' Alita : Battle Angel ' '' . SlashFilm.com . February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Joins Steve McQueen 's Heist Pic ' Widows ' '' . Deadline.com . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood actress Michelle Rodriguez reveals upcoming writing projects '' . gmanetwork.com . May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Michelle Rodriguez Lights Up Tactical Course '' . Tactical-Life.com . October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious Star Michelle Rodriguez Goes Skydiving in Dubai '' . PaperBlog.com. April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez on DJing : ' It just comes ' '' . PageSix.com . December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez Turned Down Muslim Marriage '' . Cinema.com . June 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( August 6 , 2002 ) . `` Vin Diesel , in high gear '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minogue 's Martinez linked to Rodriguez '' . Contact Music . May 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Interview by Milla Jovovich '' . CelebBuzz . January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Priscilla ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Michelle Rodriguez talks ' Turbo ' & coming out : I wanted to be honest '' . Latina . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Greg ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez chats with GSN at her first LGBTI event since coming out as bisexual '' . Gay Star News . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ocamb , Karen ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Asks ' What 's Wrong with Being Bi ? ' '' . frontiersla.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( April 8 , 2002 ) . `` '' Girlfight '' Star Off the Hook `` . E !. Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Lia ( November 20 , 2003 ) . `` Rodriguez : Way 2 Fast 2 Furious '' . E !. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Lost '' actress chooses jail over service `` . CBS News . Associated Press . April 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sarah ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Rodriguez : Fast and Furious Driver '' . E !. Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez settles two traffic cases '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Two ' Lost ' stars charged with drunken driving '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . December 2 , 2005 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` More Jail Time for Michelle Rodriguez '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ken & Silverman , Stephen M. ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Gets 60 Days in Jail '' . People . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ken ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Sentenced to Six Months in Jail wow '' . People . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez out of jail after 18 days '' . MSNBC . January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Finishes Her Community Service in Stride '' . Latina . January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Returning for Some ' Retribution ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.aussieosbourne.com/2017/01/sony-pictures-animation-unveils-varied.html Jump up ^ `` Cole - I Can Do Too '' . Youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz - If I could Fall in Love '' . Youtube.com . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutMichelle Rodriguezat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Michelle Rodriguez on IMDb Biography portal Film in the United States portal Music portal Television in the United States portal Awards for Michelle Rodriguez National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 10060342 LCCN : no2001052247 ISNI : 0000 0000 7139 3797 GND : 14210583X SUDOC : 133636100 BNF : cb14221622p ( data ) BNE : XX1603959 IATH : w6zw47rr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Rodriguez&oldid=815282528 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from San Antonio American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American film actresses American people of Dominican Republic descent American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Bisexual actresses Bisexual women Former Jehovah 's Witnesses Hispanic and Latino American actresses LGBT people from Texas LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people Military brats Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली მარგალური مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	real name of letty in fast and furious	[ "Mayte Michelle Rodriguez[1] (born July 12, 1978)[2][3] is an American actress. Her breakout role was as a troubled boxer in the independent film Girlfight (2000), which was met with critical acclaim and earned her several awards, including the Independent Spirit Award[4] and Gotham Award for Best Debut Performance.[5] The following year, she starred as Letty in the blockbuster film The Fast and the Furious (2001), a role she has reprised in four additional films in the Fast and Furious franchise to date. During her career, Rodriguez has played in a number of successful action films, including Resident Evil, S.W.A.T., and Avatar." ]	[ "Mayte Michelle Rodriguez" ]
-8513767359327414083	Juliet O'Hara	Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Jump to : navigation , search Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm . Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=821118398 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia	when do shawn and juliet become a couple	[ "Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter's gruff, rigid style. She reminds her partner repeatedly to \"be sensitive\" with the media, the victims, and the witnesses of their cases. Unlike Lassiter, she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster. Lawson says that, although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first, she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season, Juliet reveals a \"very friendly, comfortable relationship\".[5] The actress says she thinks that, despite some skepticism, Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic. By the end of the fifth season, Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved. By the middle of the sixth season, Shawn is ready for marriage. Her older brother Ewan, played by John Cena, is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army. Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish. Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop, that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force. Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner.[1] She seems to be Scots Irish,[6] with her family hailing from Inverness[7]." ]	[ "By the end of the fifth season" ]
-1009478804423177206	Hymn for the Weekend	Hymn for the Weekend - wikipedia Hymn for the Weekend `` Hymn for the Weekend '' Single by Coldplay from the album A Head Full of Dreams Released 25 January 2016 Format Digital download Genre Contemporary R&B dance - pop pop rock Length 4 : 18 ( album version ) 4 : 00 ( radio edit ) Label Parlophone Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Producer ( s ) Rik Simpson Stargate Digital Divide Avicii Coldplay singles chronology `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' ( 2015 ) `` Hymn for the Weekend '' ( 2016 ) `` Up & Up '' ( 2016 ) `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' ( 2015 ) `` Hymn for the Weekend '' ( 2016 ) `` Up & Up '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Hymn for the Weekend '' on YouTube `` Hymn for the Weekend '' is a song by British rock band Coldplay with uncredited guest vocals from American singer Beyoncé . It was released on 25 January 2016 as the second single from their seventh studio album , A Head Full of Dreams ( 2015 ) . The song was written by the members of Coldplay and produced by Rik Simpson , Avicii , Digital Divide , and Stargate . `` Hymn for the Weekend '' has reached number six on the UK Singles Chart and also reached the top twenty in countries such as Switzerland , Ireland , France , Sweden , Austria , Belgium , Italy and Spain . In the US , with the Seeb remix , the song reached number 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . A music video for the song was released on 29 January 2016 and features Coldplay and Beyoncé in various cities in India . It also featured Indian Bollywood actress Sonam Kapoor in a brief role . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 In other media 6 Live performance 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) The song was debuted on Annie Mac 's BBC radio show on 30 November 2015 , and Coldplay bassist Guy Berryman dialed in after the song aired to talk about his brush with royalty . According to Berryman , lead singer Chris Martin originally wanted the song to be a party song with the lyrics `` drinks on me , drinks on me '' , but his bandmates did n't think that would go well with their fans . Martin 's longtime friend Beyoncé was asked to sing on the song , and she accepted the request . Martin corroborated Berryman 's story about the band protesting him singing , `` Drinks on me , drinks on me '' in an interview with The Wall Street Journal . According to Martin , the original kernel was that he `` was listening to Flo Rida or something '' , and he thought , `` it 's such a shame that Coldplay could never have one of those late - night club songs , like `` Turn Down for What '' . I thought I 'd like to have a song called ' Drinks on Me ' where you sit on the side of a club and buy everyone drinks because you 're so fucking cool , '' Martin recalled . `` I was chuckling about that , when this melody came , ' drinks on me , drinks on me ' , then the rest of the song came out . I presented it to the rest of the band and they said , ' We love this song , but there 's no way you can sing `` drinks on me . '' ' So that changed into ' drink from me ' and the idea of having an angelic person in your life . Then that turned into asking Beyoncé to sing on it . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Hymn for the Weekend '' is written in the key of C minor set in a time signature at a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) Jody Rosen of Billboard called it `` the album 's grooviest '' . Helen Brown of The Daily Telegraph wrote : `` Beyoncé makes more of her appearance on ' Hymn for the Weekend ' , bringing her chunky harmonies and no - nonsense brass section to a peppy little excursion into indie R&B which opens with a paradisiacal fanfare and finds Martin dropping out of his falsetto autopilot into a more raw voice . '' Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe wrote `` ... it 's with the third track , ' Hymn for the Weekend ' , that the album truly lifts off on the wings of an angelic choir ( including Beyoncé ) , a swaggering piano , and a euphoric , lightly funky track bolstering Martin 's exclamations of feeling high . '' In a mixed review , Carl Williot of Idolator wrote , `` The Beyoncé - assisted ' Hymn for the Weekend ' almost equals ( the album 's ) energy , but it lacks the drama of ' Princess of China ' '' , adding , that as a track featuring Beyoncé `` you 'd expect a show - stopping moment . '' He concluded `` the guys sound like total goobers trying to do the club swagger thing , like a drunk dad doing the rap dance du jour at a wedding . '' Music video ( edit ) According to The Times of India , the video was shot in October 2015 at various Indian cities including Worli Village , Mumbai and Kolkata . The fort showcased at the start and in between is Bassein Fort aka Saint Sebastian 's Fort located in Vasai , Mumbai . The video was also shot at the famous Maratha Mandir theatre which is reputed for showcasing a single film Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge for over 22 straight years . The video is themed on the Indian festival of Holi . The video was filmed by Ben Mor , and was released on 29 January 2016 . The video features Beyoncé and Indian actress Sonam Kapoor . The music video was criticised on Indian social media network for its stereotypical portrayal of Indian society and alleged disrespecting of Indian idols on the note of Beyoncé 's inappropriate clothing . It has over 980 million views on YouTube as of August 2018 , becoming the second most viewed music video for Coldplay ( after `` Something Just Like This '' ) . In other media ( edit ) On 22 November 2016 , the song was made available as downloadable content for the music video game Rock Band 4 . Live performance ( edit ) The song was performed for the first time during the 2016 Brit Awards on 24 February 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Hymn for the Weekend '' 4 : 18 Digital download ( Radio Edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Hymn for the Weekend '' ( Radio Edit ) 4 : 00 Digital download ( SeeB Remix ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Hymn for the Weekend '' ( SeeB Remix ) 3 : 32 Only YouTube ( Alan Walker Remix ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Hymn for the Weekend '' ( Alan Walker Remix ) 3 : 50 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from A Head Full of Dreams liner notes . Coldplay Guy Berryman -- bass guitar Jonny Buckland -- electric guitar Will Champion -- drums , drum pad , percussion , backing vocals Chris Martin -- lead vocals , piano , acoustic guitar Additional musicians Tim Bergling -- additional programming Regiment Horns -- brass Beyoncé -- vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Australia ( ARIA ) 24 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 32 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 17 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 20 Ecuador ( National - Report ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 34 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 9 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 26 Australia ( ARIA ) 79 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 66 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 30 France 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 28 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 15 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 Poland ( ZPAV ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 73 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 97 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 180,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 × Platinum 350,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Poland ( ZPAV ) Diamond 100,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Italy 5 February 2016 Contemporary hit radio Parlophone United States 28 June 2016 Atlantic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` An Interview With Seeb , The Duo That Can Remix Any Song Into A Hit '' . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Hear Coldplay , Beyoncé 's Clubby , Dreamlike ' Hymn for the Weekend ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` Hear Beyonce on Coldplay 's ' Hymn for the Weekend ' Preview '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay `` Hymn for the Weekend '' Sheet Music in C Minor `` . musicnotes.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Coldplay , A Head Full of Dreams , Billboard review '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Helen ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Coldplay , A Head Full of Dreams , album review : ' Coldplay get their groove back with Beyoncé ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` ' Dreams ' come true for joyous Coldplay '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay 's ' A Head Full Of Dreams ' : Review -- Idolator '' . Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on Idolator.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Mor -- Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Dog Films -- Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sonam and Beyonce feature in new ' Coldplay ' single '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . ( ( Production Company : Black Dog Films with River Studios Director : Ben Mor Executive Producers : Katie Dolan & Mike Rothenberg Producer : Nina Dluhy - Miller ) ) Jump up ^ Mallimadugula , Niharika . `` Another Hymn for Tomorrow '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay brings ' Hymn for the Weekend ' to the 2016 Brit Awards '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - Hymn For The Weekend ( Live at The BRIT Awards 2016 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hymn for the Weekend ( Seeb Remix ) -- Single by Coldplay on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ A Head Full of Dream ( booklet ) . Coldplay . Parlophone. 2015 . 1053933969 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 6 al 12 de Junio , 2016 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201630 into search . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay : Hymn for the Weekend ( Seeb Remix ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Coldplay Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs -- April 9 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 9 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Hymn For the Weekend Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Coldplay '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of 20 June 2016 '' ( in Russian ) . Russian Music Charts . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2016 - 04 - 19 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2016 '' . Pure Charts ( in French ) . chartinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2016 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Detection Tophit 200 Yearly '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit. 25 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2016 '' . promusicae.es. 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Enter Coldplay in the field Interpret . Enter Hymn for the Weekend in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Music Canada . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Coldplay ; ' Hymn for the Weekend ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Type Coldplay in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Hymn for the Weekend and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Coldplay ; ' Hymn for the Weekend ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Hymn for the Weekend in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Coldplay -- Hymn for the Weekend '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - Hymn for the Weekend ( Radio Date : 05 - 02 - 2016 ) '' . EarOne . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Hymn for the Weekend on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Coldplay songs Parachutes `` Do n't Panic '' `` Shiver '' `` Yellow '' `` Trouble '' A Rush of Blood to the Head `` In My Place '' `` God Put a Smile upon Your Face '' `` The Scientist '' `` Clocks '' Coldplay Live 2003 `` Moses '' X&Y `` White Shadows '' `` Fix You '' `` Talk '' `` Speed of Sound '' `` The Hardest Part '' Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends `` Life in Technicolor '' `` Cemeteries of London '' `` Lost ! '' `` 42 '' `` Lovers in Japan '' `` Yes '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Violet Hill '' `` Strawberry Swing '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Prospekt 's March `` Life in Technicolor II '' `` Glass of Water '' `` Prospekt 's March / Poppyfields '' Mylo Xyloto `` Hurts Like Heaven '' `` Paradise '' `` Charlie Brown '' `` Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall '' `` Major Minus '' `` U.F.O. '' `` Princess of China '' `` Up in Flames '' `` Up with the Birds '' Ghost Stories `` Always in My Head '' `` Magic '' `` Ink '' `` True Love '' `` Midnight '' `` Another 's Arms '' `` Oceans '' `` A Sky Full of Stars '' `` O '' `` Ghost Story '' `` O ( Reprise ) '' A Head Full of Dreams `` A Head Full of Dreams '' `` Birds '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` Everglow '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Fun '' `` Up & Up '' Kaleidoscope EP `` All I Can Think About Is You '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' `` Aliens '' `` Something Just like This '' `` Hypnotised '' Other songs `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` Gravity '' `` Lhuna '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Moving to Mars '' `` Atlas '' `` Miracles '' Book Category Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Top Off '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` Sexy Lil Thug '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hymn_for_the_Weekend&oldid=854714555 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2015 songs Coldplay songs Beyoncé songs Song recordings produced by Rik Simpson Song recordings produced by Stargate ( production team ) Songs written by Chris Martin Songs written by Guy Berryman Songs written by Jonny Buckland Songs written by Will Champion Number - one singles in Poland Songs about alcohol Songs about drugs Song recordings produced by Avicii Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Português Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 08 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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2901424666945018803	Battle of Appomattox Court House	Battle of Appomattox Court House - wikipedia Battle of Appomattox Court House Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Appomattox Court House Part of the American Civil War A print showing Union Army General - in - Chief Ulysses S. Grant accepting Confederate General - in - Chief Robert E. Lee 's surrender on April 9th , 1865 . Date April 9 , 1865 ( 1865 - 04 - 09 ) Location Appomattox Court House , ( Appomattox County ) , Virginia 37 ° 22 ′ 40 '' N 78 ° 47 ′ 40 '' W / 37.37778 ° N 78.79444 ° W / 37.37778 ; - 78.79444 Coordinates : 37 ° 22 ′ 40 '' N 78 ° 47 ′ 40 '' W / 37.37778 ° N 78.79444 ° W / 37.37778 ; - 78.79444 Result Decisive Union victory : Surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to the Federal Army of the Potomac Belligerents United States ( Union / North ) Confederate States ( Confederacy / South ) Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant George G. Meade Phillip Sheridan Edward O.C. Ord Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Army of the James Army of Northern Virginia Strength 150,000 ∼ 28,000 Casualties and losses 164 ∼ 500 killed and wounded 27,805 surrendered and paroled Appomattox Campaign Lewis 's Farm White Oak Road Dinwiddie Court House Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sutherland 's Station Namozine Church Amelia Springs Rice 's Station Sailor 's Creek High Bridge Cumberland Church Appomattox Station Appomattox Court House The Battle of Appomattox Court House ( Virginia , U.S. ) , fought on the morning of April 9 , 1865 , was one of the last battles of the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) . It was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General - in - Chief , Robert E. Lee , and his Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army / Army of the Potomac under the Commanding General of the United States , Ulysses S. Grant . Lee , having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , after the ten - month Siege of Petersburg and Richmond , retreated west , hoping to join his army with the remaining Confederate forces in North Carolina of the Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston . Union infantry and cavalry forces under Gen. Phillip Sheridan pursued and cut off the Confederates ' retreat at the central Virginia village of Appomattox Court House . Lee launched a last - ditch attack to break through the Union forces to his front , assuming the Union force consisted entirely of lightly armed cavalry . When he realized that the cavalry was now backed up by two corps of Federal infantry , he had no choice but to surrender with his further avenue of retreat and escape now cut off . The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9 . On April 12 , a formal ceremony of parade and the stacking of arms led by Southern Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon to Federal Brig. Gen. Joshua Chamberlain of Maine marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia with the parole of its nearly 28,000 remaining officers and men , free to return home without their major weapons but enabling men to take their horses and officers to retain their side arms / pistols , and effectively ending the war in Virginia . This event triggered a series of subsequent surrenders across the South , in North Carolina , Alabama and finally Shreveport , Louisiana for the Trans - Mississippi Theater in the West by June , signaling the end of the four year long war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 April 9 3.1 Battle 3.2 Surrender 4 Aftermath 5 Civil War commemorative stamps 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main articles : Appomattox Campaign , Battle of Five Forks , and Third Battle of Petersburg Further information : Richmond - Petersburg Campaign ( Siege of Petersburg ) , Overland Campaign , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War The final campaign for Richmond , Virginia , the capital of the Confederate States , began when the Union / Federal / Northern Army of the Potomac crossed the James River in June 1864 . The armies under the command of Lt. Gen. and General - in - Chief , Ulysses S. Grant ( 1822 - 1885 ) , laid siege to Petersburg , south of Richmond , intending to cut the two cities ' supply lines and force the Confederates to evacuate . In the spring of 1865 , Confederate States Army Gen. Robert E. Lee ( 1807 - 1870 ) , waited for an opportunity to leave the Petersburg lines , aware that the position was untenable , but Union troops made the first move . On April 1 , 1865 , Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan 's cavalry turned Lee 's flank at the Battle of Five Forks . The next day Grant 's army achieved a decisive breakthrough , effectively ending the Petersburg siege . With supply railroad lines cut , Lee 's men abandoned the trenches they had held for ten months and evacuated on the night of April 2 -- 3 . Lee 's first objective was to reassemble and supply his men at Amelia Courthouse . His plan was to link up with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee in North Carolina and go on the offensive after establishing defenses on the Roanoke River in southwest Virginia . When the troops arrived at Amelia on April 4 , however , they found no provisions . Lee sent wagons out to the surrounding country to forage , but as a result lost a day 's worth of marching time . The army then headed west to Appomattox Station , where another supply train awaited him . Lee 's army was now composed of the cavalry corps and two small infantry corps . En route to the station , on April 6 at Sailor 's Creek , nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut off by Sheridan 's cavalry and elements of the II and VI Corps . Two Confederate divisions fought the VI Corps along the creek . The Confederates attacked but were driven back , and soon after the Union cavalry cut through the right of the Confederate lines . Most of the 7,700 Confederates were captured or surrendered , including Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and eight other general officers . The delay prevented Lee from reaching the Appomattox station until late afternoon on April 8 , allowing Sheridan to reach the station ahead of the Southerners that evening , where he captured Lee 's supplies and obstructed his path . Following the minor battles of Cumberland Church and High Bridge , on April 7 , General Grant sent a note to Lee suggesting that it was time to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia . In a return note , Lee refused the request , but asked Grant what terms he had in mind . On April 8 , Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. and Brevet Maj. Gen. George Armstrong Custer captured and burned three supply trains waiting for Lee 's army at the Battle of Appomattox Station . Now both the two Federal forces , Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James were converging on Appomattox . With his supplies at Appomattox destroyed , Lee now looked west , to the railway at Lynchburg , where more supplies awaited him . However , on the morning of April 8 a battalion of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry was detached from Stoneman 's Raid into North Carolina and southwestern Virginia and had made a demonstration to within three miles of Lynchburg , giving the appearance of being the vanguard of a much larger force . Despite this new threat , Lee apparently decided to try for Lynchburg anyway . While the Union Army was closing in on Lee , all that lay between Lee and Lynchburg was Union cavalry . Lee hoped to break through the cavalry before infantry arrived . He sent a note to Grant saying that he did not wish to surrender his army just yet but was willing to discuss how Grant 's terms would affect the Confederacy . Grant , suffering from a throbbing headache , stated that `` It looks as if Lee still means to fight . '' The Union infantry was close , but the only unit near enough to support Sheridan 's cavalry was Maj. Gen. John Gibbon 's XXIV Corps of the Army of the James . This corps traveled 30 miles ( 48 km ) in 21 hours to reach the cavalry . Maj. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord , commander of the Army of the James , arrived with the XXIV Corps around 4 : 00 a.m. while the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac was close behind . Sheridan deployed his three divisions of cavalry along a low ridge to the southwest of Appomattox Court House . Lee 's retreat and Grant 's pursuit in the final Appomattox Campaign , April 2 -- 9 , 1865 Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Appomattox Campaign Union order of battle Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Appomattox Campaign Confederate order of battle April 9 ( edit ) Parlor of the ( reconstructed ) McLean House , the site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's surrender . Lee sat at the marble - topped table on the left , Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at the table on the right The reconstructed McLean House ( brick house on right ) Battle ( edit ) At dawn on April 9 , the Confederate Second Corps under Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon attacked Sheridan 's cavalry and quickly forced back the first line under Brevet Brig. Gen. Charles H. Smith . The next line , held by Brig . Gens . Ranald S. Mackenzie and George Crook , slowed the Confederate advance . Gordon 's troops charged through the Union lines and took the ridge , but as they reached the crest they saw the entire Union XXIV Corps in line of battle with the Union V Corps to their right . Lee 's cavalry saw these Union forces and immediately withdrew and rode off towards Lynchburg . Ord 's troops began advancing against Gordon 's corps while the Union II Corps began moving against Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps to the northeast . Colonel Charles Venable of Lee 's staff rode in at this time and asked for an assessment , and Gordon gave him a reply he knew Lee did not want to hear : `` Tell General Lee I have fought my corps to a frazzle , and I fear I can do nothing unless I am heavily supported by Longstreet 's corps . '' Upon hearing it Lee finally stated the inevitable : `` Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant , and I would rather die a thousand deaths . '' Many of Lee 's officers , including Longstreet , agreed that surrendering the army was the only option left . The only notable officer opposed to surrender was Longstreet 's chief of artillery , Brig. Gen. Edward Porter Alexander , who predicted that if Lee surrendered then `` every other ( Confederate ) army will follow suit '' . At 8 : 00 a.m. , Lee rode out to meet Grant , accompanied by three of his aides . Grant received Lee 's first letter on the morning of April 9 as he was traveling to meet Sheridan . Grant recalled his migraine seemed to disappear when he read Lee 's letter , and he handed it to his assistant Rawlins to read aloud before composing his reply : General , Your note of this date is but this moment , 11 : 50 A.M. rec 'd. , in consequence of my having passed from the Richmond and Lynchburg road . I am at this writing about four miles West of Walker 's Church and will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you . Notice sent to me on this road where you wish the interview to take place . Grant 's response was remarkable in that it let the defeated Lee choose the place of his surrender . Lee received the reply within an hour and dispatched an aide , Charles Marshall , to find a suitable location for the occasion . Marshall scrutinized Appomattox Court House , a small village of roughly twenty buildings that served as a waystation for travelers on the Richmond - Lynchburg Stage Road . Marshall rejected the first house he saw as too dilapidated , instead settling on the 1848 brick home of Wilmer McLean . McLean had lived near Manassas Junction during the First Battle of Bull Run , and had retired to Appomattox to escape the war . With gunshots still being heard on Gordon 's front and Union skirmishers still advancing on Longstreet 's front , Lee received a message from Grant . After several hours of correspondence between Grant and Lee , a cease - fire was enacted and Grant received Lee 's request to discuss surrender terms . Surrender ( edit ) Union soldiers at the courthouse in April 1865 Well - dressed in his customary uniform , Lee waited for Grant to arrive . Grant , whose headache had ended when he received Lee 's note , arrived at the courthouse in a mud - spattered uniform -- a government - issue sack coat with trousers tucked into muddy boots , no sidearms , and with only his tarnished shoulder straps showing his rank . It was the first time the two men had seen each other face - to - face in almost two decades . Suddenly overcome with sadness , Grant found it hard to get to the point of the meeting and instead the two generals briefly discussed their only previous encounter , during the Mexican -- American War . Lee brought the attention back to the issue at hand , and Grant offered the same terms he had before : In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst. , I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms , to wit : Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate . One copy to be given to an officer designated by me , the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate . The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged , and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands . The arms , artillery and public property to be parked and stacked , and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them . This will not embrace the side - arms of the officers , nor their private horses or baggage . This done , each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes , not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside . Full Page of Albany Journal , 10 Apr 1865 Flag used by the Confederacy to surrender The terms were as generous as Lee could hope for ; his men would not be imprisoned or prosecuted for treason . Officers were allowed to keep their sidearms , horses , and personal baggage . In addition to his terms , Grant also allowed the defeated men to take home their horses and mules to carry out the spring planting and provided Lee with a supply of food rations for his starving army ; Lee said it would have a very happy effect among the men and do much toward reconciling the country . The terms of the surrender were recorded in a document hand written by Grant 's adjutant Ely S. Parker , a Native American of the Seneca tribe , and completed around 4 p.m. , April 9 . Lee , upon discovering Parker to be a Seneca remarked `` It is good to have one real American here . '' Parker replied , `` Sir , we are all Americans . '' As Lee left the house and rode away , Grant 's men began cheering in celebration , but Grant ordered an immediate stop . `` I at once sent word , however , to have it stopped , '' he said . `` The Confederates were now our countrymen , and we did not want to exult over their downfall , '' he said . Custer and other Union officers purchased from McLean the furnishings of the room Lee and Grant met in as souvenirs , emptying it of furniture . Grant soon visited the Confederate army , and then he and Lee sat on the McLean home 's porch and met with visitors such as Longstreet and George Pickett before the two men left for their capitals . On April 10 , Lee gave his farewell address to his army . The same day a six - man commission gathered to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender , even though no Confederate officer wished to go through with such an event . Brigadier General ( brevet Major General ) Joshua L. Chamberlain was the Union officer selected to lead the ceremony . In his memoirs entitled The Passing of the Armies , Chamberlain reflected on what he witnessed on April 12 , 1865 : The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply . I resolved to mark it by some token of recognition , which could be no other than a salute of arms . Well aware of the responsibility assumed , and of the criticisms that would follow , as the sequel proved , nothing of that kind could move me in the least . The act could be defended , if needful , by the suggestion that such a salute was not to the cause for which the flag of the Confederacy stood , but to its going down before the flag of the Union . My main reason , however , was one for which I sought no authority nor asked forgiveness . Before us in proud humiliation stood the embodiment of manhood : men whom neither toils and sufferings , nor the fact of death , nor disaster , nor hopelessness could bend from their resolve ; standing before us now , thin , worn , and famished , but erect , and with eyes looking level into ours , waking memories that bound us together as no other bond ; -- was not such manhood to be welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured ? Instructions had been given ; and when the head of each division column comes opposite our group , our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from right to left , regiment by regiment in succession , gives the soldier 's salutation , from the `` order arms '' to the old `` carry '' -- the marching salute . Gordon at the head of the column , riding with heavy spirit and downcast face , catches the sound of shifting arms , looks up , and , taking the meaning , wheels superbly , making with himself and his horse one uplifted figure , with profound salutation as he drops the point of his sword to the boot toe ; then facing to his own command , gives word for his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of the manual , -- honor answering honor . On our part not a sound of trumpet more , nor roll of drum ; not a cheer , nor word nor whisper of vain - glorying , nor motion of man standing again at the order , but an awed stillness rather , and breath - holding , as if it were the passing of the dead ! -- Joshua L. Chamberlain , The Passing of the Armies , pp. 260 -- 61 Chamberlain 's account has been refuted by historian William Marvel , who claims that `` few promoted their own legends more actively and successfully than he did . '' Marvel points out that Chamberlain in fact did not command the federal surrender detail ( but only one of the brigades in General Joseph J. Bartlett 's division ) and that he did not mention any `` salute '' in his contemporary letters , but only in his memoirs written many decades later when most other eyewitnesses had already died . At the surrender ceremonies , about 28,000 Confederate soldiers passed by and stacked their arms . The Appomattox Roster lists approximately 26,300 men who surrendered . This reference does not include the 7,700 who were captured at Sailor 's Creek three days earlier , who were treated as prisoners of war . Panoramic image of the reconstructed parlor of the McLean House . Ulysses S. Grant sat at the simple wooden table on the right , while Robert E. Lee sat at the more ornate marble - topped table on the left . The items in the room are exact reproductions , the original chairs and wooden table are in the collection of the Smithsonian and the marble table in the Chicago History Museum 's collection . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : Conclusion of the American Civil War While General George Meade reportedly shouted that `` it 's all over '' upon hearing the surrender was signed , roughly 175,000 Confederates remained in the field , but were mostly starving and disillusioned . Many of these were scattered throughout the South in garrisons or guerilla bands while the rest were concentrated in three major Confederate commands . Just as Porter Alexander had predicted , as news spread of Lee 's surrender other Confederate commanders realized that the strength of the Confederacy was gone , and decided to lay down their own arms . Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's army in North Carolina , the most threatening of the remaining Confederate armies , surrendered to Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham , North Carolina on April 26 , 1865 . The 98,270 Confederate troops that laid down their weapons ( the largest surrender of the war ) marked the virtual end of the conflict . General Taylor surrendered his army at Citronelle , Alabama in early May , followed by General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendering the Confederate Trans - Mississippi Department on May 26 , 1865 near New Orleans , Louisiana . Upon hearing about General Lee 's surrender , Nathan Bedford Forrest , `` The Wizard of the Saddle '' , also surrendered , reading his farewell address on May 9 , 1865 at Gainesville , Alabama . General Stand Watie surrendered the last sizeable organized Confederate force on June 23 , 1865 in Choctaw County , Oklahoma . There were several more small battles after Lee 's surrender . The Battle of Palmito Ranch on May 12 -- 13 , 1865 , is commonly regarded as the final land battle of the war . Commander James Iredell Waddell surrendered CSS Shenandoah on November 6 , 1865 , at Liverpool , Great Britain . Lee never forgot Grant 's magnanimity during the surrender , and for the rest of his life would not tolerate an unkind word about Grant in his presence . Likewise , General Gordon cherished Chamberlain 's simple act of saluting his surrendered army , calling Chamberlain `` one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal army . '' Civil War commemorative stamps ( edit ) U.S. Postage Stamp , 1965 issue , commemorating the centennial anniversary of the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House During the Civil War Centennial , the United States Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles , as they occurred over a four - year period , beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961 . The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962 , the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963 , the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964 , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965 . See also ( edit ) List of American Civil War battles Civil War Defenses of Washington Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bodart ( 1908 ) , p. 542 ^ Jump up to : Salmon , p. 492 . ^ Jump up to : Williams . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 477 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 484 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Winik , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Winik , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Winik , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Winik , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 403 -- 404 . Jump up ^ Winik , 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Winik , 188 . Jump up ^ Winik , 189 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 387 ; Calkins , p. 175 , states Lee and Marshall left the McLean House `` some time after 3 : 00 in the afternoon . '' ; Eicher , The Longest Night , p. 819 , states `` the surrender interview lasted until about 3 : 45 p.m. '' ^ Jump up to : Winik , 191 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eicher , The Longest Night , p. 820 says that Lee 's General Orders No. 9 was read to the troops , but not by Lee . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat , p. 193 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , A Place called Appomattox , p. 260 - 262 and 359 - 359 ; and Lee 's Last Retreat , p. 191 - 195 . Jump up ^ Winik , p. 197 ; Eicher , The Longest Night , p. 821 , states 26,765 captured Confederates were paroled at Appomattox Court House . Calkins , p. 187 , states 1,559 cavalrymen turned in their weapons on April 10 , on p. 188 , 2,576 artillerymen surrendered on April 11 , and , on p. 192 , 23,512 infantry surrendered on April 12 , for a total of 27,647 . Jump up ^ The Appomattox Roster ; Vol. 15 , The Southern Historical Society Papers Jump up ^ Korn , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Long , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Gordon , p. 444 . References ( edit ) Bodart , Gaston ( 1908 ) . Militär - historisches Kriegs - Lexikon , ( 1618 -- 1905 ) . Stern . Calkins , Chris . The Appomattox Campaign , March 29 -- April 9 , 1865 . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Books , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938289 - 54 - 8 . Chamberlain , Joshua L. The Passing of the Armies : An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac . New York : Bantam Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 29992 - 1 . First published 1915 by G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Davis , Burke . To Appomattox : Nine April Days , 1865 . New York : Eastern Acorn Press reprint , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 915992 - 17 - 5 . First published New York : Rinehart , 1959 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. , and David J. Eicher . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Freeman , Douglas S. R.E. Lee , A Biography. 4 vols . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1934 -- 35 . OCLC 166632575 . Gordon , John B. Reminiscences of the Civil War . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1904 . Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Korn , Jerry , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Pursuit to Appomattox : The Last Battles . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4788 - 6 . Lee , Fitzhugh , General Lee ; Great Commanders , D. Appleton and Company , 1894 . Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . Marvel , William . A Place called Appomattox . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . Marvel , William . Lee 's Last Retreat . The Flight to Appomattox . Chapel Hill , The University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5703 - 8 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Smith , Jean Edward . Grant . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84927 - 5 . Southern Historical Society . The Appomattox Roster ; Vol. 15 , The Southern Historical Society Papers . Williams , Joe ( 2004 - 09 - 22 ) . `` The Appomattox Campaign ; March 29 -- April 9 , 1865 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Winik , Jay . April 1865 : The Month That Saved America . New York : HarperCollins , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 089968 - 4 . First published 2001 . National Park Service Battle Summary CWSAC Report Update Further reading ( edit ) Catton , Bruce . A Stillness at Appomattox . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1953 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04451 - 8 . Dunkerly , Robert M. To the Bitter End : Appomattox , Bennett Place , and the Surrenders of the Confederacy . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 252 - 5 . Marvel , William . A Place Called Appomattox . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2568 - 6 . Marvel , William . Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5703 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Appomattox Court House . Battle of Appomattox Court House : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) Confederate Surrender at Appomattox , Virginia , April 10 , 1865 . ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. 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2089283196769847164	Joint Session of Indian Parliament	Joint session of Indian Parliament - wikipedia Joint session of Indian Parliament Jump to : navigation , search The Parliament of India is bicameral . Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill . However , the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha . Therefore , the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock . The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or , in his absence , by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence , the Deputy - Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of Constitution 2 Exception to joint sittings 3 Bills referred to joint session 4 References Provisions of Constitution ( edit ) As per Article 108 of Constitution , a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations . If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House -- ( a ) the Bill is rejected by the other House ; or ( b ) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill ; or ( c ) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it , the President may , unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People , notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting , his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill However , in calculating period of six months , those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days . If the above conditions are satisfied , the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament . Exception to joint sittings ( edit ) Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament . There are two exception . 1 . Money Bill Under the Constitution of India , money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only . Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha , which it is not required to accept . Even if Rajya Sabha does n't pass a money bill within 14 days , it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period . Therefore , a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill . 2 . Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2 / 3 majority . In case of disagreement between both houses , there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament . Bills referred to joint session ( edit ) Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act , 1960 , banking service commission act , 1977 and POTA , 2002 . As per a senior member of NDA government they are considering for a joint session on Triple Talaq Bill ( 2018 ) . BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION : 1 . Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2 . Banking Service Commission ( Repeal ) Bill , 1978 3 . Prevention of Terrorism Bill , 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=821255595 '' Categories : Parliament of India Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . About Wikipedia	who presides over the joint sitting of the two houses of parliament	[ "The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House." ]	[ "Speaker of the Lok Sabha" ]
-6120636306901561094	Aloe vera	Aloe vera - wikipedia Aloe vera Jump to : navigation , search Aloe vera Aloe vera plant with flower detail inset Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Monocots Order : Asparagales Family : Asphodelaceae Subfamily : Asphodeloideae Genus : Aloe Species : A. vera Binomial name Aloe vera ( L . ) Burm. f . Synonyms Aloe barbadensis Mill . Aloe barbadensis var . chinensis Haw . Aloe chinensis ( Haw . ) Baker Aloe elongata Murray Aloe flava Pers . Aloe indica Royle Aloe lanzae Tod . Aloe maculata Forssk . ( illegitimate ) Aloe perfoliata var . vera L . Aloe rubescens DC . Aloe variegata Forssk . ( illegitimate ) Aloe vera Mill . ( illegitimate ) Aloe vera var . chinensis ( Haw . ) A. Berger Aloe vera var . lanzae Baker Aloe vera var . littoralis J. Koenig ex Baker Aloe vulgaris Lam . Aloe vera - MHNT Aloe vera ( / ˈæloʊiː / or / ˈæloʊ / ) is a plant species of the genus Aloe . It grows wild in tropical climates around the world and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses . Aloe is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant . It is found in many consumer products including beverages , skin lotion , cosmetics , or ointments for minor burns and sunburns . There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes . Studies finding positive evidence are frequently contradicted by other studies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and etymology 3 Distribution 4 Cultivation 5 Uses 5.1 Research 5.2 Dietary supplement 5.3 Traditional medicine 5.4 Commodities 6 Toxicity 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Aloe vera is a stemless or very short - stemmed plant growing to 60 -- 100 cm ( 24 -- 39 in ) tall , spreading by offsets . The leaves are thick and fleshy , green to grey - green , with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces . The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth . The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm ( 35 in ) tall , each flower being pendulous , with a yellow tubular corolla 2 -- 3 cm ( 0.8 -- 1.2 in ) long . Like other Aloe species , Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza , a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil . Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity , such as acetylated mannans , polymannans , anthraquinone C - glycosides , anthrones , other anthraquinones , such as emodin and various lectins . Aloe vera buds Taxonomy and etymology ( edit ) Spotted forms of Aloe vera are sometimes known as Aloe vera var . chinensis The species has a number of synonyms : A. barbadensis Mill. , Aloe indica Royle , Aloe perfoliata L. var . vera and A. vulgaris Lam . Common names include Chinese Aloe , Indian Aloe , True Aloe , Barbados Aloe , Burn Aloe , First Aid Plant . The species epithet vera means `` true '' or `` genuine '' . Some literature identifies the white - spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe vera var . chinensis ; however , the species varies widely with regard to leaf spots and it has been suggested that the spotted form of Aloe vera may be conspecific with A. massawana . The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var . vera , and was described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on 6 April and by Philip Miller as Aloe barbadensis some ten days after Burman in the Gardener 's Dictionary . Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi , a species endemic to Yemen . Similar techniques , using chloroplast DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling have also suggested it is closely related to Aloe forbesii , Aloe inermis , Aloe scobinifolia , Aloe sinkatana , and Aloe striata . With the exception of the South African species A. striata , these Aloe species are native to Socotra ( Yemen ) , Somalia , and Sudan . The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin . Distribution ( edit ) The natural range of A. vera is unclear , as the species has been widely cultivated around the world . Naturalised strands of the species occur in the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula . This distribution is somewhat similar to that of Euphorbia balsamifera , Pistacia atlantica , and a few others , suggesting that a dry sclerophyll forest once covered large areas , but has been dramatically reduced due to desertification in the Sahara , leaving these few patches isolated . For comparison , several closely related ( or sometimes identical ) species within other plant groups can be found on the two extreme sides of the Sahara : dragon trees ( Dracaena ) and Aeonium being two of the most representative examples . The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century . The species is widely naturalized elsewhere , occurring in temperate and tropical regions of Australia , South America , Mexico , the Caribbean and southeastern US states . The actual species ' distribution has been suggested to be the result of human cultivation ( anthropogenic ) . Cultivation ( edit ) Aloe vera can be grown as an ornamental plant . Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant . The species is popular with modern gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and for its interesting flowers , form , and succulence . This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall , making it ideal for rockeries and other low water - use gardens . The species is hardy in zones 8 -- 11 , and is intolerant of heavy frost and snow . The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests , though spider mites , mealy bugs , scale insects , and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health . This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . In pots , the species requires well - drained , sandy potting soil and bright , sunny conditions . Aloe plants can burn under too much sun or shrivel when the pot does not drain water . The use of a good - quality commercial propagation mix or packaged `` cacti and succulent mix '' is recommended , as they allow good drainage . Terra cotta pots are preferable as they are porous . Potted plants should be allowed to completely dry before rewatering . When potted , aloes can become crowded with `` pups '' growing from the sides of the `` mother plant '' . Plants that have become crowded should be divided and repotted to allow room for further growth and help prevent pest infestations . During winter , Aloe vera may become dormant , during which little moisture is required . In areas that receive frost or snow , the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses . There is large - scale agricultural production of Aloe vera in Australia , Bangladesh , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , India , Jamaica , Kenya , Tanzania and South Africa , along with the USA to supply the cosmetics industry . Aloe vera gel being used to make a dessert Uses ( edit ) Research ( edit ) There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes . A research study finding positive evidence is frequently contradicted by other studies . Despite this , the cosmetic and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing , moisturizing , and healing properties of aloe vera . Two 2009 reviews of clinical studies determined that all were too small and faulty to allow strong conclusions to be drawn . One of the reviews found that Aloe has not been proven to offer protection for humans from sunburn . There is no good evidence aloe vera is of use in treating wounds or burns . There is no good evidence that topical application of aloe vera is effective for treating genital herpes or psoriasis . A 2014 Cochrane review found no strong evidence for the value of topical application of aloe vera to treat or prevent phlebitis caused by intravenous infusion . Aloe vera gel is used commercially as an ingredient in yogurts , beverages , and some desserts , although at certain doses , its toxic properties could be severe whether ingested or topically applied . The same is true for aloe latex , which was taken orally for conditions ranging from glaucoma to multiple sclerosis until the FDA required manufacturers to discontinue its use . Dietary supplement ( edit ) Aloin , a compound found in the exudate of some Aloe species , was the common ingredient in over-the - counter ( OTC ) laxative products in the United States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration banned it because the companies manufacturing it failed to provide the necessary safety data . Aloe vera has potential toxicity , with side effects occurring at some dose levels both when ingested or applied topically . Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing , Aloe vera that contains aloin in excess amounts may induce side effects . Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system , but there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval to support this claim . The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be dose - dependent for toxic effects . Traditional medicine ( edit ) Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a skin treatment . In Ayurvedic medicine it is called kathalai , as are extracts from agave . Early records of Aloe vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrus from the 16th century BC , and in Dioscorides ' De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder 's Natural History -- both written in the mid-first century AD . It is also written of in the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 AD . The plant is used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of many countries . Commodities ( edit ) Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it is promoted as a moisturiser and anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose . Cosmetic companies commonly add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup , tissues , moisturizers , soaps , sunscreens , incense , shaving cream , or shampoos . A review of academic literature notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to its `` moisturizing emollient effect '' . Other potential uses for extracts of Aloe vera include the dilution of semen for the artificial fertilization of sheep , as a fresh food preservative , or for water conservation in small farms . It has also been suggested that biofuels could be obtained from Aloe vera seeds . Toxicity ( edit ) Under the guidelines of California Proposition 65 , orally ingested non-decolorized aloe vera leaf extract has been listed by the OEHHA , along with goldenseal , among `` chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity '' . Use of topical aloe vera is not associated with significant side effects . Oral ingestion of aloe vera , however , may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea which in turn can decrease the absorption of drugs . IARC studies have found ingested non-decolorized liquid aloe vera to be carcinogenic in animals , and state that it is a possible carcinogen in humans as well . See also ( edit ) Plants portal Herbal medicine Medicinal plants Museo de Aloe de Lanzarote , Aloe vera museum in the Canary Islands , Spain Succulent plants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aloe vera ( L . ) Burm . f . Tropicos.org Jump up ^ Aloe vera ( L . ) Burm. f. is an accepted name . theplantlist.org Jump up ^ Perkins , Cyndi . `` Is Aloe a Tropical Plant ? '' . SFgate.com . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boudreau MD , Beland FA ( 2006 ) . `` An Evaluation of the Biological and Toxicological Properties of Aloe Barbadensis ( Miller ) , Aloe Vera '' . J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 24 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 54 . doi : 10.1080 / 10590500600614303 . PMID 16690538 . extract in various solvents has variable but significant antibacterial activity against the five clinical isolates used in this study . ^ Jump up to : Ernst E ( 2000 ) . `` Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology '' . Br. J. Dermatol. 143 ( 5 ) : 923 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2133.2000. 03822. x . PMID 11069498 . Oral and topical aloe vera is promoted for a variety of conditions but the evidence to support its use is not compelling . ^ Jump up to : Marshall JM ( 1990 ) . `` Aloe vera gel : what is the evidence ? '' . Pharm J. 244 : 360 -- 362 . ^ Jump up to : Yates A. ( 2002 ) Yates Garden Guide . Harper Collins Australia ^ Jump up to : Random House Australia Botanica 's Pocket Gardening Encyclopedia for Australian Gardeners Random House Publishers , Australia Jump up ^ Gong M , Wang F , Chen Y ( 2002 ) . `` ( Study on application of arbuscular - mycorrhizas in growing seedings of Aloe vera ) '' . Zhong Yao Cai ( in Chinese ) . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 3 . PMID 12583231 . Jump up ^ King GK , Yates KM , Greenlee PG , Pierce KR , Ford CR , McAnalley BH , Tizard IR ( 1995 ) . `` The effect of Acemannan Immunostimulant in combination with surgery and radiation therapy on spontaneous canine and feline fibrosarcomas '' . J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 31 ( 5 ) : 439 -- 47 . doi : 10.5326 / 15473317 - 31 - 5 - 439 . PMID 8542364 . ^ Jump up to : Eshun K , He Q ( 2004 ) . `` Aloe vera : a valuable ingredient for the food , pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries -- a review '' . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 44 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 6 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408690490424694 . PMID 15116756 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aloe vera , African flowering plants database '' . Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Taxon : Aloe vera ( L . ) Burm . f '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 16 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ombrello , T. `` Aloe vera '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Liao Z , Chen M , Tan F , Sun X , Tang K ( 2004 ) . `` Microprogagation of endangered Chinese aloe '' . Plant Cell , Tissue and Organ Culture . 76 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 86 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1025868515705 . Jump up ^ Jamir TT , Sharma HK , Dolui AK ( 1999 ) . `` Folklore medicinal plants of Nagaland , India '' . Fitoterapia. 70 ( 1 ) : 395 -- 401 . doi : 10.1016 / S0367 - 326X ( 99 ) 00063 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Barcroft , A. and Myskja , A. ( 2003 ) Aloe Vera : Nature 's Silent Healer . BAAM , USA . ISBN 0 - 9545071 - 0 - X Jump up ^ Wang H , Li F , Wang T , Li J , Li J , Yang X , Li J ( 2004 ) . `` ( Determination of aloin content in callus of Aloe vera var . chinensis ) '' . Zhong Yao Cai ( in Chinese ) . 27 ( 9 ) : 627 -- 8 . PMID 15704580 . Jump up ^ Gao W , Xiao P ( 1997 ) . `` ( Peroxidase and soluble protein in the leaves of Aloe vera L. var . chinensis ( Haw . ) Berger ) '' . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi ( in Chinese ) . 22 ( 11 ) : 653 -- 4 , 702 . PMID 11243179 . Jump up ^ Akinyele BO , Odiyi AC ( 2007 ) . `` Comparative study of the vegetative morphology and the existing taxonomic status of Aloe vera L '' . Journal of Plant Sciences . 2 ( 5 ) : 558 -- 563 . doi : 10.3923 / jps. 2007.558. 563 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons G . `` The Definitive Aloe vera , vera ? '' . Huntington Botanic Gardens . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C. ( 1753 ) . Species plantarum , exhibentes plantas rite cognitas , ad genera relatas , cum differentiis specificis , nominibus trivialibus , synonymis selectis , locis natalibus , secundum systema sexuale digestas . Vol. 2 pp. ( i ) , 561 -- 1200 , ( 1 -- 30 , index ) , ( i , err . ) . Holmiae ( Stockholm ) : Impensis Laurentii Salvii . Jump up ^ Newton LE ( 1979 ) . `` In defense of the name Aloe vera '' . The Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great Britain . 41 : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Darokar MP , Rai R , Gupta AK , Shasany AK , Rajkumar S , Sunderasan V , Khanuja SP ( 2003 ) . `` Molecular assessment of germplasm diversity in Aloe spp . using RAPD and AFLP analysis '' . J Med . Arom . Plant Sci. 25 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 361 . ^ Jump up to : Treutlein J , Smith GF , van Wyk BE , Wink W ( 2003 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships in Asphodelaceae ( Alooideae ) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequences ( rbcl , matK ) and from genomic finger - printing ( ISSR ) '' . Taxon. 52 ( 2 ) : 193 . doi : 10.2307 / 3647389 . JSTOR 3647389 . Jump up ^ Jones WD , Sacamano C. ( 2000 ) Landscape Plants for Dry Regions : More Than 600 Species from Around the World . California Bill 's Automotive Publishers . USA . Jump up ^ Farooqi , A.A. and Sreeramu , B.S. ( 2001 ) Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops . Orient Longman , India . ISBN 8173712514 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe vera '' . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew. 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe vera ( Linnaeus ) Burman f. , Fl . Indica. 83 . 1768 . '' in Flora of North America Vol. 26 , p. 411 Jump up ^ `` BBC Gardening , Aloe vera '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pest Alert : Aloe vera aphid Aloephagus myersi Essi '' . Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kemper Center for Home Gardening : Aloe vera '' . Missouri Botanic Gardens , USA . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Aloe vera AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Coleby - Williams , J. `` Fact Sheet : Aloes '' . Gardening Australia , Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe vera producer signs $3 m China deal '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 6 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` More Medicinal Plants Grow in Ciego de Ávila '' . invasor.cu . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Korea interested in Dominican ' aloe vera ' '' . DominicanToday.com -- The Dominican Republic News Source in English . 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Varma , Vaibhav ( 11 December 2005 ) . `` India experiments with farming medicinal plants '' . channelnewsasia.com . Jump up ^ `` Harnessing the potential of our aloe '' . Jamaica Gleaner , jamaica-gleaner.com . Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mburu , Solomon ( 2 August 2007 ) . `` Kenya : Imported Gel Hurts Aloe Vera Market '' . allafrica.com . Jump up ^ `` US Farms , Inc . -- A Different Kind of Natural Resource Company '' . resourceinvestor.com . Archived from the original on 17 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vogler BK , Ernst E ( 1999 ) . `` Aloe vera : a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness '' ( PDF ) . Br J Gen Pract. 49 ( 447 ) : 823 -- 8 . PMC 1313538 . PMID 10885091 . Jump up ^ Kunkel . G. ( 1984 ) Plants for Human Consumption . Koeltz Scientific Books . ISBN 3 - 87429 - 216 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Feily A , Namazi MR ( 2009 ) . `` Aloe vera in dermatology : a brief review '' . G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 144 : 84 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Dat AD , Poon F , Pham KB , Doust J ( 2012 ) . `` Aloe vera for treating acute and chronic wounds '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev ( Systematic review ) ( 2 ) : CD008762 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD008762. pub2 . PMID 22336851 . Jump up ^ Maenthaisong R , Chaiyakunapruk N , Niruntraporn S , Kongkaew C ( 2007 ) . `` The efficacy of aloe vera used for burn wound healing : a systematic review '' ( PDF ) . Burns . 33 ( 6 ) : 713 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. burns. 2006.10. 384 . PMID 17499928 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Deng S , May BH , Zhang AL , Lu C , Xue CC ( 2013 ) . `` Plant extracts for the topical management of psoriasis : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Br. J. Dermatol. 169 ( 4 ) : 769 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / bjd. 12557 . PMID 23909714 . Jump up ^ Zheng GH , Yang L , Chen HY , Chu JF , Mei L ( 2014 ) . `` Aloe vera for prevention and treatment of infusion phlebitis '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. John Wiley & Sons . 6 ( 6 ) : CD009162 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD009162. pub2 . PMID 24895299 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Tom ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) Aloes : The genus Aloe ( Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0415306720 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Liza . `` Clean and green '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yagua unveils cosmeceutical beverage '' . Decision News Media . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel ( 2007 ) . `` Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aloe Andongensis Extract , Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice , Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract , Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice , Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts , Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract , Aloe Barbadensis Leaf , Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract , Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice , Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Polysaccharides , Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Water , Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract , Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice , and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice Extract '' ( PDF ) . Int. J. Toxicol. 26 ( Suppl 2 ) : 1 -- 50 . doi : 10.1080 / 10915810701351186 . PMID 17613130 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe '' . WebMD . ^ Jump up to : `` Aloe Vera : Science and Safety NCCIH '' . Nccih.nih.gov . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Food Drug Administration , HHS ( 2002 ) . `` Status of certain additional over-the - counter drug category II and III active ingredients . Final rule '' . Fed Regist. 67 ( 90 ) : 31125 -- 7 . PMID 12001972 . Jump up ^ Bottenberg MM , Wall GC , Harvey RL , Habib S ( 2007 ) . `` Oral aloe vera - induced hepatitis '' . Ann Pharmacother. 41 ( 10 ) : 1740 -- 3 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1K132 . PMID 17726067 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe ( Aloe vera ) '' . MayoClinic.com. 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Quattrocchi , Umberto ( 2012 ) CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants : Common Names , Scientific Names , Eponyms , Synonyms , and Etymology ( 5 Volume Set ) CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1420080445 Jump up ^ Rodriguez F , Baldassarre H , Simonetti J , Aste F , Ruttle JL ( 1988 ) . `` Cervical versus intrauterine insemination of ewes using fresh or frozen semen diluted with aloe vera gel '' . Theriogenology. 30 ( 5 ) : 843 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / S0093 - 691X ( 88 ) 80046 - 3 . PMID 16726526 . Jump up ^ Serrano M , Valverde JM , Guillén F , Castillo S , Martínez - Romero D , Valero D ( 2006 ) . `` Use of Aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes '' . J. Agric . Food Chem. 54 ( 11 ) : 3882 -- 6 . doi : 10.1021 / jf060168p . PMID 16719510 . Jump up ^ `` Water conservation '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 10 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Shukla , S. `` Aloe Vera has biodiesel potential , reveals MSU study '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Proposition 65 . Chemicals Listed Effective December 4 , 2015 as Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer : Aloe Vera , Non-Decolorized Whole Leaf Extract and Goldenseal Root Powder . U.S. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment ( 4 December 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Aloe Vera NCCIH '' . NCCIH . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Preamble in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans . International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon , France ( 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aloe vera . 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7634141199878698607	United States Declaration of Independence	United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This idealized depiction was widely reprinted , of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration ( Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence . The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Lucas Short film released in 2002 with actors reading the Declaration , with an introduction by Morgan Freeman Mobile - Friendly Declaration of Independence Various editions of the Declaration of Independence at the Online Books Page Loyalist responses to the Declaration of Independence Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia ( London 1776 ) , Thomas Hutchinson 's reaction to the Declaration The Loyalist Declaration of Independence published in The Royal Gazette , ( New York ) on November 17 , 1781 ( Transcription provided by Bruce Wallace and posted on The On - Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies . ) Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence Physical history of the Declaration of Independence , Memorial J. 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5135649319303924572	List of United States military bases	List of United States military bases - wikipedia List of United States military bases For secret intelligence locations operated by the CIA , see black site . Map of the small U.S. military installations , ranges and training areas in the continental United States . Countries with United States military bases and facilities History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars United States military deployments List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change This is a list of military installations owned or used by the United States Armed Forces currently located in the United States and around the world . This list details only current or recently closed facilities ; some defunct facilities are found at Category : Closed military installations of the United States . An `` installation '' is defined as `` a military base , camp , post , station , yard , center , homeport facility for any ship , or other activity under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense , including leased space , that is controlled by , or primarily supports DoD 's activities . An installation may consist of one or more sites '' ( geographically - separated real estate parcels ) . The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad , with 38 `` named bases '' having active - duty , National Guard , reserve , or civilian personnel as of September 30 , 2014 . Its largest , in terms of personnel , was Ramstein AB , in Germany , with almost 9,200 personnel . The Pentagon stated in 2013 that there are `` around '' 5000 bases total , with `` around '' 600 of them overseas . Contents ( hide ) 1 By location 1.1 Joint 1.1. 1 Joint overseas 1.1. 1.1 Australia 1.1. 1.2 Niger 1.1. 1.3 Syria 1.2 United States Army 1.2. 1 Overseas 1.2. 1.1 Cameroon 1.2. 1.2 Germany - 34 facilities 1.2. 1.3 Israel 1.2. 1.4 Italy - 3 facilities 1.2. 1.5 Japan 1.2. 1.6 Kosovo 1.2. 1.7 Kuwait 1.2. 1.8 South Korea 1.3 United States Marine Corps 1.3. 1 Domestic 1.3. 2 Overseas 1.3. 2.1 Afghanistan 1.3. 2.2 Germany 1.3. 2.3 Japan 1.3. 2.4 South Korea 1.4 United States Navy 1.4. 1 Domestic 1.4. 2 Overseas 1.4. 2.1 Bahamas 1.4. 2.2 Bahrain 1.4. 2.3 Brazil 1.4. 2.4 British Indian Ocean Territory 1.4. 2.5 Cuba 1.4. 2.6 Djibouti 1.4. 2.7 Greece 1.4. 2.8 Italy 1.4. 2.9 Japan 1.4. 2.10 Kuwait 1.4. 2.11 South Korea 1.4. 2.12 Spain 1.5 United States Air Force 1.5. 1 Domestic 1.5. 2 Overseas 1.5. 2.1 Afghanistan 1.5. 2.2 Germany 1.5. 2.3 Greenland ( Denmark ) 1.5. 2.4 Italy 1.5. 2.5 Japan 1.5. 2.6 Kuwait 1.5. 2.7 Azores ( Portugal ) 1.5. 2.8 Qatar 1.5. 2.9 South Korea 1.5. 2.10 Spain 1.5. 2.11 Turkey 1.5. 2.12 United Kingdom 1.6 Coast Guard 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links By location ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Joint ( edit ) The Pentagon Joint overseas ( edit ) War Reserve Stocks are located in many nations . Australia ( edit ) Pine Gap Joint Defence Space Research Facility , Alice Springs , Northern Territory , Australia -- used by United States armed forces , and CIA , in partnership with the Australian Defence Force and the Australian intelligence services . Niger ( edit ) See also : United States Military Operations in Niger The U.S. operates drone bases from three locations across Niger . These locations are also staffed by several hundred U.S. Special Operations Forces in a non-combat role , aiding the Nigerian military with training and surveillance . Nigerien Air Base 201 , Agadez Arlit Niamey Syria ( edit ) Main article : American - led intervention in the Syrian Civil War There are approximately 1,500 + U.S. Special Operations Forces in Syria , spread across 11 different facilities , being used as training bases for Kurdish rebels . Al - Tanf Ash Shaddadi Ayn al - Arab Ayn Dadad Ayn Issah Harab Isk ( airbase ) Rmeilan ( airbase ) Sabt Tal Baydar Tal Tamir Ushariya United States Army ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations Overseas ( edit ) Cameroon ( edit ) Contingency Location Garoua , Garoua Germany - 34 facilities ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations in Germany Bleidorn Housing Area , Ansbach Dagger Complex , Darmstadt Training Center Griesheim ( scheduled to close in 2015 ) Edelweiss Lodge and Resort , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Lucius D. Clay Kaserne ( formerly Wiesbaden Army Airfield ) , Wiesbaden - Erbenheim Germersheim Army Depot , Germersheim Grafenwöhr Training Area , Grafenwöhr / Vilseck Hohenfels Training Area / Joint Multinational Readiness Center , Hohenfels ( Upper Palatinate ) Husterhoeh Kaserne , Pirmasens Kaiserslautern Military Community Katterbach Kaserne , Ansbach Kelley Barracks , Stuttgart Kleber Kaserne , Kaiserslautern Military Community Lampertheim Training Area , Lampertheim ( scheduled to close in 2015 ) Landstuhl Regional Medical Center , Landstuhl McCully Barracks , Wackernheim Miesau Army Depot , Miesau Oberdachstetten Storage Area , Ansbach Panzer Kaserne , Stuttgart Patch Barracks , Stuttgart Pulaski Barracks , Kaiserslautern Rhine Ordnance Barracks , Kaiserslautern Robinson Barracks , Stuttgart Rose Barracks , Vilseck Sembach Kaserne , Kaiserslautern Sheridan Barracks , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Shipton Kaserne , Ansbach Smith Barracks , Baumholder Storck Barracks , Illesheim Stuttgart Army Airfield , Filderstadt Mainz - Kastel Storage Station ( scheduled to close in 2015 ) USAG Wiesbaden Military Training Area , Mainz , Gonsenheim / Mombach USAG Wiesbaden Training Area , Mainz Finthen Airport USAG Wiesbaden Radar Station , Mainz Finthen Airport Urlas Housing and Shopping Complex , Ansbach ( converted from Urlas Training Area in 2010 - 2011 ) Israel ( edit ) The Dimona Radar Facility is an American - operated radar facility in the Negev , staffed by 120 US military personnel . Italy - 3 facilities ( edit ) Caserma Ederle , Vicenza Camp Darby , Pisa - Livorno Camp DelDin , Vicenza Japan ( edit ) Main article : United States Forces Japan Headquarters : Yokota Air Base , Fussa , Western Tokyo Kosovo ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations in Kosovo Kuwait ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Army installations in Kuwait South Korea ( edit ) Main articles : List of United States Army installations in South Korea and United States Forces Korea United States Marine Corps ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Marine Corps installations Domestic ( edit ) Arizona MCAS Yuma California MCLB Barstow MCB Camp Pendleton MCAS Miramar MCRD San Diego Mountain Warfare Training Center MCAGCC 29 Palms Florida MCSF Blount Island Georgia MCLB Albany Hawaii MCB Hawaii North Carolina MCAS Cherry Point MCAS New River MCB Camp Lejeune South Carolina MCAS Beaufort MCRD Parris Island Virginia Henderson Hall MCB Quantico Washington , D.C. Marine Barracks , Washington , D.C. Overseas ( edit ) Afghanistan ( edit ) Camp Eggers Camp Dwyer Camp Leatherneck Camp Rhino FOB Delhi FOB Delaram FOB Geronimo Firebase Fiddler 's Green Germany ( edit ) Camp Panzer Kaserne , Böblingen Japan ( edit ) Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler , Okinawa . Note : these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa , but still under the administration of the MCB complex . Camp Courtney Camp Fuji , Shizuoka Prefecture Camp Foster Camp Gonsalves ( Jungle Warfare Training Center ) Camp Hansen Camp Kinser Camp Lester Camp McTureous Camp Schwab Marine Corps Air Station Futenma , Okinawa Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni , Yamaguchi Prefecture South Korea ( edit ) Camp Mujuk United States Navy ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy installations Domestic ( edit ) United States Navy ( 59 ) State / Territory Base State Base California NAWS China Lake Mississippi NCBC Gulfport NB Coronado NAS Meridian NAS Lemoore NS Pascagoula NPS Monterey Nevada NAS Fallon NAS North Island New Jersey NWS Earle NB Point Loma NAES Lakehurst NB Ventura County - NAS Point Mugu New York NSA Saratoga Springs NB Ventura County - NCBC Port Hueneme Pennsylvania NAS Willow Grove Naval Base San Diego Rhode Island NS Newport Connecticut NSB New London South Carolina NSA Charleston Washington , D.C. Washington NY Tennessee NSA Mid-South United States Naval Research Laboratory Texas NAS Corpus Christi Florida Corry Station NTTC NAS JRB Fort Worth NAS Jacksonville NAS Kingsville NAS Key West NS Mayport Virginia Chesapeake NSGA NSA Orlando NSASP NSA Panama City Training Support Center Hampton Roads NAS Pensacola NAB Little Creek NAS Whiting Field NS Norfolk Georgia General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center NAS Oceana NSB Kings Bay Wallops Island ASCS Dobbins ARB NWS Yorktown Guam Naval Base Guam Guam Andersen Air Force Base Hawaii NS Barking Sands Washington NBK Bangor Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam NBK Bremerton Illinois NS Great Lakes NAS Whidbey Island Indiana NSWC Crane Division NS Everett Louisiana NASJRB New Orleans West Virginia NIOC Sugar Grove Maine Portsmouth NS Maryland Fort Meade NSGA NAS Patuxent River NSF Thurmont United States Naval Academy Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center ( in Maryland , but a part of NSASP of Dahlgren , Virginia ) Overseas ( edit ) Bahamas ( edit ) Naval Undersea Warfare Center , Detachment AUTEC Bahrain ( edit ) Naval Support Activity Bahrain Brazil ( edit ) United States Naval Support Detachment , São Paulo British Indian Ocean Territory ( edit ) Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia Cuba ( edit ) Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Djibouti ( edit ) Camp Lemonnier Greece ( edit ) Naval Support Activity Souda Bay , Souda Bay , Crete Italy ( edit ) Naval Air Station Sigonella Naval Support Activity Naples NCTS Naples Japan ( edit ) Naval Air Facility Atsugi Naval Forces Japan , Okinawa United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka United States Fleet Activities Sasebo Kuwait ( edit ) Kuwait Naval Base South Korea ( edit ) Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae Spain ( edit ) Rota Naval Station United States Air Force ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Air Force installations Domestic ( edit ) United States Air Force ( 71 ) State / Territory Base State Base Alabama Maxwell Air Force Base Mississippi Columbus Air Force Base Alaska Clear Air Force Station Keesler Air Force Base Eielson Air Force Base Missouri Whiteman Air Force Base Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson Montana Malmstrom Air Force Base Arizona Davis -- Monthan Air Force Base Nebraska Offutt Air Force Base Luke Air Force Base Nevada Nellis Air Force Base Arkansas Little Rock Air Force Base New Jersey Joint Base McGuire - Dix - Lakehurst California Beale Air Force Base New Mexico Cannon Air Force Base Edwards Air Force Base Holloman Air Force Base Los Angeles Air Force Base Kirtland Air Force Base March Joint Air Reserve Base North Carolina Pope Air Force Base Seymour Johnson Air Force Base Travis Air Force Base North Dakota Grand Forks Air Force Base Vandenberg Air Force Base Minot Air Force Base Colorado Buckley Air Force Base Ohio Wright - Patterson Air Force Base Peterson Air Force Base Oklahoma Altus Air Force Base Schriever Air Force Base Tinker Air Force Base United States Air Force Academy Vance Air Force Base Delaware Dover Air Force Base South Carolina Charleston Air Force Base Washington , D.C. Bolling Air Force Base Shaw Air Force Base Florida Eglin Air Force Base South Dakota Ellsworth Air Force Base Hurlburt Field Tennessee Arnold Air Force Base MacDill Air Force Base Texas Brooks City - Base Patrick Air Force Base Dyess Air Force Base Tyndall Air Force Base Goodfellow Air Force Base Guam Andersen Air Force Base Guam Andersen Base Georgia Moody Air Force Base Texas Lackland Air Force Base Robins Air Force Base Laughlin Air Force Base Hawaii Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Randolph Air Force Base Idaho Mountain Home Air Force Base Sheppard Air Force Base Illinois Scott Air Force Base Utah Hill Air Force Base Indiana Grissom Joint Air Reserve Base Virginia Langley Air Force Base Kansas McConnell Air Force Base Washington Fairchild Air Force Base Louisiana Barksdale Air Force Base JBLM McChord Field , Joint Base Lewis - McChord New Orleans Joint Reserve Base Wyoming Francis E. Warren Air Force Base Maryland Joint Base Andrews Naval Air Facility Massachusetts Hanscom Air Force Base Westover Joint Air Reserve Base Overseas ( edit ) Afghanistan ( edit ) Bagram Airfield Herat International Airport Mazar - i - Sharif Airport Shindand Air Base Germany ( edit ) Ansbach NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen , Geilenkirchen Ramstein Air Base Spangdahlem Air Base Greenland ( Denmark ) ( edit ) Thule Air Base Italy ( edit ) Aviano Air Base Camp Darby ( Pisa - Livorno ) Sigonella Naval Air Station Japan ( edit ) Kadena Air Base , Okinawa Prefecture Misawa Air Base , Misawa , Aomori Yokota Air Base , Tokyo Kuwait ( edit ) Ali Al Salem Air Base Azores ( Portugal ) ( edit ) Lajes Air Base Qatar ( edit ) Al Udeid Air Base South Korea ( edit ) Kunsan Air Base Osan Air Base Spain ( edit ) Morón Air Base Turkey ( edit ) Incirlik Air Base United Kingdom ( edit ) RAF Alconbury , Huntingdonshire RAF Croughton , Northamptonshire RAF Lakenheath , Brandon , Suffolk RAF Mildenhall , Mildenhall , Suffolk Coast Guard ( edit ) Main articles : List of United States Coast Guard stations and United States Coast Guard Air Stations See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal Base Realignment and Closure Bulgarian - American Joint Military Facilities United States military deployments List of United States drone bases Lists of military installations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ What are here termed `` named bases '' are the bases listed in section X : `` Personnel Data from DMDC '' , i.e. excluding that table 's rows labelled `` Other '' , in the 2015 DoD Base Structure Report . Jump up ^ The 2015 U.S. Base Structure Report gives 587 overseas sites , but sites are merely real property at a distinct geographical location , and multiple sites may belong to one installation ( page DoD - 3 ) . For example , the Garmisch , Germany `` named base '' with its 72 personnel has eight distinct sites large enough to be listed in the Army 's Individual Service Inventory list : Artillery Kaserne , Breitenau Skeet Range , Garmisch Family Housing , Garmish Golf Course , General Abrams Hotel And Disp , Hausberg Ski Area , Oberammergau NATO School , and Sheridan Barracks ( listed in Army - 15 to Army - 17 ) . These range in size from Ramstein AB with 9,188 active , guard / reserve , and civilian personnel down to Worms , which has just one civilian . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Defense / Base Structure Report / FY 2015 Baseline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blank Spots on the map : Almost all the U.S. Army 's secret military bases across the globe revealed on Google and Bing '' . dailymail.co.uk. 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Jung , Friederike ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` US drone war expands to Niger '' . Deutsche Welle . An additional US base in Arlit , about 250 kilometers ( 155 miles ) north of Agadez , has been operating for about a year , but little is known about it , Moore said , except that special forces are presumably stationed there . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Sudarsan ; Whitlock , Craig ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` A city in Niger worries a new U.S. drone base will make it a ' magnet ' for terrorists '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Taub , Ben ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ben Taub on Twitter : `` Secret military base near Arlit , Niger , revealed as a white dot in a sea of black , because Western soldiers did n't turn off their Fitbits '' . Twitter via the Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Lewis , David ; Bavier , Joe . Boulton , Ralph , ed . `` U.S. deaths in Niger highlight Africa military mission creep '' . Reuters . In missions run out of a base in the northern Niger town of Arlit and others like the one that led to the ambush of U.S. troops , sources say they have helped local troops and intelligence agents make several arrests . Jump up ^ `` Russia and U.S. engage in military base race in Syria '' . defensenews.com. 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anadolu Agency 's map of U.S. bases in Syria infuriates The Pentagon '' . orient-news.net. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kimmons , Sean ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Isolated from US military , small Army post looks to rid terrorism in West Africa '' . Army News Service . Jump up ^ http://www.mcipac.marines.mil/Installations/Camp-Mujuk/ Jump up ^ Laming ( 2000 ) , pp. 106 - 107 Laming , Tim ( 2000 ) . UK Airports and Airfields . Ramsbury , UK : Airlife Publishing ( Crowood Press ) . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 978 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military bases of the United States . 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1792792186121476225	Evidence-based nursing	Evidence - based nursing - wikipedia Evidence - based nursing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general nursing field . For the nursing journal , see Evidence - Based Nursing ( journal ) . Evidence - based nursing ( EBN ) is an approach to making quality decisions and providing nursing care based upon personal clinical expertise in combination with the most current , relevant research available on the topic . This approach is using evidence based practice ( EBP ) as a foundation . EBN implements the most up to date methods of providing care , which have been proven through appraisal of high quality studies and statistically significant research findings . The goal of EBN is to improve the health and safety of patients while also providing care in a cost - effective manner to improve the outcomes for both the patient and the healthcare system . EBN is a process founded on the collection , interpretation , appraisal , and integration of valid , clinically significant , and applicable research . The evidence used to change practice or make a clinical decision can be separated into seven levels of evidence that differ in type of study and level of quality . To properly implement EBN , the knowledge of the nurse , the patient 's preferences , and multiple studies of evidence must all be collaborated and utilized in order to produce an appropriate solution to the task at hand . These skills are taught in modern nursing education and also as a part of professional training . Contents ( hide ) 1 The 7 Steps of EBP 1.1 Cultivate Spirit of Inquiry 1.2 Ask Clinical Question ( PICOT ) 1.3 Search for and Collect Relevant Evidence 1.4 Critically Appraise the Evidence 1.5 Integrate the Evidence 1.6 Evaluate Outcomes 1.7 Disseminate Outcomes 2 Qualitative research process 3 Legal and ethical issues of research 4 Barriers to promoting evidence - based practice 5 Implementation and Sustainability of EBP 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The 7 steps of EBP ( edit ) Cultivate spirit of inquiry ( edit ) A spirit of inquiry refers to an attitude in which questions are encouraged to be asked about existing practices . Cultivating a spirit of inquiry allows healthcare providers to feel comfortable with questioning current methods of practice and challenging these practices to create improvements and change . A culture that fosters this should have a philosophy that incorporates EBP , access to tools that can enhance EBP , and administrative support and leadership that values EBP . Key Elements to Foster EBP Always question current practices as nursing professional . Integrate EBP as higher standard / mission / philosophy and include competencies for EBP . EBP mentors for skills and knowledge availability to others to provide and help . Tools to enhance EBP ( e.g. meetings , educational / classroom time , access to , etc . ) . Higher level support and ability for leaders to model valued EBP skills . Recognition of use of EBP often Ask clinical question ( PICOT ) ( edit ) PICOT formatted questions address the patient population ( P ) , issue of interest or intervention ( I ) , comparison group ( C ) , outcome ( O ) , and time frame ( T ) . Asking questions in this format assists in generating a search that produces the most relevant , quality information related to a topic , while also decreasing the amount of time needed to produce these search results . An example of an intervention focused PICOT question would be : In total knee arthroplasty patients ( Population ) , what is the effect of nerve blocks ( Intervention ) compared to opioid pain medication ( Comparison ) in controlling post-operative pain ( Outcome ) within the first 24 hours after surgery ( Time ) ? An example of an issue of interest focused PICOT question would be : How do post-rehab chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) patients ( Population ) with stage 3 ( Issue of Interest ) perceive their ability to perform activities of daily living ( Outcome ) after first month ( Time ) of rehabilitation ? ( No comparison group ) . Search for and collect relevant evidence ( edit ) To begin the search for evidence , use each keyword from the PICOT question that was formed . Once results have been found on the intervention or treatment , the research can be rated to determine which provides the strongest level of evidence . There are seven levels of evidence , with a level I being of the strongest quality and a level VII being of the weakest quality : Level I : Evidence from systematic reviews or meta - analysis of randomized control trials Level II : Evidence from well - designed randomized control trials Level III : Evidence from well - designed control trials that are not randomized Level IV : Evidence from case - control or cohort studies Level V : Evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive or qualitative studies Level VI : Evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study Level VII : Evidence from expert opinions The strongest levels of evidence , systematic reviews and meta - analyses , summarize evidence related to a specific topic by finding and assessing studies that specifically relate to the question being asked . Meta - analyses are systematic reviews that also use quantitative measures such as statistics to summarize the results of the studies analyzed . Pyramid framework . Thinking of the information resources used to obtain evidence as a pyramid can help determine what the most valid and least biased evidence is . The top of the pyramid is just that . This is where decision support can be found , which is found within the medical record . The middle of the pyramid is the reviews of the evidence . This includes systematic reviews , practice guidelines , topic summaries , and article synopses . The bottom of the pyramid is the original studies . The bottom is also considered the foundation of the pyramid and where evidence begins . This includes research articles . Those who look for evidence here need special knowledge and skills to not only find the evidence itself but how to evaluate its worthiness . Critically appraise the evidence ( edit ) To begin the critical appraisal process , three questions need to asked to determine the relevance of evidence and if evidence applies to population being cared for . The three questions are : Are the results of the study valid ? What are the results ? Will the results be applicable in caring for patients ? Question 1 measures the validity . In order to be valid , the results of the study must be as close to the truth as possible . Also , the study must be conducted using best available research methods . Question 2 measures the reliability of the study . If it is an intervention study , reliability consists of : whether the intervention worked , how large the effect was , and whether a clinician could repeat the study with similar results . If it is a qualitative study , reliability would be measured by determining if the research accomplished the purpose of the study . Question 3 measures the applicability . The study may be used in practice when caring for patients if the subjects are similar to the patients being cared for , the benefit outweighs the harm , the study is feasible , and the patient desires the treatment . After asking these three questions , evidence appraisal continues by creating an evidence synthesis . This synthesis compares multiple studies to see if they are in agreement with each other . Integrate the evidence ( edit ) After appraising the evidence , it is necessary to integrate it with the provider 's expertise and patient 's preferences . The patient is encouraged to practice autonomy and participate in the decision - making process . Therefore , even if the study had successful outcomes , the patient may refuse to receive a treatment . Assessment findings and patient history may reveal further contraindications to a certain evidence - based treatment . Lastly , availability of healthcare resources may limit the implementation of a treatment even if it is found to be effective in a study . Evaluate outcomes ( edit ) The next step in the evidence - based practice process is to evaluate whether the treatment was effective in terms of patient outcomes . It is important to evaluate the outcomes in a real - world clinical setting to determine the impact of the evidence - based change on healthcare quality . Disseminate outcomes ( edit ) The last step is to share the information especially if positive outcomes are achieved . By sharing the results of evidence - based practice process , others may benefit . Some methods to disseminate the information include presentations at conferences , rounds within one 's own institution , and journal publications . Qualitative research process ( edit ) One method of research for evidence - based practice in nursing is ' qualitative research ' : `` The word implies a entity and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured in terms of quantity , amount , frequency , or intensity . '' With qualitative research , researchers learn about patient experiences through discussions and interviews . The point of qualitative research is to provide beneficial descriptions that allow insight into patient experiences . `` Hierarchies if research evidence traditionally categorize evidence from weakest to strongest , with an emphasis on support for the effectiveness of interventions . That this perspective tends to dominate the evidence - based practice literature makes the merit of qualitative research unclear ; '' Some people view qualitative research as less beneficial and effective , with its lack of numbers , the fact that it is `` feeling - based '' research , makes the opponents associate it with bias . Nevertheless , the ability to empathetically understand an individual 's experience ( whether it be with cancer , pressure ulcers , trauma , etc . ) , can benefit not only other patients , but the health care workers providing care . For qualitative research to be reliable , the testing must be unbiased . To achieve this , researchers must use random and non-random samples to obtain concise information about the topic being studied . If available , a control group should be in use , if possible with the qualitative studies that are done . Evidence should be gathered from every available subject within the sample to create balance and dissolve any bias . There should also be several researchers doing the interviewing to obtain different perspectives about the subject . Researchers must also obtain negative information as well as the positive information gathered to support the data . This will help to show the researchers were unbiased and were not trying to hide negative results from readers , and actually makes it possible to objectively understand the phenomenon under investigation . The inclusion of this negative information will strengthen the researchers ' initial study , and may actually work in favor to support the hypothesis . Any data that has been gathered must be appropriately documented . If the data collected was obtained from interviews or observation , it must all be included . Dates , times and gender of the sample may be needed , providing background on subjects , such as breast cancer in women over thirty - five . Any pertinent information pertaining to the sample must be included for the reader to judge the study as worthy . In addition , the current evidence - based practice ( EBP ) movement in healthcare emphasizes that clinical decision making should be based on the `` best evidence '' available , preferably the findings of randomized clinical trials . Within this context qualitative research findings are considered to have little value and the old debate in nursing has been re-ignited related as to whether qualitative versus quantitative research findings provides the best empirical evidence for nursing practice . In response to this crisis qualitative scholars have been called upon by leaders in the field to clarify for outsiders what qualitative research is and to be more explicit in pointing out the utility of qualitative research findings . In addition , attention to `` quality '' in qualitative research has been identified as an area worthy of renewed focus . Within this paper two key problems related to addressing these issues are reviewed : disagreement not only among `` outsiders '' but also some nursing scholars related to the definition of `` qualitative research '' , and a lack of consensus related how to best address `` rigor '' in this type of inquiry . Based on this review a set of standard requirements for qualitative research published in nursing journals is proposed that reflects a uniform definition of qualitative research and an enlarged yet clearly articulated conceptualization of quality . The approach suggested provides a framework for developing and evaluating qualitative research that would have both defensible scholarly merit and heuristic value . This will help solidify the argument in favor of incorporating qualitative research findings as part of the empirical `` evidence '' upon which evidence - based nursing is founded . Legal and ethical issues of research ( edit ) Both legal and ethical issues are important in considering patient - based research . The American Nurses Association ( ANA ) has set up five basic rights for patient protection : Right to self - determination Right to privacy and dignity Right to anonymity and confidentiality Right to fair treatment Right to protection from discomfort and harm . These rights apply to both researchers and participants . Informed consent is one area that nurses must be familiar with in order to complete research . Informed consent is `` the legal principle that governs the patient 's ability to accept or reject individual medical interventions designed to diagnose or treat an illness '' . Informed consent can only be obtained before the procedure and after potential risks have been explained to the participant . When dealing with the ethical portion of evidence - based practice , the Institutional Review Boards ( IRB ) review research projects to assess that ethical standards are being followed . The institutional review board is responsible for protecting subjects from risk and loss of personal rights and dignity . The IRB also come into play when deciding on which populations can be included in research . Vulnerable groups such as children , pregnant women , physically disabled or elderly maybe excluded from the process . Nurses must notify the IRB of any ethical or legal violations . It is important to be up to date on all the appropriate state laws and regulations regarding vulnerable populations . This may mean consulting with lawyers , clinicians , ethicists , as well as the affiliated IRB . It is imperative that researchers act as advocates for these vulnerable persons that can not do so for themselves . Barriers to promoting evidence - based practice ( edit ) The use of evidence - based practice depends a great deal on the nursing student 's proficiency at understanding and critiquing the research articles and the associated literature that will be presented to them in the clinical setting . According to , Blythe Royal , author of Promoting Research Utilization in nursing : The Role of the Individual , Organization , and Environment , a large amount of the preparation requirements of nursing students consists of creating care plans for patients , covering in depth processes of pathophysiology , and retaining the complex information of pharmacology . These are indeed very important for the future of patient care , but their knowledge must consist of more when they begin to practice . Evidence - based nursing in an attempt to facilitate the management of the growing literature and technology accessible to healthcare providers that can potentially improve patient care and their outcomes . Nancy Dickenson - Hazard states , `` Nurses have the capacity to serve as caregivers and change agents in creating and implementing community and population - focused health systems . '' There is also a need to overcome the barriers to encourage the use of research by new graduates in an attempt to ensure familiarity with the process . This will help nurses to feel more confident and be more willing to engage in evidence - based nursing . A survey that was established by the Honor Society of Nursing and completed by registered nurses proved that 69 % have only a low to moderate knowledge of EBP and half of those that responded did not feel sure of the steps in the process . Many responded , `` lack of time during their shift is the primary challenge to researching and applying EBP . '' There is always and will always be a desire to improve the care of our patients . The ever - increasing cost of healthcare and the need for more accuracy in the field proves a cycle in need of evidence - based healthcare . The necessity to overcome the current issues is to gain knowledge from a variety of literature not just the basics . There is a definite need for nurses , and all practitioners , to have an open mind when dealing with the modern inventions of the future because these could potentially improve the health of patients . There are many barriers to promoting evidence - based practice . The first of which would be the practitioner 's ability to critically appraise research . This includes having a considerable amount of research evaluation skills , access to journals , and clinic / hospital support to spend time on EBN . Time , workload pressures , and competing priorities can impede research and development . The causes of these barriers include nurses ' and other professional practitioners ' lack of knowledge of research methods , lack of support from professional colleagues and organizations , and lack of confidence and authority in the research arena . Another barrier is that the practice environment can be resistant to changing tried and true conventional methods of practice . This can be caused because of reluctance to believe results of research study over safe , traditional practices , cost of adopting new practices , or gaining momentum to rewrite existing protocols . It is important to show nurses who may be resistant to changes in nursing practice the benefits that nurses , their patients , and their institutions can reap from the implementation of evidence - based nursing practice , which is to provide better nursing care . Values , resources and evidence are the three factors that influence decision - making with regard to health care . All registered nurses and health care professionals should be taught to read and critically interpret research and know where to find articles which relate to their field of care . In addition , nurses need to be more aware of how to assess the information and determine its applicability to their practice . Another barrier to implementing EBN into practice is lack of continuing education programs . Practices do not have the means to provide workshops to teach new skills due to lack of funding , staff , and time ; therefore , the research may be tossed dismissed . If this occurs , valuable treatments may never be utilized in patient care . Not only will the patients suffer but the staff will not have the opportunity to learn a new skill . Also , the practitioners may not be willing to implement change regardless of the benefits to patient care . Another barrier to introducing newly learned methods for improving treatments or patients ' health is the fear of `` stepping on one 's toes '' . New nurses might feel it is not their place to suggest or even tell a superior nurse that newer , more efficient methods and / or practices are available . Even if clinicians do act consistently it is possible that their decisions are consistently biased . People put different values on gains and losses . Tversky and Kahneman gave people the two identical problems ( with the same probabilities of life and death outcomes - see fig 1 ) but framed the outcome choices as either lives saved or as deaths. 10 Most people wanted to avoid taking risks with gains which could be safeguarded , but would take risks with losses which might be avoided ; this is a framing effect . If people are given identical options but different words are used to emphasize a gain rather than a loss , then a different response is given by a large proportion of the population under study . Such a change in response appears to be inconsistent . Implementation and sustainability of EBP ( edit ) Iowa Model The Iowa Model is used to promote quality of care . It is a guideline for nurses in their decision making process . The decision making can include clinical and administration practices . These practices affect patient outcomes . The model is based on problem - solving steps at are a part of the scientific process . Recognition for applicability and ease of use . Key components of using the Iowa Model : Identify `` triggers '' Clinical applications Organizational priorities Forming a team Piloting a practice change Evaluating the pilot Evaluate change and share results First , identify `` triggers , '' which can be either problem focused or knowledge focused . These can be the important questions that arise from current practices . With knowledge focus , nurses can question a current practice due to shared scientific knowledge . This knowledge can be in the form of research or national guidelines for example . With problem focus , nurses can find room for improvement from already existing facts . Second , clinical application is how nurses figure out the importance of the question identified and the relevance by using the EBP process . Third , organizational priorities is ranking the question by the priorities of the organization . High priority given to areas that focus on high - volume / risk / cost , organization 's plan , or motivated by other forces . Knowing where a question lies in priorities can be a determination factor of getting the necessities needed to do an EBP projection for that organization . Fourth , forming a team is possible once agreeance occurs . The team is assembled to create , do , and evaluate the change . It is a multi-disciplinary functioning team with various skill sets and networks . Fifth , the piloting of a practice change is the essential step to this process . Having a selected area of the organization to pilot the practice change can help identify any issues that arise from implementation of the change before the change is spread throughout the organization . This is a multiple step process . Sixth , the evaluation of the pilot is the decision making process that evaluates if the pilot is accomplishing the goals of implementation , which is the quality of care provided improving , due to this pilot or not . It can involve either problem solving of the issues being had , dropping the implementation completely / postponing , or going ahead and implementing . Lastly , the EBP changes continued to be monitored with reports of quality and performance improvements being noted . Sharing the results with the rest of the organization is key for learning . It also promotes the EBP culture . See also ( edit ) Nursing portal Evidence - based practice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melnyk , B.M. ( 2011 ) . Evidence - based practice in nursing & healthcare : A guide to best practice . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 3 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 778 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Melnyk , B.M. & Fineout - Overholt , E. ( 2015 ) . Evidence - based practice in nursing & healthcare : A guide to best practice . ( 3rd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Wolters Kluwer Health . pp. 10 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 9094 - 6 . Jump up ^ Melnyk , B.M. & Fineout - Overholt , E. ( 2015 ) . Evidence - based practice in nursing & healthcare : A guide to best practice . ( 3rd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Wolters Kluwer Health . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 9094 - 6 . Jump up ^ Royal J , Blythe J ( July 1 , 1998 ) . `` Promoting research utilisation in nursing : the role of the individual , organisation , and environment . Evidence - Based Nursing '' . 1 ( 3 ) : 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Nancy Dickenson - Hazard ( 2004 ) Global Health Issues and Challenges Journal of Nursing Scholarship 36 ( 1 ) , 6 -- 10 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090310021219/http://www.nursingsociety.org/Media/Pages/EPBrel.aspx Jump up ^ Taylor S ; Allen D Nurse Researcher , 2007 ; 15 ( 1 ) : 78 - 83 ( journal article ) CINAHL Jump up ^ Loyd , G. 2008 . EBP Readings . Nursing Theory Research Handout . East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , TN . Jump up ^ Med - Surg Matters , Jul2007 ; 16 ( 4 ) : 1 , 13 ( journal article ) CINAHL Jump up ^ Castledine G British Journal of Nursing ( BJN ) , CINAHL 10 / 9 / 97 ; 6 ( 18 ) : 1077 ( journal article ) Jump up ^ Salmond , Susan W. EdD . `` Advancing Evidence - Based Practice : A Primer . '' Orthopaedic Nursing , March / April 2007 , Volume 26 , Number 2 , pgs 114 - 123 . Jump up ^ Health Education Authority . Oral Health Effectiveness Review No 7 . Effectiveness of oral health promotion . London : HEA , 1998 Jump up ^ Melnyk , B.M. & Fineout - Overholt , E. ( 2015 ) . Evidence - based practice in nursing & healthcare : A guide to best practice . ( 3rd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Wolters Kluwer Health . pp. 283 -- 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 9094 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Indiana Center for Evidence - Based Nursing Practice , a collaborating center of The Joanna Briggs Institute , located at Purdue University Calumet 's School of Nursing University of Minnesota Libraries , a tutorial on evidence - based nursing Centre for Evidence - Based Medicine , University Health Network Academic Center for Evidence - Based Practice `` , The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio `` What Is Evidence - Based Practice in Nursing ? '' from the University of Saint Mary Medscape Today , online nursing resource and a source of CEU credit articles Evidence Based Medicine Toolkit Systems to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence Construct Well - Built Clinical Questions using PICO ( hide ) Nursing Levels of practice Generalists Student nurse Clinical nurse leader Licensed practical nurse Registered nurse Graduate nurse Advanced practice APRNs by role Clinical nurse specialist Nurse anesthetist Nurse midwife Nurse practitioner NPs by Population Family Adult - Gerontology Pediatrics Women 's health Neonatal Psych / Mental health Education and licensure Associate of Science in Nursing Bachelor of Science in Nursing Diploma in Nursing Doctor of Nursing Practice Master of Science in Nursing Board of nursing Nurse Licensure Compact Nursing credentials and certifications Nursing school Nurse registry NCLEX TEAS Specialties and areas of practice Ambulatory care Cardiac Critical care Education Emergency Faith community Flight Forensic Geriatrics Holistic Home health Hyperbaric Legal consultation Management Matron Medical - surgical Midwifery Military Neonatal Nursing informatics Obstetrics Occupational health Oncology Orthopedics Pediatrics Perianesthesia Perioperative Psychiatric and mental health Private duty Public health School Space Telenursing WOCN Nursing process Nursing assessment Nursing diagnosis Nursing care plan Nursing theory Classification systems NANDA Nursing Interventions Classification Nursing Minimum Data Set ( NMDS ) Nursing Outcomes Classification By country Australia ( timeline ) Canada Germany Hong Kong India Japan Kenya New Zealand ( timeline ) Pakistan Philippines Republic of Ireland South Africa Taiwan United Kingdom ( history ) United States ( history ) Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence-based_nursing&oldid=802396059 '' Categories : Nursing research Evidence - based practices Healthcare quality Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 22 : 22 . 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-1224105197662561056	Alien (franchise)	Alien ( franchise ) - Wikipedia Alien ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Alien films '' redirects here . For films that feature aliens , see List of films featuring extraterrestrials . Alien The current logo of the franchise . Created by Dan O'Bannon Ronald Shusett Original work Alien ( 1979 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Main series Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prequel series Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Games Role - playing Aliens Adventure Game ( 1990 ) Video game ( s ) List of video games Alien is a British - American science - fiction horror media franchise centered on the film series depicting Warrant Officer Ellen Ripley ( played by Sigourney Weaver ) and her battles with an extraterrestrial lifeform , commonly referred to as `` the Alien . '' Produced and distributed by 20th Century Fox , the series began with Alien ( 1979 ) , directed by Ridley Scott . It was followed by three sequels , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) . Scott also directed a prequel series , composed of Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) . The series has led to numerous books , comics , and video game spin - offs . The Alien vs. Predator franchise combines the continuities of the Alien franchise with the Predator franchise , and consists of two films as well as varying series of comics , books and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 List of films 2.1 Original series 2.1. 1 Alien ( 1979 ) 2.1. 2 Aliens ( 1986 ) 2.1. 3 Alien 3 ( 1992 ) 2.1. 4 Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) 2.2 Prequel series 2.2. 1 Prometheus ( 2012 ) 2.2. 2 Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) 2.3 Cancelled films 2.4 Future 2.4. 1 Alien : Covenant 2 3 Other films 3.1 Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) 3.2 Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) 4 Cast and crew 4.1 Recurring characters 4.2 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical and public reaction 5.3 Accolades 5.3. 1 Academy Awards 5.4 Alien Day 6 Home video releases 7 Other media 7.1 Novels 7.2 Comics 7.3 Video games 7.4 Role - playing game 8 In academia 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) After completion of the film Dark Star ( 1974 ) , writer Dan O'Bannon wanted to develop some of the ideas ( especially `` alien hunts crew through a spaceship '' ) and create a science - fiction action film . Provisionally called Memory , screenwriter Ronald Shusett collaborated with O'Bannon on the project , adding elements from a previous O'Bannon script , Gremlins , which featured gremlins causing mayhem aboard a World War II bomber . The duo finished the script , initially entitled Star Beast -- it was changed to Alien after O'Bannon noticed the number of times the word `` alien '' occurred in the script . Their script was sold to Brandywine Productions , a company formed by producers Gordon Carroll , David Giler , and Walter Hill which had a distribution deal with 20th Century Fox . The writers expected it to be a low - budget film , but the success of Star Wars inclined 20th Century Fox to invest millions . In the original script , the ship had an all - male crew ( though the script 's `` Cast of Characters '' section explicitly states that `` The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women '' ) , including the Ripley character , who was to be played by Tom Skerritt . Later , when Fox president Alan Ladd , Jr. and the producers at Brandywine heard rumors of Fox working on other titles with strong female leads , it was decided to cast a female as Ripley and Skerritt became Captain Dallas . Shortly before filming began , Veronica Cartwright was set for the Ripley role , but director Scott opted for Sigorney Weaver following screen tests . Cartwright played Navigator Lambert in the movie , the final crew member to be killed . Swiss painter and sculptor H.R. Giger designed the alien creature 's adult form and the derelict ship , while French artist Mœbius created the look of the spacesuits and Ron Cobb provided most of the on - set design . While the first film of the series , directed by Ridley Scott , was successful , Fox did not consider a sequel until 1983 , when James Cameron expressed his interest to producer David Giler in continuing the Alien story . After Cameron 's The Terminator became a box office hit , Cameron and partner Gale Anne Hurd were given approval to direct and produce the sequel to Alien , scheduled for a 1986 release . Cameron wrote the screenplay from a story he developed with Giler and Walter Hill . Following the second film , Weaver was not interested in returning to the series and so producers David Giler and Walter Hill commissioned a third Alien film without the Ripley character . The premise was to return Ripley in a fourth installment , but Fox 's president Joe Roth did not agree with Ripley 's removal and Weaver was offered a $5 million salary and a producer credit to make Alien 3 . Released in 1992 , the film was troubled from the start , with production beginning without even a finished script . With $1 million already spent on production , music video director David Fincher , the third director considered for the film , was hired to helm the project . Giler , Hill and Larry Ferguson wrote the screenplay , based on a story from an earlier script by Vincent Ward . After production was completed in late 1991 , the studio reworked the film without Fincher 's involvement or consent . The death of Ripley was designed to bring closure to the Alien franchise by killing off the principal character . While fans and critics initially did not receive Alien 3 well , the film still did well at the box office worldwide and piqued Fox 's interest in continuing the franchise . In 1996 , production on the fourth Alien film , Alien Resurrection , began . Ripley was not in the script 's first draft , and Weaver was not interested in reprising the role , although she later joined the project after being promised an $11 million salary and more creative control , including being able to approve director Jean - Pierre Jeunet . The script , set 200 years after Alien 3 , resurrected the Ripley character via human cloning . The film , released in 1997 , experienced an extended production and was described by screenwriter Joss Whedon as having done `` everything wrong '' with his script . List of films ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Alien ( 1979 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien ( film ) On its way back to Earth , the U.S. commercial spaceship Nostromo is diverted to a desolate planetoid by a cryptic signal from a derelict alien spacecraft . While exploring the alien ship , one of the Nostromo 's crewmen discovers the remains of the ship 's pilot and also a large chamber that contains thousands of egg - like objects . One of the eggs releases a creature that attaches itself to his face and renders him unconscious . The others break quarantine to bring him back aboard the ship . The parasite dies and the crewman wakes up , seemingly fine . Soon afterwards , an alien organism bursts from his chest and grows extremely rapidly into a terrifying eight - foot ( about 2.5 meters ) tall creature that starts killing off the crew . Aliens ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Aliens ( film ) After 57 years in hypersleep , the sole survivor of the Nostromo , LT Ellen Ripley , awakens aboard a medical space station orbiting Earth . Her story of the Alien terror she encountered is disbelieved and she learns that the planetoid from the first film ( now designated as LV - 426 ) is now home to a terraforming colony . When contact with the colony is lost , Ripley , against her better judgment and to regain her pilot 's license , hesitantly accompanies a squad of high - tech Elite Colonial Marines aboard the spaceship Sulaco to investigate . Once there , they discover the colonists have been wiped out after finding the derelict alien ship ( and its deadly cargo ) from the first film . Alien 3 ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien 3 Due to a fire aboard the Sulaco , an escape pod carrying the survivors of the second film is automatically jettisoned . It crash - lands on the refinery / prison planet Fiorina `` Fury '' 161 , but Ripley is the only one to survive the crash . Unbeknownst to her , some alien facehuggers were also aboard the ship . Before long , a full - sized Alien is then loose in the prison , killing the inmates and staff . Ripley also discovers there is an Alien queen growing inside her , and must not only kill the rampaging Alien but also herself in order to save humanity . Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien Resurrection Two hundred years after the events of the previous film , several clones of Ellen Ripley ( including the alien queen she was carrying ) are produced . The Alien queen is surgically removed from her body as the United Systems Military hopes to breed Aliens to study on the spaceship USM Auriga , using human hosts kidnapped and delivered to them by a group of mercenaries . The Aliens escape their enclosures , while Ripley 8 ( a clone with some Alien DNA herself ) and the mercenaries attempt to escape and destroy the Auriga before it reaches Earth . Prequel series ( edit ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prometheus ( 2012 film ) Some thirty years before the events of Alien , scientists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map among the remnants of several ancient Earth cultures . Seeking the origins of humanity , they journey aboard the spaceship Prometheus and arrive on a distant world in the Zeta Reticuli system , the same region of space in which the planetoid from Alien is found . There they discover the remains of an advanced civilization ( the same race as the dead pilot from the derelict ship in Alien ) , who were developing biological weapons which could have driven the human race extinct . Development of a fifth film in the series began in the early 2000s when both Ridley Scott and James Cameron started to develop ideas for a story that exploring the origins of the Alien . By 2003 , the development of Alien vs. Predator had taken precedence , and the fifth Alien film project remained dormant until 2009 when Scott again showed interest . Jon Spaihts wrote a script for an Alien prequel , but Scott then opted for a slightly different direction . In late 2010 , Damon Lindelof joined the project to rewrite Spaihts 's script , and he and Scott developed a story that precedes the events of Alien but is less of a direct prequel to it , concentrating more on discovering the advanced race that created the titular Aliens rather than the Aliens themselves ( though variants of the Alien in its facehugger and full - sized form are seen in the film ) . According to Scott , although the film shares `` strands of Alien 's DNA , so to speak , '' and takes place in the same universe , Prometheus explores its own mythology and ideas . Prometheus was released in 2012 and stars Noomi Rapace , Michael Fassbender , Charlize Theron , Idris Elba and Guy Pearce . The film grossed over $400 million worldwide and garnered mostly positive reviews , with a 73 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien : Covenant Eleven years after the events of Prometheus , the colony ship Covenant , carrying thousands of colonists and hundreds of human embryos in cryo - stasis , makes its way towards the planet Origae - 6 . The crew intercepts a transmission sent from Shaw , which they decide to trace to the apparently habitable Engineer home world , devoid of all non-floral life . When several crew members are infected by the mutagen and give birth to a new breed of alien life , the Neomorphs , the android David 8 rescues them . His motivations to create Aliens and destroy human life are made apparent , however , and with the birth of the first Aliens , the survivors , now led by Daniels , are forced to flee from the world . After disposing of the Alien , the crew members are put back into cryosleep by someone they believe to be their shipboard synthetic , Walter . Only when Daniels is put in her cryopod does she realize that Walter has been replaced by the identical David . With the crew , colonists and embryos at his mercy , David contacts Earth , stating that while the majority of the crew was killed in the neutrino blast , they would be continuing on towards Origae - 6 . By March 2014 , a Prometheus sequel was in development , with Scott set to return as the director . Michael Green wrote a script based on a first draft from Jake Paglan , which reportedly was more like a horror film than the original . Shooting was scheduled to begin in February 2016 , with a planned release date of October 6 , 2017 , which was eventually brought up to May 19 , 2017 . Rumored to be titled Paradise , but originally revealed as Alien : Paradise Lost , the film was later retitled Alien : Covenant . Actors Michael Fassbender and Katherine Waterston were expected to appear , with Waterston in the lead role of Daniels . Though Scott claimed that Noomi Rapace 's character would be returning for Alien : Covenant in November 2015 , he confirmed in an interview in January 2016 that Rapace would not be reprising her role and that the casting process for the lead roles were ongoing . However , it was later confirmed that Rapace was , in fact , reprising her role and that the cast would also include Michael Fassbender , Katherine Waterston , Billy Crudup , Danny McBride and Demian Bichir . Cancelled films ( edit ) In the mid nineties screen writer Stuart Hazeldine wrote a treatment titled Alien : Earthbound . Fox executives were impressed by the script , having read it after Alien Resurrection had entered post-production . Joss Whedon had written an Earth - set script for Alien 5 , but Sigourney Weaver was not interested and wanted it to be set on the original planetoid . She has remained open to a role on the condition that she likes the story . Before 20th Century Fox greenlit Alien vs. Predator , James Cameron had been collaborating on the plot for a fifth Alien film with another writer , but ceased work on learning of the crossover . Cameron stated that the crossover would `` kill the validity of the franchise , '' and that `` it was Frankenstein Meets Werewolf '' -- like `` Universal just taking their assets and starting to play them off against each other . '' Although he liked the final product , he ruled out any future involvement with the series . In a 2002 interview , Ridley Scott stated that a new Alien project `` would be a lot of fun '' , but `` the most important thing was to get the story right '' . Scott 's concept for the plot was `` to go back to where the alien creatures were first found and explain how they were created . '' , which became the basis of his Prequel Series . In late 2008 , Weaver hinted in an interview with MTV that she and Scott were working on an Alien spin - off film , which would focus on the chronicles of Ellen Ripley rather than on the Aliens , but the continuation of Ripley 's story has not materialized . Instead , Scott worked on a prequel that explained the `` Space Jockey '' found on the derelict spacecraft from Alien , titled Prometheus , which was released in 2012 . In 2014 , Sigourney Weaver hinted that she was interested in returning to the role of Ripley , stating that Resurrection 's ending `` feels incomplete to me . I wish it did n't , but it does . We left it hanging . And there 's a way to finish this story that I think would be satisfying to me and the many fans . '' She also stated regarding the hybrid character that `` had we done a fifth one , I do n't doubt that her humanity would have prevailed . '' In February 2015 , director Neill Blomkamp posted concept art on his Instagram feed , saying in an interview that he had been `` wanting to make an Alien film for like years and years '' and had developed the story and artwork after working on Chappie with Weaver . Weaver responded that she would be willing to reprise her role as Ripley if Blomkamp was directing . On February 18 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Blomkamp would direct a new Alien film featuring Weaver . Although no official statement was made , the film was believed to disregard the events of Alien 3 and Resurrection , and instead directly follow Aliens . Blomkamp denied these rumors , saying instead that he simply favored the first two films and wanted his to tie into them . Weaver has specified `` It 's just as if , you know , the path forks and one direction goes off to Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection and another direction goes off to Neill 's movie . '' In March 2015 , Blomkamp reported that the title of the film would not be Alien 5 and further confirmed plans for more than one Alien sequel / prequel . A fan at Pensacon in March 2015 reported that actor Michael Biehn , who played Corporal Dwayne Hicks in Aliens , confirmed in a private conversation that he had been contacted regarding the film . On March 24 , 2015 , Sharlto Copley revealed his interest in portraying an Alien . On May 20 , 2015 , Bill Paxton also expressed interest in reprising his role from Aliens . On June 29 , 2015 , Blomkamp stated filming was set to begin in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . In August 2015 , however , it was reported that the project was on hold until at least 2017 . In September 2015 , Ridley Scott confirmed that he would produce , and that production would begin after that of the sequel to Prometheus was finished . Blomkamp stated in October 2015 that the Alien project might be shelved pending the outcome of the second prequel film , and thus he would be moving on to other projects . During a VMware event in April 2016 , Weaver stated she thought that the proposed fifth Alien film would still go into production after the completion Alien : Covenant . Late that month , Blomkamp shared concept art via Instagram , featuring an adult Newt . Weaver told Variety that both she and Blomkamp hoped to finish Ripley 's story in the film . In January , Blomkamp said that the odds of the film going into production were `` slim '' . In April , Scott said that he did n't think the film will ever be made . He elaborated that there was never a complete script , just a 10 - page pitch , which Fox decided they did n't wish to pursue any further . Commentators have noted this goes against Weaver 's and James Cameron 's statements about reading Blomkamp 's script for the film , although it 's possible Weaver and Cameron were referring to the pitch document . On May 1 , 2017 , Ridley Scott confirmed that Blomkamp 's film had been officially canceled , and stated that its title had been Alien : Awakening , and that he had repurposed the film to be set between Prometheus and Alien : Covenant . Future ( edit ) Alien : Covenant 2 ( edit ) In September 2015 , Ridley Scott revealed he was planning two sequels to Prometheus which would lead into the first Alien film , also stating that there might be `` even a fourth film before we get back into the Alien franchise . '' In November 2015 , Scott confirmed that Alien : Covenant would be the first of three more films before linking up with original Alien , thus starting a new trilogy of sci - fi films , and stated that the Prometheus sequels would reveal who created the Aliens . According to an interview with Scott that took place on the set of Alien : Covenant in 2016 , Scott had the screenplay for the third prequel film written while working on Alien : Covenant , so that he could `` be ready to go again next year . '' Scott also mentioned the revived franchise might go on for even longer than previously mentioned ; `` I can keep cranking it for another six . I 'm not going to close it down again . No way . '' In March 2017 , Scott stated that if Alien : Covenant and the film that would follow it were successful , he had plans for another three Alien films . Scott explained `` It will go Prometheus , Awakening , Covenant . '' In May 2017 , Scott revealed that Alien : Awakening was originally the name of Neill Blomkamp 's since - cancelled Aliens sequel . 20th Century Fox is currently reassessing the sequels pitched by Ridley Scott , due to Covenant under - performing at the box office . In the audio commentary for Alien : Covenant , Scott confirmed that a sequel to Alien : Covenant , tentatively referred to as Alien : Covenant 2 , is being written by John Logan , with Fassbender , Waterston and McBride reprising their roles . Scott also confirmed that the film will cap his Prequel Series , leading directly into the events of Alien 1 . Other films ( edit ) Main article : Alien vs. Predator Inspired by the Dark Horse Comics series , the filmmakers of Predator 2 ( 1990 ) incorporated an easter egg in which an Alien skull was seen in a Predator trophy case . Attempts to create a shared universe between the Alien and Predator franchises followed , through comics and video games , until a film franchise was launched with the release of AVP : Alien vs. Predator in 2004 , and a sequel in 2007 . The future of the franchise remains uncertain due to a largely negative critical response . Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien vs. Predator ( film ) In 2004 , a Predator ship arrives in Earth 's orbit to draw humans to an ancient Predator training ground on Bouvetøya , an island about one thousand miles north of Antarctica . A buried pyramid which gives off a `` heat bloom '' attracts humans led by Charles Bishop Weyland ( Lance Henriksen ) , who unknowingly activates an Alien egg production line . Three Predator hunters enter the structure , killing all humans in their way with the intention of hunting the newly formed Alien warriors . Two Predators die in the ensuing battle , while the third allies itself with the lone surviving human , Alexa Woods ( Sanaa Lathan ) in order to battle the escaped Queen Alien . The Queen is defeated , but not before she fatally wounds the last Predator . The orbiting Predator ship uncloaks and the crew retrieve the fallen Predator . A Predator elder gives Alexa a spear as a sign of respect , and then departs . Once in orbit it is revealed that a chestburster was in the corpse , though this specimen has Predator mandibles . Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem Set immediately after the previous film , the `` Predalien '' hybrid on board the Predator scout ship , which just separated from the mothership from the previous film , has grown to full adult size and sets about killing the Predators on board the ship , causing it to crash in Gunnison , Colorado . The last survivor activates a distress beacon with a video of the Predalien , which is received by a veteran Predator , who sets off towards Earth to `` clean up '' the infestation . When it arrives , the Predator tracks the Aliens into a section of the sewer below town . It removes evidence of their presence as it goes by using a corrosive blue liquid . It uses a laser net to try to contain the creatures , but the Aliens still manage to escape into the town above . The Predator fashions a plasma pistol from its remaining plasma caster and hunts Aliens all across town ( accidentally cutting the power to the town in the process ) . During a confrontation with human survivors , the Predator loses its plasma pistol . The Predator then fights the Predalien single - handedly , and the two mortally wound one another just as the US military drops a tactical nuclear bomb on the town , incinerating both combatants and the few remaining humans in the city . The salvaged plasma pistol is taken to Ms. Yutani . Cast and crew ( edit ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Alien characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs only . A indicates an appearance in deleted scenes only . A indicates a voice only role . A indicates a motion - capture only role . Character Main Series Prequel Series Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Alien : Covenant 2 ( 2019 ) Arthur Dallas Tom Skerritt Tom Skerritt Ellen Louise Ripley Ripley Clone 8 Sigourney Weaver Sigourney Weaver Nicole Fellows TBA Joan Lambert Veronica Cartwright Veronica Cartwright Samuel Brett Harry Dean Stanton Harry Dean Stanton Gilbert Kane John Hurt John Hurt Ash Ian Holm Ian Holm Dennis Parker Yaphet Kotto Yaphet Kotto Aliens Bolaji Badejo Carl Toop Tom Woodruff , Jr . Appeared Andrew Crawford Goran D. Kleut TBA MU / TH / UR 6000 `` Mother / Father '' Helen Horton Steven Gilborn Lorelei King Jones Various animal performers Engineers Appeared Ian Whyte John Lebar Daniel James Appeared TBA Bishop Michael Bishop Weyland `` Bishop II '' Lance Henriksen Rebecca `` Newt '' Jorden Carrie Henn Danielle Edmond Dwayne Hicks Michael Biehn Michael Biehn Elizabeth M. Shaw Noomi Rapace David 8 Walter Michael Fassbender Peter Weyland Guy Pearce Charlie Holloway Logan Marshall - Green Logan Marshall - Green Janet `` Danny '' Daniels Katherine Waterston Tennessee `` Tee '' Faris Danny McBride Crew ( edit ) Role Main series Prequel series Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Director Ridley Scott James Cameron David Fincher Jean - Pierre Jeunet Ridley Scott Writer ( s ) Story by : Ronald Shusett Dan O'Bannon Screenplay by : Dan O'Bannon Story by : Walter Hill David Giler James Cameron Screenplay by : James Cameron Story by : Vincent Ward Screenplay by : David Giler Walter Hill Larry Ferguson Joss Whedon Jon Spaihts Damon Lindelof Story by : Jack Paglen Michael Green Screenplay by : John Logan Dante Harper Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll David Giler Walter Hill Gale Anne Hurd Gordon Carroll David Giler Walter Hill Gordon Carroll Bill Badalato David Giler Walter Hill Ridley Scott David Giler Walter Hill Ridley Scott David Giler Walter Hill Mark Huffam Michael Schaefer Music ( s ) Jerry Goldsmith James Horner Elliot Goldenthal John Frizzell Marc Streitenfeld Jed Kurzel Cinematography Derek Vanlint Adrian Biddle Alex Thomson Darius Khondji Dariusz Wolski Editor Terry Rawlings Peter Weatherley Ray Lovejoy Terry Rawlings Hervé Schneid Pietro Scalia Production Companies Brandywine Productions Scott Free Productions Brandywine Productions Dune Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributor ( s ) 20th Century Fox Running time 117 minutes 137 minutes 114 minutes 109 minutes 124 minutes 123 minutes Release date May 25 , 1979 July 18 , 1986 May 22 , 1992 November 26 , 1997 June 8 , 2012 May 19 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ( adjusted for inflation 2016 ) Budget References North America Foreign Worldwide Alien May 25 , 1979 $80,931,801 $122,698,829 $203,630,630 $682,636,079 $11 million Aliens July 18 , 1986 $85,160,248 $98,156,207 $183,316,455 $406,774,526 $18 million Alien 3 May 22 , 1992 $55,473,545 $104,340,953 $159,814,498 $277,364,676 $50 million Alien Resurrection November 26 , 1997 $47,795,658 $113,580,410 $161,376,068 $246,835,418 $70 million Prometheus June 8 , 2012 $126,477,084 $276,877,385 $403,354,469 $434,283,495 $125 million Alien : Covenant May 19 , 2017 $73,757,114 $157,605,515 $231,362,629 n / a $97 million Total $ 7008468499321000000 ♠ 468,499,321 $ 7008857953784000000 ♠ 857,953,784 $ 7009134285474900000 ♠ 1,342,854,749 $ 7009227925682300000 ♠ 2,279,256,823 $371 million List indicator ( s ) indicates figures based on available information . Please note that the figures in this table are not inflation adjusted . Where two different figures are quoted for box office grosses , information is taken from two different sources . Critical and public reaction ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Alien 97 % ( 104 reviews ) 83 ( 22 reviews ) N / A Aliens 98 % ( 65 reviews ) 86 ( 10 reviews ) Alien 3 46 % ( 46 reviews ) 59 ( 20 reviews ) Alien Resurrection 54 % ( 71 reviews ) 63 ( 21 reviews ) B − Prometheus 72 % ( 282 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Alien : Covenant 70 % ( 300 reviews ) 65 ( 52 reviews ) IGN listed Alien as the thirteenth best film franchise of all time . Alien was nominated for two Academy Awards , winning for Best Visual Effects . Aliens received seven nominations , including a Best Actress nomination for Sigourney Weaver , and won for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Effects . Alien 3 was nominated for Best Visual Effects . Alien was also inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for historical preservation as a film which is `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The American Film Institute ranked Alien as the sixth most thrilling American movie and seventh - best film in the science fiction genre , and in the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains list , Ripley was ranked eighth among the heroes , and the Alien was fourteenth among the villains . Accolades ( edit ) Further information : List of accolades received by the Alien film series Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Alien Aliens Alien 3 Alien Resurrection Prometheus Actress Nominated Art Direction Nominated Nominated Film Editing Nominated Original Score Nominated Sound Nominated Sound Effects Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Nominated Nominated Alien Day ( edit ) `` Alien Day , '' April 26 , has become the fan celebration day for the Aliens franchise . The date derives from LV - 426 , the `` 426 '' converting to `` 4 / 26 '' or ' April 26 ' . On Alien Day 2016 , Neill Blomkamp released new art for his concept of Alien 5 , and the Audible Original audio play adaptation of Alien : Out of the Shadows was released . On Alien Day 2017 , 20th Century Fox released `` The Crossing '' prologue short film for Alien : Covenant , and the Audible Original audio play adaptation of Alien : River of Pain was released . Home video releases ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There have been dozens of stand - alone releases of the individual films on various formats , including Betamax , VHS , Laserdisc , DVD , and Blu - ray . The multiple single releases on VHS were generally the original theatrical cuts of each film , although in 1991 there was also the sole release of Aliens : Special Edition ( see below ) . Laserdisc saw single releases of all theatrical versions , as well as two so - called `` box sets '' which only contained one film ( there were two single releases , one each for Alien and Aliens ) but had multiple discs and a large amount of supplemental material with a high retail price tag ( around US $100 ) . The Aliens set included a new `` Special Edition '' cut of the film completed by James Cameron just for this release , which was a significantly extended version of the film . On DVD initially the films were only available as a boxed set ( see Alien Legacy below ) but were then released separately ( and Aliens was only available in its `` Special Edition '' cut , not its original theatrical cut which did not make it to DVD until the next boxed set ) . The same pattern was followed when the two - disc special editions of the films came out after the Alien Quadrilogy set ( see below ) , as each film got individual two - disc releases which contained the content of each film from that set . Since then , there have been multiple issues and reissues of the films , in both their theatrical or extended version , though some single releases include both . In addition to the single releases , there have been seven complete box sets of the series at various points in its history . With the exception of the DVD version of the Aliens Triple Pack , each release contained all films that had come out at the time the sets were released . The seven box sets each had unique characteristics and features which were then sometimes reused in later sets or single releases in one form or another , most notably the Blu - ray Anthology '' which includes a detailed archive of many previous releases , including the rare Laserdisc box sets . Alien Triple Pack ( VHS , 1992 ) , containing the first two films in the series and a third cassette with a 23 - minute preview of the then upcoming theatrical release of Alien 3 . ( Not to be confused with the 2008 DVD set of the same name below . ) Alien Trilogy ( VHS , 1993 ) , a three - cassette packaging of the original theatrical cuts of Alien , Aliens , and Alien 3 . Alien Saga ( VHS , 1997 ) , UK boxed set with the first three films plus a `` Making of Alien Resurrection '' cassette . It was released again in 1998 with the Alien Resurrection film included . A Japan - exclusive Laserdisc pack containing the first three films released in 1999 also had the same name . ( A planned U.S. version was canceled as DVDs were quickly taking over the much smaller domestic Laserdisc market in that country . ) Alien Legacy ( VHS / DVD , 1999 ) , a four - volume set containing the 1991 Laserdisc `` Special Edition '' cut of Aliens ( for the first time on another format ) , the theatrical versions of the other three films , and on DVD various supplemental materials that were either re-used from Laserdisc or newly created . Alien Quadrilogy ( DVD , 2003 ) , considered one of the most exhaustive box sets of the DVD era in terms of content and special features , was spread over nine discs : four discs ( one disc each ) for the theatrical and extended cuts of each film ( new `` 2003 '' cuts of Alien , Alien 3 , and Alien Resurrection and the previously released 1991 `` Special Edition '' cut of Aliens ) , four discs containing special features specific to each film , and an extra disc of documentaries and other supplemental content . The films were later re-released as two - disc individual titles as part of 20th Century Fox 's Collector 's Series . Alien Triple Pack ( DVD , 2008 ) , a three - disc package including the theatrical cuts of Alien and Alien 3 , as well as the `` Special Edition '' of Aliens . This set reused the name of the 1992 VHS set ( this was an unusual release in that Alien Resurrection was not included , making this the first franchise box set it had not appeared in since its release ) . Alien Anthology ( Blu - ray , 2010 ) , an exclusive six - disc release featuring two versions of each film ( theatrical , and the 2003 cuts from the Alien Quadrilogy set -- except for changes to the 2003 Alien 3 `` Workprint '' version which included having some original voice actors come back to re-record poorly captured dialogue in newly inserted extended scenes , and fixed production errors on the `` special edition '' of Aliens ) and almost all special features and supplements from the previous releases ( including an archive of the special edition Laserdisc box sets with all their image galleries and other unique content ) . As with the Quadrilogy DVD , the two versions of each film were housed on a single disc , while the storage capacity of Blu - ray means the previous five discs of special features were included on the remaining two discs in the set , which held approximately 60 hours of bonus video content and over 12,000 still images . Most subsequent releases of the films on the Blu - ray medium are repackaged versions of the Blu - ray disks contained in this box set . A discount box set without the two additional discs of bonus features was also released . Alien / Aliens Dual Pack ( DVD ) , including the theatrical cuts of both Alien and Aliens . A separate dual pack was released containing the theatrical and extended versions of Alien vs. Predator and the unrated Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem . Prometheus to Alien : The Evolution ( Blu - ray , 2012 ) , containing all of the Alien films , Prometheus , and a bonus material disk for Prometheus . All of the Alien films , including Prometheus , have been released in special Steelbook Blu - ray editions , although these do not come in a boxed set . While the Alien Steelbooks themselves contain the Blu - ray disks on their own , the Prometheus Steelbook contains both Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D versions of the film , as well as a bonus feature Blu - ray disk with seven hours of content . With the exception of Prometheus , the films had been previously released as DVD Definitive editions , which featured Steelbook casing and contained both DVD versions of the films and a bonus feature disk . Alien : The 35th Anniversary Edition ( Blu - ray , 2014 ) , released to mark the 35th anniversary of the release of the film , containing both a Blu - ray and a Digital HD copy , a reprint of Alien : The Illustrated Story and a series of collectible art cards containing artwork by H. R. Giger related to the film . The disk itself is the same as the respective disk on the 2010 Anthology Blu - ray release , and contains MOTHER mode , despite the lack of the required bonus disk . A reprint of the novel by Alan Dean Foster was also released , along with reprints of all other novels , with the Alien Resurrection novel available as of May 2015 . The Alien Universe box set was released exclusively through Wal - Mart on April 18 , 2017 , and included four limited edition poster cards designed by the Mondo art company . Other media ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Main article : Alien novels Several novelizations of each of the six films and some comic books as well as original canonical novels based on the franchise have been released . The original novels include Alien : Out of the Shadows , Alien : Sea of Sorrows , Alien : River of Pain , marketed as the Canonical Alien Trilogy and the short story collection Aliens : Bug Hunt . Out of the Shadows and River of Pain were adapted into audio dramas in 2016 & 2017 respectively released on the Alien Day of the respective year . Alan Dean Foster published Alien : Covenant -- Origins , a novel set between the events of Prometheus and Alien : Covenant Comics ( edit ) Main article : List of Alien comics Dark Horse Comics published a line based on the franchise . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Alien , Predator and Alien vs. Predator games The first game based on the franchise was Alien ( 1982 ) for the Atari 2600 , heavily based on Pac - Man . Another Alien game based on the first film was released in 1984 . Aliens was adapted into four different video games : two different 1986 games titled Aliens : The Computer Game , a collection of minigames by Activision and a first - person shooter by Software Studios ; as well as two different games titled Aliens , a 1987 MSX platformer by Square and a 1990 arcade shoot ' em up by Konami . Acclaim Entertainment released three different games based on Alien 3 , two different run and gun platformers ( one for various platforms in 1992 , another for the SNES a year later ) and a Game Boy adventure game in 1993 ; Sega also released a light gun arcade game Alien 3 : The Gun in 1993 . Acclaim 's first - person shooter Alien Trilogy was released in 1996 , and their adaptation of Alien Resurrection was released in 2000 as a PlayStation first - person shooter . Other Alien games include Mindscape 's adventure game Aliens : A Comic Book Adventure ( 1995 ) , the first - person shooter Aliens Online ( 1998 ) , the Game Boy Color action game Aliens : Thanatos Encounter ( 2001 ) , the mobile phone game Aliens : Unleashed ( 2003 ) , and the arcade game Aliens : Extermination ( 2006 ) . In ( 2014 ) , Play Mechanix and Raw Thrills released Aliens : Armageddon , a rail gun first person shooter that hit arcades soon after . It has received praise , though it has also been criticized for only being four chapters long . These rail gun shooters came in two different cabinets : one featuring a large screen and assault rifles in place of laser rifles ( although you use an assault rifle throughout the game regardless ) , the other featuring a slightly smaller screen and laser rifles . In 2006 , Sega struck a deal with Fox Licensing to release two new Alien video games on Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 . One of them , a first - person shooter by Gearbox Software , Aliens : Colonial Marines , was released on February 12 , 2013 , in the United States of America on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and Windows . The game is set between Aliens and Alien 3 , following a group of marines sent to investigate the Sulaco who wound up crash - landing on LV - 426 . Sega also released a Nintendo DS game Aliens Infestation in 2011 . In 2014 , Sega published Alien : Isolation . Developed by The Creative Assembly the game launched on Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on October 7 , 2014 . It was directed by Alistair Hope and produced by Jonathan Court and Oli Smith . Part of the Alien series , the game is set in 2137 , 15 years after the events of Alien and 42 years prior to Aliens . The game follows Amanda Ripley , who is investigating the disappearance of her mother , Ellen Ripley . Amanda is transferred to the space station Sevastopol to find the flight recorder of the Nostromo only to discover an Alien has terrorized the station , killing the vast majority of the crew . The Alien also was a downloadable character in Mortal Kombat X ( 2015 ) . Role - playing game ( edit ) Main article : Aliens Adventure Game Leading Edge Games released the Aliens Adventure Game in 1990 . In academia ( edit ) The Bishop character has been the subject of literary and philosophical analysis as a high - profile android character conforming to science fiction author Isaac Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics and as a model of a compliant , potentially self - aware machine . The portrayal of androids in the Alien series -- Ash in Alien , Bishop in Aliens and Alien 3 , and Call ( Winona Ryder ) in Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) -- has been studied for its implications relating to how humans deal with the presence of an `` Other '' , as Ripley treats them with fear and suspicion , and a form of `` hi - tech racism and android apartheid '' is present throughout the series . This is seen as part of a larger trend of technophobia in films prior to the 1990s , with Bishop 's role being particularly significant as he redeems himself at the end of Aliens , thus confounding Ripley 's expectations . See also ( edit ) List of space science fiction franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McIntee , David A. ( 2005 ) . Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and Predator Films . Telos . pp. 19 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Scanlon , Paul ; Michael Cross ( 1979 ) . The Book of Alien . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 483 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Star Beast : Developing the Story '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . Jump up ^ `` Truckers in Space : Casting '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien Jump up ^ Lina Badley , Film , and the Body Fantastic : Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture , Greenwood Press 1995 Jump up ^ Sutton , Robert . `` R0BTRAIN 's Bad Ass Cinema : Alien '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( July 28 , 1986 ) . `` Help ! They 're Back ! '' . TIME . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Last in Space '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 29 , 1992 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Fincher '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hochman , David ( December 5 , 1997 ) . `` Beauties and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joss for a minute : A brief chat with Joss Whedon '' . December 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Walter . `` SIGNOURNEY WEATER IN ' ALIENS ' '' . NYTimes . Jump up ^ Ridley Scott ( Director ) ( May 12 , 2017 ) . Alien : Covenant ( Motion picture ) . Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wolverine 3 ′ , ' Fantastic Four 2 ′ , ' Taken 3 ′ and More Get Release Dates '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . 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TheWrap . ^ Jump up to : Orange , B. Alan ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Noomi Rapace Only Has a Small Role in ' Alien : Covenant ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Katherine Waterston To Star In ' Alien : Covenant ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Bang Showbiz ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ridley Scott : Noomi Rapace wo n't be in Alien : Covenant '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Noomi Rapace Joins ' Alien : Covenant ' After All '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.alien-covenant.com/news/alien-earthbound---the-alien-3-sequel-that-never-got-made Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Will Ripley Rise Again ? '' . MTV Movies Blog . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric `` Quint '' ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Holy Crap ! Quint interviews James Cameron ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . 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Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Might We See the Return of Ripley in a Neill Blomkamp Aliens Movie ? '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp Directing ' Alien ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Russ . `` Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien ' Will Disregard Half the Franchise to Finish Ripley 's Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suires , John . `` Blomkamp 's Alien Film Not Actually Erasing Post-Aliens Sequels '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Neill Blomkamp says he 's not trying to undo Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection '' . Blastr . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Eventual Aliens Sequel Will Wipe Alien 3 and Resurrection Off the Map '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien 5 ' Title Is a Major Spoiler '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp Planning More Than One ' Alien ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Biehn Allegedly Approached for Role in Neill Blomkamp 's Alien Film '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sharlto Copley Talks Neil Blomkamp 's Alien ; Would Play a Xenomorph '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Paxton Wants Hudson in Neill Blomkamp 's Alien Sequel '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien 5 filming begins in Vancouver ; Neill Blomkamp assures film wo n't overlap with Ridley Scott 's Prometheus 2 '' . VCPost.com . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : ' Prometheus 2 ' is Delaying ' Alien 5 ' '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewit , Chris ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott Talks Alien : Paradise Lost '' . Empire Online . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Director Neill Blomkamp Reveals Alien 5 on Hold '' . IGN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sigourney Weaver Says Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien ' Movie Will Be `` Worth the Wait '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien 5 ' Will See the Return of Newt ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sigourney Weaver : Next ' Avatar ' Scripts Are ' Many Times More Amazing ' Than First One '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a `` Slim Chance '' We 'll See Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien 5 ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott Throws Cold Water on Neill Blomkamp 's Alien 5 '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alien 5 is doomed as the crew of the Nostromo '' . Independent . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott planning 3 Prometheus sequels before link to Alien is made ! ( by Chris Picard ) '' . scified.com . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott plans three more Prometheus films before linking to Alien '' . The Guardian . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott : ' Alien : Covenant ' Is First of 3 Films Before Linking Up With Original ' Alien ' ( by Pip Bulbeck ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ; Singer , Leigh ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott Says Prometheus Sequels Will Reveal Who Created Aliens '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Maddox , Garry ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott promises a return to Alien - style horror in Alien : Covenant '' . smh.com.au . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Noomi Rapace Will Return for ' Alien : Covenant , ' Plus : at Least Four More ' Alien ' Movies in the Works '' . fandango.com . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : Covenant Sequel May Not Be Titled Awakening '' . screenrant.com . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Reportedly `` Reassessing '' Future of the ' Alien ' Franchise in Wake of ' Alien : Covenant ' `` . Collider . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alien : Covenant - Audio Commentary Jump up ^ http://collider.com/alien-covenant-trivia/#ridley-scott Jump up ^ Reyes , Michael ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` How The Next Alien Movies Could Incorporate Ripley , According To Ridley Scott '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Youtube interview of Ridley Scott from June 2017 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ https://westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi ^ Jump up to : `` Alien franchise '' . The Numbers . 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Jump up ^ James White , ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Alien Day : Neill Blomkamp posts new Newt art '' . Empire . Jump up ^ Victoria Wollaston ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` You can now experience the horror of Alien : Covenant in VR '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( May 8 , 1992 ) . `` Alien ; Aliens ; Alien / Aliens Triple Pack '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Trilogy ( VHS ) : Sigourney Weaver , Michael Biehn , Tom Skerritt , John Hurt , Carrie Henn , Paul Reiser , Lance Henriksen , Bill Paxton , William Hope , Jenette Goldstein , Al Matthews , Mark Rolston , David Fincher , James Cameron , Ridley Scott , Dan O'Bannon , David Giler , Larry Ferguson , Ronald Shusett : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joshua Zyber ( May 1 , 1999 ) . `` Alien Saga -- Laserdisc Forever '' . Mindspring.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laserdisc Details '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sauter , Michael ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` More Aliens come to VHS and DVD '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Quadrilogy -- DVD -- IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rewind - Alien Quadrilogy ( The ) ( 1979 -- 1997 ) '' . Dvdcompare.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Triple Pack ( Alien / Aliens / Alien 3 ) : Sigourney Weaver , Michael Biehn , Tom Skerritt , John Hurt , Carrie Henn , Paul Reiser , Lance Henriksen , Bill Paxton , William Hope , Jenette Goldstein , Al Matthews , Mark Rolston , David Fincher , James Cameron , Ridley Scott , Dan O'Bannon , David Giler , Larry Ferguson , Ronald Shusett : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Anthology Hits Blu Ray '' . Darkrealmfox.com . November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tribbey , Chris . `` ' Alien Anthology ' Boasts 60 Hours of Bonus Content '' . Jump up ^ Sokolove , Todd . `` Alien : Covenant Fan Events Announced For Alien Day 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Aliens Armageddon TM -- Raw Thrills , Inc . '' . Jump up ^ `` Aliens to spawn on next - gen systems '' . GameSpot . December 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens : Colonial Marines still alive , DS edition planned '' . GameSpot . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens : Colonial Marines shipping Spring 2012 and will be at E3 + Teaser Trailer -- Gearbox Software Forums '' . Gbxforums.gearboxsoftware.com . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hornshaw , Phil ( February 16 , 2013 ) . `` All the Ways Aliens : Colonial Marines Breaks the ' Aliens ' Story '' . Game Front . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Mike ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` How Aliens : Colonial Marines Seriously Screws Up Alien Lore '' . GameSpy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Aliens : Infestation review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Isolation 2 `` Discussed Daily '' at The Creative Assembly `` . GameSpot.com . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Bryan . `` Mortal Kombat X - How to Play Alien , Combos and Strategies '' . Prima Games . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buttazzo , G ( May 2000 ) . R. Aurich , W. Jacobsen and G. Jatho , ed . Can a Machine Ever Become Self - Aware ? . Goethe Institute , Los Angeles . pp. 45 -- 49 . ISBN 9783931321260 . OCLC 950210968 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nishime , LeiLani ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Mulatto Cyborg : Imagining a Multiracial Future '' . Cinema Journal . University of Texas Press . 44 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 49 . doi : 10.1353 / cj. 2005.0011 . Jump up ^ Kozlovic , Anton Karl ( Spring 2004 ) . HAL - o - phobia : Computer Horror in the Pre-1990 Popular Cinema . ISSN 1562 - 384X . Jump up ^ Kozlovic , Anton Karl ( September 2003 ) . `` Technophobic themes in pre-1990 computer films '' . Science as Culture . 12 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 373 . doi : 10.1080 / 09505430309008 . Further reading ( edit ) Alien Woman : The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley ( by Ximena Gallardo C. and C. Jason Smith , Continuum , 272 pages , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1910 - 0 ) The Book of Alien ( by Paul Scanlon and Michael Gross , Star Books , 112 pages , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 352 - 30422 - 7 , Titan Books , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 85286 - 483 - 4 ) Making of Alien Resurrection ( by Andrew Murdock and Rachel Aberly , Harper Prism , 1997 ISBN 0 - 06 - 105378 - 3 ) The Complete Aliens Companion ( by Paul Sammon , Harper Prism , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 105385 - 6 ) The Alien Quartet : A Bloomsbury Movie Guide ( by David Earl Thomson , Bloomsbury Publishing , 208 pages , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 58234 - 030 - 7 , as The Alien Quartet ( Pocket Movie Guide ) , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7475 - 5181 - 2 ) Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to the Alien and Predator Films ( by David A. McIntee , Telos , 272 pages , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 903889 - 94 - 4 ) Alien Vault : The Definitive Story of the Making of The Film ( By Ian Nathan ) 2011 , 176 pages . Includes inserts with sticker , mini posters , art and storyboards , Blueprints an other material . ISBN 9780760341124 External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Alien Films Main Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prequels Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Franchise media Music Alien Aliens Alien 3 Alien : Resurrection Prometheus Alien : Covenant Comics Dark Horse line Superman / Aliens Batman / Aliens WildC. A.T.s / Aliens Green Lantern versus Aliens Judge Dredd vs. Aliens Alien : The Illustrated Story Novels Out of the Shadows Earth Hive Nightmare Asylum The Female War Colonial Marines Technical Manual Games Alien ( 1984 ) Aliens : The Computer Game ( Software Studios ) Aliens : The Computer Game ( Activision ) Aliens ( 1990 ) Aliens Adventure Game ( tabletop ) Alien 3 Alien 3 : The Gun Aliens : A Comic Book Adventure Alien Trilogy Aliens Online Alien : Resurrection Aliens Infestation Aliens : Colonial Marines Alien : Isolation Universe Alien Alien morphs in the Alien franchise Characters Ellen Ripley Ash Bishop Amanda Ripley David 8 Concepts Sulaco United States Colonial Marines Semiotic Standard Other Accolades for the film series Alien vs. Predator franchise Related articles Ripley ( crater ) Alien War It ! The Terror from Beyond Space Planet of the Vampires Alien 2 : On Earth Predator franchise Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien_(franchise)&oldid=800341099 '' Categories : Alien ( franchise ) American film series Action films by series Horror films by series Science fiction films by series Science fiction horror film series Film series introduced in 1979 20th Century Fox franchises Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into video games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2013 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many movies are in the aliens series	[ "Several novelizations of each of the six films and some comic books as well as original canonical novels based on the franchise have been released.\nThe original novels include Alien: Out of the Shadows, Alien: Sea of Sorrows, Alien: River of Pain, marketed as the Canonical Alien Trilogy and the short story collection Aliens: Bug Hunt.\nOut of the Shadows and River of Pain were adapted into audio dramas in 2016 & 2017 respectively released on the Alien Day of the respective year.\nAlan Dean Foster published Alien: Covenant – Origins, a novel set between the events of Prometheus and Alien: Covenant" ]	[ "six" ]
-949567381105844021	The Jeffersons	The Jeffersons - wikipedia The Jeffersons `` Jeffersons '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jefferson ( disambiguation ) . For the South Park episode , see The Jeffersons ( South Park ) . The Jeffersons Seasons 3 -- 11 title card Genre Sitcom Created by Don Nicholl Michael Ross Bernie West Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Bob Lally Oz Scott Jack Shea Tony Singletary Arlando Smith Starring Isabel Sanford Sherman Hemsley Marla Gibbs Roxie Roker Franklin Cover Paul Benedict Mike Evans Berlinda Tolbert Zara Cully Damon Evans Ned Wertimer Jay Hammer Danny Wells Theme music composer Jeff Barry Ja'net Dubois Opening theme `` Movin ' On Up '' performed by Ja'net Dubois Composer ( s ) Don Great Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 253 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Duclon Ron Leavitt Jay Moriarity Mike Mulligan Don Nicholl Michael Ross George Sunga Bernie West Producer ( s ) David Duclon Ron Leavitt Michael G. Moye Jerry Perzigian Donald L. Seigel Jack Shea Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Hollywood , California ( 1975 ) Metromedia Square , Hollywood , California ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Universal City Studios , Universal City , California ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Camera setup Videotape Multi-camera setup Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) T.A.T. Communications Company ( 1975 -- 1982 ) ( seasons 1 - 8 ) NRW Productions ( 1975 -- 1979 ) ( seasons 1 - 5 ) Ragamuffin Productions ( 1980 -- 1981 ) ( season 7 ) Embassy Television ( 1982 -- 1985 ) ( seasons 9 - 11 ) Distributor T.A.T. Communications Company ( 1981 -- 1984 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Audio format Monaural Original release January 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 18 ) -- July 2 , 1985 ( 1985 - 07 - 02 ) Chronology Preceded by All in the Family Followed by Checking In Related shows Maude Good Times Archie Bunker 's Place Gloria E / R 704 Hauser The Jeffersons is an American sitcom that was broadcast on CBS from January 18 , 1975 , through July 2 , 1985 , lasting 11 seasons and a total of 253 episodes . The Jeffersons is one of the longest - running sitcoms , the second - longest - running American series with a primarily African American cast ( surpassed in 2012 by Tyler Perry 's House of Payne by one episode , though The Jeffersons ran for more seasons ) , and the first to prominently feature a married interracial couple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show 2 Series development 3 Synopsis 3.1 Cast changes 4 Main cast 4.1 Notable guest appearances 5 Episodes 6 Theme song 7 Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 DVD and Internet releases 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Show ( edit ) The show focuses on George and Louise Jefferson , a prosperous African - American couple who have been able to move from Queens to Manhattan owing to the success of George 's dry - cleaner chain . The show was launched as the second spin - off of All in the Family , on which the Jeffersons had been the neighbors of Archie and Edith Bunker . The show was the creation of Norman Lear . The Jeffersons eventually evolved into more of a traditional sitcom but did reference such issues as alcoholism , racism , suicide , gun control , being transgender , and adult illiteracy . The epithets `` nigger '' and `` honky '' were used occasionally , especially during the earlier seasons . The Jeffersons had one spin - off , titled Checking In . The series was centered on the Jeffersons ' housekeeper , Florence . Checking In only lasted four episodes , after which Florence returned to The Jeffersons . The Jeffersons also shared continuity with the show E / R , which featured Lynne Moody , who made a guest appearance in one episode of The Jeffersons . Sherman Hemsley guest - starred as George in two episodes of the series , which lasted for one season . The Jeffersons ended in controversy after CBS abruptly canceled the series without allowing for a proper series finale . The cast was not informed until after the July 2 , 1985 , episode `` Red Robins '' , and actor Sherman Hemsley said he found out that the show was canceled by reading it in the newspaper . Sanford , who heard about the cancellation through her cousin who read about it in the tabloids , has publicly stated that she found the cancellation with no proper finale to be disrespectful on the network 's part . The cast reunited in a stage play based on the sitcom . In the 1996 series finale of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , the Jeffersons made a guest appearance and bought the house from the Banks family . In an episode of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne in 2011 , Sherman Hemsley and Marla Gibbs reprised their roles of George Jefferson and Florence Johnston . In 1985 , Hemsley and Sanford made a special joint guest appearance in the Canale 5 comedy show Grand Hotel , starring Italian actors Paolo Villaggio , Franco & Ciccio comic duo and Carmen Russo . They were guests in the fictional hotel , and appeared just twice during the show , for a total of five minutes . Their voices were dubbed by Italian actors Enzo Garinei ( George ) and Isa di Marzio ( Louise ) , who also dubbed their characters for the full series . Series development ( edit ) Louise Jefferson , played by Isabel Sanford , first appeared in the All in the Family episode `` Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood '' , which was broadcast on March 2 , 1971 . The episode , the eighth of the series , centers on Louise , her son Lionel , and her husband George 's moving next door to Archie and Edith Bunker in the working - class section of Queens . Lionel , played by Mike Evans , first appeared in `` Meet the Bunkers '' , the premiere episode of All in the Family . Norman Lear created the character of George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley . Lear originally intended for George to appear in the first season of the series ; however , Hemsley was starring in the Broadway musical Purlie at the time , and Lear decided to postpone introduction of the character until Hemsley was available . Lear created the character of Henry Jefferson , George 's younger brother , and replaced George with Henry in the series 's scripts until Purlie finished its run . Mel Stewart was cast as Henry . George was introduced in the episode `` Henry 's Farewell '' , and Hemsley and Stewart share their only scene together in its final minutes . The episode marked the final appearance of Henry . George , Louise , and Lionel continued to appear on All in the Family until 1975 , when the spin - off The Jeffersons , also created by Lear , premiered . The characters of Lionel 's biracial fiancée , Jenny , and her family , all of whom first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family episode `` Lionel 's Engagement '' , were also written into the new series . However , the roles were all recast , with Berlinda Tolbert taking over the role of Jenny , veteran actor Franklin Cover playing her father , Tom Willis , whose first name was changed from Louis , as it was in their first AITF appearance , and Roxie Roker as her mother , Helen . Synopsis ( edit ) Cast of The Jeffersons , clockwise from top : Mike Evans , Sherman Hemsley , and Isabel Sanford ( 1975 ) During the January 11 , 1975 episode of All in the Family , titled `` The Jeffersons Move Up '' , Edith Bunker gave a tearful good - bye to her neighbor Louise Jefferson , as her husband George , their son Lionel , and she moved from a working - class section of Queens , New York into a luxury apartment in Manhattan . The Jeffersons premiered the following week , on January 18 , 1975 . George 's career as a dry - cleaner began in the first season of All in the Family , in the third episode , `` Oh , My Aching Back '' ( though the character himself did not appear on - camera ) . After his car was rear - ended by a bus , he filed a civil action and won $3200 , enough to open his first store in Queens . At the beginning of The Jeffersons , he was operating five stores throughout New York City , with another two opening during the following seasons . Louise made friends with Tom and Helen Willis , an interracial couple with two adult children of their own ( whom George insultingly called `` zebras '' ) : son Allan ( played by Andrew Rubin in the first - season finale , and by Jay Hammer throughout season 5 ) , a white - passing college drop - out ; and daughter Jenny , an aspiring fashion designer . Jenny and Lionel became a couple , were married on December 24 , 1976 , and later became the parents of a daughter , Jessica ( played in later seasons by Ebonie Smith ) . Lionel and Jenny experienced marital issues , and filed for divorce in 1985 . Marla Gibbs portrayed the role of Florence Johnston , the Jeffersons ' back - talking , wisecracking , and devoutly religious housekeeper . Florence often teased George , mostly about his short stature and receding hairline . Paul Benedict arrived as Harry Bentley , a loyal , kind , friendly yet somewhat dimwitted British next - door neighbor , who worked as an interpreter at the United Nations . A common sight - gag of the show was George slamming the door in Bentley 's face mid-conversation . Bentley also had a bad back , and frequently needed George to walk on his back . He also became known for addressing the Jeffersons as `` Mr. J '' and `` Mrs. J '' . Zara Cully played George 's mother , Olivia `` Mother '' Jefferson , who constantly disparaged her daughter - in - law . Cully , who had first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family episode , `` Lionel 's Engagement '' , reprised her role . She appeared regularly in the first two seasons , but made sporadic appearances over the next two years and was written out in the fifth season ( Cully died in 1978 , from lung cancer ; no episode was centered on Mother Jefferson 's death , but it was mentioned that she had died in season 5 ) . Ned Wertimer played the doorman , Ralph Hart , throughout the series , along with Danny Wells who played Charlie the bartender . Cast changes ( edit ) Berlinda Tolbert and Damon Evans as Jenny and Lionel ( 1976 ) Mike Evans ( `` Lionel '' ) left the show after the first season ; his replacement was Damon Evans ( no relation ) , who took over the role until halfway through the fourth season . Damon Evans 's last episode was `` Lionel Gets the Business '' . Mike Evans and Tolbert returned in the 1979 -- 1980 season , with Tolbert 's character , Jenny , pregnant with a daughter named Jessica . However , Mike Evans appeared for only one more season , along with Tolbert . The Jeffersons ' sixth season peaked at # 8 in the summer of 1980 . The characters of Lionel and Jenny were written out by stating that they had marital problems , the result of which became a two - part episode storyline as the series ' eighth - season premiere . The series ' eighth season was the first African - American sitcom in years ( since Sanford and Son ) to peak in the top 5 ( the series ' eighth season debuted at # 3 ) . Evans and Tolbert appeared in the two - part episode together ; Evans also appeared in one episode during the series ' ninth season in 1982 , and made his final appearance in two episodes during the series ' eleventh and final season . Tolbert became a regular guest star throughout the rest of the series . In the spring of 1981 , Paul Benedict left the show for a season and a half , returning in the final two seasons of the series . However , the ratings sank below the top 30 , and The Jeffersons aired its last episode , `` Red Robins '' , on July 2 , 1985 . Main cast ( edit ) Actor / Actress Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Isabel Sanford Louise Jefferson Main Sherman Hemsley George Jefferson Main Mike Evans Lionel Jefferson Main Main Recurring Guest Damon Evans Main Roxie Roker Helen Willis Main Franklin Cover Thomas `` Tom '' Willis Main Zara Cully Olivia `` Mother '' Jefferson Main Berlinda Tolbert Jenny Willis Jefferson Main Recurring Paul Benedict Harry Bentley Main Main Marla Gibbs Florence Johnston Recurring Main Jay Hammer Allan Willis Main Ned Wertimer Ralph Hart Recurring Danny Wells Charlie the bartender Recurring Ebonie Smith Jessica Jefferson Recurring Notable guest appearances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Bay Johnny Brown Barbara Cason Charo Gary Coleman Andrae Crouch Sammy Davis , Jr . Frank De Vol Phyllis Diller ( as herself ) David Dukes Famous Amos Bernard Fox Joe Frazier Susie Garrett Louis Gossett , Jr . Rosie Grier Robert Guillaume Moses Gunn Kene Holliday Reggie Jackson Victor Kilian Lincoln Kilpatrick Mabel King Gladys Knight Peter Lawford ( voice ) Larry Linville Carl Lumbly Helen Martin Edie McClurg Garrett Morris Greg Morris Josephine Premice Sheryl Lee Ralph Thalmus Rasulala Susan Ruttan Sister Sledge Michael Spinks Amzie Strickland Ernest Lee Thomas Liz Torres Donald Trump Vernee Watson Jaleel White Billy Dee Williams Hal Williams Source Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jeffersons episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 13 January 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 18 ) April 12 , 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 12 ) 27.6 N / A 24 September 13 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 13 ) March 6 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 06 ) 21 21.5 N / A 24 September 25 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 25 ) April 11 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 11 ) 24 21.0 N / A 26 September 24 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 24 ) March 4 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 04 ) N / A N / A N / A 5 24 September 20 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 20 ) April 18 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 18 ) N / A N / A N / A 6 24 September 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 23 ) April 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 13 ) 8 24.3 N / A 7 20 November 2 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 02 ) March 29 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 29 ) 6 23.5 N / A 8 25 October 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 04 ) May 16 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 16 ) 23.4 N / A 9 27 September 26 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 26 ) May 1 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 01 ) 12 20.0 Newhart 10 22 October 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 02 ) May 6 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 06 ) 19 16.6 N / A 11 24 October 14 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 14 ) July 2 , 1985 ( 1985 - 07 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A The Jeffersons had many two - part episodes , either over two consecutive weeks , or aired as an hour - long episode . George and Louise with Mother Jefferson ( 1976 ) Theme song ( edit ) Ja'net Dubois ( from Good Times ) and Jeff Barry co-wrote The Jeffersons theme song , `` Movin ' on Up '' , which was sung by Dubois with a gospel choir . The song was covered by Sammy Davis , Jr. , in 1978 . Broadcast history and nielsen ratings ( edit ) The Jeffersons changed time slots at least 15 different times during its 11 - year run , unusual for a popular long running series . The most common time slot was on Sunday night . In its first season ( 1974 -- 75 ) , the show ranked at number four , surpassed by its parent series All in the Family ( which landed at number one for the fifth year in a row ) . The show 's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Top 30 , but during the 1977 -- 78 and 1978 -- 79 seasons ( the show 's fourth and fifth seasons ) , it fell out of the top 30 . It returned to the Top 10 in 1979 -- 80 , and at the end of the 1981 -- 82 season , The Jeffersons finished third overall , only surpassed by fellow CBS series Dallas and 60 Minutes . As a result , the series remained among the Top 20 for the next two seasons . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Jeffersons Harry Bentley and Mother Jefferson ( 1975 ) The Jeffersons received 14 Emmy Award nominations during its time on the air . Marla Gibbs was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series each year from 1981 - 85 . Sherman Hemsley was nominated for Best Actor in 1984 . Larry M. Harris won the Emmy for Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series in 1983 . Isabel Sanford was nominated for seven consecutive Best Actress Emmys , from 1979 until 1985 . Her victory in 1981 made her the first African - American actress to win an Emmy for Best Actress in a Comedy Series , and the second to win any Emmy Award ; Gail Fisher , who played Peggy on the TV show Mannix , preceded her in 1970 . Sanford was also the recipient of five of the eight Golden Globe Awards nominations the program received . DVD and internet releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first six seasons of The Jeffersons on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007 . These releases have been discontinued and are now out of print . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including The Jeffersons . They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on May 20 , 2014 . On August 8 , 2014 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series ; they subsequently released the complete series on DVD in a 33 - disc collection on December 9 , 2014 . On April 28 , 2015 , Shout ! released season 7 on DVD in Region 1 . Season 8 was released on August 11 , 2015 . As of 2016 , all eleven seasons of The Jeffersons are available for online streaming on the STARZ network . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 13 August 6 , 2002 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Second Season 24 May 13 , 2003 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Third Season 24 April 12 , 2005 The Complete Fourth Season 26 October 11 , 2005 The Complete Fifth Season 24 August 15 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 24 March 27 , 2007 The Complete Seventh Season 20 April 28 , 2015 The Complete Eighth Season 25 August 11 , 2015 The Complete Series 253 December 9 , 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Fearn - Banks ; Anne Burford - Johnson ( October 3 , 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of African American Television . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810879171 . ^ Jump up to : David J. Leonard ; Lisa Guerrero ( April 23 , 2013 ) . African Americans on Television : Race - ing for Ratings . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780275995157 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kara Kovalchik ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 11 Deluxe Facts About ' The Jeffersons ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Danielle Cadet ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Jeffersons ' : How Sherman Hemsley And The Sitcom Changed The Landscape Of American Television '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Val Adams ( January 18 , 1975 ) . `` ' The Jeffersons ' premiere on CBS in 1975 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Louie Robinson ( January 1976 ) . `` The Jeffersons : A look at life on black America 's new ' Striver 's Row ' '' . Ebony . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pam Deane . `` The Jeffersons '' . Encyclopedia of Television . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Brooks ; Earle F. Marsh ( June 24 , 2009 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 9780307483201 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Donald Bogle ( 1988 ) . Blacks in American films and television : An encyclopedia . Garland Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0824087151 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lynne Moody List of Movies and TV Shows '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Kevin Day ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sherman Hemsley dies : Watch George Jefferson at his finest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons and Happy Days and Valerie Bertinelli Bio '' . bio . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Isabel Sanford interview '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce Fretts ; Alan Carter ( April 16 , 1993 ) . `` The Jeffersons take the stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trevor Kimball ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Paying Homage to Sherman Hemsley '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob McCann ( December 8 , 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television . McFarland . ISBN 9780786458042 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family Season 5 , Episode 16 The Jeffersons Move Up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marla Brooks ( March 30 , 2005 ) . The American Family on Television : A Chronology of 121 Shows , 1948 - 2004 . McFarland . ISBN 9781476606903 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Fearn - Banks ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810863484 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Sisters Star On TV '' . Jet . December 10 , 1984 . pp. 60 -- 61 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Neil ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' All In The Family , ' ' The Jeffersons , ' ' Good Times ' And More Classic Sitcoms ' Reboot In Talks ; To Be Made As Miniseries By Sony Pictures '' . iTech Post . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Benedict '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lauren Martin ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` Actor Paul Benedict , 70 , Leaves the Stage '' . Vineyard Gazette . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jae Jones ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Zara Cully : Known For Role as `` Mother Jefferson '' On The Jeffersons `` . Black Then . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Barnes ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Ned Wertimer , character actor known as ' The Jeffersons ' doorman , dies at 89 '' . Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Wells , Luigi on ' Super Mario Bros . ' Show , Dies at 72 '' . Variety . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons Episodes Season 11 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IMDb , The Jeffersons , `` Louise 's Sister '' Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons Season 10 Episode 16 : My Guy , George '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons Cast and Characters '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1687 - 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Movin ' On Up ( Theme to The Jeffersons ) '' . Songfacts . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movin ' on Up ( Theme from `` The Jeffersons '' ) version by Sammy Davis Jr. 1978 Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons come ( back ) to the neighborhood '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 2 , 1999 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michele `` Wojo '' Wojciechowski ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Norman Lear Experience : His Shows , His Honesty and One Thing He Wanted to Do '' . Parade . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jeffersons '' . Emmys . Television Academy . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Jones ( July 12 , 2004 ) . `` Isabel Sanford , Emmy - Winning Actress Who Created `` Weezie '' Jefferson on TV and Stage , Dead at 86 `` . Playbill . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures - Catalog '' . Sony Pictures . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gord Lacey ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Mill Creek 's Re-Releases for Next Month Get Great DVD Package Art '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Jeffersons - CORRECT DATE , Packaging for ' The Complete Series : The Deee - luxe Edition ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Great Extras Revealed for ' The Complete Series : The Deee - luxe Edition ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Jeffersons - Shout ! is Movin ' On Up to a ' Season 7 ' Separate Release ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Jeffersons - ' The Complete 8th Season ' Getting a DVD Release this Summer '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeffersons '' . STARZ . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christian Zibreg ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable network Starz launches $9 per month streaming package for iPhone , iPad and Apple TV '' . iDownloadBlog . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Newcomb , Horace ( Ed . ) . ( 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of Television . Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers : Chicago , IL ; ISBN 1 - 884964 - 26 - 5 . Mitchell , Gordon Whitey. ( 2008 ) . Hackensack to Hollywood - My Two Show Business Careers . BearManor Media : Albany , NY ; ISBN 1 - 59393 - 121 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jeffersons . The Jeffersons on IMDb The Jeffersons at TV.com The Jeffersons - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television The Jeffersons Characters George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson List of supporting characters Episodes `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't : Part One '' `` The First Store '' Other Awards All in the Family Checking In All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Produced only The Martha Raye Show ( 1954 -- 56 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) America Divided ( 2016 -- present ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Written only The Colgate Comedy Hour ( 1950 -- 53 ) The Ford Show ( 1957 -- 58 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jeffersons&oldid=843544914 '' Categories : The Jeffersons 1975 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms American black sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series about families Television series created by Norman Lear Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in New York City American television spin - offs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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2173966382688373461	Climate of Mars	Climate of Mars - wikipedia Climate of Mars Further information : Atmosphere of Mars Mars as seen by Rosetta in 2007 The climate of the planet Mars has been an issue of scientific curiosity for centuries , in part because it is the only terrestrial planet whose surface can be directly observed in detail from the Earth with help from a telescope . Although Mars is smaller than the Earth , at 11 % of Earth 's mass , and 50 % farther from the Sun than the Earth , its climate has important similarities , such as the polar ice caps , seasonal changes and the observable presence of weather patterns . It has attracted sustained study from planetologists and climatologists . While Mars 's climate has similarities to Earth 's , including periodic ice ages , there are also important differences , such as much lower thermal inertia . Mars ' atmosphere has a scale height of approximately 11 km ( 36,000 ft ) , 60 % greater than that on Earth . The climate is of considerable relevance to the question of whether life is or was present on the planet . The climate briefly received more interest in the news due to NASA measurements indicating increased sublimation of one near - polar region leading to some popular press speculation that Mars was undergoing a parallel bout of global warming , although Mars ' average temperature has actually cooled in recent decades , and the polar caps themselves are growing . Mars has been studied by Earth - based instruments since the 17th century but it is only since the exploration of Mars began in the mid-1960s that close - range observation has been possible . Flyby and orbital spacecraft have provided data from above , while landers and rovers have measured atmospheric conditions directly . Advanced Earth orbital instruments today continue to provide some useful `` big picture '' observations of relatively large weather phenomena . The first Martian flyby mission was Mariner 4 which arrived in 1965 . That quick two - day pass ( July 14 -- 15 , 1965 ) with crude instruments contributed little to the state of knowledge of Martian climate . Later Mariner missions ( Mariner 6 , and Mariner 7 ) filled in some of the gaps in basic climate information . Data - based climate studies started in earnest with the Viking program landers in 1975 and continue with such probes as the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter . This observational work has been complemented by a type of scientific computer simulation called the Mars general circulation model . Several different iterations of MGCM have led to an increased understanding of Mars as well as the limits of such models . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical climate observations 2 Martian paleoclimatology 3 Weather 4 Clouds 5 Temperature 6 Atmospheric properties and processes 6.1 Low atmospheric pressure 6.2 Wind 6.3 Effect of dust storms 6.3. 1 Saltation 6.4 Repeating northern annular cloud 6.5 Methane presence 6.6 Carbon dioxide carving 7 Mountains 8 Polar caps 9 Solar wind 10 Seasons 11 Evidence for recent climatic change 11.1 Attribution theories 11.1. 1 Polar changes 11.1. 2 Solar irradiance 12 Climate zones 13 Current missions 14 Future missions 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Historical climate observations ( edit ) Giacomo Maraldi determined in 1704 that the southern cap is not centered on the rotational pole of Mars . During the opposition of 1719 , Maraldi observed both polar caps and temporal variability in their extent . William Herschel was the first to deduce the low density of the Martian atmosphere in his 1784 paper entitled On the remarkable appearances at the polar regions on the planet Mars , the inclination of its axis , the position of its poles , and its spheroidal figure ; with a few hints relating to its real diameter and atmosphere . When Mars appeared to pass close by two faint stars with no effect on their brightness , Herschel correctly concluded that this meant that there was little atmosphere around Mars to interfere with their light . Honore Flaugergues 1809 discovery of `` yellow clouds '' on the surface of Mars is the first known observation of Martian dust storms . Flaugergues also observed in 1813 significant polar ice waning during Martian springtime . His speculation that this meant that Mars was warmer than earth proved inaccurate . Martian paleoclimatology ( edit ) There are two dating systems now in use for Martian geological time . One is based on crater density and has three ages : Noachian , Hesperian , and Amazonian . The other is a mineralogical timeline , also having three ages : Phyllocian , Theikian , and Siderikian . Recent observations and modeling are producing information not only about the present climate and atmospheric conditions on Mars but also about its past . The Noachian - era Martian atmosphere had long been theorized to be carbon dioxide -- rich . Recent spectral observations of deposits of clay minerals on Mars and modeling of clay mineral formation conditions have found that there is little to no carbonate present in clay of that era . Clay formation in a carbon dioxide -- rich environment is always accompanied by carbonate formation , although the carbonate may later be dissolved by volcanic acidity . The discovery of water - formed minerals on Mars including hematite and jarosite , by the Opportunity rover and goethite by the Spirit rover , has led to the conclusion that climatic conditions in the distant past allowed for free - flowing water on Mars . The morphology of some crater impacts on Mars indicate that the ground was wet at the time of impact . Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer , wetter conditions on Noachian - era Mars ( earlier than about 4 billion years ago ) . However , chemical analysis of Martian meteorite samples suggests that the ambient near - surface temperature of Mars has most likely been below 0 ° C for the last four billion years . Some scientists maintain that the great mass of the Tharsis volcanoes has had a major influence on Mars 's climate . Erupting volcanoes give off great amounts of gas , mainly water vapor and CO . Enough gas may have been released by volcanoes to have made the earlier Martian atmosphere thicker than Earth 's . The volcanoes could also have emitted enough H O to cover the whole Martian surface to a depth of 120 m ( 390 ft ) . CO is a greenhouse gas that raises the temperature of a planet : it traps heat by absorbing infrared radiation . So Tharsis volcanoes , by giving off CO , could have made Mars more Earth - like in the past . Mars may have once had a much thicker and warmer atmosphere , and oceans and / or lakes may have been present . It has , however , proven extremely difficult to construct convincing global climate models for Mars which produce temperatures above 0 ° C at any point in its history , although this may simply reflect problems in accurately calibrating such models . Weather ( edit ) Martian morning clouds -- Viking Orbiter 1 ( taken in 1976 ) Mars ' temperature and circulation vary every Martian year ( as expected for any planet with an atmosphere ) . Mars lacks oceans , a source of much inter-annual variation on Earth . Mars Orbiter Camera data beginning in March 1999 and covering 2.5 Martian years show that Martian weather tends to be more repeatable and hence more predictable than that of Earth . If an event occurs at a particular time of year in one year , the available data ( sparse as it is ) indicate that it is fairly likely to repeat the next year at nearly the same location , give or take a week . On September 29 , 2008 , the Phoenix lander took pictures of snow falling from clouds 4.5 km above its landing site near Heimdal Crater . The precipitation vaporized before reaching the ground , a phenomenon called virga . Clouds ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2010 ) Animation of ice clouds moving above the Phoenix landing site over a period of ten minutes ( August 29 , 2008 ) . Mars ' dust storms can kick up fine particles in the atmosphere around which clouds can form . These clouds can form very high up , up to 100 km ( 62 mi ) above the planet . The clouds are very faint and can only be seen reflecting sunlight against the darkness of the night sky . In that respect , they look similar to the mesospheric clouds , also known as noctilucent clouds on Earth , which occur about 80 km ( 50 mi ) above our planet . Temperature ( edit ) Measurements of Martian temperature predate the Space Age . However , early instrumentation and techniques of radio astronomy produced crude , differing results . Early flyby probes ( Mariner 4 ) and later orbiters used radio occultation to perform aeronomy . With chemical composition already deduced from spectroscopy , temperature and pressure could then be derived . Nevertheless , flyby occultations can only measure properties along two transects , at their trajectories ' entries and exits from Mars ' disk as seen from Earth . This results in weather `` snapshots '' at a particular area , at a particular time . Orbiters then increase the number of radio transects . Later missions , starting with the dual Mariner 6 and 7 flybys , plus the Soviet Mars 2 and 3 , carried infrared detectors to measure radiant energy . Mariner 9 was the first to place an infrared radiometer and spectrometer in Mars orbit in 1971 , along with its other instruments and radio transmitter . Viking 1 and 2 followed , with not merely Infrared Thermal Mappers ( IRTM ) . The missions could also corroborate these remote sensing datasets with not only their in situ lander metrology booms , but with higher - altitude temperature and pressure sensors for their descent . Differing in situ values have been reported for the average temperature on Mars , with a common value being − 55 ° C ( 218 K ; − 67 ° F ) . Surface temperatures may reach a high of about 20 ° C ( 293 K ; 68 ° F ) at noon , at the equator , and a low of about − 153 ° C ( 120 K ; − 243 ° F ) at the poles . Actual temperature measurements at the Viking landers ' site range from − 17.2 ° C ( 256.0 K ; 1.0 ° F ) to − 107 ° C ( 166 K ; − 161 ° F ) . The warmest soil temperature estimated by the Viking Orbiter was 27 ° C ( 300 K ; 81 ° F ) . The Spirit rover recorded a maximum daytime air temperature in the shade of 35 ° C ( 308 K ; 95 ° F ) , and regularly recorded temperatures well above 0 ° C ( 273 K ; 32 ° F ) , except in winter . It has been reported that `` On the basis of the nightime air temperature data , every northern spring and early northern summer yet observed were identical to within the level of experimental error ( to within ± 1 ° C ) '' but that the `` daytime data , however , suggest a somewhat different story , with temperatures varying from year - to - year by up to 6 ° C in this season . This day - night discrepancy is unexpected and not understood '' . In southern spring and summer , variance is dominated by dust storms which increase the value of the night low temperature and decrease the daytime peak temperature . This results in a small ( 20 ° C ) decrease in average surface temperature , and a moderate ( 30 ° C ) increase in upper atmosphere temperature . Before and after the Viking missions , newer , more advanced Martian temperatures were determined from Earth via microwave spectroscopy . As the microwave beam , of under 1 arcminute , is larger than the disk of the planet , the results are global averages . Later , the Mars Global Surveyor 's Thermal Emission Spectrometer and to a lesser extent 2001 Mars Odyssey 's THEMIS could not merely reproduce infrared measurements but intercompare lander , rover , and Earth microwave data . The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 's Mars Climate Sounder can similarly derive atmospheric profiles . The datasets `` suggest generally colder atmospheric temperatures and lower dust loading in recent decades on Mars than during the Viking Mission , '' although Viking data had previously been revised downward . The TES data indicates `` Much colder ( 10 -- 20 K ) global atmospheric temperatures were observed during the 1997 versus 1977 perihelion periods '' and `` that the global aphelion atmosphere of Mars is colder , less dusty , and cloudier than indicated by the established Viking climatology , '' again , taking into account the Wilson and Richardson revisions to Viking data . A later comparison , while admitting `` it is the microwave record of air temperatures which is the most representative , '' attempted to merge the discontinuous spacecraft record . No measurable trend in global average temperature between Viking IRTM and MGS TES was visible . `` Viking and MGS air temperatures are essentially indistinguishable for this period , suggesting that the Viking and MGS eras are characterized by essentially the same climatic state . '' It found `` a strong dichotomy '' between the northern and southern hemispheres , a `` very asymmetric paradigm for the Martian annual cycle : a northern spring and summer which is relatively cool , not very dusty , and relatively rich in water vapor and ice clouds ; and a southern summer rather similar to that observed by Viking with warmer air temperatures , less water vapor and water ice , and higher levels of atmospheric dust . '' The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MCS ( Mars Climate Sounder ) instrument was , upon arrival , able to operate jointly with MGS for a brief period ; the less - capable Mars Odyssey THEMIS and Mars Express SPICAM datasets may also be used to span a single , well - calibrated record . While MCS and TES temperatures are generally consistent , investigators report possible cooling below the analytical precision . `` After accounting for this modeled cooling , MCS MY 28 temperatures are an average of 0.9 ( daytime ) and 1.7 K ( night - time ) cooler than TES MY 24 measurements . '' It has been suggested that Mars had a much thicker , warmer atmosphere early in its history . Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide . Such an atmosphere would have raised the temperature , at least in some places , to above the freezing point of water . With the higher temperature running water could have carved out the many channels and outflow valleys that are common on the planet . It also may have gathered together to form lakes and maybe an ocean . Some researchers have suggested that the atmosphere of Mars may have been many times as thick as the Earth 's ; however research published in September 2015 advanced the idea that perhaps the early Martian atmosphere was not as thick as previously thought . Currently , the atmosphere is very thin . For many years , it was assumed that as with the Earth , most of the early carbon dioxide was locked up in minerals , called carbonates . However , despite the use of many orbiting instruments that looked for carbonates , very few carbonate deposits have been found . Today , it is thought that much of the carbon dioxide in the Martian air was removed by the solar wind . Researchers have discovered a two - step process that sends the gas into space . Ultraviolet light from the Sun could strike a carbon dioxide molecule , breaking it into carbon monoxide and oxygen . A second photon of ultraviolet light could subsequently break the carbon monoxide into oxygen and carbon which would get enough energy to escape the planet . In this process the light isotope of carbon ( C 12 ) would be most likely to leave the atmosphere . Hence , the carbon dioxide left in the atmosphere would be enriched with the heavy isotope ( C 13 ) . This higher level of the heavy isotope is what was found by the Curiosity rover on Mars . hide Climate data for Gale Crater ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 6 ( 43 ) 6 ( 43 ) ( 34 ) 0 ( 32 ) 7 ( 45 ) 14 ( 57 ) 20 ( 68 ) 19 ( 66 ) 7 ( 45 ) 7 ( 45 ) 8 ( 46 ) 8 ( 46 ) 20 ( 68 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 7 ( 19 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 23 ( − 9 ) − 20 ( − 4 ) − 4 ( 25 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) ( 36 ) ( 34 ) ( 34 ) ( 39 ) − 1 ( 30 ) − 3 ( 27 ) − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 82 ( − 116 ) − 86 ( − 123 ) − 88 ( − 126 ) − 87 ( − 125 ) − 85 ( − 121 ) − 78 ( − 108 ) − 76 ( − 105 ) − 69 ( − 92 ) − 68 ( − 90 ) − 73 ( − 99 ) − 73 ( − 99 ) − 77 ( − 107 ) − 78.5 ( − 109.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 95 ( − 139 ) − 127 ( − 197 ) − 114 ( − 173 ) − 97 ( − 143 ) − 98 ( − 144 ) − 125 ( − 193 ) − 84 ( − 119 ) − 80 ( − 112 ) − 78 ( − 108 ) − 79 ( − 110 ) − 83 ( − 117 ) − 110 ( − 166 ) − 127 ( − 197 ) Source : Centro de Astrobiología , Mars Weather , NASA Quest , SpaceDaily Atmospheric properties and processes ( edit ) Planet Mars -- most abundant gases -- ( Curiosity rover , Sample Analysis at Mars device , October 2012 ) . Low atmospheric pressure ( edit ) The Martian atmosphere is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and has a mean surface pressure of about 600 pascals ( Pa ) , much lower than the Earth 's 101,000 Pa . One effect of this is that Mars ' atmosphere can react much more quickly to a given energy input than that of Earth 's atmosphere . As a consequence , Mars is subject to strong thermal tides produced by solar heating rather than a gravitational influence . These tides can be significant , being up to 10 % of the total atmospheric pressure ( typically about 50 Pa ) . Earth 's atmosphere experiences similar diurnal and semidiurnal tides but their effect is less noticeable because of Earth 's much greater atmospheric mass . Although the temperature on Mars can reach above freezing ( 0 ° C ( 273 K ; 32 ° F ) ) , liquid water is unstable over much of the planet , as the atmospheric pressure is below water 's triple point and water ice sublimes into water vapor . Exceptions to this are the low - lying areas of the planet , most notably in the Hellas Planitia impact basin , the largest such crater on Mars . It is so deep that the atmospheric pressure at the bottom reaches 1155 Pa , which is above the triple point , so if the temperature exceeded 0 ° C liquid water could exist there . Wind ( edit ) Curiosity rover 's parachute flapping in the Martian wind ( HiRISE / MRO ) ( August 12 , 2012 to January 13 , 2013 ) . Martian Dust Devil -- in Amazonis Planitia ( April 10 , 2001 ) ( also ) ( video ( 02 : 19 ) ) . The surface of Mars has a very low thermal inertia , which means it heats quickly when the sun shines on it . Typical daily temperature swings , away from the polar regions , are around 100 K. On Earth , winds often develop in areas where thermal inertia changes suddenly , such as from sea to land . There are no seas on Mars , but there are areas where the thermal inertia of the soil changes , leading to morning and evening winds akin to the sea breezes on Earth . The Antares project `` Mars Small - Scale Weather '' ( MSW ) has recently identified some minor weaknesses in current global climate models ( GCMs ) due to the GCMs ' more primitive soil modeling `` heat admission to the ground and back is quite important in Mars , so soil schemes have to be quite accurate . '' Those weaknesses are being corrected and should lead to more accurate future assessments , but make continued reliance on older predictions of modeled Martian climate somewhat problematic . At low latitudes the Hadley circulation dominates , and is essentially the same as the process which on Earth generates the trade winds . At higher latitudes a series of high and low pressure areas , called baroclinic pressure waves , dominate the weather . Mars is drier and colder than Earth , and in consequence dust raised by these winds tends to remain in the atmosphere longer than on Earth as there is no precipitation to wash it out ( excepting CO snowfall ) . One such cyclonic storm was recently captured by the Hubble space telescope ( pictured below ) . One of the major differences between Mars ' and Earth 's Hadley circulations is their speed which is measured on an overturning timescale . The overturning timescale on Mars is about 100 Martian days while on Earth , it is over a year . Effect of dust storms ( edit ) See also : Martian soil § Atmospheric dust When the Mariner 9 probe arrived at Mars in 1971 , the world expected to see crisp new pictures of surface detail . Instead they saw a near planet - wide dust storm with only the giant volcano Olympus Mons showing above the haze . The storm lasted for a month , an occurrence scientists have since learned is quite common on Mars . Using data from Mariner 9 , James B. Pollack et al. proposed a mechanism for Mars dust storms in 1973 . Dust storms on Mars . June 6 , 2018 . November 25 , 2012 November 18 , 2012 Locations of Opportunity and Curiosity rovers are noted ( MRO ) . 2001 Hellas Basin dust storm Time - lapse composite of Martian horizon over 30 Martian days shows how much sunlight the July 2007 dust storms blocked ; Tau of 4.7 indicates 99 % blocked . As observed by the Viking spacecraft from the surface , `` during a global dust storm the diurnal temperature range narrowed sharply , from 50 ° Celsius to only about ten degrees , and the wind speeds picked up considerably -- indeed , within only an hour of the storm 's arrival they had increased to 17 m / s ( 61 km / h ) , with gusts up to 26 m / s ( 94 km / h ) . Nevertheless , no actual transport of material was observed at either site , only a gradual brightening and loss of contrast of the surface material as dust settled onto it . '' On June 26 , 2001 , the Hubble Space Telescope spotted a dust storm brewing in Hellas Basin on Mars ( pictured right ) . A day later the storm `` exploded '' and became a global event . Orbital measurements showed that this dust storm reduced the average temperature of the surface and raised the temperature of the atmosphere of Mars by 30 K . The low density of the Martian atmosphere means that winds of 18 to 22 m / s ( 65 to 79 km / h ) are needed to lift dust from the surface , but since Mars is so dry , the dust can stay in the atmosphere far longer than on Earth , where it is soon washed out by rain . The season following that dust storm had daytime temperatures 4 K below average . This was attributed to the global covering of light - colored dust that settled out of the dust storm , temporarily increasing Mars ' albedo . In mid-2007 a planet - wide dust storm posed a serious threat to the solar - powered Spirit and Opportunity Mars Exploration Rovers by reducing the amount of energy provided by the solar panels and necessitating the shut - down of most science experiments while waiting for the storms to clear . Following the dust storms , the rovers had significantly reduced power due to settling of dust on the arrays . Mars without a dust storm on June 2001 ( on left ) and with a global dust storm on July 2001 ( on right ) , as seen by Mars Global Surveyor Dust storms are most common during perihelion , when the planet receives 40 percent more sunlight than during aphelion . During aphelion water ice clouds form in the atmosphere , interacting with the dust particles and affecting the temperature of the planet . A large intensifying dust storm began in late - May 2018 and is persisting as of mid-June , with some forecasters expecting it to go planet - wide . By 10 June , as observed at the location of the rover Opportunity , the storm was more intense than the 2007 dust storm endured by Opportunity . It has been suggested that dust storms on Mars could play a role in storm formation similar to that of water clouds on Earth . Observation since the 1950s has shown that the chances of a planet - wide dust storm in a particular Martian year are approximately one in three . Dust storms contribute to water loss on Mars . A study of dust storms with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter suggested that 10 percent of the water loss from Mars may have been caused by dust storms . Instruments on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected observed water vapor at very high altitudes during global dust storms . Ultraviolet light from the sun can then break the water apart into hydrogen and oxygen . The Hydrogen from the water molecule then escapes into space . Saltation ( edit ) The process of geological saltation is quite important on Mars as a mechanism for adding particulates to the atmosphere . Saltating sand particles have been observed on the MER Spirit rover . Theory and real world observations have not agreed with each other , classical theory missing up to half of real - world saltating particles . A new model more closely in accord with real world observations demonstrates that saltating particles create an electrical field that increases the saltation effect . Mars grains saltate in 100 times higher and longer trajectories and reach 5 -- 10 times higher velocities than Earth grains do . Repeating northern annular cloud ( edit ) Hubble view of the colossal polar cloud on Mars A large doughnut shaped cloud appears in North polar region of Mars around the same time every Martian year and of about the same size . It forms in the morning and dissipates by the Martian afternoon . The outer diameter of the cloud is roughly 1,600 km ( 1,000 mi ) , and the inner hole or eye is 320 km ( 200 mi ) across . The cloud is thought to be composed of water - ice , so it is white in color , unlike the more common dust storms . It looks like a cyclonic storm , similar to a hurricane , but it does not rotate . The cloud appears during the northern summer and at high latitude . Speculation is that this is due to unique climate conditions near the northern pole . Cyclone - like storms were first detected during the Viking orbital mapping program , but the northern annular cloud is nearly three times larger . The cloud has also been detected by various probes and telescopes including the Hubble and Mars Global Surveyor . Other repeating events are dust storms and dust devils . Methane presence ( edit ) See also : Atmosphere of Mars § Methane Methane map Although methane is a greenhouse gas on Earth , the small amounts that have been claimed to be present on Mars would have little effect on the Martian global climate . Trace amounts of methane ( CH ) at concentration of several parts per billion ( ppb ) , were first reported in the atmosphere of Mars by a team at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 2003 . In March 2004 the Mars Express Orbiter and ground - based observations from Canada - France - Hawaii Telescope also suggested the presence of methane in the atmosphere with a mole fraction of about 10 nmol / mol . However , the complexity of these observations has sparked discussion as to the reliability of the results . Methane ( CH ) on Mars -- potential sources and sinks . Since breakup of that much methane by ultraviolet light would only take 350 years under current Martian conditions , if methane is present some sort of active source must be replenishing the gas . Clathrate hydrates , or water - rock reactions could be possible geological sources of methane but there is presently no consensus on the source or existence of Martian methane . The Curiosity rover landed on Mars in August 2012 . It is able to make precise abundance measurements and also distinguish between different isotopologues of methane . The first measurements with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer ( TLS ) indicate that there is less than 5 ppb of methane at the landing site . On September 19 , 2013 NASA scientists used further measurements from Curiosity to report a non-detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of 6999180000000000000 ♠ 0.18 ± 0.67 ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of 1.3 ppbv ( 95 % confidence limit ) . On 16 December 2014 , NASA reported the Curiosity rover detected a `` tenfold spike '' , likely localized , in the amount of methane in the Martian atmosphere . Sample measurements taken `` a dozen times over 20 months '' showed increases in late 2013 and early 2014 , averaging `` 7 parts of methane per billion in the atmosphere . '' Before and after that , readings averaged around one - tenth that level . The Indian Mars Orbiter Mission , launched in November 5 , 2013 , will attempt to detect and map the sources of methane , if they exist . The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter planned to launch in 2016 would further study the methane , as well as its decomposition products such as formaldehyde and methanol . Carbon dioxide carving ( edit ) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter images suggest an unusual erosion effect occurs based on Mars ' unique climate . Spring warming in certain areas leads to CO ice subliming and flowing upwards , creating highly unusual erosion patterns called `` spider gullies '' . Translucent CO ice forms over winter and as the spring sunlight warms the surface , it vaporizes the CO to gas which flows uphill under the translucent CO ice . Weak points in that ice lead to CO geysers . Mountains ( edit ) Planet Mars -- volatile gases -- ( Curiosity rover , October 2012 ) . Martian storms are significantly affected by Mars ' large mountain ranges . Individual mountains like record holding Olympus Mons ( 26 km ( 85,000 ft ) ) can affect local weather but larger weather effects are due to the larger collection of volcanoes in the Tharsis region . One unique repeated weather phenomenon involving Mountains is a spiral dust cloud that forms over Arsia Mons . The spiral dust cloud over Arsia Mons can tower 15 to 30 km ( 49,000 to 98,000 ft ) above the volcano . Clouds are present around Arsia Mons throughout the Martian year , peaking in late summer . Clouds surrounding mountains display a seasonal variability . Clouds at Olympus Mons and Ascreaus Mons appear in northern hemisphere spring and summer , reaching a total maximum area of approximately 900,000 km and 1,000,000 km respectively in late spring . Clouds around Alba Patera and Pavonis Mons show an additional , smaller peak in late summer . Very few clouds were observed in winter . Predictions from the Mars General Circulation Model are consistent with these observations . Polar caps ( edit ) How Mars might have looked during an ice age between 2.1 million and 400,000 years ago , when Mars 's axial tilt is thought to have been larger than today . HiRISE view of Olympia Rupes in Planum Boreum , one of many exposed water ice layers found in the polar regions of Mars . Depicted width : 1.3 km ( 0.8 miles ) HiRISE image of `` dark dune spots '' and fans formed by eruptions of CO gas geysers on Mars ' south polar ice sheet . Mars has ice caps at its north pole and south pole , which mainly consist of water ice ; however , there is frozen carbon dioxide ( dry ice ) present on their surfaces . Dry ice accumulates in the north polar region ( Planum Boreum ) in winter only , subliming completely in summer , while the south polar region additionally has a permanent dry ice cover up to eight meters ( 25 feet ) thick . This difference is due to the higher elevation of the south pole . So much of the atmosphere can condense at the winter pole that the atmospheric pressure can vary by up to a third of its mean value . This condensation and evaporation will cause the proportion of the noncondensable gases in the atmosphere to change inversely . The eccentricity of Mars 's orbit affects this cycle , as well as other factors . In the spring and autumn wind due to the carbon dioxide sublimation process is so strong that it can be a cause of the global dust storms mentioned above . The northern polar cap has a diameter of approximately 1,000 km during the northern Mars summer , and contains about 1.6 million cubic kilometres of ice , which if spread evenly on the cap would be 2 km thick . ( This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic kilometres for the Greenland ice sheet . ) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a maximum thickness of 3 km . Both polar caps show spiral troughs , were initially thought to form as a result of differential solar heating , coupled with the sublimation of ice and condensation of water vapor . Recent analysis of ice penetrating radar data from SHARAD has demonstrated that the spiral troughs are formed from a unique situation in which high density katabatic winds descend from the polar high to transport ice and create large wavelength bedforms . The spiral shape comes from Coriolis effect forcing of the winds , much like winds on earth spiral to form a hurricane . The troughs did not form with either ice cap , instead they began to form between 2.4 million and 500,000 years ago , after three fourths of the ice cap was in place . This suggests that a climatic shift allowed for their onset . Both polar caps shrink and regrow following the temperature fluctuation of the Martian seasons ; there are also longer - term trends that are better understood in the modern era . During the southern hemisphere spring , solar heating of dry ice deposits at the south pole leads in places to accumulation of pressurized CO gas below the surface of the semitransparent ice , warmed by absorption of radiation by the darker substrate . After attaining the necessary pressure , the gas bursts through the ice in geyser - like plumes . While the eruptions have not been directly observed , they leave evidence in the form of `` dark dune spots '' and lighter fans atop the ice , representing sand and dust carried aloft by the eruptions , and a spider - like pattern of grooves created below the ice by the outrushing gas . ( see Geysers on Mars . ) Eruptions of nitrogen gas observed by Voyager 2 on Triton are thought to occur by a similar mechanism . Both polar caps are currently accumulating , confirming predicted Milankovich cycling on timescales of ~ 400,000 and ~ 4,000,000 years . Soundings by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter SHARAD indicate total cap growth of ~ 0.24 km3 / year . Of this , 92 % , or ~ 0.86 mm / year , is going to the north , as Mars ' offset Hadley circulation acts as a nonlinear pump of volatiles northward . Solar wind ( edit ) Mars lost most of its magnetic field about four billion years ago . As a result , solar wind and cosmic radiation interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere . This keeps the atmosphere thinner than it would otherwise be by solar wind action constantly stripping away atoms from the outer atmospheric layer . Most of the historical atmospheric loss on Mars can be traced back to this solar wind effect . Current theory posits a weakening solar wind and thus today 's atmosphere stripping effects are much less than those in the past when the solar wind was stronger . Seasons ( edit ) See also : Astronomy on Mars § Seasons In spring , sublimation of ice causes sand from below the ice layer to form fan - shaped deposits on top of the seasonal ice . Mars has an axial tilt of 25.2 ° . This means that there are seasons on Mars , just as on Earth . The eccentricity of Mars ' orbit is 0.1 , much greater than the Earth 's present orbital eccentricity of about 0.02 . The large eccentricity causes the insolation on Mars to vary as the planet orbits the Sun . ( The Martian year lasts 687 days , roughly 2 Earth years . ) As on Earth , Mars ' obliquity dominates the seasons but , because of the large eccentricity , winters in the southern hemisphere are long and cold while those in the North are short and warm . It is now thought that ice accumulated when Mars ' orbital tilt was very different from what it is now . ( The axis the planet spins on has considerable `` wobble , '' meaning its angle changes over time . ) A few million years ago , the tilt of the axis of Mars was 45 degrees instead of its present 25 degrees . Its tilt , also called obliquity , varies greatly because its two tiny moons can not stabilize it like our moon . Many features on Mars , especially in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle , are thought to contain large amounts of ice . The most popular model for the origin of the ice is climate change from large changes in the tilt of the planet 's rotational axis . At times the tilt has even been greater than 80 degrees Large changes in the tilt explains many ice - rich features on Mars . Studies have shown that when the tilt of Mars reaches 45 degrees from its current 25 degrees , ice is no longer stable at the poles . Furthermore , at this high tilt , stores of solid carbon dioxide ( dry ice ) sublimate , thereby increasing the atmospheric pressure . This increased pressure allows more dust to be held in the atmosphere . Moisture in the atmosphere will fall as snow or as ice frozen onto dust grains . Calculations suggest this material will concentrate in the mid-latitudes . General circulation models of the Martian atmosphere predict accumulations of ice - rich dust in the same areas where ice - rich features are found . When the tilt begins to return to lower values , the ice sublimates ( turns directly to a gas ) and leaves behind a lag of dust . The lag deposit caps the underlying material so with each cycle of high tilt levels , some ice - rich mantle remains behind . Note , that the smooth surface mantle layer probably represents only relative recent material . Below are images of layers in this smooth mantle that drops from the sky at times . Smooth mantle covers parts of a crater in the Phaethontis quadrangle . Layering suggests the mantle was deposited multiple times . Enlargement of previous image of mantle layers . Four to five layers are visible . Picture taken under HiWish program . The seasons present unequal lengths are as follows : Season Sols ( on Mars ) Days ( on Earth ) Northern Spring , Southern Autumn : 193.30 92.764 Northern Summer , Southern Winter : 178.64 93.647 Northern Autumn , Southern Spring : 142.70 89.836 Northern Winter , Southern Summer : 153.95 88.997 Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ( ' great ' summers and winters ) with a period of 170,000 years . Like Earth , the obliquity of Mars undergoes periodic changes which can lead to long - lasting changes in climate . Once again , the effect is more pronounced on Mars because it lacks the stabilizing influence of a large moon . As a result , the obliquity can alter by as much as 45 ° . Jacques Laskar , of France 's National Centre for Scientific Research , argues that the effects of these periodic climate changes can be seen in the layered nature of the ice cap at the Martian north pole . Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years . Because the Mars Global Surveyor was able to observe Mars for 4 Martian years , it was found that Martian weather was similar from year to year . Any differences were directly related to changes in the solar energy that reached Mars . Scientists were even able to accurately predict dust storms that would occur during the landing of Beagle 2 . Regional dust storms were discovered to be closely related to where dust was available . Evidence for recent climatic change ( edit ) Pits in south polar ice cap , MGS 1999 , NASA There have been regional changes around the south pole ( Planum Australe ) over the past few Martian years . In 1999 the Mars Global Surveyor photographed pits in the layer of frozen carbon dioxide at the Martian south pole . Because of their striking shape and orientation these pits have become known as swiss cheese features . In 2001 the craft photographed the same pits again and found that they had grown larger , retreating about 3 meters in one Martian year . These features are caused by the sublimation of the dry ice layer , thereby exposing the inert water ice layer . More recent observations indicate that the ice at Mars ' south pole is continuing to sublimate . The pits in the ice continue to grow by about 3 meters per Martian year . Malin states that conditions on Mars are not currently conducive to the formation of new ice . A NASA press release indicates that `` climate change ( is ) in progress '' on Mars . In a summary of observations with the Mars Orbiter Camera , researchers speculated that some dry ice may have been deposited between the Mariner 9 and the Mars Global Surveyor mission . Based on the current rate of loss , the deposits of today may be gone in a hundred years . Elsewhere on the planet , low latitude areas have more water ice than they should have given current climatic conditions . Mars Odyssey `` is giving us indications of recent global climate change in Mars , '' said Jeffrey Plaut , project scientist for the mission at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , in non-peer reviewed published work in 2003 . Attribution theories ( edit ) Polar changes ( edit ) Colaprete et al. conducted simulations with the Mars General Circulation Model which show that the local climate around the Martian south pole may currently be in an unstable period . The simulated instability is rooted in the geography of the region , leading the authors to speculate that the sublimation of the polar ice is a local phenomenon rather than a global one . The researchers showed that even with a constant solar luminosity the poles were capable of jumping between states of depositing or losing ice . The trigger for a change of states could be either increased dust loading in the atmosphere or an albedo change due to deposition of water ice on the polar cap . This theory is somewhat problematic due to the lack of ice depositation after the 2001 global dust storm . Another issue is that the accuracy of the Mars General Circulation Model decreases as the scale of the phenomenon becomes more local . It has been argued that `` observed regional changes in south polar ice cover are almost certainly due to a regional climate transition , not a global phenomenon , and are demonstrably unrelated to external forcing . '' Writing in a Nature news story , Chief News and Features Editor Oliver Morton said `` The warming of other solar bodies has been seized upon by climate sceptics . On Mars , the warming seems to be down to dust blowing around and uncovering big patches of black basaltic rock that heat up in the day . '' Solar irradiance ( edit ) K.I. Abdusamatov has proposed that `` parallel global warmings '' observed simultaneously on Mars and on Earth can only be a consequence of the same factor : a long - time change in solar irradiance . '' While some individuals who reject the science of global warming take this as proof that humans are not causing climate change , Abdusamatov 's hypothesis has not been accepted by the scientific community . His assertions have not been published in the peer - reviewed literature , and have been dismissed by other scientists , who have stated that `` the idea just is n't supported by the theory or by the observations '' and that it `` does n't make physical sense . '' Other scientists have proposed that the observed variations are caused by irregularities in the orbit of Mars or a possible combination of solar and orbital effects . Mars Global Climate Zones , based on temperature , modified by topography , albedo , actual solar radiation . Climate Zones ( edit ) Terrestrial Climate zones first have been defined by Wladimir Köppen based on the distribution of vegetation groups . Climate classification is furthermore based on temperature , rainfall , and subdivided based upon differences in the seasonal distribution of temperature and precipitation ; and a separate group exists for extrazonal climates like in high altitudes . Mars has neither vegetation nor rainfall , so any climate classification could be only based upon temperature ; a further refinement of the system may be based on dust distribution , water vapor content , occurrence of snow . Solar Climate Zones can also be easily defined for Mars . Current missions ( edit ) The 2001 Mars Odyssey is currently orbiting Mars and taking global atmospheric temperature measurements with the TES instrument . The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is currently taking daily weather and climate related observations from orbit . One of its instruments , the Mars climate sounder is specialized for climate observation work . The MSL was launched in November 2011 and landed on Mars on August 6 , 2012 . Orbiters MAVEN , Mangalyaan , and TGO are currently orbiting Mars and studying its atmosphere . Curiosity rover -- Temperature , Pressure , Humidity at Gale Crater on Mars ( August 2012 -- February 2013 ) Temperature Pressure Humidity Future missions ( edit ) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter was launched in 2016 See also ( edit ) Atmosphere of Mars Exploration of Mars Geology of Mars Mars analog habitat Mars Climate Orbiter Mars MetNet , a proposed meteorological network on Mars Planum Australe , the southern polar plain Planum Boreum , the northern polar plain Water on Mars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Francis Reddy ( September 23 , 2005 ) . `` MGS sees changing face of Mars '' . Astronomy Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` Mars General Circulation Modeling '' . NASA . 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Images of melting ice cap : Evidence for Recent Climate Change on Mars Article from National Geographic on the issue of Martian Global Warming Weather Reports from the Curiosity Rover ( REMS ) HRSC -- Clouds Mars Outline of Mars Geography Atmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus Hemisphere Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Physical Features Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity Geology Brain terrain Canals ( list ) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Meteorites on Earth on Mars North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps Recurring slope lineae ( RSL ) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface `` Swiss cheese '' feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanology Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Astronomy Moons Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Venus Mercury Asteroids Mars - crossers 2007 WD 5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF 1999 UJ 2007 NS Comets C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) ( Mars close approach , 19 Oct 2014 ) Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Current ExoMars orbiter lander Mangalyaan Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity observed Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE HiWish program Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity timeline MAVEN Past Beagle 2 Deep Space 2 Mariner program Mariner 4 Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 9 Mars program Mars 1 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observed Mars Global Surveyor MOC Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars Surveyor ' 98 program Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Nozomi Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Phoenix Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Yinghuo - 1 Zond 2 Future Emirates Mars Mission Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ExoMars rover surface platform InSight Mars Cube One Mangalyaan 2 Mars 2020 MOXIE PIXL SHERLOC Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover MMX Proposed Robotic Icebreaker Life Mars 2022 orbiter Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt MELOS MetNet Northern Light PADME Phobos Surveyor Phootprint Human Mars Base Camp Mars Design Reference Mission Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Direct Mars One Mars to Stay SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Abandoned Caves of Mars Project Mars Piloted Orbital Station Red Dragon SCIM TMK Simulations Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Haughton -- Mars Project HI - SEAS Mars Analogue Research Station Program Euro - MARS FMARS MARS - Oz MDRS MARS - 500 Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society ICAMSR Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian Martian scientist Mythology Phobos and Deimos in fiction Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Darian calendar Book Portal Mars portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Mars&oldid=846496861 '' Categories : Climate of Mars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Eesti Español Français Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk Português Русский Suomi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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8075404781185488126	Dolphins–Patriots rivalry	Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry - wikipedia Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry Dolphins - Patriots rivalry Miami Dolphins New England Patriots First meeting November 27 , 1966 Patriots 20 , Dolphins 14 Latest meeting September 30 , 2018 Patriots 38 , Dolphins 7 Next meeting December 9 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 106 ( including the playoffs ) All - time series Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 ( including the playoffs ) Postseason results Patriots lead 2 -- 1 January 8 , 1983 : Dolphins 28 , Patriots 13 January 12 , 1986 : Patriots 38 , Dolphins 14 December 28 , 1997 : Patriots 17 , Dolphins 3 Largest victory Dolphins : 52 -- 0 ( 1972 ) Patriots : 34 -- 0 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Dolphins : 9 ( 1989 -- 93 ) Patriots : 7 ( 2 times : 1986 -- 88 , 2010 -- 13 ) Current win streak Patriots : 1 win ( 2018 -- present ) The Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Dolphins lead the all - time series 54 -- 51 . The two teams play twice every regular season . While not as famous as some other rivalries , the rivalry has a long history that dates back to the 1960s . The beginning of the rivalry was dominated by the Dolphins , as the time the Dolphins were one of the NFL 's most successful teams , while the Patriots were one of the worst . The Patriots finally made the Super Bowl in 1985 . Starting in 1986 , the rivalry was a little bit more even , with the Pats having a 7 - game winning streak from 1986 to 1988 . The Dolphins then took over the rivalry once again , winning 13 of the next 15 matchups between the 2 teams . Both teams had great quarterbacks in the 90s , with the Patriots having Drew Bledsoe and the Dolphins with Dan Marino . The Dolphins continued to dominate the rivalry through the late 1990s with the Dolphins sweeping the Patriots in back to back years , 1999 and 2000 . Miami is one of 4 teams in the AFC with a winning overall record against New England ( the others being the Cleveland Browns , Denver Broncos , and Kansas City Chiefs ) ) . Since 2003 , the Patriots have dominated the rivalry , but not as much as their rivalries with their two other AFC East opponents . In 2004 , one of the most famous moments in the rivalry happened where the Dolphins , 2 -- 11 at the time , upset the 12 -- 1 Patriots in a game that has been known as `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' . In 2008 , the rivalry briefly intensified when the Dolphins became the only team other than the Patriots since 2003 to win the division . In week 3 of the aforementioned 2008 season , the Dolphins used the Wildcat formation to throw the Patriots off and went on to upset them , 38 -- 13 . Also notable is the fact that the Dolphins and Patriots are the only NFL teams to post undefeated regular season records following the NFL - AFL merger . The 1972 Dolphins finished with a 14 -- 0 regular season record and went on to win Super Bowl VIII , finishing the only complete perfect season in NFL history , while the 2007 Patriots were the first team to go undefeated in the regular season since the league expanded to 16 games , but famously lost Super Bowl XLII against the New York Giants . Contents 1 Results 1.1 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) 1.2 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) 1.3 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) 1.4 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) 1.5 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) 1.6 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) 2 Notes 3 References Results ( edit ) Note : Playoff matchups are in bold 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series November 27 , 1966 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 October 15 , 1967 Fenway Park Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 10 Patriots 2 -- 0 December 17 , 1967 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 32 Patriots 2 -- 1 November 24 , 1968 Fenway Park Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 10 Tied 2 -- 2 5 December 8 , 1968 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 7 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 November 9 , 1969 Alumni Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 16 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 December 8 , 1969 Tampa Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 23 Dolphins 4 -- 3 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1970 Harvard Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1970 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 20 Tied 1 -- 1 October 17 , 1971 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 8 , 1971 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 13 Tied 2 -- 2 5 November 12 , 1972 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 52 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 December 3 , 1972 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 30 , 1973 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 23 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 October 28 , 1973 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 6 -- 2 9 September 15 , 1974 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 24 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 December 15 , 1974 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 27 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 September 28 , 1975 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 3 12 December 1 , 1975 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 3 13 September 19 , 1976 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 22 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 4 14 October 31 , 1976 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 4 15 November 13 , 1977 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 5 Dolphins 11 -- 4 16 December 11 , 1977 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 10 Dolphins 11 -- 5 17 October 22 , 1978 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 6 18 December 18 , 1978 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 12 -- 6 19 October 21 , 1979 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 13 Dolphins 12 -- 7 20 November 29 , 1979 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 24 Dolphins 13 -- 7 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 17 -- 10 after 1970s 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1980 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 0 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1980 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 Tied 1 -- 1 November 8 , 1991 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 6 , 1981 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 14 Dolphins 3 -- 1 5 November 8 , 1982 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 3 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 January 8 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 11 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 24 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 November 13 , 1983 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 6 Dolphins 5 -- 3 9 September 9 , 1984 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 7 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 October 21 , 1984 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 24 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 November 3 , 1985 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 4 12 December 16 , 1985 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 4 13 January 8 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 5 14 October 5 , 1986 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 7 Dolphins 8 -- 6 15 December 22 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 7 16 September 13 , 1987 Orange Bowl Patriots Patriots 28 -- 21 Tied 8 -- 8 17 December 28 , 1987 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 24 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 8 18 November 6 , 1988 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 21 -- 10 Patriots 10 -- 8 19 November 20 , 1988 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 6 -- 3 Patriots 11 -- 8 20 September 17 , 1989 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 9 21 December 10 , 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 10 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 27 -- 21 after 1980s 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 9 , 1990 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 1 -- 0 N / A October 18 , 1990 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 10 Dolphins 2 -- 0 N / A October 6 , 1991 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 N / A November 10 , 1991 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 0 N / A 5 October 18 , 1992 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 17 Dolphins 5 -- 0 N / A 6 December 27 , 1992 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 6 -- 0 N / A 7 November 21 , 1993 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 0 N / A 8 January 2 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 27 ( OT ) Dolphins 7 -- 1 N / A 9 September 4 , 1994 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 35 Dolphins 8 -- 1 N / A 10 October 30 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 9 -- 1 N / A 11 September 10 , 1995 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 1 N / A 12 November 12 , 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 17 Dolphins 10 -- 2 N / A 13 September 1 , 1996 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 7 Dolphins 11 -- 2 71,542 14 November 3 , 1996 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 42 -- 23 Dolphins 11 -- 3 58,492 15 September 13 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 4 59,002 16 December 22 , 1997 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 12 Dolphins 11 -- 5 74,379 17 December 28 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 3 Dolphins 11 -- 6 60,041 18 October 25 , 1998 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 12 -- 9 ( OT ) Dolphins 12 -- 6 73,973 19 November 23 , 1998 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 26 -- 23 Dolphins 12 -- 7 58,729 20 October 17 , 1999 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 30 Dolphins 13 -- 7 60,006 21 November 21 , 1999 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 17 Dolphins 14 -- 7 74,295 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 41 -- 28 after 1990s 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 24 , 2000 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 1 -- 0 73,344 December 24 , 2000 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 2 -- 0 60,292 October 7 , 2001 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 72,713 December 22 , 2001 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 30 -- 21 Dolphins 3 -- 1 60,292 5 October 18 , 2002 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 26 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 1 73,369 6 December 27 , 2002 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 2 68,436 7 October 19 , 2003 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 19 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 3 73,650 8 December 7 , 2003 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 12 -- 0 Tied 4 -- 4 68,436 9 September 4 , 2004 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 39 -- 35 Patriots 5 -- 4 68,756 10 December 20 , 2004 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 29 -- 28 Tied 5 -- 5 73,629 11 November 13 , 2005 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 6 -- 5 73,405 12 January 1 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 26 Tied 6 -- 6 68,756 13 October 8 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 10 Patriots 7 -- 6 68,756 14 December 10 , 2006 Dolphin Stadium Dolphins Patriots 21 -- 0 Tied 7 -- 7 74,033 15 October 21 , 2007 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 49 -- 28 Patriots 8 -- 7 71,951 16 December 23 , 2007 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 7 68,756 17 September 21 , 2008 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 13 Patriots 9 -- 8 68,756 18 November 23 , 2008 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 48 -- 28 Patriots 10 -- 8 67,146 19 October 17 , 2009 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 30 Patriots 11 -- 8 68,756 20 December 26 , 2009 Land Shark Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 21 Patriots 11 -- 9 70,102 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 50 -- 39 after 2000s 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance October 4 , 2010 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Patriots 41 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 69,090 January 2 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 7 Patriots 2 -- 0 68,756 September 12 , 2011 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 24 Patriots 3 -- 0 66,860 December 24 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Patriots 4 -- 0 68,756 5 December 2 , 2012 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 5 -- 0 72,114 6 December 30 , 2012 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 0 Patriots 6 -- 0 68,736 7 October 27 , 2013 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 17 Patriots 7 -- 0 68,736 8 December 15 , 2013 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 1 71,863 9 September 7 , 2014 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 33 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 2 70,630 10 December 14 , 2014 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 13 Patriots 8 -- 2 68,756 11 October 29 , 2015 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 36 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 2 66,829 12 January 1 , 2016 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 3 62,918 13 October 8 , 2016 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 24 Patriots 10 -- 3 68,756 14 January 1 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 14 Patriots 11 -- 3 66,163 15 October 21 , 2017 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 17 Patriots 12 -- 3 65,878 16 December 23 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 20 Patriots 12 -- 4 65,548 17 September 21 , 2018 Gillette Stadium Patriots Patriots 38 -- 7 Patriots 13 -- 4 65,878 Series overall : Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dolphins and Patriots only played once in 1982 due to the strike shortened season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Galicia , Thomas ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Miami Dolphins - New England Patriots : Greatest Games In The Series '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1972 Perfect Season - Miami Dolphins Jump up ^ `` Giants prevent perfect season , beat Patriots '' . Sporting News . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 -- 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Ravens Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference 49ers -- Raiders Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphins -- Patriots_rivalry&oldid = 864238850 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 00 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time miami dolphins won in new england	[ "No.DateLocationWinning teamLosing teamScoreSeriesAttendance1 October 4, 2010 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Patriots 41–14Patriots 1–0 69,090\t\n2 January 2, 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38–7Patriots 2–0 68,756\n3 September 12, 2011 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38–24Patriots 3–0 66,860\n4 December 24, 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27–24Patriots 4–0 68,756\n5 December 2, 2012 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23–16Patriots 5–0 72,114\n6 December 30, 2012 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28–0Patriots 6–0 68,736\n7 October 27, 2013 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27–17Patriots 7–0 68,736\n8 December 15, 2013 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24–20Patriots 7–1 71,863\n9 September 7, 2014 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 33–20Patriots 7–2 70,630\n10 December 14, 2014 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 41–13Patriots 8–2 68,756\n11 October 29, 2015 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 36–7Patriots 9–2 66,829\n12 January 1, 2016 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20–10Patriots 9–3 62,918\n13 October 8, 2016 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31–24Patriots 10–3 68,756\n14 January 1, 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35–14Patriots 11–3 66,163\n15 October 21, 2017 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35–17Patriots 12–3 65,878\n16 December 23, 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27–20Patriots 12–4 65,548\t\n17 September 21, 2018 Gillette Stadium Patriots Patriots 38–7Patriots 13–4 65,878\n" ]	[ "December 23, 2017" ]
3077142705514282346	One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)	One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( novel ) - wikipedia One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest First edition Author Ken Kesey Cover artist Paul Bacon Country United States Language English Publisher Viking Press & Signet Books Publication date 1962 Pages 320 OCLC 37505041 One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) is a novel written by Ken Kesey . Set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital , the narrative serves as a study of the institutional processes and the human mind as well as a critique of behaviorism and a celebration of humanistic principles . It was adapted into the broadway ( and later off - broadway ) play One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Dale Wasserman in 1963 . Bo Goldman adapted the novel into a 1975 film directed by Miloš Forman , which won five Academy Awards . Time magazine included the novel in its `` 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' list . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Title 4 Main characters 4.1 Staff 4.2 Acutes 4.3 Chronics 4.4 Other characters 5 Controversy 6 Adaptations 7 Editions 8 Audiobooks 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Plot ( edit ) The book is narrated by `` Chief '' Bromden , a gigantic yet docile half - Native American patient at a psychiatric hospital , who everyone presumes is deaf and mute , a belief he passively allows so he can be `` cagey '' . Bromden 's tale focuses mainly on the antics of the larger than life , happily rebellious Randle Patrick McMurphy , who faked insanity to serve his sentence for battery and gambling in the hospital rather than at a prison work farm . The head administrative nurse , Nurse Ratched , known throughout the story as the `` Big Nurse '' , rules the ward with absolute authority , zero compassion , and little medical oversight . She is assisted by her three hate - filled day - shift orderlies whom she selects based on how bitter and angry they each are , and her weak - willed assistant doctors , knowing they will always go along with what she says . Acting on a bet to get the Big Nurse to lose control of her infamous steel resolve , McMurphy constantly antagonizes her and upsets the routines of the ward , leading to endless power struggles between himself and the nurse . He encourages gambling and runs a card table , captains the ward 's impromptu basketball team , comments on the Big Nurse 's figure , her over-sized womanly features being a source of shame she resents for having no control over , inspires the other patients to conduct a vote about watching the World Series on television , a vote the Big Nurse refuses to acknowledge , and organizes a deep - sea fishing trip resulting in the participating patients leaving the ward and being outside for the first time in years , particularly the Chief . He is determined to get the patients to open up and laugh , something he notices during his first day on the ward no one seems able to do , which he finds greatly upsetting and disturbing . Prior to the fishing trip , a particularly poignant scene in the book occurs when McMurphy 's reaction , after claiming to be able to and subsequently failing to lift a heavy control panel in the defunct hydrotherapy room ( referred to as the `` tub room '' ) , `` But I tried , though . Goddammit , I sure as hell did that much , now , did n't I ? '' , gives the patients , known as Acutes , incentive to finally try standing up for themselves rather than allowing the Big Nurse to take control of every aspect of their lives , and make attempts at being men rather than `` rabbits '' the world and the Big Nurse , the `` Combine '' as the Chief calls it , has beat them down into being . The Chief eventually opens up to McMurphy , revealing late one night that he can speak and hear , by saying , `` Thank you . '' This sudden utterance of gratitude occurs when McMurphy gifts him with a stick of Juicy Fruit chewing gum after McMurphy catches a night aide spitefully taking away the Chief 's secret stash of gum he 'd been chewing over and over again and hiding under his bed frame . The Chief , for the first time in years , talks long into the night while McMurphy listens , and it is then that it 's eventually decided the Chief will participate in the upcoming fishing trip . A disturbance after the fishing trip during which the aides physically abuse and psychologically torture a patient , George , also known as Rub - a-dub due to his obsession with cleanliness and not wanting to touch anything for fear of getting dirty , results in McMurphy and the Chief being sent away to the Disturbed ward by the Big Nurse for electroshock therapy sessions ; they defended George by beating up the cruel aides , but the EST treatments do little to curb McMurphy 's rambunctious behavior , further inspiring the Acutes that perhaps they can also be strong of body , spirit , and will . One night , after bribing the night orderly , McMurphy sneaks in two prostitute girlfriends , Candy and Sandra ( Candy also went on the fishing trip after first checking into the hospital as a Visitor , whereas Sandra was unable to go having just gotten married , resulting in the Big Nurse 's assistant doctor , Dr. Spivey , to also go on the trip so as to fit everyone going in both Candy 's and his car ) . The Acutes break into the pharmacy for cherry - flavored codeine cough syrup to use as a mixer for the alcohol the women bring , and McMurphy , making good on his promise to help Billy Bibbit `` cash in his cherry '' , a timid , boyish patient with a terrible stutter and little experience with women , arranges it so Billy can be alone with Candy in the ward 's windowless Seclusion Room , whom he met during the fishing trip and fell for . Not being able to believe it even as it 's happening , the Acutes get drunk , play racing games with wheelchairs and flashlights in the dark , have fun , and laugh . Although there was a plan made for McMurphy to escape the ward and the Big Nurse 's relentless EST treatments , with Candy and Sandra driving him to a safe place before the morning shift arrived , he and the other patients fall asleep amidst the mess of the group 's antics , and the morning staff discovers the ward in complete disarray . The Big Nurse learns during a role call that Billy is missing and eventually finds him and Candy in the Seclusion Room , happily in each other 's arms ; she immediately commences to shaming him . For the first time in his life , Billy asserts himself , responding to the Big Nurse without stuttering . Determined to break Billy , the Big Nurse then pseudo-regretfully proceeds to tell Billy she must tell his smothering mother what has happened . Billy reacts exactly how she hopes he will , immediately regressing back to his weak - willed , fearful , stuttering ways , and he has an emotional breakdown ; left alone in Dr. Spivey 's office , he tragically commits suicide by cutting his throat . The Big Nurse coldly calculates this is her opportunity to lay into McMurphy in front of everyone , blaming him for the loss of Billy 's life , as well as the life of another patient who commited suicide earlier in the story , Cheswick , who drowned himself in the ward 's pool , unable to cope with his inability to escape the relentless , merciless pressures of the Big Nurse , despite all attempts by McMurphy and the lifeguard to wrench free Cheswick 's death grip from the grate at the bottom of the pool . Enraged at what she has done to Billy , and really to everyone , McMurphy attacks the Big Nurse , attempting to strangle her to death after tearing through the front of her uniform , revealing her breasts that she so determinedly tried to hide all this time , to the patients and aides who are standing by watching in shock . McMurphy is eventually pulled off the Big Nurse by ward staff and is moved to the Disturbed ward . The Big Nurse misses a week of work due to her injuries , during which time many of the Acutes either transfer to other wards or check out of the hospital forever , no longer rabbits , but men . When she returns she can not speak and is thus deprived of her most potent tool to manipulate and keep the patients in line . With Bromden , Martini , and Scanlon the only patients who attended the boat trip left on the ward , McMurphy is brought back , rolled in the day room on a gurney for the sole purpose of being put on display for the remaining men to see what happens when one tries to stand up to the Combine , and for the Big Nurse to silently gloat over : he has received a lobotomy , and is now in a permanent vegetative state , rendering him silent and motionless forever . This abhorrent act is foreshadowed earlier in the story when , upon seeing how the Big Nurse grinds the patients down , McMurphy labels her as a `` ball - cutter . '' Harding , a patient on the ward , adds to McMurphy 's description by stating the Big Nurse is fond of the beastly procedure , saying , `` I guess if she ca n't cut below the belt she 'll do it above the eyes . '' The Chief , in an act of mercy , smothers McMurphy with a pillow in the night before lifting the tub room control panel that McMurphy could not lift earlier , throwing it through a window and escaping the hospital . Thanks to McMurphy and his ultimate sacrifice , the Chief , as well as the other patients who left the hospital , is finally free of fear and sets out to reacquaint himself with the world , a rabbit no more ... but a man . His closing line is , `` I been away a long time . '' Background ( edit ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest was written in 1959 and published in 1962 in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement and deep changes to the way psychology and psychiatry were being approached in America . The 1960s began the controversial movement towards deinstitutionalization , an act that would have affected the characters in Kesey 's novel . The novel is a direct product of Kesey 's time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in Menlo Park , California . Not only did he speak to the patients and witness the workings of the institution , but he voluntarily took psychoactive drugs , including mescaline and LSD , as part of Project MKUltra . In addition to his work with Project MKUltra , Kesey experimented with LSD recreationally . He advocated for drug use as a path to individual freedom , an attitude that was reflected in the views of psychological researchers of the time . In the 1960s LSD was thought to offer the best access to the human mind . Each individual 's experiences were said to vary ; emotions and experiences ranged from transformations into other life forms , religious experiences , and extreme empathy . It was Kesey 's experience with LSD and other psychedelics that made him sympathetic toward the patients . The novel constantly refers to different authorities that control individuals through subtle and coercive methods . The novel 's narrator , the Chief , combines these authorities in his mind , calling them `` The Combine '' in reference to the mechanistic way they manipulate and process individuals . The authority of The Combine is most often personified in the character of Nurse Ratched who controls the inhabitants of the novel 's mental ward through a combination of rewards and subtle shame . Although she does not normally resort to conventionally harsh discipline , her actions are portrayed as more insidious than those of a conventional prison administrator . This is because the subtlety of her actions prevents her prisoners from understanding they are being controlled at all . The Chief also sees the Combine in the damming of the wild Columbia River at Celilo Falls , where his Native American ancestors hunted , and in the broader conformity of post-war American consumer society . The novel 's critique of the mental ward as an instrument of oppression comparable to the prison mirrored many of the claims that French intellectual Michel Foucault was making at the same time . Similarly , Foucault argued that invisible forms of discipline oppressed individuals on a broad societal scale , encouraging them to censor aspects of themselves and their actions . The novel also criticizes the emasculation of men in society , particularly in the character of Billy Bibbit , the stuttering Acute patient who is domineered by both Nurse Ratched and his mother . Title ( edit ) The title of the book is a line from a nursery rhyme : Vintery , mintery , cutery , corn , Apple seed and apple thorn , Wire , briar , limber lock Three geese in a flock One flew East One flew West And one flew over the cuckoo 's nest Chief Bromden 's grandmother sang a version of this song to him when he was a child , a fact revealed in the story when the Chief received yet another ECT treatment after he assisted McMurphy with defending George , a patient being abused by the ward 's aides . Main characters ( edit ) Randle McMurphy : A free - spirited , rebellious con man , sent to the hospital from a prison work farm . He is guilty of battery and gambling . He had also been charged with , but never convicted of due to the girl in question not wishing to testify so as not to implicate herself and her willingness to participate , statutory rape . McMurphy is transferred from a prison work farm to the hospital , thinking it will be an easy way to serve out his sentence in comfort . In the end , McMurphy attacks Nurse Ratched , sacrificing his freedom and his health in exchange for freeing the previously shackled spirits of the cowed patients on the ward . Chief Bromden : The novel 's half - Native American narrator has been in the mental hospital since the end of World War II . Bromden is presumed by staff and patients alike to be deaf and mute , and through this guise he becomes privy to many of the ward 's dirtiest secrets . As a young man , the Chief was a high school football star , a college student , and a war hero . After seeing his father , a Native American chieftain , humiliated at the hands of the U.S. government and his ( white ) wife , Chief Bromden descends into clinical depression and begins hallucinating . Soon he is diagnosed with schizophrenia . He believes society is controlled by a large , mechanized system which he calls `` The Combine . '' Richard Gray , author of A History of American Literature , said Bromden `` supplies '' the novel 's `` vision '' . Gray explains Bromden 's `` eye '' `` sees the inner truth '' and Bromden `` is an outsider , an innocent eye in a way like Huck Finn , but what he sees is far stranger , far more surreal . '' Gray explained Bromden 's vision `` may not be literally true but it is symbolically so because , to quote Emily Dickinson again , ' Much madness is divinest sense . ' '' The first chapter ends with the Chief pleading to the reader , `` ... you think this is too horrible to have really happened , this is too awful to be the truth ! But , please . It 's still hard for me to have a clear mind thinking on it . But it 's the truth even if it did n't happen . '' Staff ( edit ) Nurse Ratched ( also known as `` Big Nurse '' ) : The tyrannical head nurse of the mental institution , who exercises near - total control over those in her care , including her subordinates . She will not hesitate to restrict her patients ' access to medication , amenities , and basic human necessities if it suits her manipulative whims . Her favorite informant is the timid Billy Bibbit , whom she coerces into divulging the unit 's secrets by threatening to complain about him to his mother . McMurphy 's fun - loving , rebellious presence in Ratched 's institution is a constant annoyance , as neither threats nor punishment nor shock therapy will stop him or the patients under his sway . Eventually , after McMurphy nearly chokes her to death in a fit of rage , Nurse Ratched has him lobotomized . However , the damage has already been done , and Nurse Ratched 's rule is broken after McMurphy 's attack leaves her nearly unable to speak , which renders her unable to intimidate her patients , subordinates and superiors . The `` Black Boys '' Washington , Williams and Warren : Three black men who work as aides in the ward . Williams is a dwarf , his growth stunted after witnessing his mother being raped by white men . The Chief says Nurse Ratched hired them for their sadistic nature . Dr. John Spivey : The ward doctor . Nurse Ratched drove off other doctors , but she kept Spivey because he always did as he was told . Harding suggests that the nurse could threaten to expose him as a drug addict if he stood up to her . McMurphy 's rebellion inspires him to stand up to Nurse Ratched . Nurse Pilbow : The young night nurse . Her face , neck , and chest are stained with a profound birthmark . She is a devout Catholic and fears sinning . She blames the patients for infecting her with their evil and takes it out on them . Mr. Turkle : An elderly African American aide who works the late shift in the ward . He agrees to let McMurphy host a party and sneak in prostitutes one night . The Japanese Nurse : The nurse in charge of the upstairs disturbed ward , for violent and unmanageable patients . She is kind and openly opposes Nurse Ratched 's methods . Acutes ( edit ) The acutes are patients who officials believe can still be cured . With few exceptions , they are there voluntarily , a fact that angers McMurphy when he first learns of it , then later causes him to feel further pity for the patients , thus further inspiring him to prove to them they can still be strong despite their seeming willingness to be weak . Billy Bibbit : A nervous , shy , and boyish patient with an extreme speech impediment , Billy cuts and burns himself , and has attempted suicide numerous times . Billy has a fear of women , especially those with authority such as his mother . To alleviate this , McMurphy sneaks a prostitute into the ward so Billy can lose his virginity . The next morning , Nurse Ratched threatens to tell his mother ; fearing the loss of his mother 's love , Billy has an emotional breakdown and commits suicide by cutting his own throat . Dale Harding : The unofficial leader of the patients before McMurphy arrives , he is an intelligent , good - looking man who 's ashamed of his repressed homosexuality . Harding 's beautiful yet malcontent wife is a source of shame for him . George Sorensen : A man with germaphobia , he spends his days washing his hands in the ward 's drinking fountain . McMurphy manages to persuade him to lead a fishing expedition for the patients after discovering he had captained a PT boat during World War II . Afterward , the three black boys maliciously forcibly delouse him , cruelly knowing the mental anguish this will cause him . Charlie Cheswick : A loud - mouthed patient who always demands changes in the ward , but never has the courage to see anything through . He finds a friend in McMurphy , who 's able to voice his opinions for him . At one point McMurphy decides to fall in line when he learns his stay in the ward is indefinite and his release is solely determined by the Big Nurse . As a result , Cheswick drowns himself in the ward 's swimming pool when he decides he himself will never escape the relentless Big Nurse . Martini : A patient who suffers from severe hallucinations . Scanlon : A patient obsessed with explosives and destruction . He is the only other non-vegetative patient confined to the ward by force aside from McMurphy and Bromden ; the rest can leave at any time . Jim Sefelt and Bruce Fredrickson : Two epileptic patients . Sefelt refuses to take his anti-seizure medication , as it makes his teeth fall out and as such makes him self - conscious over his appearance . Fredrickson takes Sefelt 's medication as well as his own because he is terrified of the seizures , and loses teeth due to the resulting overdosage . Max Taber : An unruly patient who was released before McMurphy arrived , a broken man . The Chief later describes how , after he questioned what was in his medication , Nurse Ratched had him `` fixed . '' Chronics ( edit ) The chronics are patients who will never be cured . Many of the chronics are elderly and / or in vegetative states . Ruckly : A hell - raising patient who challenges the rules until the Big Nurse authorizes his lobotomy . After the lobotomy , he sits and stares at a picture of his wife , and occasionally screams profanities . Ellis : Ellis was put in a vegetative state by electroshock therapy . He stands against the wall in a disturbing messianic position with arms outstretched . Pete Bancini : Bancini suffered brain damage at birth but managed to hold down simple jobs , such as a switch operator on a lightly - used railroad branch line , until the switches were automated and he lost his job , after which he was institutionalized . The Chief remembers how once , and only once , he lashed out violently against the aides , telling the other patients that he was a living miscarriage , born dead . Rawler : A patient on the Disturbed ward , above the main ward , who says nothing but `` loo , loo , loo ! '' all day and tries to run up the walls . One night , Rawler castrates himself while sitting on the toilet and bleeds to death before anyone realizes what he has done . Old Blastic : An old patient who is in a vegetative state . The first night McMurphy is in the ward , Bromden dreams Blastic is hung by his heel and sliced open , spilling his rusty visceral matter . The next morning , Bromden learns Blastic died during the night . The Lifeguard : An ex-professional football player , he still has the cleat marks on his forehead from the injury that scrambled his brains . He explains to McMurphy , unlike prison , patients are kept in the hospital as long as the staff desires . It is this conversation that causes McMurphy to fall in line for a time . Colonel Matterson : The oldest patient in the ward , he suffers from severe senile dementia and can not move without a wheelchair . He is a veteran of the First World War , and spends his days `` explaining '' objects through metaphor . Other characters ( edit ) Candy : The prostitute McMurphy brings on the fishing trip . Billy Bibbit has a crush on her and McMurphy arranges a night for Candy to sleep with him . Sandra : Another prostitute and friend of Candy and McMurphy . She and Sefelt sleep together on the night she and Candy are snuck into the ward late one night . Sefelt has a seizure while they are having sex . Vera Harding : Dale Harding 's wife . Described as very attractive . She is a primary cause of concern for Dale , who often worries about her fidelity . Controversy ( edit ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is one of America 's most challenged and banned novels . 1974 : Five residents of Strongsville , Ohio sued the local Board of Education to remove the novel from classrooms . They deemed the book `` pornographic '' and said it `` glorifies criminal activity , has a tendency to corrupt juveniles , and contains descriptions of bestiality , bizarre violence , and torture , dismemberment , death , and human elimination '' . 1975 : Randolph , New York and Alton , Oklahoma removed the book from all of their public schools . 1977 : Schools in Westport , Maine removed it from required reading lists . 1978 : Freemont High School in St. Anthony , Idaho banned it and fired the teacher who assigned it . 1982 : Merrimack , New Hampshire High School challenged it . 1986 : Aberdeen Washington High school challenged it in Honors English classes . 2000 : Placentia Unified School District ( Yorba Linda , California ) challenged it . Parents said the teachers could `` choose the best books , but they keep choosing this garbage over and over again '' . Adaptations ( edit ) The novel was adapted into a 1963 play , starring Kirk Douglas ( who purchased the rights to produce it for the stage and motion pictures ) as McMurphy and Gene Wilder as Billy Bibbit . A film adaptation , starring Jack Nicholson , and co-produced by Michael Douglas was released in 1975 . The film won five Academy Awards . The characters of Nurse Ratched and Chief Bromden appear as recurring characters in ABC 's Once Upon a Time , where they are portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and Peter Marcin . Netflix and Ryan Murphy are producing a prequel series titled Ratched which follows Sarah Paulson playing a younger version of Nurse Ratched , with a two - season , eighteen - episode order . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 0 - 606 - 04239 - 3 ( prebound , 1962 ) ISBN 0 - 451 - 16396 - 6 ( mass market paperback , 1963 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 004312 - 8 ( paperback , 1977 , reprint ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 023601 - 5 ( hardcover , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 55651 - 685 - 1 ( paperback , 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 453 - 00815 - 1 ( audio cassette , 1993 , abridged ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 028334 - X ( paperback , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 8220 - 7154 - 1 ( e-book , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7645 - 8662 - 9 ( paperback , 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6339 - 9 ( library binding , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 118122 - 2 ( paperback , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7118 - 9 ( paperback ) ISBN 0 - 330 - 23564 - 8 ( paperback ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 118788 - 3 ( paperback , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 303690 - 4 ( hardcover , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 329 - 06383 - 9 ( hardcover ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 16396 - 7 ( softcover ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59887 - 052 - 7 ( audio CD , 2006 , abridged / read by Kesey ; includes Fresh Air with Terry Gross interview with author ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02323 - 3 ( hardcover , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 143 - 12951 - 6 ( softcover , 2016 ) Photos of the first edition One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Audiobooks ( edit ) 1998 : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( read by Tom Parker ) , Blackstone Audio , ISBN 978 - 0786112784 2007 ( Audible ) : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( read by the author ) See also ( edit ) Novels portal United States portal 1960s portal Rosenhan experiment Sluggish schizophrenia Political abuse of psychiatry Anti-Psychiatry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Covers of Paul Bacon '' . tumblr.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' . Time . October 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` America 's Civil Rights Timeline '' . International Civil Rights Center & Museum . 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stroman , Duane ( 2003 ) . The Disability Rights Movement : From Deinstitutionalization to Self - determination . University Press of America . Jump up ^ Scherl , D.J. ; Macht , L.B. ( September 1979 ) . `` Deinstitutionalization in the absence of consensus '' . Hospital Community Psychiatry . 30 ( 9 ) : 599 -- 604 . doi : 10.1176 / ps. 30.9. 599 . PMID 223959 . Jump up ^ Mitchell & Snyder , p. 174 Jump up ^ Huffman , Bennett ( May 17 , 2002 ) . `` Ken Kesey ( 1935 -- 2001 ) '' . The Literary Encyclopedia . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Kesey Biography '' . Oregon History Project . 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , R.E.L. & Jean Houston , ( 1966 ) The Varieties of Psychedelic Experience , America Press Inc. , 115 ( 4 ) . 110 . Jump up ^ The LSD Pother ( 1966 ) , America Press Inc. , 115 ( 14 ) . 377 ^ Jump up to : `` Life in a Loony Bin '' . Time . February 16 , 1962 . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Richard ( September 23 , 2011 ) . A History of American Literature . John Wiley & Sons . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 4568 - 1 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Banned & Challenged Classics '' . American Library Association . 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ' Prequel From Ryan Murphy Scores Two - Season Order at Netflix '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) L. Horst , Bitches , Twitches , and Eunuchs : Sex Role Failure and Caricature in Pratt , J , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Text and Criticism , Penguin Books ( 1996 ) . M.G. Porter , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Rising to Heroism , Boston : Twayne Publishers ( 1989 ) . E. Safer , The Contemporary American Comic Epic : The Novels of Barth , Pynchon , Gaddis , and Kesey , Detroit : Wayne State University Press ( 1988 ) . Nellie Bly : Ten Days in a Mad - House ( 1887 ) Ken Kesey 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Thalavattam ( 1986 film ) Manasukkul Mathappu ( 1988 film ) Kyon Ki ( 2005 film ) Characters Randle McMurphy Nurse Ratched See also Institutionalisation Ken Kesey Novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) Caverns ( 1989 ) Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear ( 1990 ) Sailor Song ( 1992 ) Last Go Round with Ken Babbs ( 1994 ) Collections Kesey 's Garage Sale ( 1973 ) Demon Box ( 1986 ) Kesey 's Jail Journal ( 2003 ) Plays Over the Border ( 1973 ) The Furthur Enquiry ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1971 film ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Related Merry Pranksters Further bus Acid Tests Neal Cassady Carolyn Garcia Lee Quarnstrom Ken Babbs Paul Foster The Electric Kool - Aid Acid Test Kesey Square Magic Trip The Storyteller : Ken Kesey Memorial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)&oldid=840000254 '' Categories : 1962 American novels American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Debut novels Fiction with unreliable narrators Novels set in Oregon Novels set in psychiatric hospitals Postmodern novels Suicide in fiction Viking Press books Works by Ken Kesey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Norsk Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Svenska Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 02 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who published one flew over the cuckoos nest	[ "\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\nFirst edition\n\n\n\nAuthor\nKen Kesey\n\n\nCover artist\nPaul Bacon[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nPublisher\nViking Press & Signet Books\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\n1962\n\n\nPages\n320\n\n\nOCLC\n37505041\n\n", "\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\nFirst edition\n\n\n\nAuthor\nKen Kesey\n\n\nCover artist\nPaul Bacon[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nPublisher\nViking Press & Signet Books\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\n1962\n\n\nPages\n320\n\n\nOCLC\n37505041\n\n" ]	[ "Viking Press", "Signet Books" ]
5859326965812957366	So I Married an Axe Murderer	So I Married an Axe Murderer - wikipedia So I Married an Axe Murderer Jump to : navigation , search So I Married an Axe Murderer Theatrical Release Poster Directed by Thomas Schlamme Produced by Robert N. Fried Cary Woods Written by Robbie Fox Uncredited : Mike Myers Neil Mullarkey Starring Mike Myers Nancy Travis Anthony LaPaglia Amanda Plummer Brenda Fricker Music by Bruce Broughton Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Colleen Halsey Richard Halsey Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date July 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 30 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $ 20 million Box office $11,585,483 So I Married an Axe Murderer is a 1993 American romantic black comedy film starring Mike Myers and Nancy Travis . Myers plays Charlie MacKenzie , a man afraid of commitment until he meets Harriet ( Travis ) , who works at a butcher shop and may be a serial killer . In addition to playing the main character , Myers also plays Charlie 's father , Stuart . This was Myers ' first film after achieving success in the Wayne 's World franchise and was not well received by most mainstream critics or at the box office , grossing a total of USD $11 million in North America , well below its $20 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Principal photography 3.3 Locations 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Other music in the film 4.3 Score 5 Critical reception 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Charlie MacKenzie ( Myers ) is a beat poet living in San Francisco , after having broken up with yet another woman based on paranoid perception . His friend Tony , a policeman , points out that Charlie simply is afraid of commitment and tries to think of or invent any reason to break up with someone . Charlie encounters a butcher named Harriet , and the two quickly find common bonds between them . They start to date , and Charlie learns she used to live in Atlantic City , had been involved with a trainer in Russian martial arts , and screams for someone named Ralph in her sleep . After staying at her place one night , Charlie meets Harriet 's eccentric sister , Rose , who warns Charlie to be careful . As they continue to see each other , Charlie and Harriet fall in love . He arranges a dinner with her to meet his parents , Stuart and May , who both believe in conspiracy theories and get their news from the Weekly World News tabloid . While there , Charlie spots one paper that describes the story about a `` Mrs. X '' , a bride who kills her husbands on their honeymoons using an axe and matches all the mannerism that Harriet has thus far shown . Charlie becomes paranoid and asks Tony to investigate Harriet and the Mrs. X story . Tony reveals that the husbands of Mrs. X were all reported missing alongside their wives , assuring that Harriet is unlikely to be Mrs. X . Charlie remains on edge , and after a few more troubled dates , decides to break up with her . Tony later reports that a killer in the Mrs. X story has confessed . Relieved , Charlie apologizes to Harriet by reciting one of his beat poems to her from his rooftop . They make up , and Harriet explains away some of the confusion Charlie had from her history , such as Ralph being the name of a woman she knew . Some time later , Charlie proposes to Harriet , which she reluctantly accepts after some hesitation . Following the wedding ceremony , they embark on a honeymoon to a secluded mountain hotel . After they depart , Tony learns that the confessed killer is actually a compulsive liar . He sends a photo of Harriet to the known associates of the missing husbands , and all report back that she was their friends ' wife . With phone lines to the hotel down due to a storm , Tony charters a plane . Once he lands , he is able to call Charlie locally and warn him that Harriet is really Mrs. X , but the hotel phone line is knocked out and power is lost . Charlie is panicked and tries to stay away from Harriet without letting her know what he knows , but the hotel staff force him into the honeymoon suite for their first night together . Charlie finds himself alone and discovers a `` Dear Jane '' letter , purportedly written by him , explaining his absence to Harriet . Suddenly , Rose appears wielding an axe . Rose tells Charlie he was not supposed to find the letter , and reveals herself as the Mrs. X killer - she feels that Harriet 's husbands are taking her sister from her , and so killed them on their honeymoon night and leading Harriet to believe that each husband simply left her . Charlie begins a game of cat - and - mouse to stay away from Rose while waiting for the police to arrive . Tony leads the police into the hotel but arrests Harriet , still believing her to be the murderer . Having chased Charlie to the hotel roof , Rose swings the axe at Charlie and is thrown off the building , with only Charlie holding her up from falling to her death . Tony comes to catch her fall , where she is arrested and taken away . Charlie and Harriet resume their lives afterward as a happy couple . Cast ( edit ) Mike Myers as Charlie and Stuart MacKenzie Nancy Travis as Harriet Michaels Anthony LaPaglia as Tony Giardino Amanda Plummer as Rose Michaels Michael Richards as Insensitive Man Brenda Fricker as May MacKenzie Matt Doherty as William `` Head '' MacKenzie Charles Grodin as Commandeered Driver Phil Hartman as John `` Vickie '' Johnson , Alcatraz Guide Debi Mazar as Susan , Tony 's Girlfriend Steven Wright as Pilot Jessie Nelson as Ralph Alan Arkin as Tony 's Captain Production ( edit ) The genesis of the film originated in 1987 when producer Robert N. Fried met with writer Robbie Fox to discuss story ideas . They ended up talking about the problems they had with women and agreed that `` most women appeared to be out to destroy us ! '' the producer recalled . Fried and co-producer Cary Woods formed their own production company in 1992 and So I Married An Axe Murderer was their first film and they were given a $20 million budget . Fox wrote the screenplay in 1987 . In the original version , Charlie was Jewish and , according to Fried , it was `` initially conceived as being more about paranoia than commitment '' . Myers wanted changes to the script that would allow him to do some serious acting and Saturday Night Live - style comedy . He extensively rewrote the script with writer Neil Mullarkey , an old friend from Britain . According to Myers , they changed the story and many of the comedic moments . Fox was asked to consider a new set of credits that gave him a `` story by '' and co-screenplay credit . He rejected the proposal and in arbitration , the Writers Guild of America decided that Fox would receive sole screenwriting credit . Fried and Myers were upset that Mullarkey , who put a lot of work into the script , did not get any credit . Casting ( edit ) To play Charlie MacKenzie , Fried and co-producer Cary Woods asked Mike Myers because of the success he had with the first Wayne 's World film . He agreed because he liked the script and many of his friends also had a fear of commitment and `` were all suffering from cold feet and what is cold feet but a low - grade terror ? This story just expands on that terror '' . Before he was approached , Woody Allen considered playing Charlie . Chevy Chase , Albert Brooks , and Martin Short also considered the role but did not like the character . Sharon Stone was initially set to play Harriet Michaels , the supposed axe murderer of the film 's title . Like Myers who has two roles in the film , Stone wanted to play Harriet and the role of Rose , Harriet 's sister , the latter part portrayed in the film by Amanda Plummer . Studio executives at Sony did not like the idea of Stone playing both roles , and upon realizing this she refused to accept the part . Nancy Travis was then cast in the role instead . Travis was drawn to her character 's `` qualities of danger and compassion mixed with humor ( which ) make her an intriguing character '' . Anthony LaPaglia said that his character `` has grand illusions of being Serpico , you know he 's ready to fight crime like his hero did . But he 's just not competent '' . When the actors did the first cast read - through of the script , Charlie 's father , Stuart , had not yet been cast . Myers read that character 's lines and the filmmakers so enjoyed his interpretation that they realized he could play that role as well . The film also features cameos by Charles Grodin , Phil Hartman , Michael Richards , Mike Hagarty , Debi Mazar , Steven Wright , and Alan Arkin , appearing uncredited as Tony 's sensitive boss . They all agreed to be in the film for the opportunity of working with Myers . Principal photography ( edit ) To fit both Charlie and his father in the same scene together , the filmmakers used a split - screen process . To look the role of Stuart , Myers spent over three - and - a-half hours having special prosthetic make - up applied . While filming scenes in the butcher shop , Nancy Travis was distracted by Myers ' antics and accidentally took off the tip of her middle finger on her left hand while chopping vegetables with a kitchen knife . A local doctor sewed her finger back together . Travis said that she and Myers did a lot of improvising together and he taught her a lot about comedy and showed her `` how to be relaxed and spontaneous on the set '' . There were stories in the press that Myers ' over-inflated ego forced extensive re-shoots on the film and that he tried to deny Robbie Fox credit for writing the film . On the set , director Thomas Schlamme said that he had his differences with Myers over how the film should be shaped . He said that Myers was `` taking a stretch beyond his usual self and was playing outside himself . Personality clashes were bound to happen . We struggled '' . However , the director denied that Myers was a control freak and praised the `` total commitment to his work . ( But ) yes , it was difficult '' . In addition , several major newspapers and magazines claimed that the film went over budget , with in - fighting among the principal actors and lengthy release delays , and that it was unfunny . Despite these early reports , So I Married an Axe Murderer scored high at test screenings . Locations ( edit ) Set in San Francisco , California , the film features many famous sights and neighborhoods of the Golden State metropolis , including the Golden Gate Bridge , the Palace of Fine Arts and Alcatraz . One scene on Alcatraz was filmed in `` A '' block , an area that is still in its original state from 1912 and is not open to the public . The tiny Cloverdale Municipal Airport also is in the film . The space for actors , crew and equipment is narrow , a challenge also faced by the makers of The Rock , which has Nicolas Cage 's and Sean Connery escaping from their cells . The restaurant where Myers and Travis double date with LaPaglia and Debi Mazar is the Fog City Diner . The butcher shop used for `` Meats of the World '' was Prudente Meats on Grant Ave in the North Beach Section of San Francisco . The scene where Charlie breaks up with Harriet , was set in Alamo Square , the background showing the skyline of the city . The final scenes are set at Dunsmuir House in the East Oakland foothills . Additional special effects and matte paintings created the illusion that the location was secluded among mountains . The exterior shot for the café , Cafe Roads , where Myers recites his beat poetry , is the bar Vesuvio , at Columbus Avenue and Jack Kerouac Alley . The filmmaker picked San Francisco as the film 's setting because it was an ideal place for a poet like Charlie to live . Myers has said that he was attracted to its `` coffeehouse culture , with its clothes and music and its whole sensibility ... people are n't going to bars as much . They tend to go out and have coffee '' . Several sets were built in warehouses near Candlestick Park and these soundstages were used for many weeks . Soundtrack ( edit ) So I Married an Axe Murderer ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 27 , 1993 Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 14 Label Columbia Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Track listing ( edit ) Boo Radleys - `` There She Goes '' 2 : 18 Toad the Wet Sprocket - `` Brother '' 4 : 04 Soul Asylum - `` The Break '' 2 : 46 Chris Whitley - `` Starve To Death '' 3 : 14 Big Audio Dynamite II - `` Rush '' 3 : 55 Mike Myers - `` This Poem Sucks '' 2 : 04 Ned 's Atomic Dustbin - `` Saturday Night '' 3 : 08 The Darling Buds - `` Long Day In The Universe '' 4 : 08 The Spin Doctors - `` Two Princes '' 4 : 15 Suede - `` My Insatiable One '' 2 : 57 Sun - 60 - `` Maybe Baby '' 3 : 43 The La 's - `` There She Goes '' 2 : 42 Other music in the film ( edit ) The Bay City Rollers - `` Saturday Night '' Ron Gonnelia - `` A Touch of Gaelic '' Rod Stewart - `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy '' ( sung by Mike Myers ) Nancy Travis - `` Only You '' Score ( edit ) The film 's original score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton . Due to the movie having a heavy emphasis on popular music , several of Broughton 's cues were replaced with songs ( such as his main title music being supplanted by The Boo Radleys ' version of `` There She Goes , '' and `` Butcher Shop Montage '' having Big Audio Dynamite 's `` Rush '' substituted ) . However , Broughton was appreciative of the support music supervisor Danny Bramson and director Thomas Schlamme gave him , stating `` I was given the opportunity to make my case , and I did n't get slighted ... But the way it ended up was the way it ended up . It was done with a lot of creative latitude , and creative permission and confidence . I ca n't complain about the way it came out . '' Intrada Records released an album of his music on November 25 , 2013 , featuring the complete score plus alternates and original versions of cues . Main Title 2 : 55 Boy Meets Girl 1 : 09 Weekly World News 0 : 38 Butcher Shop Montage 1 : 58 Russian Stroll 2 : 23 Goin ' For It 2 : 19 Forever Wet 1 1 : 00 Forever Wet 2 0 : 59 Creeping Doubt ( Revised ) 1 : 05 Ralph 1 : 05 Name Your Poison 1 : 12 Ear Needles ( Revised ) 0 : 45 Globe Bridge 1 : 08 Reflections 0 : 42 You Blew It 0 : 27 The Bath ( Revised ) 0 : 54 She 's Guilty ( Revised ) 1 : 04 Wedding Bands 0 : 32 Inn Source # 2 2 : 14 Stalking 0 : 42 She 's Mrs. Axe ( Revised ) 0 : 57 The Finale 5 : 27 The Finale Part 2 3 : 13 End Theme 1 : 35 Go See The Folks 0 : 17 Dinner Drive ( Original ) 0 : 27 Goin ' For It ( Revised ) 2 : 19 Creeping Doubt ( Original ) 1 : 05 Ear Needles ( Original ) 0 : 14 Globe Bridge ( Alternate ) 0 : 29 Second Thoughts 0 : 13 Second Thoughts ( Revised ) 0 : 12 The Bath 0 : 52 She 's Guilty 1 : 05 She 's Mrs. Axe 0 : 57 The Finale Part 2 ( Alternate ) 2 : 26 Inn Source # 1 ( Haydn Quartet ) 1 : 46 Inn Source # 2 ( Alternate ) 1 : 32 Only You ( And You Alone ) 1 : 31 Total Time : 52 : 56 Critical reception ( edit ) So I Married an Axe Murderer was first shown at a screening to benefit the local San Francisco film office on July 27 , 1993 at the Palace of Fine Arts Theater and had its official world premiere at the Galaxy Theater in Hollywood on July 28 with Myers , Travis , and LaPaglia in attendance . The film was not well received at the box office . It was released on July 30 in 1,349 theaters and grossed a total of USD $3.4 million on its opening weekend . It made a total of $11.5 million in North America , well below its $20 million budget . The film had very mixed reviews and has a 55 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 33 reviews . Roger Ebert , in his review for the Chicago Sun - Times , criticized the film for being `` a mediocre movie with a good one trapped inside , wildly signaling to be set free '' . James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote : `` Mysteries are supposed to be complex , intriguing , and beguiling , with the audience unsure of the truth until the very end . That 's defnitely not the case in So I Married an Axe Murderer , one of the most lame comedy whodunnits ever to make it to the screen . '' Rolling Stone magazine 's review felt that `` Juggling mirth , romance and murder requires a deft touch - think of Hitchcock 's Trouble with Harry . Axe is a blunt instrument '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` C - '' and said , `` In some perverse way , So I Married an Axe Murderer seems to be asking us to laugh at how not - funny it is '' . In his review for the Washington Post , Hal Hinson had a mixed reaction to Myers ' performance : `` Everything he does is charmingly lightweight and disposable and reasonably impossible to resist . And in the end , because the character is so easily within reach for him , you may come away feeling a little cheated , as if you had n't quite seen a movie at all '' . However , Janet Maslin 's review in the New York Times said that it came as `` a welcome surprise that So I Married an Axe Murderer , which might have been nothing more than a by - the - numbers star vehicle , surrounds Mr. Myers with amusing cameos and gives him a chance to do more than just coast '' . In his review for the San Francisco Chronicle , Edward Guthmann called the film a `` trifle , at best - but it 's so full of good spirits , and so rich with talented actors having a marvelous time , that its flaws tend to wash away '' . Home media ( edit ) A DVD of the film was first released in June 1999 . The artwork for the DVD featured an image different than the original movie poster , which had Harriet holding an axe behind her back . A `` Deluxe Edition '' DVD and Blu - ray edition was released in June 2008 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` So I Married an Axe Murderer Production Notes '' . TriStar Pictures . 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , John ( August 1 , 1993 ) . `` Choppy Waters for Axe Murderer '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Portman , Jamie ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` Errors of Outrageous Fortune '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Kolnow , Barry ( August 3 , 1993 ) . `` Has Success Spoiled Mike Myers ? Comic Says No '' . Montreal Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Fook , John Evan ( July 15 , 1993 ) . `` Axe Murderer Fete to Benefit Frisco Film Commish '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Daly , James ( January 2016 ) . `` Big Directors Who Filmed in Small Sonoma County Towns '' . Sonoma Magazine . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ) Johnny Loftus . `` So I Married an Axe Murderer - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Liner notes , score album , Intrada Special Collection Vol. 258 Jump up ^ `` So I Married An Axe Murderer '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` So I Married An Axe Murderer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` So I Married An Axe Murderer '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( August 19 , 1993 ) . `` So I Married An Axe Murderer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 13 , 1993 ) . `` So I Married An Axe Murderer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` So I Married An Axe Murderer '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` Yes , Boy Meets Girl , But This Time the Girl Wields Sharp Objects '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Guthmann , Edward ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` It 's Wayne 's Adult World for Mike Myers in Axe '' . San Francisco Chronicle . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ASIN : B00177YA1A '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : So I Married an Axe Murderer So I Married an Axe Murderer on IMDb So I Married an Axe Murderer at AllMovie So I Married an Axe Murderer at Rotten Tomatoes locations where the film was shot ( hide ) Films directed by Thomas Schlamme Spalding Gray : Terrors of Pleasure ( 1987 ) Miss Firecracker ( 1989 ) So I Married an Axe Murderer ( 1993 ) You So Crazy ( 1994 ) Kingfish : A Story of Huey P. Long ( 1995 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_I_Married_an_Axe_Murderer&oldid=804841297 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1993 compilation albums 1993 soundtracks 1990s comedy horror films 1990s criminal comedy films American black comedy films American comedy horror films American films American criminal comedy films Columbia Records compilation albums Columbia Records soundtracks English - language compilation albums English - language soundtracks Films about writers Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in San Francisco Serial killer films TriStar Pictures films Film scores by Bruce Broughton Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 13 : 23 . 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-294751805366290106	I Will Always Love You	I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . `` I Will Always Love You '' Artwork for 1982 rerelease Single by Dolly Parton from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) ; `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) Heartbreak Express 1982 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) I Will Always Love You1982 `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) Hard Candy Christmas 1982 The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter , Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Beyoncé 2.12. 2 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Soul , R&B , pop , jazz Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as an soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) ― 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) ― 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,166,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Jessica Sanchez ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak ( edit ) During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 02 - 25 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2012 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Whitney Houston tracks on course to re-enter Official Singles Chart '' . UK Single Chart . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ' Part of Me ' Debuts Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The best selling single of 1992 in Italy '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles Year - End Chart of 1993 '' . austriancharts. a . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1993 '' . Hung Medien . Ultratop . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks listing for the week of December 18 , 1993 '' . December 18 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 58 ( 23 ) . December 18 , 1993 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . 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Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs & Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード協会調べ 1 月度有料音楽配信認定 < 略称 : 1 月度認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography RCA Records MCA Records Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=807291050 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did whitney houston sing i will always love you for	[ "Parton's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song. Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard. Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time.[5] It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman in music history.[6] Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs.[7] The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe." ]	[ "the 1992 film The Bodyguard" ]
-2832848852797397968	European Union free trade agreements	European Union Free Trade agreements - wikipedia European Union Free Trade agreements Jump to : navigation , search EU Free trade agreements European Union Agreement in force Agreement ( in part ) provisionally applied Agreement signed , but not applied Agreement initialed , not signed Agreement being negotiated The European Union has concluded free trade agreements ( FTAs ) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Free trade agreements in force 2 Agreements provisionally applied 3 Agreements signed but not ( provisionally ) applied 4 Agreements finalised ( negotiations concluded , but not signed ) 5 Negotiating 6 Competence 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Free trade agreements in force ( edit ) State Signed Provisional Application In Force Notes Relations Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2003 Customs union Albania 2006 2006 2009 SAA Candidate for EU accession Algeria 2002 2005 Euro - mediterranean AA Andorra Customs union Andorra -- EU relations Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008 2015 SAA Potential candidate for EU accession Chile 2002 2003 2005 AA Egypt 2001 Euro - mediterranean AA Faroe Islands 1997 Autonomous entity of Denmark Faroe Islands - EU relations Georgia 2014 2014 2016 AA incl DCFTA Georgia -- EU relations Bailiwick of Guernsey 1972 1973 Iceland 1992 1994 EEA Negotiating for EU accession Isle of Man 1972 1973 Customs union Israel 1995 2000 Euro - Mediterranean AA Israel -- EU relations Bailiwick of Jersey 1972 1973 Customs union Jordan 1997 2002 Euro - Mediterranean AA Jordan -- EU relations Kosovo 2015 2016 SAA Kosovo -- EU relations Lebanon 2002 2006 Euro - Mediterranean AA Lebanon -- EU relations Liechtenstein 1992 1995 EEA Liechtenstein -- EU relations Republic of Macedonia 2001 2001 SAA Candidate for EU accession Mexico 1997 2000 FTA Mexico -- EU relations Moldova 2014 2014 2016 AA incl DCFTA Moldova -- EU relations Monaco 1958 Franco - Monegasque Treaty ( customs union ) Montenegro 2007 2008 SAA Negotiating for EU accession Morocco 2000 Euro - Mediterranean AA Morocco -- EU relations Norway 1992 1994 EEA Norway -- EU relations EU 's Overseas Countries and Territories 2001 2001 Association of the OCTs with the EU Palestinian Authority 1997 1997 Euro - Mediterranean AA Palestine -- EU relations San Marino 1991 1992 2002 Customs union San Marino -- EU relations Serbia 2008 2013 SAA Negotiating for EU accession South Africa 1999 2000 ATDC South Africa -- EU relations South Korea 2011 2015 FTA South Korea -- EU relations Switzerland 1972 1999 1973 2002 Trade agreement Bilateral I agreements Switzerland -- EU relations Tunisia 1995 1998 Euro - Mediterranean AA Turkey 1995 1995 Customs union Negotiating for EU accession Ukraine 2014 2016 2017 AA incl DCFTA Ukraine -- EU relations Agreements provisionally applied ( edit ) State Signed Provisional Application Ratification Notes Relations CARIFORUM States 2008 2008 29 / 43 EPA Eastern and Southern Africa States Comoros Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles Zambia Zimbabwe 2009 2012 3 / 34 Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for an EPA Central America Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama El Salvador 2012 2013 28 / 34 AA Côte d'Ivoire 2009 2016 18 / 29 Stepping Stone EPA Colombia Peru 2012 2013 26 / 30 FTA Cameroon 2009 2014 18 / 29 Interim agreement with a view to an EPA Pacific States Fiji Papua New Guinea 2009 2009 and 2014 2 / 3 Interim Partnership Agreement South African Development Community members Botswana Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland 2016 2016 8 / 35 Economic Partnership Agreement Ghana 2016 2016 2 / 29 Stepping Stone EPA Ecuador 2016 2017 6 / 32 Accession to EU - Peru - Colombia Free Trade Agreement Canada August 2014 21 September 2017 3 / 30 Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement Agreements signed but not ( provisionally ) applied ( edit ) State Negotiations Concluded Signed Provisional Application Ratification Notes Agreements finalised ( negotiations concluded , but not signed ) ( edit ) State Negotiations Concluded Signed Provisional Application Ratification Notes West Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Mauritania 6 February 2014 Partially signed Economic Partnership Agreement Singapore 17 October 2014 No EU - Singapore Free Trade Agreement , a Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement , subject to CJEU Opinion 2 / 15 ( member states also have to sign when arbitration is planned by the treaty , due to national competency ) Vietnam 2 December 2015 No Free Trade Agreement Eastern African Community members Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda 16 October 2014 Partially signed Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiating ( edit ) Gulf Cooperation Council ( Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and United Arab Emirates ) since 1990 , negotiations are suspended since 2008 Mercosur ( Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , and Venezuela ) since 2000 , relaunched in May 2010 India Negotiations initiated in 2007 on EU - India Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement are stalled as of March 2015 . ASEAN countries : Indonesia since September 2016 Malaysia since October 2010 Thailand since March 2013 Philippines since December 2015 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area negotiations : Morocco since March 2013 Tunisia since October 2015 Japan ( Japan -- EU relations ) since March 2013 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) ( United States -- EU relations ) since July 2013 New Zealand since October 2015 Competence ( edit ) The European court of Justice has held that that investor - state Arbitration provisions ( including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements ) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason , their ratification should be approved by each of the EU as well as the 28 states . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Lists portal Free trade area List of free trade agreements List of bilateral free trade agreements EU - ACP Economic Partnership Agreements European Union Association Agreement EUR. 1 movement certificate United States free trade agreements Euro - Mediterranean free trade area Free trade areas in Europe List of the largest trading partners of the European Union Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Entry into force of Interim Agreement Jump up ^ Interim Agreement Jump up ^ Agreement on Trade , Development and Cooperation Jump up ^ Decision of the EC - Turkey Association Council ^ Jump up to : did not sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Free trade agreements '' . European Commission . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agreements '' . European Commission . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic , the Republic of Estonia , the Republic of Cyprus , the Republic of Latvia , the Republic of Lithuania , the Republic of Hungary , the Republic of Malta , the Republic of Poland , the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded - Protocol No 3 on the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on Cyprus Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the Republic of Albania , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Community and its Members States , of the one part , and the People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States , of the one part , and the Republic of Chile , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chile - Trade - European Commission '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Communities and its Member States and the Arab Republic of Egypt '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the European Community , of the one part , and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands , of the other part '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States , of the one part , and Georgia , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Documents concerning the accession to the European Communities of the Kingdom of Denmark , Ireland , the Kingdom of Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Protocol No 3 on the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on the European Economic Area '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Agreement on trade and trade - related matters between the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community , of the one part , and the State of Israel , on the other part '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the State of Israel , of the other part '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community , of the one part , and Kosovo ( * ) , of the other part '' . Europa.eu . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Members States , of the one part , and the Republic of Lebanon , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico - Trade - European Commission '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Partnership , Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States , of the one part , and the United Mexican States , of the other part '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States , of the one part , and Moldova , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part , and the Republic of Montenegro , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Council Decision 2013 / 755 / EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union '' . EUR - Lex. 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Council Decision 2001 / 822 / EC of 27 November 2001 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Community '' . EUR - Lex. 27 November 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community , of the one part , and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino '' . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the Republic of Serbia , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the Community and South Africa , which provides for the provisional application of a portion of the Agreement on Trade , Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States , on the one part , and the Republic of South Africa , on the other part '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement on Trade , Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States , on the one part , and the Republic of South Africa , on the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States , of the one part , and the Republic of Korea , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - L : 2011 : 127 : TOC - EN - EUR - Lex '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Trade agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the European Community and its Member States , of the one part , and the Swiss Confederation , of the other , on the Free Movement of Persons '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States , of the one part , and the Republic of Tunisia , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Decision No 1 / 95 of the EC - Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union Jump up ^ `` Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States , of the one part , and Ukraine , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=2014045 Jump up ^ `` Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States , of the one part , and the European Community and its Member States , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States , on the one part , and the European Community and its Member States , on the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States , on the one hand , and Central America on the other '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) EU signs FTA Jump up ^ `` Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States , of the one part , and Colombia and Peru , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) EU FTA agreements with Colombia and Central America became effective August first Jump up ^ `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador joins EU trade agreement with Colombia and Peru '' . Jump up ^ `` Notice concerning the provisional application '' . EUR - Lex . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement details '' . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Trade Policy with the Andean Community '' . Jump up ^ `` Canada , EU to provisionally apply CETA in September '' . CBC News . 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ( CETA ) between Canada , of the one part , and the European Union and its Member States , of the other part '' . Agreements Database , Council of the European Union . Jump up ^ `` In Focus : EU - Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement '' . 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-3269608897849853883	Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai	Mohabbat tumse nafrat hai - Wikipedia Mohabbat tumse nafrat hai Jump to : navigation , search Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai Genre Romantic drama Written by Khalil - ur - Rehman Qamar Directed by Farooq Rind Starring Ayeza Khan Imran Abbas Shehzad Sheikh Opening theme `` Kay Jin Ko Dil Main Rakhte Hain Wohi Dil Tor Jatein Hain '' Ending theme `` Tumhara Naam Lay Lay Kar Tadapna Kiya Sulanga Kiya Original language ( s ) Urdu Urdu محبت تم سے نفرت ہے No. of episodes 31 Production Running time 35 - 38min Production company ( s ) 7th Sky Entertainment Distributor Geo Entertainment Release Original network GEO TV Original release 08 April -- 29 October 2017 Chronology Preceded by Khuda Aur Muhabbat Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai is a Pakistani romantic drama serial aired on GEO TV. Written by Khalil - ur - Rehman Qamar . It is new drama produced by 7th Sky Entertainment and directed by Farooq Rind . It stars Ayeza Khan , Imran Abbas and Shehzad Sheikh in the leading role . The show premiered on 8 April 2017 on Geo TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 External links 4 References Plot ( edit ) The serial starts with the story of Kaneez Begum 's family . She has suffered a lot in her life and witnessed death of many kinfolks . Despite losing all the attractiveness of world , she has created the high - spirited environment in her house to cherish every remaining moments of life . Maheen ( Ayeza Khan ) , the maternal granddaughter of Kaneez Begum , is kind of short - tempered , egoistic but still the apple of everyone 's eye in the family . Waqar ( Imran Abbas ) , another grandson of Kaneez Begum returns from London and starts taking interest in Maheen . Although they both were hiding their feelings but Kaneez Begum gets the temperature of their love affair which is against her wish . She wants to tie the knot between Maheen and Gulraiz ( Shehzad Sheikh ) and announces their engagement . Gulraiz is a shy , poltroon and introvert type of person although he loves Maheen deep down inside . Maheen 's sister Fajar interrupts the matriarch order and convinces Waqar and Maheen to openly claim their love interest . When Gulraiz gets to know the real feelings of Maheen , he himself decided to sacrifice from this relationship . It seems like when life is going on the right track as per Maheen 's wish , fate has something else in store for her . The fire of jealousy , grudge and hate turns the love into flying ashes . Sometime love takes you into the situation when you start ¬ hating its existence Alas . On the wedding day of maheen and waqar , waqar reads a fake letter and leaves maheen on the wedding day which forces Zulfi to marry Maheen . After 8 year leap , Waqar comes to Pakistan and the truth is unveiled by the girl who turned the lives of Maheen and Waqar around . Gulraiz is then to be revealed dead because of blood cancer . Waqar is shattered by the truth and asked Maheen to tell him the truth , he later convinces Maheen to marry him and on the wedding day both of them get married ... On the wedding night she consumes poison having flashbacks of her wedding with gulraiz and Maheen leaves a letter stating that she said she will kill him where he wo n't even get water and fulfils her revenge of Waqar leaving her behind and her love for him Cast ( edit ) Ayeza Khan as Maheen Aurangzeb / Maheen Waqar Imran Abbas Naqvi as Waqar Ahmad Shehzad Sheikh as Gulraiz Akhtar Saba Faisal as Kaneez Begum / Ame Begum ( Nanu ) Kinza Hashmi as Fajar Haroon Kadwani as Ali Saman Ansari as Mehrunnisa Farhan Ali Agha as Mashood Ahmed Beena Chaudhary as Suraiya Faryal Mehmood as Jiya ( Villian ) Sabreen Hisbani as Neelam Khalid Malik as Wali Ahmed Dastoor Ahmad Munshi Alam External links ( edit ) Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai on Facebook Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai on Instagram Imran Abbas @ Instagram https://www.instagram.com/imranabbas.official/ Ayeza khan @ Instagram https://www.instagram.com/ayezakhan.ak/ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sarym , Ahmed ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Imran Abbas and Sajal Aly come together for Khalil Ur Rehman Qamar 's next '' . HIP in Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai Drama Details '' . Drama Industry . 18 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` mohabbat tumse nafrat hai to begin from april 8 '' . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` mohabbat tumse nafrat hai ayeza khan new drama '' . www.viralsaeen.com . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` star studded drama mohabbat tumse nafrat hai to air from april '' . www.gulfnews.com . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This drama television program -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohabbat_Tumse_Nafrat_Hai&oldid=807729388 '' Categories : Pakistani drama television series Pakistani films by language Film series Television in Pakistan Pakistani television networks 2017 Pakistani television series debuts Urdu - language television programs 7th Sky Entertainment Pakistani television stubs Drama television series stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8015445604668085040	Priyamani	Priyamani - wikipedia Priyamani Jump to : navigation , search Priyamani Priyamani in 2012 Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer ( 1984 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1984 ( age 33 ) Bengaluru , Karnataka , India Nationality Indian Occupation Actress , model Years active 2003 -- present Spouse ( s ) Mustafa raj ( m. 2017 ) Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer ( born 4 June 1984 ) , known by her stage name Priyamani , is an Indian film actress and former model , who works in Kannada , Malayalam , Tamil , Telugu and Hindi language films . She has established a career in regional Indian films , and is the recipient of a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards in different - language films . Priyamani , born and raised in Bangalore , worked as a model before pursuing a career in films . In 2002 , she made her acting debut with a leading role in the Telugu film Evare Atagaadu ( 2003 ) , a box - office flop . Priyamani gained widespread recognition for her role as village girl Muththazhagu in the Tamil film Paruthiveeran in 2007 , receiving National Film Award for Best Actress and Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Tamil for her performance . During the same year , she achieved commercial success in Telugu cinema with S.S. Rajamouli - directed Yamadonga . In 2008 , Priyamani received further critical acclaim for her role as Malavika in the Malayalam film Thirakkatha -- and won a Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Malayalam . The following year , she made her Kannada film debut in Raam which proved to be a commercial and critical success . Priyamani made her Hindi film debut through Mani Ratnam 's bilingual in Tamil and Hindi , titled Raavan and Raavanan respectively . In 2012 , her portrayal of conjoined twins in the multilingual film Chaarulatha , based on the Thai film Alone , gained critical praise and a third Best Actress award at Filmfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Awards 5 Filmography 6 Television 7 Reference Early life ( edit ) Priyamani was born into a Tamil speaking family in Bangalore to Vasudeva Mani Iyer and Latha Mani Iyer . She modelled for Kancheepuram silks , Erode silks and Lakshmi silks during her school years . When she was in the 12th Standard , Tamil Director , Bharathiraja introduced her to the film industry . Her father , who hails from Palakkad from a Tamil family owns a plantation business , and her mother , former national badminton player , Lathamani , who hails from Thiruvananthapuram , was a bank manager at Union Bank of India . She has an elder brother , Vishakh , who is in the plantation business with her father , while at school she actively participated in extracurricular activities and in sports . She is the granddaughter of Carnatic vocalist Kamala Kailas . She is the cousin of film actress Vidya Balan , and the niece of playback singer , Malgudi Shubha . Priyamani did her schooling at Sri Aurobindo Memorial School and attended Bishop Cotton Women 's College in JC Road . After completing her schooling , Priyamani modeled for print advertisements . Priyamani is currently pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Arts in psychology . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Priyamani made her debut with Telugu film Evare Atagaadu . She then made her debut in the Malayalam film industry with Sathyam , but this film performed poorly at the box office . She was signed by Tamil film director and cinematographer Balu Mahendra to act in the 2005 drama Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam . Before release , Babith said `` Priyamani has come up with an excellent performance in the movie . Her performance would be widely acclaimed . '' Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam was critically acclaimed but failed at the box office . However , she won acclaim for her performance in the film . In 2006 , Priyamani starred in the Telugu film Pellaina Kothalo . The film was a super hit and got her three Telugu films . 2007 -- present ( edit ) Priyamani during the filming of Rakta Charitra Priyamani managed to prove her acting credentials and commercial appeal with 2007 's Paruthiveeran , directed by Ameer Sultan , in which she was co-starred with debutant Karthi Sivakumar . A rural subject which told the story of a notorious young villager in Madurai , the film won critical acclaim and became a surprise box - office blockbuster . Priyamani 's performance was unanimously praised by the critics . She went on to win the National Film Award , followed by South Filmfare Award , Tamil Nadu State Film Award and an award at the Osian 's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema . She had another commercially successful film in Telugu , in the 2007 film Yamadonga and in the Tamil film Malaikottai . She again received critical acclaim in 2008 for her role in the Malayalam film Thirakkatha , in which she played a role based on the turbulent real - life story of late film actress Srividya . She won another Filmfare Award for her performance . In Tamil , she had a single release in 2008 : Thotta . In 2009 she had two Tamil releases , the masala film Arumugam and the remake of the Malayalam blockbuster Classmates , titled Ninaithale Inikkum . The former was a commercial failure : Her Kannada debut film Raam was also a commercial success . All three of her Telugu releases that year , however , ( Drona , Mitrudu , Pravarakhyudu ) did not do well at the box office . In 2010 she acted in the satirical film Pranchiyettan & the Saint which became the longest - running Malayalam film since 2005 . She won a Filmfare nomination for her role as a Mumbai - based interior decorator in the film . She was subsequently signed by director Mani Ratnam for his bilingual film , titled Raavanan and Raavan in Tamil and Hindi respectively . Soon after , she was roped in by Bollywood director - producer Ram Gopal Varma for his trilingual film Rakht Charitra . Varma decided to cast her after seeing her National Award - winning performance in Paruthiveeran . Her Kannada film Vishnuvardhana became a blockbuster hit and later she starred in Anna Bond . Although the film was poorly received by critics and featured on Rediff 's `` Most Disappointing Kannada Films of 2012 '' list , it went on to become a successful venture at the box office . She appeared in an item number in the Bollywood film Chennai Express . She has completed shooting for a Malayalam film , The True Story and the Telugu film , Chandee , in which she plays Ganga the granddaughter of a freedom fighter , who seeks revenge for the problems her family had to face . She was cast opposite Darshan in the Kannada film Ambareesha in ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , she posed for a PETA ad campaign , asking the public to boycott zoos that feature caged tigers . Personal life ( edit ) She got married on 23 August 2017 to Mustafa Raj ( Events Organizer ) in a private ceremony . Awards ( edit ) National Film Award for Best Actress ( 2006 ) - Paruthiveeran Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress ( 2006 ) - Paruthiveeran Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Tamil ( 2007 ) - Paruthiveeran Vijay Award for Best Actress ( 2007 ) - Paruthiveeran Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Malayalam ( 2008 ) - Thirakkatha Sandalwood Star Award for Best Supporting Actress ( 2011 ) - Vishnuvardhana Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Kannada ( 2012 ) - Chaarulatha SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Chaarulatha Suvarna Film Award for Best Actress - Chaarulatha Nominated -- Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Telugu - Mana Oori Ramayanam Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Language Notes 2003 Ullam Kavitha Tamil direct - to - television Evare Atagaadu Priyamani Telugu Kangalal Kaidhu Sei Vidya Sadagoppan Tamil Satyam Sona Malayalam 2005 Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam Thulasi Tamil Otta Nanayam Reshma Malayalam 2006 Pellaina Kothalo Lakshmi Telugu Madhu Mercy Tamil 2007 Paruthiveeran Muthazhagu Toss Naina Telugu Yamadonga Maheswari Nava Vasantham Anjali Malaikottai Malar Tamil 2008 Thotta Nalina Hare Ram Anjali Telugu Thirakkatha Malavika Malayalam King Telugu Special appearance 2009 Drona Indhu Mitrudu Puthiya Mukham Anjana Malayalam Arumugam Yamini Tamil Ninaithale Inikkum Meera Pravarakhyudu Sailaja Telugu Raam Pooja Kannada Shambo Shiva Shambo Munimma Telugu Sadhyam Suhani Golimaar Pavithra Raavanan Venilla Tamil Raavan Jamuni Hindi Pranchiyettan and the Saint Padmashree Malayalam Eno Onthara Madhumathi Kannada Rakta Charitra II Bhawani Hindi Ragada Ashtalakshmi Telugu 2011 Raaj Mythili Vishnuvardhana Meera Kannada Kshetram Naga Penchalamma , Sohini Aggarwal Telugu 2012 Ko Ko Cauvery Kannada Anna Bond Meera Grandmaster Deepthi Malayalam Chaarulatha Chaaru , Latha Tamil Kannada 2013 Lakshmi Priya Chennai Express Hindi Special appearance in item song Chandee Ganga / Chandee Telugu 2014 Alice : A True Story Alice / Uma Malayalam Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal Bhavana Ambareesha Smitha Kannada 2016 Kathe Chitrakathe Nirdeshana Puttanna Geethanjali Kalpana 2 Kalpana Dana Kayonu Jhummi Idolle Ramayana Susheela Mana Oori Ramayanam Telugu 2017 Chowka Maria D'Souza Kannada Angulika Vyuha Gayatri Filming Nanna Prakara Dwaja Ashiq Vanna Divasam Unknown Malayalam Television ( edit ) Year Program Role Language Channel Notes 2014 D 4 Dance Judge Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama 2015 D2 - D 4 Dance Malayalam Won , Asiavision Television awards 2015 - Best Celebrity Judge Dancing Star 2 Kannada ETV Kannada 2016 Kings of Dance Judge Tamil Star Vijay D3 - D 4 Dance Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama Won , Asiavision Television awards 2016 - Best Celebrity Judge Dancing Star 3 Kannada Colors Kannada 2017 D4 junior v / s seniors Judge Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama 2017 -- present Dhee 10 Judge Telugu ETV Telugu 2017 Hand of god Eleena Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama Short film 2017 - Present Dance Jodi Dance ( season 2 ) Judge Tamil Zee Tamil Other Shows as guest Year Program Language Channel Notes 2013 Prematho Mee Lakshmi Telugu ETV Telugu 2014 Big Screen Malayalam Kairali TV Onasallapam Malayalam ACV 2015 Bigg Boss 3 Kannada Colors Kannada Majaa Talkies Kannada 2016 Majaa Talkies Kannada Badai Bungalow Malayalam Asianet JB junction Malayalam Kairali TV Get Set Chat Malayalam Kaumudy TV Laughing Villa Malayalam Surya TV Comedy Super Night 2 Malayalam Flowers TV Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama Alitho Saradaga Telugu ETV Telugu 2017 Weekend With Ramesh Kannada Zee Kannada Reference ( edit ) Jump up ^ P.K. Ajith Kumar . `` Director 's actor '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Anu ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Happy Birthday Priyamani : Celebs Wish ' D4 Dance ' Judge on her Special Day '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Priyamani ... is celebrating her 31st birthday on Thursday , 4 June . Jump up ^ `` Birthday Exclusive : Priyamani '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Priyamani gets engaged '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern hottie Priyamani '' . NDTVMovies.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priya Mani ` s candid confessions '' . Sify. 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` പ്രിയമാണ്‌ എനിക്ക്‌ പ്രണയം ... '' mangalamvarika.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nagarajan , Saraswathy ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Ms. Confidence '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Not going to ask Vidya Balan for advice : Priyamani '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Priya Mani -- Interview . Behindwoods.com . Retrieved on 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Priya Mani - Interview '' . Behindwoods.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graceful debut '' . Metro Plus Coimbatore . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 22 December 2003 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` He ca n't stop talking about Priya Mani '' . Indiaglitz. 2005 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Style meets substance '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 2006 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Athu Oru Kanaa Kaalam -- Dreamy desires '' . Indiaglitz . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Movie Review : Athu Oru Kanakalam '' . Behindwoods . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pellaina Kothalo trio returns '' . Rediff. 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ranganath , Vanaparthy ( 2006 - 12 - 27 ) . `` TOP 10 MOVIES OF 2006 '' . idlebrain.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Paruthi Veeran ' 357 not out ! '' . indiaglitz . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Analysis '' . Indiaglitz. 27 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The next pin - up boy ! '' . Sify. 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Paruthi Veeran Tamil Movie Review -- cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes . Indiaglitz.com ( 24 February 2007 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Movie Review : Paruthiveeran . Sify.com . Retrieved on 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Priya Mani bags National Award for Best Actress '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Paruthi Veeran ' rules the roost at filmfare awards '' . Indiaglitz . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Tamil heroines of 2007 '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yamadonga 100 days celebrations in New Jersey , USA '' . idlebrain.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 10 MOVIES OF 2007 by Ranganath Vanaparthy '' . idlebrain.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top five Telugu films of 2007 '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 10 MOVIES OF 2007 '' . Behindwoods . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaikottai 's success delights Vishal '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaikottai -- 125 days celebrated '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Search for inspiration '' . Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ramanjuam , Srinivasa ( 2 August 2009 ) . `` The glowing filmfare night ! '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Ninaithale Inikkum is worth a watch '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Variety is the spice of life '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Siren of the Week : Priyamani '' . MSN . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will lady luck shine on Bharath ? '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suresh Krishna is back with Aahaa '' . chakpak.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prithvi ' 50 days , ' Raam ' 25 weeks ! '' . Indiaglitz . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puneet Rajkumar : The impeccable aura of the Powerstar continues to dazzle '' . Southscope . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Veeresh , K.M. ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` GANDHINAGAR GOSSIP '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` I do n't want to disappoint my fans : Puneeth '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Priya Mani 's Kannada debut '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Narasimham , M.L. ( 25 December 2009 ) . `` Of colossal hits and flops '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Tollywood 's report card of 2009 '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nair , Unni R. ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Pranchiyettan And The Saint still running strong '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Nikhil ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` Out in the woods '' . Cinema Plus . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Priyamani was uncertain in acting in Rakta Charitra . Entertainment.oneindia.in ( 23 March 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` South 's biggest blockbusters of 2011 '' . IBN Live . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajapur , V.S. ( 29 December 2011 ) . `` Kannada film industry looks up : Success ratio up '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ Kannada Review : ' Only Vishnuvardhana ' is racy . Ibnlive.in.com ( 11 December 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Disappointing Kannada Films of 2012 '' . Rediff. 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sandalwood Half Yearly Report : Anna Bond biggest hit so far '' . Filmibeat.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Sunitra ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's latkas jhatkas in Chennai Express item number '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't mind being an ' eye candy ' - The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ A. Sharadhaa ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Enjoying being the not so nice one '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyamani Turns Tigeress for PETA , '' The Times of India , 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Amala Paul apologises to Jisha 's mother on Mother 's Day '' . thenewsminute.com. 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Asks Women to Leave Country After Jisha Rape , Gets Trolled '' . thequint.com . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Priyamani gets engaged '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyamani in Ambarisha -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Pasupulate , Karthik ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Priyamani to play a CBI officer '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyamani to play a CBI officer -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Awards for Priyamani National Film Award for Best Actress 1967 -- 1980 Nargis ( 1967 ) Sharada ( 1968 ) Madhabi Mukherjee ( 1969 ) Rehana Sultan ( 1970 ) Waheeda Rehman ( 1971 ) Sharada ( 1972 ) Nandini Bhaktavatsala ( 1973 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1974 ) Sharmila Tagore ( 1975 ) Lakshmi ( 1976 ) Smita Patil ( 1977 ) Sharada ( 1978 ) Shoba ( 1979 ) Smita Patil ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Rekha ( 1981 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1982 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1983 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1984 ) Suhasini ( 1985 ) Monisha ( 1986 ) Archana ( 1987 ) Archana ( 1988 ) Sreelekha Mukherji ( 1989 ) Vijayashanti ( 1990 ) Moloya Goswami ( 1991 ) Dimple Kapadia ( 1992 ) Shobana ( 1993 ) Debashree Roy ( 1994 ) Seema Biswas ( 1995 ) Tabu ( 1996 ) Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta ( 1997 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1998 ) Kirron Kher ( 1999 ) Raveena Tandon ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Shobana and Tabu ( 2001 ) Konkona Sen Sharma ( 2002 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2003 ) Tara ( 2004 ) Sarika ( 2005 ) Priyamani ( 2006 ) Umashree ( 2007 ) Priyanka Chopra ( 2008 ) Ananya Chatterjee ( 2009 ) Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar and Saranya Ponvannan ( 2010 ) Vidya Balan ( 2011 ) Usha Jadhav ( 2012 ) Geetanjali Thapa ( 2013 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2014 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2015 ) Surabhi Lakshmi ( 2016 ) Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress 1967 -- 1980 K.R. Vijaya ( 1967 ) Padmini ( 1968 ) Sowcar Janaki ( 1969 ) K.R. Vijaya ( 1970 ) -- ( 1971 ) -- ( 1972 ) -- ( 1973 ) -- ( 1974 ) -- ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Latha ( 1977 ) Lakshmi ( 1978 ) Saritha ( 1979 ) Suhasini ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Sridevi ( 1981 ) Saritha ( 1982 ) -- ( 1983 ) -- ( 1984 ) -- ( 1985 ) -- ( 1986 ) -- ( 1987 ) Saritha ( 1988 ) Raadhika ( 1989 ) Revathy ( 1990 ) Kushboo ( 1991 ) Sukanya ( 1992 ) Meena ( 1993 ) Rajashree ( 1994 ) Kushboo ( 1995 ) Shruti ( 1996 ) Meena & Devayani ( 1997 ) Roja ( 1998 ) Simran ( 1999 ) Devayani ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sneha ( 2001 ) Meena ( 2002 ) Laila ( 2003 ) Jyothika ( 2004 ) Jyothika ( 2005 ) Priyamani ( 2006 ) Jyothika ( 2007 ) Sneha ( 2008 ) Padmapriya Janakiraman ( 2009 ) Amala Paul ( 2010 ) Iniya Lakshmi Menon ( 2012 ) Nayanthara ( 2013 ) Aishwarya Rajesh ( 2014 ) Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress 1972 -- 1979 Jayalalithaa ( 1972 ) Jayalalithaa ( 1973 ) Lakshmi ( 1974 ) Sujatha ( 1975 ) Sujatha ( 1976 ) Sujatha ( 1977 ) Latha ( 1978 ) Shoba ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Saritha ( 1980 ) Sridevi ( 1981 ) Poornima Jayaram ( 1982 ) Lakshmi ( 1983 ) Saritha ( 1984 ) Radha ( 1985 ) Radhika ( 1986 ) Radhika ( 1987 ) Unknown ( 1988 ) Bhanupriya ( 1989 ) Radhika ( 1990 ) Gautami ( 1991 ) Revathi ( 1992 ) Revathi ( 1993 ) Revathi ( 1994 ) Manisha Koirala ( 1995 ) Shruti ( 1996 ) Meena ( 1997 ) Kausalya ( 1998 ) Ramya Krishnan ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 Jyothika ( 2000 ) Laila ( 2001 ) Simran ( 2002 ) Laila ( 2003 ) Sandhya ( 2004 ) Asin ( 2005 ) Bhavana ( 2006 ) Priyamani ( 2007 ) Parvathy ( 2008 ) Pooja ( 2009 ) Anjali ( 2010 ) Anjali ( 2011 ) Samantha ( 2012 ) Nayanthara ( 2013 ) Malavika Nair ( 2014 ) Nayanthara ( 2015 ) Ritika Singh ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam Actress 1972 -- 1989 Roja Ramani ( 1972 ) Nanditha Bose ( 1973 ) Lakshmi ( 1974 ) Lakshmi ( 1975 ) Lakshmi ( 1976 ) Sheela ( 1977 ) Jayabharathi ( 1978 ) Srividya ( 1979 ) Srividya ( 1980 ) Jalaja ( 1981 ) Poornima Bhagyaraj ( 1982 ) ( 1983 ) ( 1984 ) ( 1985 ) ( 1986 ) Sharada ( 1987 ) Revathi ( 1988 ) Rekha ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 2009 Shobana ( 1990 ) Amala Akkineni ( 1991 ) Geetha ( 1992 ) Madhavi ( 1993 ) ( 1994 ) Annie ( 1995 ) Manju Warrier ( 1996 ) Manju Warrier ( 1997 ) Manju Warrier ( 1998 ) Manju Warrier ( 1999 ) Samyuktha Varma ( 2000 ) Samyuktha Varma ( 2001 ) Navya Nair ( 2002 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2003 ) Geetu Mohandas ( 2004 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2005 ) Padmapriya Janakiraman ( 2006 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2007 ) Priyamani ( 2008 ) Shweta Menon ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Mamta Mohandas ( 2010 ) Kavya Madhavan ( 2011 ) Rima Kallingal ( 2012 ) Ann Augustine ( 2013 ) Manju Warrier ( 2014 ) Parvathy ( 2015 ) Nayanthara ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Kannada Actress 1972 -- 1989 Kalpana ( 1972 ) Jayanthi ( 1973 ) Aarathi ( 1974 ) Aarathi ( 1975 ) Jayanthi ( 1976 ) Manjula ( 1977 ) Shobha ( 1978 ) Aarathi ( 1979 ) Ashwini ( 1980 ) Aarathi ( 1981 ) Saritha ( 1982 ) Suhasini ( 1983 ) Suhasini ( 1984 ) Saritha ( 1985 ) Saritha ( 1986 ) Saritha ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 2009 Suhasini ( 1990 ) Malashri ( 1991 ) Sudha Rani ( 1992 ) Lakshmi ( 1993 ) Shruti ( 1995 ) Shilpa ( 1996 ) Suhasini ( 1997 ) Jayamala ( 1998 ) Tara ( 1999 ) Sudha Rani ( 2000 ) Prema ( 2001 ) Soundarya ( 2002 ) Meena ( 2003 ) Soundarya ( 2004 ) Vidhya Venkatesh ( 2005 ) Ramya ( 2006 ) Rashmi ( 2007 ) Radhika Pandit ( 2008 ) Radhika Pandit ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Radhika Pandit ( 2010 ) Ramya ( 2011 ) Priyamani ( 2012 ) Amulya ( 2013 ) Shwetha Srivatsav ( 2014 ) Parul Yadav ( 2015 ) Shraddha Srinath ( 2016 ) Biography portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyamani&oldid=818439959 '' Categories : 21st - century Indian actresses 1984 births Actresses from Palakkad Actresses in Malayalam cinema Non-Malayali Keralites Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners Filmfare Awards South winners Living people Best Actress National Film Award winners Actresses in Kannada cinema Actresses in Tamil cinema Actresses in Malayalam television Actresses in Telugu television Indian television actresses Actresses in Tamil television Actresses from Bangalore Indian film actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Actresses in Kannada television Actresses in Telugu cinema Female models from Bangalore Female models from Kerala Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	chennai express one two three four get on the dance floor dancer	[ "Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer (born 4 June 1984), known by her stage name Priyamani, is an Indian film actress and former model, who works in Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi language films. She has established a career in regional Indian films, and is the recipient of a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards in different-language films." ]	[ "Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer" ]
4397303393016873613	Diary of a Wimpy Kid	Diary of a Wimpy Kid - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original book . For the book series , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( book series ) . For the film , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) . For other uses , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( disambiguation ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid Cover of the first edition of the book Author Jeff Kinney Original title Diary of a Wimpy Kid Illustrator Jeff Kinney Cover artist Jeff Kinney and Chad W. Beckerman Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Comedy , Young adult fiction Publisher Amulet Books Publication date April 1 , 2007 Media type Print ( paperback , hardcover ) Pages 221 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 330383 - 1 Followed by Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a satirical realistic fiction comedy novel for children and teenagers written and illustrated by Jeff Kinney . It is the first book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . The book is about a boy named Greg Heffley and his struggles to fit in as he begins middle school . Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004 , where it was read 20 million times . The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1 , 2007 . The book was named New York Times bestseller among other awards and praise . A film of the same name was released on March 19 , 2010 . The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules , followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Characters 4 Sequels 5 Awards 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 External links Plot As Greg Heffley is getting ready for his first day of middle school , he is teased by his teenage brother Rodrick , because his mom bought him his supplies for school . He has a little brother , a toddler named Manny , who is `` spoiled rotten '' because he gets everything he wants and also gets away with everything he does wrong . His father , named Frank Heffley , does not encourage Greg 's way of life - playing video games all day - rather than going outside and playing sports . During the first day of school , Greg is immediately rejected and is forced to sit with another outcast named Fregley , from whom Greg tries to keep `` a safe distance '' . He is initially unsure whether his best friend Rowley Jefferson will be able to fit in , as he considers Rowley to be immature . However , Greg strongly believes that he can become popular . He and Rowley decide to take part in wrestling at school , although Greg quits after losing a match against Fregley . On Halloween , Greg and Rowley go trick - or - treating , but are challenged by teens who spray Greg and Rowley with a water - filled fire extinguisher . Greg tries to threaten them by saying he 's going to call the police , but the teenagers start to chase them . The two friends escape and go to Greg 's grandmother 's house until the teens leave . After getting few presents for Christmas , Greg decides to play a game with Rowley in which Rowley must ride a bike while Greg tries to knock him off . On one of Greg 's tries , the ball gets under the front wheel , which causes Rowley to fall off and break his arm . When Rowley goes to school with a plaster cast , the girls take care of him ( carrying his books , feeding him food ) which makes Greg jealous . After Rowley 's arm heals , he and Greg decide to enroll in the safety patrol program in which they walk younger kids to their homes . One day , as Greg is walking the kids by himself he chases the young children after scaring them with a stick with worms on it . A neighbour contacts the school and tells them about Greg 's unusual behavior . The principal suspects Rowley , as Greg was wearing Rowley 's jacket . Rowley is suspended from the safety patrol . Greg later decides to confess the truth , but Rowley has already informed on him , resulting in their friendship breaking off . Greg tries to befriend Fregley to make Rowley jealous , although he is uncomfortable around Fregley . Resorting to auditioning for the school play ( based on The Wizard of Oz ) Greg lands the role as a tree , while Patty Farrel is cast as Dorothy , the protagonist of the novel . During the show 's opening performance , Rodrick brings a camera to film the play . Greg becomes too nervous to sing , confusing the other `` trees '' who also fail to sing . Patty gets frustrated and angers Greg , who throws props at Patty , and then everyone gets in the fight , ending the play in chaos . Feeling desolate from being blatantly rejected by everyone , Greg is surprised and a little happy to see Rowley approaching him at recess , until , he discovers that he 's only there to demand back a CD he 'd left with Greg . They get into an awkward fist - fight . While they are fighting , the teens who chased them at halloween are drawn to the chaos crowding around Greg and Rowley tumbling around in the dirt . When the leader of the teen gang scares away the rest of the students , they force Greg and Rowley to eat a moldy piece of cheese that has been left on the school grounds for years . Rowley is the first to eat the cheese - except when it comes to Greg 's turn , he claims that he 's lactose intolerant and that eating cheese will kill him . The principal turns up and the teens disappear . The other students see the cheese in front of Rowley and believe he has eaten from it . Greg takes the blame and claims he ate the cheese . Greg and Rowley mend their friendship . Background Picture of the online version In 2005 , FunBrain and Jeff Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid . The website made daily entries until June 2005 . The book became an instant hit and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2007 . Many online readers requested a printed version . At the 2006 New York Comic - Con Kinney proposed Diary to Charles Kochman , Editorial Director of the ComicArts division of Abrams Books , who purchased the rights to the book . According to Kochman , the two initially conceived it as a book for adults , believing it would appeal to audiences similar to that of the TV series The Wonder Years . Kochman brought it before the Abrams publishing board , which convinced Kinney and Kochman that it would be better aimed toward children . In 2007 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid , an abridged version of the original online book , was published . Characters Gregory Heffley The main character , Greg , has trouble with family , friends , and his local middle school . He is very concerned about how popular he is at school , and he daydreams a lot about being rich and famous when he grows up . He tries to fit in at his school , but usually he does not succeed . Facing many challenges , Greg attempts to handle them very creatively , but unfortunately his antics often backfire on him . Rowley Jefferson Greg 's best friend has a larger than average frame . He is always willing to do what Greg tells him , including dangerous stunts . Rowley goes on vacations all the time , which annoys Greg . Rowley is a loyal friend , but he sometimes behaves in an immature or childish manner . He also dresses in an unusual way . Manny Heffley Greg 's `` spoiled '' little brother , a three - year - old toddler . He never gets in trouble no matter what , even when he really deserves it . Manny is just getting toilet trained . Rodrick Heffley Rodrick is Greg 's teenage brother and he never misses a chance to be cruel to Greg . He is known for sleeping excessively in the morning and for his rebellious attitude . Rodrick is part of a garage band called `` The Löded Diper '' . Rodrick will do anything to embarrass Greg and will even cause problems for Manny to make everyone 's life miserable . Sequels Author and illustrator Jeff Kinney signs copies of `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid '' in 2009 . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is the first book in an ongoing book franchise . The second , Rodrick Rules was released February 1 , 2008 and was listed on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 117 weeks . The Last Straw , the third book in the series , released on January 13 , 2009 was on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 65 weeks , peaking at number one . Dog Days was released October 12 , 2009 with 217 pages . The book was ranked at number one on the New York Times Best Sellers List for all 25 weeks of inclusion , making Dog Days the # 1 Best Selling Book of 2009 . The Ugly Truth was released November 9 , 2010 with 217 pages . The sixth , Cabin Fever was released November 15 , 2011 . The seventh , The Third Wheel was released on November 13 , 2012 . The eighth , Hard Luck was released on November 5 , 2013 in the United States and on November 6 in the United Kingdom . The ninth , The Long Haul was released on November 4 , 2014 in the US and November 5 , 2014 in the UK . The tenth , Old School , was released globally on November 3 , 2015 . The eleventh , Double Down , was published on November 1 , 2016 . Awards The book won the Blue Peter Book Award 2012 , revealed live on British kids channel CBBC on March 1 , 2012 . Adaptations Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American comedy directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney 's book . The film was released on March 19 , 2010 . It was released on DVD , iTunes , and Blu - ray on August 3 , 2010 . The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley , Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson , Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley ( Dad ) , Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley ( Mom ) , Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley , Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman , and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley , Greg 's brother . References ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of A Wimpy Kid details '' . Amulet Books . 2007 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Book is in Stores , April 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Vorce , Kristin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Abrams Books : Making Publishing an Art '' . NYU Pub Posts . Jump up ^ Thomases , Martha ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Harry N. Abrams ' Charles Kochman '' . ComicMix . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( February 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( January 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ Dixler , Elsa . `` The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( October 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( November 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ `` Latest Diary of a Wimpy Kid Debuts as Global Bestseller '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter Book Awards 2012 '' . BookTrust . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` First Look : ' Wimpy Kid ' actor embraces being ' a likable jerk ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` Steve Zahn to star in ' Wimpy Kid ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid Movie main page '' . 20th Century Fox . Jeff Kinney . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Children 's literature portal External links Official website Diary of a Wimpy Kid on FunBrain.com Diary of a Wimpy Kid - Channel One News Interview with Jeff Kinney on Channel One News The Wonderful World of Wimpy - Parade magazine An interview with Jeff Kinney in Parade Magazine ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid&oldid=814992645 '' Categories : 2007 American novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Novels by Jeff Kinney American young adult novels American novels adapted into films 2007 children 's books Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ελληνικά فارسی Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did diary of a wimpy kid book come out	[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004, where it was read 20 million times.[1] The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1, 2007.[citation needed] The book was named New York Times bestseller among other awards and praise. A film of the same name was released on March 19, 2010. The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules, followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul." ]	[ "April 1, 2007" ]
6137034015193372829	Sense and Sensibility (film)	Sense and Sensibility ( film ) - wikipedia Sense and Sensibility ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sense and Sensibility Theatrical release poster Directed by Ang Lee Produced by Lindsay Doran Screenplay by Emma Thompson Based on Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen Starring Emma Thompson Alan Rickman Kate Winslet Hugh Grant Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Michael Coulter Edited by Tim Squyres Production company Columbia Pictures Mirage Enterprises Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date December 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $134,993,774 Sense and Sensibility is a 1995 American period drama film directed by Ang Lee and based on Jane Austen 's 1811 novel of the same name . Actress Emma Thompson wrote the script and stars as Elinor Dashwood , while Kate Winslet plays Elinor 's younger sister Marianne . The story follows the Dashwood sisters , members of a wealthy English family of landed gentry , as they must deal with circumstances of sudden destitution . They are forced to seek financial security through marriage . Actors Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman play their respective suitors . The film was released on December 13 , 1995 , in the United States . Producer Lindsay Doran , a longtime admirer of Austen 's novel , hired Thompson to write the screenplay . The actress spent five years drafting numerous revisions , continually working on the script between other films as well as into production of the film itself . Studios were nervous that Thompson -- a first - time screenwriter -- was the credited writer , but Columbia Pictures agreed to distribute the film . Though initially intending to have another actress portray Elinor , Thompson was persuaded to take the role . Thompson 's screenplay exaggerated the Dashwood family 's wealth to make their later scenes of poverty more apparent to modern audiences . It also altered the traits of the male leads to make them more appealing to contemporary viewers . Elinor and Marianne 's different characteristics were emphasised through imagery and invented scenes . Ang Lee was selected as director , both due to his work in the 1993 film The Wedding Banquet and because Doran believed he would help the film appeal to a wider audience . Lee was given a budget of $16 million . A commercial success , the movie garnered overwhelmingly positive reviews upon release and received many accolades , including three awards and eleven nominations at the 1995 British Academy Film Awards . It earned seven Academy Awards nominations , including for Best Picture and Best Actress. Thompson received the Best Adapted Screenplay , becoming the only person to have won Academy Awards for both acting and screenwriting . Sense and Sensibility contributed to a resurgence in popularity for Austen 's works , and has led to many more productions in similar genres . It persists in being recognised as one of the best Austen adaptations of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Conception and adaptation 2.1. 1 Lee 's hire 2.2 Casting 2.3 Costume design 2.4 Filming 2.4. 1 Locations 2.5 Music 2.6 Editing 3 Themes and analysis 3.1 Changes from source material 3.2 Class 3.3 Gender 4 Marketing and release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Legacy and influence 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On his deathbed , Mr. Dashwood tells his son from his first marriage , John , to take care of his second wife and three daughters , Elinor , Marianne , and Margaret , since they will inherit nothing . John 's greedy and snobbish wife Fanny convinces him to give his half sisters practically nothing financially ; John and Fanny immediately install themselves in the large house , forcing the Dashwood ladies to look for a new home . Fanny invites her brother Edward Ferrars to stay with them . Elinor and Edward soon form a close friendship , but Fanny haughtily tells Mrs. Dashwood that Edward would be disinherited if he married someone of no importance with no money . Mrs. Dashwood understands her meaning completely . Sir John Middleton , a cousin of the widowed Mrs. Dashwood , offers her a small cottage house on his estate , Barton Park in Devonshire . She and her daughters move in , and are frequent guests at Barton Park . The Dashwoods meet the older Colonel Brandon , who falls in love with Marianne at first sight . However , Marianne considers him an old bachelor , incapable of feeling love or inspiring it in another . One afternoon , Marianne takes a walk with Margaret and slips and falls in the rain . She is carried home by the dashing John Willoughby , with whom Marianne falls in love . They spend a great deal of time together , but on the morning she expects him to propose marriage to her , he instead leaves hurriedly for London . Sir John 's mother - in - law , Mrs. Jennings , invites her daughter and son - in - law , Mr. and Mrs. Palmer , to visit . They bring with them the impoverished Lucy Steele . Lucy confides in Elinor that she and Edward have been engaged secretly for five years , dashing Elinor 's hopes of a future with him . Mrs. Jennings takes Lucy , Elinor , and Marianne to London , where they meet Willoughby at a ball . He greets Marianne uncomfortably and barely acknowledges their acquaintance , and they soon learn he is engaged to the extremely wealthy Miss Grey . Marianne becomes inconsolable . Colonel Brandon later explains to Elinor that Willoughby seduced and abandoned his ward Beth , the illegitimate daughter of his former love , Eliza . When Willoughby 's aunt and benefactress Lady Allen learned of his behavior , she disinherited him and so he chose to marry for money . Lucy is invited to stay with John and Fanny , as a way for Fanny to avoid inviting the Dashwood sisters to visit them . Lucy , falsely believing that she has a friend in Fanny , confides her clandestine engagement to Edward and is thrown out of the house . Edward 's mother demands that he break off the engagement . When he refuses , she arranges to have his fortune transferred to his younger brother , Robert . On hearing this , Colonel Brandon offers Edward the parish on his estate , feeling sympathy for the unfortunate but honorable Edward . On their way home to Devonshire , Elinor and Marianne stop for the night at the country estate of the Palmers , who live five and a half miles away from Willoughby 's estate . Marianne can not resist going to see the estate ; she becomes gravely ill trekking up a hill in a torrential rain . Colonel Brandon finds her in the rain and brings her home . Elinor stays at her side until she recovers , and the sisters return home . Colonel Brandon and Marianne begin spending time together , as Marianne has a new appreciation for him . She admits to Elinor that even if Willoughby had chosen her , she was no longer convinced that love would have been enough to make him happy . The Dashwoods soon learn that Miss Steele has become Mrs. Ferrars and assume that she is married to Edward . Later when Edward visits their house , they learn that Miss Steele unexpectedly jilted him in favor of his brother Robert , and Edward is thus released from his engagement . Edward proposes to and marries Elinor . Edward becomes a vicar , under the patronage of Colonel Brandon , whom Marianne marries . Willoughby is seen watching their wedding from a distance , and then rides away . Production ( edit ) Conception and adaptation ( edit ) In 1989 , Lindsay Doran , the new president of production company Mirage Enterprises , was on a company retreat brainstorming potential film ideas when she suggested the Jane Austen novel Sense and Sensibility to her colleagues . It had been adapted three times , most recently in a 1981 television serial . Doran was a longtime fan of the novel , and had vowed in her youth to adapt it if she ever entered the film industry . She chose to adapt this particular Austen work because there were two female leads . Doran stated that `` all of ( Austen 's ) books are funny and emotional , but Sense and Sensibility is the best movie story because it 's full of twists and turns . Just when you think you know what 's going on , everything is different . It 's got real suspense , but it 's not a thriller . Irresistible . '' She also praised the novel for possessing `` wonderful characters ... three strong love stories , surprising plot twists , good jokes , relevant themes , and a heart - stopping ending . '' Prior to being hired at Mirage , the producer had spent years looking for a suitable screenwriter -- someone who was `` equally strong in the areas of satire and romance '' and could think in Austen 's language `` almost as naturally as he or she could think in the language of the twentieth century . '' Doran read screenplays by English and American writers until she came across a series of comedic skits , often in period settings , that actress Emma Thompson had written . Doran believed the humour and style of writing was `` exactly what ( she 'd ) been searching for . '' Thompson and Doran were already working together on Mirage 's 1991 film Dead Again . A week after its completion , the producer selected Thompson to adapt Sense and Sensibility , although she knew that Thompson had never written a screenplay . Also a fan of Austen , Thompson first suggested they adapt Persuasion or Emma before agreeing to Doran 's proposal . The actress found that Sense and Sensibility contained more action than she had remembered , and decided it would translate well to drama . Emma Thompson worked on the Sense and Sensibility screenplay for five years Thompson spent five years writing and revising the screenplay , both during and between shooting other films . Believing the novel 's language to be `` far more arcane than in ( Austen 's ) later books , '' Thompson sought to simplify the dialogue while retaining the `` elegance and wit of the original . '' She observed that in a screenwriting process , a first draft often had `` a lot of good stuff in it '' but needed to be edited , and second drafts would `` almost certainly be rubbish ... because you get into a panic . '' Thompson credits Doran for `` help ( ing ) me , nourish ( ing ) me and mentor ( ing ) me through that process ... I learned about screenwriting at her feet . '' Thompson 's first draft was more than three hundred handwritten pages , which required her to reduce it to a more manageable length . She found the romances to be the most difficult to `` juggle '' , and her draft received some criticism for the way it presented Willoughby and Edward . Doran later recalled the work was criticized for not getting underway until Willoughby 's arrival , with Edward sidelined as backstory. Thompson and Doran quickly realised that `` if we did n't meet Edward and do the work and take that twenty minutes to set up those people ... then it was n't going to work . '' At the same time , Thompson wished to avoid depicting `` a couple of women waiting around for men '' ; gradually her screenplay focused as much on the Dashwood sisters ' relationship with each other as it did with their romantic interests . With the draft screenplay , Doran pitched the idea to various studios in order to finance the film , but found that many were wary of the beginner Thompson as the screenwriter . She was considered a risk , as her experience was as an actress who had never written a film script . Columbia Pictures executive Amy Pascal supported Thompson 's work , and agreed to sign as the producer and distributor . As Thompson mentioned on the BBC program QI in 2009 , at one point in the writing process a laptop failure almost lost the entire work . In panic Thompson called fellow actor and close friend Stephen Fry , the host of QI and a self - professed `` geek '' . After seven hours , Fry was able to recover the documents from the device . Lee 's hire ( edit ) Taiwanese director Ang Lee was hired as a result of his work in the 1993 family comedy film The Wedding Banquet , which he co-wrote , produced , and directed . He was not familiar with Jane Austen . Doran felt that Lee 's films , which depicted complex family relationships amidst a social comedy context , were a good fit with Austen 's storylines . She recalled , `` The idea of a foreign director was intellectually appealing even though it was very scary to have someone who did n't have English as his first language . '' The producer sent Lee a copy of Thompson 's script , to which he replied that he was `` cautiously interested '' . Fifteen directors were interviewed , but according to Doran , Lee was one of the few who recognised Austen 's humour ; he told them he wanted the film to `` break people 's hearts so badly that they 'll still be recovering from it two months later . '' `` In some ways I probably know that nineteenth century world better than English people today , because I grew up with one foot still in that feudal society . Of course , the dry sense of humour , the sense of decorum , the social code is different . But the essence of social repression against free will -- I grew up with that . '' -- Ang Lee From the beginning , Doran wanted Sense and Sensibility to appeal to both a core audience of Austen aficionados as well as younger viewers attracted to romantic comedy films . She felt that Lee 's involvement prevented the film from becoming `` just some little English movie '' that appealed only to local audiences instead of to the wider world . Lee said , `` I thought they were crazy : I was brought up in Taiwan , what do I know about 19th - century England ? About halfway through the script it started to make sense why they chose me . In my films I 've been trying to mix social satire and family drama . I realised that all along I had been trying to do Jane Austen without knowing it . Jane Austen was my destiny . I just had to overcome the cultural barrier . '' Because Thompson and Doran had worked on the screenplay for so long , Lee described himself at the time as a `` director for hire '' , as he was unsure of his role and position . He spent six months in England `` learn ( ing ) how to make this movie , how to do a period film , culturally ... and how to adapt to the major league film industry . '' In January 1995 , Thompson presented a draft to Lee , Doran , co-producer Laurie Borg , and others working on the production , and spent the next two months editing the screenplay based upon their feedback . Thompson would continue making revisions throughout production of the film , including altering scenes to meet budgetary concerns , adding dialogue changes , and changing certain aspects to better fit the actors . Brandon 's confession scene , for instance , initially included flashbacks and stylised imagery before Thompson decided it was `` emotionally more interesting to let Brandon tell the story himself and find it difficult . '' Casting ( edit ) See also : Main characters of Sense and Sensibility Hugh Grant , who had worked with Thompson in several films , was her first choice to play Edward Ferrars . Thompson initially hoped that Doran would cast sisters Natasha and Joely Richardson as Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. Lee and Columbia wanted Thompson herself , now a `` big - deal movie star '' after her critically successful role in the 1992 film Howards End , to play Elinor . The actress replied that at the age of thirty - five , she was too old for the nineteen - year - old character . Lee suggested Elinor 's age be changed to twenty - seven , which would also have made the difficult reality of spinsterhood easier for modern audiences to understand . Thompson agreed , later stating that she was `` desperate to get into a corset and act it and stop thinking about it as a script . '' The formal casting process began in February 1995 , though some of the actors met with Thompson the previous year to help her conceptualise the script . Lee eventually cast all but one of them : Hugh Grant ( as Edward Ferrars ) , Robert Hardy ( as Sir John Middleton ) , Harriet Walter ( as Fanny Ferrars Dashwood ) , Imelda Staunton ( as Charlotte Jennings Palmer ) , and Hugh Laurie ( as Mr. Palmer ) . Amanda Root had also worked with Thompson on the screenplay , but had already committed to star in the 1995 film Persuasion . Commenting on the casting of Laurie , whom she had known for years , Thompson has said , `` There is no one ( else ) on the planet who could capture Mr. Palmer 's disenchantment and redemption so perfectly , and make it funny . '' Thompson wrote the part of Edward Ferrars with Grant in mind , and he agreed to receive a lower salary in line with the film 's budget . Grant called her screenplay `` genius '' , explaining `` I 've always been a philistine about Jane Austen herself , and I think Emma 's script is miles better than the book and much more amusing . '' Grant 's casting was criticised by the Jane Austen Society of North America ( JASNA ) , whose representatives said that he was too handsome for the part . Actress Kate Winslet initially intended to audition for the role of Marianne but Lee disliked her work in the 1994 drama film Heavenly Creatures ; she auditioned for the lesser part of Lucy Steele . Winslet pretended she had heard that the audition was still for Marianne , and won the part based on a single reading . Thompson later said that Winslet , only nineteen years old , approached the part `` energised and open , realistic , intelligent , and tremendous fun . '' The role helped Winslet become recognised as a significant actress . Also appearing in the film was Alan Rickman , who portrayed Colonel Brandon . Thompson was pleased that Rickman could express the `` extraordinary sweetness ( of ) his nature , '' as he had played `` Machiavellian types so effectively '' in other films . Greg Wise was cast as Marianne 's other romantic interest , John Willoughby , his most noted role thus far . Twelve - year - old Emilie François , appearing as Margaret Dashwood , was one of the last people cast in the production ; she had no professional acting experience . Thompson praised the young actress in her production diaries , `` Emilie has a natural quick intelligence that informs every movement -- she creates spontaneity in all of us just by being there . '' Other cast members included Gemma Jones as Mrs. Dashwood , James Fleet as John Dashwood , Elizabeth Spriggs as Mrs. Jennings , Imogen Stubbs as Lucy Steele , Richard Lumsden as Robert Ferrars , Tom Wilkinson as Mr. Dashwood , and Lone Vidahl as Miss Grey . Costume Design ( edit ) According to Austen scholar Linda Troost , the costumes used in Sense and Sensibility helped emphasise the class and status of the various characters , particularly among the Dashwoods . They were created by Jenny Beavan and John Bright , a team of designers best known for Merchant Ivory films who began working together in 1984 . The two attempted to create accurate period dress , and featured the `` fuller , classical look and colours of the late 18th century . '' They found inspiration in the works of the English artists Thomas Rowlandson , John Hopper , and George Romney , and also reviewed fashion plates stored in the Victoria and Albert Museum . The main costumes and hats were manufactured at Cosprop , a London - based costumer company . To achieve the tightly wound curls fashionably inspired by Greek art , some of the actresses wore wigs while others employed heated hair twists and slept in pin curls . Fanny , the snobbiest of the characters , possesses the tightest of curls but has less of a Greek silhouette , a reflection of her wealth and silliness . Beavan stated that Fanny and Mrs. Jennings `` could n't quite give up the frills , '' and instead draped themselves in lace , fur , feathers , jewellery , and rich fabrics . Conversely , sensible Elinor opts for simpler accessories , such as a long gold chain and a straw hat . Fanny 's shallow personality is also reflected in `` flashy , colourful '' dresses , while Edward 's buttoned - up appearance represents his `` repressed '' personality , with little visible skin . Each of the 100 extras used in the London ballroom scene , depicting `` soldiers and lawyers to fops and dowagers , '' don visually distinct costumes . For Brandon 's costumes , Beavan and Bright consulted with Thompson and Lee and decided to have him project an image of `` experienced and dependable masculinity . '' Brandon is first seen in black , but later he wears sporting gear in the form of corduroy jackets and shirtsleeves . His rescue of Marianne has him transforming into the `` romantic Byronic hero '' , sporting an unbuttoned shirt and loose cravat . In conjunction with his tragic backstory , Brandon 's `` flattering '' costumes help his appeal to the audience . Beavan and Bright 's work on the film earned them a nomination for Best Costume Design at the 68th Academy Awards . Filming ( edit ) Sense and Sensibility was Ang Lee 's first feature film outside of Asia The film was budgeted at $16 million , the largest Ang Lee had yet received as well as the largest awarded to an Austen film that decade . In the wake of the success of Columbia 's 1994 film Little Women , the American studio authorised Lee 's `` relatively high budget '' out of an expectation that it would be another cross-over hit and appeal to multiple audiences , thus yielding high box office returns . Nevertheless , Doran considered it a `` low budget film '' and many of the ideas Thompson and Lee came up with -- such as an early dramatic scene depicting Mr. Dashwood 's bloody fall from a horse -- were deemed unfilmable from a cost perspective . According to Thompson , Lee `` arrived on set with the whole movie in his head '' . Rather than focus on period details , he wanted his film to concentrate on telling a good story . He showed the cast a selection of films adapted from classic novels , including Barry Lyndon and The Age of Innocence , which he believed to be `` great movies ; everybody worships the art work , ( but ) it 's not what we want to do . '' Lee criticised the latter film for lacking energy , in contrast to the `` passionate tale '' of Sense and Sensibility . The cast and crew experienced `` slight culture shock '' with Lee on a number of occasions . He expected the assistant directors to be the `` tough ones '' and keep production on schedule , while they expected the same of him ; this led to a slower schedule in the early stages of production . Additionally , according to Thompson the director became `` deeply hurt and confused '' when she and Grant made suggestions for certain scenes , which was something that was not done in his native country . Lee thought his authority was being undermined and lost sleep , though this was gradually resolved as he became used to their methods . The cast `` grew to trust his instincts so completely , '' making fewer and fewer suggestions . Co-producer James Schamus stated that Lee also adapted by becoming more verbal and willing to express his opinion . Lee became known for his `` frightening '' tendency to not `` mince words '' . The director often had his cast do numerous takes for a scene in order to get the perfect shot , and was not afraid to call something `` boring '' if he disliked it . Thompson later recalled the director would `` always come up to you and say something unexpectedly crushing '' , such as asking her not to `` look so old . '' She also commented , however , that `` he does n't indulge us but is always kind when we fail . '' Due to Thompson 's extensive acting experience , the director encouraged her to practice t'ai chi to `` help her relax ( and ) make her do things simpler . '' Other actors soon joined them in meditating -- according to Doran , it `` was pretty interesting . There were all these pillows on the floor and these pale - looking actors were saying , ' What have we got ourselves into ? ' ( Lee ) was more focused on body language than any director I 've ever seen or heard of . '' He suggested Winslet read books of poetry and report back to him in order to best understand her character . He also had Thompson and Winslet live together to develop their characters ' sisterly bond . Many of the cast took lessons in etiquette and riding side - saddle . Lee found that in contrast to Chinese cinema , he had to dissuade many of the actors from using a `` very stagy , very English tradition . Instead of just being observed like a human being and getting sympathy , they feel they have to do things , they have to carry the movie . '' Grant in particular often had to be restrained from giving an `` over-the - top '' performance ; Lee later recalled that the actor is `` a show stealer . You ca n't stop that . I let him do , I have to say , less ' star ' stuff , the Hugh Grant thing ... and not ( let ) the movie serve him , which is probably what he 's used to now . '' For the scene in which Elinor learns Edward is unmarried , Thompson found inspiration from her reaction to her father 's death . Grant had been unaware that Thompson would cry through most of his speech , and the actress attempted to reassure him , `` ' There 's no other way , and I promise you it 'll work , and it will be funny as well as being touching . ' And he said , ' Oh , all right , ' and he was very good about it '' . Lee had one demand for the scene , that Thompson avoid the temptation to turn her head towards the camera . Locations ( edit ) Above : Saltram House , a National Trust property , stood in for Norland Park Below : Montacute House , designated as a Grade I listed building by English Heritage , represented Cleveland House Production of Sense and Sensibility was scheduled for fifty - eight days , though this was eventually extended to sixty - five . Filming commenced in mid-April 1995 at a number of locations in Devon , beginning with Saltram House ( standing in for Norland Park ) , where Winslet and Jones shot the first scene of the production : when their characters read about Barton Cottage . As Saltram was a National Trust property , Schamus had to sign a contract before production began , and staff with the organisation remained on set to carefully monitor the filming . Production later returned to shoot several more scenes , finishing there on 29 April . The second location of filming , Flete House , stood in for part of Mrs. Jennings ' London estate , where Edward first sees Elinor with Lucy . Representing Barton Cottage was a Flete Estate stone cottage , which Thompson called `` one of the most beautiful spots we 've ever seen . '' Early May saw production at the `` exquisite '' village church in Berry Pomeroy for the final wedding scene . From the tenth to the twelfth of May , Marianne 's first rescue sequence , depicting her encounter with Willoughby , was shot . Logistics were difficult , as the scene was set upon a hill during a rainy day . Lee shot around fifty takes , with the actors becoming soaked under rain machines ; this led to Winslet eventually collapsing from hypothermia . Further problems occurred midway through filming , when Winslet contracted phlebitis in her leg , developed a limp , and sprained her wrist after falling down a staircase . From May to July , production took place at a number of other National Trust estates and stately homes across England . Trafalgar House and Wilton House in Wiltshire stood in for the grounds of Barton Park and the London Ballroom respectively . Mompesson House , an eighteenth - century townhouse located in Salisbury , represented Mrs. Jennings ' sumptuous townhouse . Sixteenth - century Montacute House in South Somerset was the setting for the Palmer estate of Cleveland House . Further scenes were shot at Compton Castle in Devon ( Mr Willoughby 's estate ) and at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich . Music ( edit ) See also : Sense and Sensibility ( soundtrack ) Composer Patrick Doyle , who had previously worked with his friend Emma Thompson in the films Henry V , Much Ado About Nothing , and Dead Again , was hired to produce the music for Sense and Sensibility . Asked by the director to select existing music or compose new `` gentle '' melodies , Doyle wrote a score that reflected the film 's events . He explained , `` You had this middle - class English motif , and with the music you would have occasional outbursts of emotion . '' Doyle explains that the score `` becomes a little more grown - up '' as the story progresses to one of `` maturity and an emotional catharsis . '' The score contains romantic elements and has been described by National Public Radio as a `` restricted compass ... of emotion '' with `` instruments ( that ) blend together in a gentle sort of way '' . They also noted that as a reflection of the story , the score is a `` little wistful ... and sentimental . '' Two songs are sung by Marianne in the film , with lyrics adapted from seventeenth - century poems . Lee believed that the two songs conveyed the `` vision of duality '' visible both in the novel and script . In his opinion , the second song expressed Marianne 's `` mature acceptance , '' intertwined with a `` sense of melancholy '' . The melody of `` Weep You No More Sad Fountains '' , Marianne 's first song , appears in the opening credits , while her second song 's melody features again during the ending credits , this time sung by dramatic soprano Jane Eaglen . The songs were written by Doyle before filming began . The composer received his first Academy Award nomination for his score . Editing ( edit ) Thompson and Doran discussed how much of the love stories to depict , as the male characters spend much of the novel away from the Dashwood sisters . The screenwriter had to carefully balance the amount of screentime she gave to the male leads , noting in her film production diary that such a decision would `` very much lie in the editing . '' Thompson wrote `` hundreds of different versions '' of romantic storylines . She considered having Edward re-appear midway through the film before deciding that it would not work as `` there was nothing for him to do . '' Thompson also opted to exclude the duel scene between Brandon and Willoughby , which is described in the novel , because it `` only seemed to subtract from the mystery . '' She and Doran agonised about when and how to reveal Brandon 's backstory , as they wanted to prevent viewers from becoming bored . Thompson described the process of reminding audiences of Edward and Brandon as `` keeping plates spinning '' . A scene was shot of Brandon finding his ward in a poverty - stricken area in London , but this was excluded from the film . Thompson 's script included a scene of Elinor and Edward kissing , as the studio `` could n't stand the idea of these two people who we 've been watching all the way through not kissing . '' It was one of the first scenes cut during editing : the original version was over three hours , Lee was less interested in the story 's romance , and Thompson found a kissing scene to be inappropriate . The scene was included in marketing materials and the film trailer . Thompson and Doran also cut out a scene depicting Willoughby as remorseful when Marianne is sick . Doran said that despite it `` being one of the great scenes in book history , '' they could not get it to fit into the film . Tim Squyres edited the film , his fourth collaboration with Ang Lee . He reflected in 2013 about the editing process , `` It was the first film that I had done with Ang that was all in English , and it 's Emma Thompson , Kate Winslet , Alan Rickman , and Hugh Grant -- these great , great actors . When you get footage like that , you realise that your job is really not technical . It was my job to look at something that Emma Thompson had done and say , ' Eh , that 's not good , I 'll use this other one instead . ' And not only was I allowed to pass judgment on these tremendous actors , I was required to . '' Themes and analysis ( edit ) Changes from source material ( edit ) Scholar Louise Flavin has noted that Thompson 's screenplay contains significant alterations to the characters of Elinor and Marianne Dashwood : in the novel , the former embodies `` sense '' , i.e. `` sensible '' in our terms , and the latter , `` sensibility '' , i.e. `` sensitivity '' in our terms . Audience members are meant to view self - restrained Elinor as the person in need of reform , rather than her impassioned sister . To heighten the contrast between them , Marianne and Willoughby 's relationship includes an `` erotic '' invented scene in which the latter requests a lock of her hair -- a direct contrast to Elinor 's `` reserved relationship '' with Edward . Lee also distinguishes them through imagery -- Marianne is often seen with musical instruments , near open windows , and outside , while Elinor is pictured in door frames . Another character altered for modern viewers is Margaret Dashwood , who conveys `` the frustrations that a girl of our times might feel at the limitations facing her as a woman in the early nineteenth century . '' Thompson uses Margaret for exposition in order to detail contemporary attitudes and customs . For instance , Elinor explains to a curious Margaret -- and by extension , the audience -- why their half - brother inherits the Dashwood estate . Margaret 's altered storyline , giving her an interest in fencing and geography , also allows audience members to see the `` feminine '' side of Edward and Brandon , as they become father or brother figures to her . The film omits the characters of Lady Middleton and her children , as well as that of Ann Steele , Lucy 's sister . `` The changes that Emma Thompson 's screenplay makes to the male characters , if anything , allow them to be less culpable , more likeable , and certainly less sexist or patriarchal . '' -- Austen scholar Devoney Looser When adapting the characters for film , Thompson found that in the novel , `` Edward and Brandon are quite shadowy and absent for long periods , '' and that `` making the male characters effective was one of the biggest problems . Willoughby is really the only male who springs out in three dimensions . '' Several major male characters in Sense and Sensibility were consequently altered significantly from the novel in an effort to appeal to contemporary audiences . Grant 's Edward and Rickman 's Brandon are `` ideal '' modern males who display an obvious love of children as well as `` pleasing manners '' , especially when contrasted with Palmer . Thompson 's script both expanded and omitted scenes from Edward 's storyline , including the deletion of an early scene in which Elinor assumes that a lock of hair found in Edward 's possession is hers , when it belongs to Lucy . He was made more fully realised and honourable than in the novel to increase his appeal to viewers . To gradually show viewers why Brandon is worthy of Marianne 's love , Thompson 's screenplay has his storyline mirroring Willoughby 's ; they are similar in appearance , share a love of music and poetry , and rescue Marianne in the rain while on horseback . Class ( edit ) Thompson viewed the novel as a story of `` love and money , '' noting that some people needed one more than the other . During the writing process , executive producer Sydney Pollack stressed that the film be understandable to modern audiences , and that it be made clear why the Dashwood sisters could not just obtain a job . `` I 'm from Indiana ; if I get it , everyone gets it , '' he said . Thompson believed that Austen was just as comprehensible in a different century , `` You do n't think people are still concerned with marriage , money , romance , finding a partner ? '' She was keen to emphasise the realism of the Dashwoods ' predicament in her screenplay , and inserted scenes to make the differences in wealth more apparent to modern audiences . Thompson made the Dashwood family richer than in the book and added elements to help contrast their early wealth with their later financial predicament ; for instance , because it might have been confusing to viewers that one could be poor and still have servants , Elinor is made to address a large group of servants at Norland Park early in the film for viewers to remember when they see their few staff at Barton Cottage. Lee also sought to emphasise social class and the limitations it placed on the protagonists. Lee conveys this in part when Willoughby publicly rejects Marianne ; he returns to a more lavishly furnished room , a symbol of the wealth she has lost . `` Family dramas , '' he stated , `` are all about conflict , about family obligations versus free will . '' The film 's theme of class has attracted much scholarly attention . Carole Dole noted that class constitutes an important element in Austen 's stories and is `` impossible '' to avoid when adapting her novels . According to Dole , Lee 's film contains an `` ambiguous treatment of class values '' that stresses social differences but `` underplays the consequences of the class distinctions so important in the novel '' ; for instance , Edward 's story ends upon his proposal to Elinor , with no attention paid to how they will live on his small annual income from the vicarage . Louise Flavin believed that Lee used the houses to represent their occupants ' class and character : the Dashwood sisters ' decline in eligibility are represented through the contrast between the spacious rooms of Norland Park and those of the isolated , cramped Barton Cottage . James Thompson criticised what he described as the anaesthetised `` mélange of disconnected picture postcard - gift - calendar - perfect scenes , '' in which little connection is made between `` individual subjects and the land that supports them . '' Andrew Higson argued that while Sense and Sensibility includes commentary on sex and gender , it fails to pursue issues of class . Thompson 's script , he wrote , displays a `` sense of impoverishment ( but is ) confined to the still privileged lifestyle of the disinherited Dashwoods . The broader class system is pretty much taken for granted . '' The ending visual image of flying gold coins , depicted during Marianne 's wedding , has also drawn attention ; Marsha McCreadie noted that it serves as a `` visual wrap - up and emblem of the merger between money and marriage . '' Gender ( edit ) Gender has been seen as another major theme of the film , often intersecting with class . Penny Gay observed that Elinor 's early dialogue with Edward about `` feel ( ing ) idle and useless ... ( with ) no hope whatsoever of any occupation '' reflected Thompson 's background as a `` middle class , Cambridge - educated feminist . '' Conversely , Dole wrote that Thompson 's version of Elinor `` has a surprising anti-feminist element to it , '' as she appears more dependent on men than the original character ; the film presents her as repressed , resulting in her emotional breakdown with Edward . Linda Troost opined that Lee 's production prominently features `` radical feminist and economic issues '' while `` paradoxically endorsing the conservative concept of marriage as a woman 's goal in life . '' Despite this `` mixed political agenda , '' Troost believed that the film 's faithfulness to the traditional heritage film genre is evident through its use of locations , costumes , and attention to details , all of which also emphasize class and status . Gay and Julianne Pidduck stated that gender differences are expressed by showing the female characters indoors , while their male counterparts are depicted outside confidently moving throughout the countryside . Nora Stovel observed that Thompson `` emphasises Austen 's feminist satire on Regency gender economics , '' drawing attention not only to the financial plight of the Dashwoods but also to eighteenth - century women in general . Marketing and release ( edit ) In the United States , Sony and Columbia Pictures released Sense and Sensibility on a slow schedule compared to mainstream films , first premiering it on 13 December 1995 . Believing that a limited release would position the film both as an `` exclusive quality picture '' and increase its chances of winning Academy Awards , Columbia dictated that its first weekend involve only seventy cinemas in the US ; it opened in eleventh place in terms of box office takings and earned $721,341 . To benefit from the publicity surrounding potential Academy Award candidates and increase its chance of earning nominations , the film was released within `` Oscar season '' . The number of theatres showing Sense and Sensibility was slowly expanded , with particular surges when its seven Oscar nominations were announced and at the time of the ceremony in late March , until it was present in over one thousand cinemas across the US . By the end of its American release , Sense and Sensibility had been watched by more than eight million people , garnering an `` impressive '' total domestic gross of $43,182,776 . On the basis of Austen 's reputation as a serious author , the producers were able to rely on high - brow publications to help market their film . Near the time of its US release , large spreads in The New York Review of Books , Vanity Fair , Film Comment , and other media outlets featured columns on Lee 's production . In late December , Time magazine declared it and Persuasion to be the best films of 1995 . Andrew Higson referred to all this media exposure as a `` marketing coup '' because it meant the film `` was reaching one of its target audiences . '' Meanwhile , most promotional images featured the film as a `` sort of chick flick in period garb . '' New Market Press published Thompson 's screenplay and film diary ; in its first printing , the hard cover edition sold 28,500 copies in the US . British publisher Bloomsbury released a paperback edition of the novel containing film pictures , same title design , and the cast 's names on the cover , whilst Signet Publishing in the US printed 250,000 copies instead of the typical 10,000 a year ; actress Julie Christie read the novel in an audiobook released by Penguin Audiobooks . Sense and Sensibility increased dramatically in terms of its book sales , ultimately hitting tenth place on The New York Times Best Seller list for paperbacks in February 1996 . In the United Kingdom , Sense and Sensibility was released on 23 February 1996 in order to `` take advantage of the hype from Pride and Prejudice '' , another popular Austen adaptation recently broadcast . Columbia Tristar 's head of UK marketing noted that `` if there was any territory this film was going to work , it was in the UK . '' After receiving positive responses at previews , marketing strategies focused on selling it as both a costume drama and as a film attractive to mainstream audiences . Attention was also paid to marketing Sense and Sensibility internationally . Because the entire production cycle had consistently emphasised it as being `` bigger '' than a normal British period drama literary film , distributors avoided labelling it as `` just another English period film . '' Instead , marketing materials featured quotations from populist newspapers such as the Daily Mail , which compared the film to Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . It was watched by more than ten million viewers in Europe . Worldwide , the film ultimately grossed $134,582,776 , a sum that reflected its commercial success . It had the largest box office gross out of the Austen adaptations of the 1990s . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` This Sense And Sensibility is stamped indelibly by Ang Lee 's characteristically restrained direction ... Although somewhat older than one might expect Elinor to be , Emma Thompson invests the character with a touching vulnerability , while Kate Winslet , who made such an eye catching debut in Heavenly Creatures last year , perfectly catches the confusions within the idealistically romantic but betrayed Marianne . '' -- Michael Dwyer in a review for The Irish Times Sense and Sensibility has received overwhelmingly positive reviews from film critics , and was included on more than a hundred top - ten of the year lists . Writing for Variety magazine , Todd McCarthy observed that the film 's success was assisted by its `` highly skilled cast of actors , '' as well as its choice of Lee as director . McCarthy clarified , `` Although ( Lee 's ) previously revealed talents for dramatizing conflicting social and generational traditions will no doubt be noted , Lee 's achievement here with such foreign material is simply well beyond what anyone could have expected and may well be posited as the cinematic equivalent of Kazuo Ishiguro writing The Remains of the Day . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the film for containing a sense of urgency `` that keeps the pedestrian problems of an unremarkable 18th century family immediate and personal . '' LaSalle concluded that the adaptation has a `` right balance of irony and warmth . The result is a film of great understanding and emotional clarity , filmed with an elegance that never calls attention to itself . '' Film critic John Simon praised most of the film , particularly focusing on Thompson 's performance , though he criticised Grant for being `` much too adorably bumbling ... he urgently needs to chasten his onscreen persona , and stop hunching his shoulders like a dromedary . '' However , many other major critics such as LaSalle , Roger Ebert , James Berardinelli and Janet Maslin praised Grant 's performance . Maslin wrote , Grant `` rises touchingly to the film 's most straightforward and meaningful encounters . '' In The Mail on Sunday , William Leith found Sense and Sensibility to be `` an extremely sharp , subtle , clever , lovely looking film '' that was superior to the serial Pride and Prejudice . Leith especially saved praise for the cast , writing that Grant plays his role `` masterfully '' and Harriet Walter `` conveys sour bitchiness like you never thought she could . '' Jarr Carr of The Boston Globe thought that Lee `` nail ( ed ) Austen 's acute social observation and tangy satire , '' and viewed Thompson and Winslet 's age discrepancy as a positive element that helped feed the dichotomy of sense and sensibility . The Radio Times ' David Parkinson was equally appreciative of Lee 's direction , writing that he `` avoid ( s ) the chocolate - box visuals that cheapen so many British costume dramas '' and `` brings a refreshing period realism to the tale of two sisters that allows Emma Thompson 's respectful Oscar - winning script to flourish . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Sense and Sensibility ( film ) Out of the 1990s Austen adaptations , Sense and Sensibility received the most recognition from Hollywood . It garnered seven nominations at the 68th Academy Awards ceremony , where Thompson received the Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , making her the only person to have won an Oscar for both her writing and acting ( Thompson won the Best Actress award for Howards End , in 1993 ) . The film also was the recipient of twelve nominations at the 49th British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( for Thompson ) , and Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( for Winslet ) . In addition , the film won the Golden Bear at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival , making Lee the first director to win this twice . Despite the recognition given to the film , Lee was not nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director ( though he was nominated for the Golden Globe ) . The scholar Shu - mei Shih and the journalist Clarence Page have attributed this snub to Hollywood 's racism against Lee , and Chinese cinema in general . Lee sought to avoid turning his omission into a scandal and specifically asked the Taiwan state media not to make it a `` national issue , '' explaining that he endured more pressure when forced to act as his country 's representative . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Following the theatrical release of Persuasion by a few months , Sense and Sensibility was one of the first English - language period adaptations of an Austen novel to be released in cinemas in over fifty years , the previous being the 1940 film Pride and Prejudice . The year 1995 saw a resurgence of popularity for Austen 's works , as Sense and Sensibility and the serial Pride and Prejudice both rocketed to critical and financial success . The two adaptations helped draw more attention to the previously little - known 1995 television film Persuasion , and led to additional Austen adaptations in the following years . In 1995 and 1996 , six Austen adaptations were released onto film or television . The filming of these productions led to a surge in popularity of many of the landmarks and locations depicted ; according to the scholar Sue Parrill , they became `` instant meccas for viewers . '' When Sense and Sensibility was released in cinemas in the US , Town & Country published a six - page article entitled `` Jane Austen 's England '' , which focused on the landscape and sites shown in the film . A press book released by the studio , as well as Thompson 's published screenplay and diaries , listed all the filming locations and helped to boost tourism . Saltram House for instance was carefully promoted during the film 's release , and saw a 57 percent increase in attendance . In 1996 , JASNA 's membership increased by fifty percent . The popularity of both Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice led to the BBC and ITV releasing their Austen adaptations from the 1970s and 1980s onto DVD . As the mid-1990s included adaptations of four Austen novels , there were few of her works to adapt . Andrew Higson argues that this resulted in a `` variety of successors '' in the genres of romantic comedy and costume drama , as well as with films featuring strong female characters . Cited examples include Mrs Dalloway ( 1997 ) , Mrs. Brown ( 1997 ) , Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , and Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) . In 2008 , Andrew Davies , the screenwriter of Pride and Prejudice , adapted Sense and Sensibility for television . As a reaction to what he said was Lee 's overly `` sentimental '' film , this production features events found in the novel but excluded from Thompson 's screenplay , such as Willoughby 's seduction of Eliza and his duel with Brandon . It also features actors closer to the ages in the source material . Sense and Sensibility has maintained its popularity into the twenty - first century . In 2004 , Louise Flavin referred to the 1995 film as `` the most popular of the Austen film adaptations , '' and in 2008 , The Independent ranked it as the third - best Austen adaptation of all time , opining that Lee `` offered an acute outsider 's insight into Austen in this compelling 1995 interpretation of the book ( and ) Emma Thompson delivered a charming turn as the older , wiser , Dashwood sister , Elinor . '' Journalist Zoe Williams credits Thompson as the person most responsible for Austen 's popularity , explaining in 2007 that Sense and Sensibility `` is the definitive Austen film and that 's largely down to her . '' In 2011 , The Guardian film critic Paul Laity named it his favourite film of all time , partly because of its `` exceptional screenplay , crisply and skilfully done . '' . Devoney Looser reflected on the film in The Atlantic on the 20th anniversary of its release , arguing that the film served as `` a turning point '' for `` pro-feminist masculinity '' in Austen adaptations . See also ( edit ) Film portal Jane Austen portal Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Sense and Sensibility ' ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 15 December 1995 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sense and Sensibility '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sense and Sensibility '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Flavin 2004 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Nancy ( 17 March 1996 ) . `` Book sense ; Lindsay Doran kept her sites on bringing ' Sense And Sensibility ' to the screen '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . 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Los Angeles Times . 14 February 1996 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Mills 2009 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Michael ( 22 September 1995 ) . `` Ang Lee on a roll : The director of The Wedding Banquet and Eat Drink '' . AsianWeek . Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : Higson 2004 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Higson 2004 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Doran 1995 , 20 : 00 -- 20 : 20 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1995 , pp. 207 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Doran 1995 , 1 : 11 -- 2 : 25 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Doran 1995 , 01 : 02 : 00 -- 01 : 03 : 45 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1995 , pp. 220 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Mills 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1995 , pp. 220 , 240 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Doran 1995 , 17 : 00 -- 17 : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mills 2009 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Dawes , Amy ( 13 December 1995 ) . `` Remaking the classics director , cast find yin , yang in Austen tale '' . 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Retrieved 7 August 2012 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Winterman , Denise ( 9 March 2007 ) . `` Jane Austen -- why the fuss ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Laity , Paul ( 25 December 2011 ) . `` My favourite film : Sense and Sensibility '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Looser , Devoney ( 21 Feb 2016 ) . `` Sense and Sensibility and Jane Austen 's Accidental Feminists '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 Mar 2016 . Bibliography Brownstein , Rachel M ( 2001 ) . `` Out of the Drawing Room , Into the Lawn '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Dobie , Madeleine ( 2003 ) . `` Gender and the Heritage Film : Popular Feminism Turns to History '' . In Suzanne Rodin Pucci , James Thompson . Jane Austen and Co : Remaking the Past in Contemporary Culture . State University of New York Press . pp. 247 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5616 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Dole , Carole M ( 2001 ) . `` Austen , Class , and the American Market '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 58 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Doran , Lindsay ( 1995 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Doran , Lindsay ; Thompson , Emma . Sense and Sensibility : The Screenplay and Diaries . Bloomsbury . pp. 7 -- 40 . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 782 - 0 . Flavin , Louise ( 2004 ) . Jane Austen in the Classroom : Viewing the Novel / reading the Film . Peter Lang Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 6811 - 8 . Gay , Penny ( 2003 ) . `` Sense and Sensibility in a Post-Feminist world : Sisterhood is Still Powerful '' . In MacDonald , Gina ; MacDonald , Andrew . Jane Austen on Screen . Cambridge University Press . pp. 90 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79325 - 4 . Greenfield , Sayre N. ; Troost , Linda V. ( 2001 ) . `` Watching Ourselves Watching '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 1 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Higson , Andrew ( 2004 ) . `` English Heritage , English Literature , English Cinema : Selling Jane Austen to Movie Audiences in the 1990s '' . In Voigts - Virchow , Eckart . Janespotting and Beyond : British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s . Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen . pp. 35 -- 50 . ISBN 3 - 8233 - 6096 - 5 . Higson , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Film England : Culturally English Filmmaking Since the 1990s . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84885 - 454 - 4 . Jones , Wendy S. ( 2005 ) . Consensual Fictions : Women , Liberalism , And The English Novel . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8717 - 5 . Kohler - Ryan , Renee ; Palmer , Sydney ( 2013 ) . `` What Do You Know of My Heart ? : The Role of Sense and Sensibility in Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility and Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon '' . In Arp , Robert ; Barkman , Adam ; McRae , James . The Philosophy of Ang Lee . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 41 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4166 - 4 . Looser , Devoney ( 1996 ) . `` Jane Austen ' Responds ' to the Men 's Movement '' . Persuasions On - Line . 18 : 150 -- 170 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . McCreadie , Marsha ( 2006 ) . Women Screenwriters Today : Their Lives and Words . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98542 - 3 . McRae , James ( 2013 ) . `` Conquering the Self : Daoism , Confucianism , and the Price of Freedom in Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . In Arp , Robert ; Barkman , Adam ; McRae , James . The Philosophy of Ang Lee . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 19 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4166 - 4 . Mills , Clifford W. ( 2009 ) . Ang Lee . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 1 - 60413 - 566 - 2 . Nadoolman Landis , Deborah ( 2012 ) . Filmcraft : Costume Design : Costume Design . Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 81867 - 2 . Nixon , Cheryl L ( 2001 ) . `` Balancing the Courtship Hero : Masculine Emotional Display in Film Adaptations of Austen 's Novels '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 22 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Parrill , Sue ( 2002 ) . Jane Austen on Film and Television : A Critical Study of the Adaptations . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1349 - 2 . Pidduck , Julianne ( 2000 ) . `` Of Windows and Country Walks : Frames of Space and Movement in 1990s Austen Adaptations '' . In You - Me Park , Rajeswari Sunder Rajan . The Postcolonial Jane Austen . Routledge . pp. 123 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23290 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Scholz , Anne - Marie ( 2013 ) . From Fidelity to History : Film Adaptations as Cultural Events in the Twentieth Century . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85745 - 731 - 8 . Shih , Shu - mei ( 2007 ) . Visuality and Identity : Sinophone Articulations Across the Pacific . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22451 - 3 . Simon , John Ivan ( 2005 ) . John Simon On Film : Criticism , 1982 -- 2001 . Applause Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 507 - 9 . Stempel , Tom ( 2000 ) . Framework : A History of Screenwriting in the American Film . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0654 - 0 . Stovel , Nora ( 2011 ) . `` From Page to Screen : Emma Thompson 's Film Adaptation of Sense and Sensibility '' . Persuasions On - Line . 32 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Thompson , Emma ( 1995 ) . `` The Diaries '' . In Doran , Lindsay ; Thompson , Emma . Sense and Sensibility : The Screenplay and Diaries . Bloomsbury . pp. 206 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 782 - 0 . Thompson , Emma ; Lindsay Doran ( 1995 ) . Audio commentary for Sense and Sensibility ( DVD ) . Special Features : Columbia Pictures . Thompson , James ( 2003 ) . `` How to Do Things with Austen '' . In Suzanne Rodin Pucci , James Thompson . Jane Austen and Co : Remaking the Past in Contemporary Culture . State University of New York Press . pp. 13 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5616 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Troost , Linda V ( 2007 ) . `` The Nineteenth - century Novel on Film : Jane Austen '' . In Cartmell , Deborah ; Whelehan , Imelda . The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen . Cambridge University Press . pp. 75 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61486 - 3 . Voigts - Virchow , Eckart ( 2004 ) . `` '' Corset Wars `` : An Introduction to Syncretic Heritage Film Culture Since the Mid-1990s '' . In Voigts - Virchow , Eckart . Janespotting and Beyond : British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s . Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen . pp. 9 -- 34 . ISBN 3 - 8233 - 6096 - 5 . 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1318904478442855741	Metallica	Metallica - wikipedia Metallica This article is about the band . For its eponymous fifth album , see Metallica ( album ) . For other uses , see Metallica ( disambiguation ) . Metallica Metallica in London in 2017 . From left to right : Lars Ulrich , James Hetfield , Kirk Hammett and Robert Trujillo Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Heavy metal thrash metal Years active 1981 -- present Labels Megaforce Elektra Vertigo Warner Bros . Blackened Associated acts Leather Charm Lou Reed Ozzy Osbourne Spastik Children Website metallica.com Members James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Robert Trujillo Past members Dave Mustaine Ron McGovney Cliff Burton Jason Newsted Metallica is an American heavy metal band . The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles , California by drummer Lars Ulrich and vocalist / guitarist James Hetfield , and has been based in San Francisco , California for most of its career . The group 's fast tempos , instrumentals and aggressive musicianship made them one of the founding `` big four '' bands of thrash metal , alongside Megadeth , Anthrax and Slayer . Metallica 's current lineup comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich , longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo . Guitarist Dave Mustaine ( who went on to form Megadeth ) and bassists Ron McGovney , Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band . Metallica earned a growing fan base in the underground music community and won critical acclaim with its first five albums . The band 's third album , Master of Puppets ( 1986 ) , was described as one of the heaviest and most influential thrash metal albums ; its eponymous fifth album , Metallica ( 1991 ) , the band 's first to root predominantly in heavy metal , appealed to a more mainstream audience , achieving substantial commercial success and selling over 16 million copies in the United States to date , making it the best - selling album of the SoundScan era . After experimenting with different genres and directions in subsequent releases , the band returned to its thrash metal roots with the release of its ninth album , Death Magnetic ( 2008 ) , which drew similar praise to that of the band 's earlier albums . In 2000 , Metallica led the case against the peer - to - peer file sharing service Napster , in which the band and several other artists filed lawsuits against the service for sharing their copyright - protected material without consent ; after reaching a settlement , Napster became a pay - to - use service in 2003 . Metallica was the subject of the acclaimed 2004 documentary film Some Kind of Monster , which documented the troubled production of the band 's eighth album , St. Anger ( 2003 ) , and the internal struggles within the band at the time . In 2009 , Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The band wrote the screenplay for and starred in the 2013 IMAX concert film Metallica : Through the Never , in which the band performed live against a fictional thriller storyline . Metallica has released ten studio albums , four live albums , a cover album , five extended plays , 37 singles and 39 music videos . The band has won nine Grammy Awards from 23 nominations , and its last six studio albums ( beginning with Metallica ) have consecutively debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time , having sold over 145 million albums worldwide as of 2018 . Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by magazines such as Rolling Stone , which ranked them at no . 61 on its 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list . As of 2017 , Metallica is the third best - selling music artist since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , selling a total of 66 million albums in the United States . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years ( 1981 -- 1982 ) 1.2 Kill ' Em All and Ride the Lightning ( 1983 -- 1985 ) 1.3 Master of Puppets and Burton 's death ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 1.4 ... And Justice for All and Metallica ( 1988 -- 1993 ) 1.5 Load , Reload , Garage Inc. and S&M ( 1994 -- 1999 ) 1.6 Napster controversy , Newsted 's departure and St. Anger ( 2000 -- 2005 ) 1.7 Death Magnetic , Lulu and Beyond Magnetic ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 1.8 Metallica : Through the Never and Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct ( 2012 -- present ) 2 Style and lyrical themes 3 Legacy and influence 4 Band members 5 Awards and nominations 6 Discography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links History Formation and early years ( 1981 -- 1982 ) The classic Metallica logo , used on most of their releases . Designed by James Hetfield Metallica was formed in Los Angeles , California , in late 1981 when Danish - born drummer Lars Ulrich placed an advertisement in a Los Angeles newspaper , The Recycler , which read , `` Drummer looking for other metal musicians to jam with Tygers of Pan Tang , Diamond Head and Iron Maiden . '' Guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement . Although he had not formed a band , Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the label 's upcoming compilation album , Metal Massacre . Slagel accepted , and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar . The band was officially formed on October 28 , 1981 , five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met . The bandname came from Ulrich 's friend Ron Quintana , who was brainstorming names for a fanzine and was considering MetalMania or Metallica . Dave Mustaine replied to an advert for a lead guitarist ; Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment . In early 1982 , Metallica recorded its first original song , `` Hit the Lights '' , for the Metal Massacre I compilation . Hetfield played bass , and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo . Metal Massacre I was released on June 14 , 1982 ; early pressings listed the band incorrectly as `` Mettallica '' , angering the band . The song generated word of mouth and the band played its first live performance on March 14 , 1982 , at Radio City in Anaheim , California , with newly recruited bassist Ron McGovney . Their first live success came early ; they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour . This was Metallica 's second gig . Metallica recorded its first demo , Power Metal , whose name was inspired by Quintana 's early business cards in early 1982 . The term `` thrash metal '' was coined in February 1984 by Kerrang ! journalist Malcolm Dome in reference to Anthrax 's song `` Metal Thrashing Mad '' . Prior to this , Hetfield referred to Metallica 's sound as `` power metal '' . In late 1982 , Ulrich and Hetfield attended a show at the West Hollywood nightclub Whisky a Go Go , which featured bassist Cliff Burton in the band Trauma . The two were `` blown away '' by Burton 's use of a wah - wah pedal and asked him to join Metallica . Hetfield and Mustaine wanted McGovney to leave because they thought he `` did n't contribute anything , he just followed '' . Although Burton initially declined the offer , by the end of the year , he had accepted on the condition the band move to El Cerrito in the San Francisco Bay Area . Metallica 's first live performance with Burton was at the nightclub The Stone in March 1983 , and the first recording to feature Burton was the Megaforce demo ( 1983 ) . Metallica was ready to record their debut album , but when Metal Blade was unable to cover the cost , they began looking for other options . Concert promoter Johny `` Z '' Zazula , who had heard the demo No Life ' til Leather ( 1982 ) , offered to broker a record deal between Metallica and New York City - based record labels . After those record labels showed no interest , Zazula borrowed enough money to cover the recording budget and signed Metallica to his own label , Megaforce Records . Kill ' Em All and Ride the Lightning ( 1983 -- 1985 ) In May 1983 , Metallica traveled to Rochester , New York to record its debut album , Metal Up Your Ass , which was produced by Paul Curcio . The other members decided to eject Mustaine from the band because of his drug and alcohol abuse , and violent behavior just before the recording sessions on April 11 , 1983 . Exodus guitarist Kirk Hammett replaced Mustaine the same afternoon . Dave Mustaine went on to found rival band Megadeth after being released from the band in 1983 . Mustaine , who went on to found Megadeth , has expressed his dislike for Hammett in interviews , saying Hammett `` stole '' his job . Mustaine was `` pissed off '' because he believes Hammett became popular by playing guitar leads that Mustaine himself had written . In a 1985 interview with Metal Forces , Mustaine said , `` it 's real funny how Kirk Hammett ripped off every lead break I 'd played on that No Life ' til Leather tape and got voted No. 1 guitarist in your magazine '' . On Megadeth 's debut album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! ( 1985 ) , Mustaine included the song `` Mechanix '' , which Metallica had previously reworked and retitled `` The Four Horsemen '' on Kill ' Em All . Mustaine said he did this to `` straighten Metallica up '' because Metallica referred to Mustaine as a drunk and said he could not play guitar . Metallica 's first live performance with Hammett was on April 16 , 1983 , at a nightclub in Dover , New Jersey called The Showplace ; the support act was Anthrax 's original line - up , which included Dan Lilker and Neil Turbin . This was the first time the two bands performed live together . Because of conflicts with its record label and the distributors ' refusal to release an album titled Metal Up Your Ass , the album was renamed Kill ' Em All . It was released on Megaforce Records in the U.S. and on Music for Nations in Europe , and peaked at number 155 on the Billboard 200 in 1986 . Although the album was not initially a financial success , it earned Metallica a growing fan base in the underground metal scene . To support the release , Metallica embarked on the Kill ' Em All for One tour with Raven . In February 1984 , Metallica supported Venom on the Seven Dates of Hell tour , during which the bands performed in front of 7,000 people at the Aardschok Festival in Zwolle , Netherlands . Metallica recorded its second studio album , Ride the Lightning , at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen , Denmark . It was released in August 1984 and reached number 100 on the Billboard 200 . A French printing press mistakenly printed green covers for the album , which are now considered collectors ' items . Mustaine received writing credit for `` Ride the Lightning '' and `` The Call of Ktulu '' . Elektra Records A&R director Michael Alago , and co-founder of Q - Prime Management Cliff Burnstein , attended a Metallica concert in September 1984 . They were impressed with the performance , signed Metallica to Elektra , and made the band as a client of Q - Prime Management . Metallica 's growing success was such that the band 's British label Music for Nations released Creeping Death as a limited edition single , which sold 40,000 copies as an import in the U.S. Two of the three songs on the record -- cover versions of Diamond Head 's `` Am I Evil ? '' and Blitzkrieg 's `` Blitzkrieg '' -- appeared on the 1988 Elektra reissue of Kill ' Em All . Metallica embarked on its first major European tour with Tank to an average crowd of 1,300 . Returning to the U.S. , it embarked upon a tour co-headlining with W.A.S.P. and supported by Armored Saint . Metallica played its largest show at the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park , England , on August 17 , 1985 , with Bon Jovi and Ratt , playing to 70,000 people . At a show in Oakland , California , at the Day on the Green festival , the band played to a crowd of 60,000 . Master of Puppets and Burton 's Death ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Metallica 's third studio album , Master of Puppets , was recorded at Sweet Silence Studios and was released in March 1986 . The album reached number 29 on the Billboard 200 and spent 72 weeks on the chart . It was the band 's first album to be certified gold on November 4 , 1986 , and was certified six times platinum in 2003 . Steve Huey of AllMusic considered the album `` the band 's greatest achievement '' . Following the release of the album , Metallica supported Ozzy Osbourne on a U.S. tour . Hetfield broke his wrist while skateboarding ; he continued with the tour , performing vocals , with guitar technician John Marshall playing rhythm guitar . On September 27 , 1986 , during the European leg of Metallica 's Damage , Inc . Tour , members drew cards to determine which bunks on the tour bus they would sleep in . Burton won and chose to sleep in Hammett 's bunk . At around sunrise near Dörarp , Sweden , the bus driver lost control and skidded , which caused the bus to overturn several times . Ulrich , Hammett , and Hetfield sustained no serious injuries ; however , bassist Burton was pinned under the bus and died . Hetfield said : I saw the bus lying right on him . I saw his legs sticking out . I freaked . The bus driver , I recall , was trying to yank the blanket out from under him to use for other people . I just went , ' Do n't fucking do that ! ' I already wanted to kill the ( bus driver ) . I do n't know if he was drunk or if he hit some ice . All I knew was , he was driving and Cliff was n't alive anymore . Jason Newsted joined Metallica soon after Cliff Burton 's death in 1986 . Burton 's death left Metallica 's future in doubt . The three remaining members decided Burton would want them to carry on , and with the Burton family 's blessings the band sought a replacement . Roughly 40 people , including Hammett 's childhood friend , Les Claypool of Primus , Troy Gregory of Prong , and Jason Newsted , formerly of Flotsam and Jetsam , auditioned for the band . Newsted learned Metallica 's entire set list ; after the audition Metallica invited him to Tommy 's Joynt in San Francisco . Hetfield , Ulrich , and Hammett decided on Newsted as Burton 's replacement ; Newsted 's first live performance with Metallica was at the Country Club in Reseda , California . The members initiated Newsted by tricking him into eating a ball of wasabi . After Newsted joined Metallica , the band left its El Cerrito practice space -- a suburban house formerly rented by sound engineer Mark Whitaker dubbed `` the Metalli - mansion '' -- and relocated to the adjacent cities of Berkeley and Albany before eventually settling in the Marin County city of San Rafael , north of San Francisco . Metallica finished its tour in the early months of 1987 . In March 1987 , Hetfield again broke his wrist while skateboarding , forcing the band to cancel an appearance on Saturday Night Live . In August 1987 , an all - covers extended play ( EP ) titled The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited was released . The EP was recorded in an effort to use the band 's newly constructed recording studio , test Newsted 's talents , and to relieve grief and stress following the death of Burton . A video titled Cliff ' Em All commemorating Burton 's three years in Metallica was released in 1987 ; the video included bass solos , home videos , and pictures . ... And Justice for All and Metallica ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Metallica 's first studio album since Burton 's death , ... And Justice for All , was released in 1988 . The album was a commercial success , reaching number six on the Billboard 200 , and was the band 's first album to enter the top 10 . The album was certified platinum nine weeks after its release . There were complaints about the production ; Steve Huey of AllMusic said Ulrich 's drums were clicking more than thudding , and the guitars `` buzz thinly '' . To promote the album , Metallica embarked on a tour called Damaged Justice . Metallica performing during its Damaged Justice tour in 1988 In 1989 , Metallica received its first Grammy Award nomination for ... And Justice for All in the new Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance Vocal or Instrument category . Metallica was the favorite to win but the award was given to Jethro Tull for the album Crest of a Knave . The award was controversial with fans and the press ; Metallica was standing off - stage waiting to receive the award after performing the song `` One '' . Jethro Tull had been advised by its manager not to attend the ceremony because he was expecting Metallica to win . The award was named in Entertainment Weekly 's `` Grammy 's 10 Biggest Upsets '' . Following the release of ... And Justice for All , Metallica released its debut music video for the song `` One '' , which the band performed in an abandoned warehouse . The footage was remixed with the film Johnny Got His Gun . Rather than organize an ongoing licensing deal , Metallica purchased the rights to the film . The remixed video was submitted to MTV with an alternative , performance - only version that was held back in case MTV banned the remixed version . MTV accepted the remixed version ; the video was viewers ' first exposure to Metallica . In 1999 , it was voted number 38 in MTV 's `` Top 100 Videos of All Time '' countdown ; it was featured in the network 's 25th Anniversary edition of ADD Video , which showcased the most popular videos on MTV in the last 25 years . In October 1990 , Metallica entered One on One Recording 's studio in North Hollywood to record its next album . Bob Rock , who had worked with Aerosmith , The Cult , Bon Jovi , and Mötley Crüe , was hired as the producer . Metallica -- also known as The Black Album -- was remixed three times , cost US $1 million , and ended three marriages . Although the release was delayed until 1991 , Metallica debuted at number one in ten countries , selling 650,000 units in the U.S. during its first week . The album brought Metallica mainstream attention ; it has been certified 16 times platinum in the U.S. , which makes it the 25th - best - selling album in the country . The making of Metallica and the following tour was documented in A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica . The tour in support of the album , called the Wherever We May Roam Tour , lasted 14 months and included dates in the U.S. , Japan , and the UK . In April 1992 , Metallica appeared at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and performed a three - song set . Hetfield later performed `` Stone Cold Crazy '' with the remaining members of Queen and Tony Iommi . On August 8 , 1992 , during the co-headlining Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour , Hetfield suffered second and third degree burns to his arms , face , hands , and legs . There had been some confusion with the new pyrotechnics setup , which resulted in Hetfield walking into a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) flame during `` Fade to Black '' . Newsted said Hetfield 's skin was `` bubbling like on The Toxic Avenger '' . Metallica returned to the stage 17 days later with guitar technician and Metal Church member John Marshall replacing Hetfield on guitar for the remainder of the tour , although Hetfield was able to sing . Later in 1993 , Metallica went on the Nowhere Else to Roam Tour , playing five shows in Mexico City . Live Shit : Binge & Purge , the band 's first box set , was released in November 1993 . The collection contained three live CDs , three home videos , and a book filled with riders and letters . Load , Reload , Garage Inc and S&M ( 1994 -- 1999 ) After almost three years of touring to promote Metallica , including a headlining performance at Woodstock ' 94 , Metallica returned to the studio to write and record its sixth studio album . The band went on a brief hiatus in the summer of 1995 and played a short tour , Escape from the Studio ' 95 , comprising three outdoor shows , including a headline show at Donington Park supported by Slayer , Skid Row , Slash 's Snakepit , Therapy ? , and Corrosion of Conformity . The band spent about a year writing and recording new songs , resulting in the release of Load in 1996 . Load debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and ARIA Charts ; it was the band 's second number - one album . The cover art , Blood and Semen III , was created by Andres Serrano , who pressed a mixture of his own semen and blood between sheets of plexiglass . The release marked a change in the band 's musical direction and a new image ; the bandmembers ' hair was cut . Metallica headlined the alternative rock festival Lollapalooza festival in mid-1996 . James Hetfield performing with the band during its Load tour in 1996 During early production of the album , the band had recorded enough material to fill a double album . It was decided that half of the songs were to be released ; the band would continue to work on the remaining songs and release them the following year . This resulted in the follow - up album , Reload . The cover art was again created by Serrano , this time using a mixture of blood and urine . Reload debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and reached number two on the Top Canadian Album chart . Hetfield said in the 2004 documentary film Some Kind of Monster that the band initially thought some of the songs on these albums were of average quality ; these were `` polished and reworked '' until judged releasable . To promote Reload , Metallica performed `` Fuel '' and `` The Memory Remains '' with Marianne Faithfull on NBC 's Saturday Night Live in December 1997 . In 1998 , Metallica compiled a double album of cover songs , Garage Inc . The first disc contained newly recorded covers of songs by Diamond Head , Killing Joke , the Misfits , Thin Lizzy , Mercyful Fate , Black Sabbath , and others . The second disc featured the original version of The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited , which had become a scarce collectors ' item . The album entered the Billboard 200 at number two . On April 21 and 22 , 1999 , Metallica recorded two performances with the San Francisco Symphony conducted by Michael Kamen , who had previously worked with producer Rock on `` Nothing Else Matters '' . Kamen approached Metallica in 1991 with the idea of pairing the band 's music with a symphony orchestra . Kamen and his staff of over 100 composed additional orchestral material for Metallica songs . Metallica wrote two new Kamen - scored songs for the event , `` No Leaf Clover '' and `` - Human '' . The audio recording and concert footage were released in 1999 as the album and concert film S&M . It entered the Billboard 200 at number two and the Australian ARIA charts and Top Internet Albums chart at number one . Napster controversy , Newsted 's departure and St. Anger ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Main article : Metallica v. Napster , Inc . In 2000 , Metallica discovered that a demo of its song `` I Disappear '' , which was supposed to be released in combination with the Mission : Impossible II soundtrack , was receiving radio airplay . Tracing the source of the leak , the band found the file on the Napster peer - to - peer file - sharing network , and also found that the band 's entire catalogue was freely available . Legal action was initiated against Napster ; Metallica filed a lawsuit at the U.S. District Court , Central District of California , alleging that Napster violated three areas of the law : copyright infringement , unlawful use of digital audio interface device , and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ( RICO ) . Lars Ulrich led the case against Napster for Metallica . Ulrich provided a statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding copyright infringement on July 11 , 2000 . Federal Judge Marilyn Hall Patel ordered the site to place a filter on the program within 72 hours or be shut down . A settlement between Metallica and Napster was reached when German media conglomerate Bertelsmann BMG showed interest in purchasing the rights to Napster for $94 million . Under the terms of settlement , Napster agreed to block users who shared music by artists who do not want their music shared . On June 3 , 2002 , Napster filed for Chapter 11 protection under U.S. bankruptcy laws . On September 3 , 2002 , an American bankruptcy judge blocked the sale of Napster to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets according to Chapter 7 of the U.S. bankruptcy laws . At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , Ulrich appeared with host Marlon Wayans in a skit that criticized the idea of using Napster to share music . Marlon played a college student listening to Metallica 's `` I Disappear '' . Ulrich walked in and asked for an explanation . Ulrich responded to Wayans ' excuse that using Napster was just `` sharing '' by saying that Wayans ' idea of sharing was `` borrowing things that were not yours without asking '' . He called in the Metallica road crew , who proceeded to confiscate all of Wayans ' belongings , leaving him almost naked in an empty room . Napster creator Shawn Fanning responded later in the ceremony by presenting an award wearing a Metallica shirt , saying , `` I borrowed this shirt from a friend . Maybe , if I like it , I 'll buy one of my own . '' Ulrich was later booed on stage at the award show when he introduced the final musical act , Blink - 182 . Newsted left Metallica on January 17 , 2001 , as plans were being made to enter the recording studio . He said he left the band for `` private and personal reasons , and the physical damage I have done to myself over the years while playing the music that I love '' . During a Playboy interview with Metallica , Newsted said he wanted to release an album with his side project , Echobrain . Hetfield was opposed to the idea and said , `` When someone does a side project , it takes away from the strength of Metallica '' , and that a side project is `` like cheating on your wife in a way '' . Newsted said Hetfield had recorded vocals for a song used in the film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut , and appeared on two Corrosion of Conformity albums . Hetfield replied , `` My name is n't on those records . And I 'm not out trying to sell them '' , and pondered questions such as , `` Where would it end ? Does he start touring with it ? Does he sell shirts ? Is it his band ? '' Robert Trujillo joined Metallica in 2003 during the recording of St. Anger . In April 2001 , filmmakers Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky began following Metallica to document the recording process of the band 's next studio album . Over two years they recorded more than 1,000 hours of footage . On July 19 , 2001 , before preparations to enter the recording studio , Hetfield entered rehab to treat his `` alcoholism and other addictions '' . All recording plans were put on hold and the band 's future was in doubt . Hetfield left rehab on December 4 , 2001 , and the band returned to the recording studio on April 12 , 2002 . Hetfield was required to limit his work to four hours a day between noon and 4 pm , and to spend the rest of his time with his family . The footage recorded by Berlinger and Sinofsky was compiled into the documentary Some Kind of Monster , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004 . In the documentary , Newsted said his former bandmates ' decision to hire a therapist to help solve their problems which he felt they could have solved on their own was `` really fucking lame and weak '' . For the duration of the recording period , producer Bob Rock played bass on the album and in several live shows at which Metallica performed during that time . Once the record was completed in early 2003 , the band started to hold auditions for Newsted 's permanent replacement . Bassists Pepper Keenan , Jeordie White , Scott Reeder , Eric Avery , Danny Lohner , and Chris Wyse -- among others -- auditioned for the role . After three months of auditions , Robert Trujillo , formerly of Suicidal Tendencies and Ozzy Osbourne 's band , was chosen as the new bassist . As Metallica moved on , Newsted joined Canadian thrash metal band Voivod in 2002 , and was Trujillo 's replacement in Osbourne 's band during the 2003 Ozzfest tour , which included Voivod . Metallica performing during its Madly in Anger with the World Tour in 2004 In June 2003 , Metallica 's eighth studio album , St. Anger , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , and drew mixed reactions from critics . Ulrich 's `` steely '' sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism . Kevin Forest Moreau of Shakingthrough.net said , `` the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level , processed rattle ; the drums do n't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all - too - turgid pace ; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel - gazing '' . Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork described it as `` an utter mess '' . However , Blender magazine called it the `` grimiest and grimmest of the band 's Bob Rock productions '' , and New York Magazine called it `` utterly raw and rocking '' . The title track , `` St. Anger '' , won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004 ; it was used as the official theme song for WWE 's SummerSlam 2003 . Before the band 's set at the 2004 Download Festival , Ulrich was rushed to the hospital after having an anxiety seizure and was unable to perform . Hetfield searched for last - minute volunteers to replace Ulrich . Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo and Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison volunteered . Lombardo performed `` Battery '' and `` The Four Horsemen '' , Ulrich 's drum technician Flemming Larsen performed `` Fade to Black '' , and Jordison performed the remainder of the set . Having toured for two years in support of St. Anger on the Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003 and the Madly in Anger with the World Tour , with multi-platinum rock band Godsmack in support , Metallica took a break from performing and spent most of 2005 with friends and family . The band opened for The Rolling Stones at SBC Park in San Francisco on November 13 and 15 , 2005 . Death Magnetic , Lulu and Beyond Magnetic ( 2006 -- 2011 ) In December 2006 , Metallica released a DVD titled The Videos 1989 -- 2004 , which sold 28,000 copies in its first week and entered the Billboard Top Videos chart at number three . Metallica recorded a guitar - based interpretation of Ennio Morricone 's `` The Ecstasy of Gold '' for a tribute album titled We All Love Ennio Morricone , which was released in February 2007 . The track received a Grammy nomination at the 50th Grammy Awards for the category `` Best Rock Instrumental Performance '' . A recording of `` The Ecstasy of Gold '' has been played to introduce Metallica 's performances since the 1980s . Earlier that year , Metallica announced on its official website that after 15 years , long - time producer Bob Rock would not be producing the band 's next studio album . Instead , the band chose to work with producer Rick Rubin . Metallica scheduled the release of Death Magnetic as September 12 , 2008 , and the band filmed a music video for the album 's first single , `` The Day That Never Comes '' . Kirk Hammett and James Hetfield performing with the band in London in 2008 On September 2 , 2008 , a record store in France began selling copies of Death Magnetic nearly two weeks before its scheduled worldwide release date , which resulted in the album being made available on peer - to - peer clients . This prompted the band 's UK distributor Vertigo Records to officially release the album on September 10 , 2008 . Rumors of Metallica or Warner Bros. taking legal action against the French retailer were unconfirmed , though drummer Lars Ulrich responded to the leak by saying , `` ... We 're ten days from release . I mean , from here , we 're golden . If this thing leaks all over the world today or tomorrow , happy days . Happy days . Trust me '' , and , `` By 2008 standards , that 's a victory . If you 'd told me six months ago that our record would n't leak until 10 days out , I would have signed up for that . '' Death Magnetic debuted at number one in the U.S. selling 490,000 units ; Metallica became the first band to have five consecutive studio albums debut at number one in the history of the Billboard 200 . A week after its release , Death Magnetic remained at number one on the Billboard 200 and the European album chart ; it also became the fastest selling album of 2008 in Australia . Death Magnetic remained at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart for three consecutive weeks . Metallica was one of two artists whose album -- the other being Jack Johnson 's album Sleep Through the Static -- remained on the Billboard 200 for three consecutive weeks at number one in 2008 . Death Magnetic also remained at number one on Billboard 's Hard Rock , Modern Rock / Alternative and Rock album charts for five consecutive weeks . The album reached number one in 32 countries outside the U.S. , including the UK , Canada , and Australia . In November 2008 , Metallica 's record deal with Warner Bros. ended and the band considered releasing its next album through the internet . On January 14 , 2009 , it was announced that Metallica would be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 4 , 2009 , and that former bassist Jason Newsted -- who left the band in 2001 -- would perform with the band at the ceremony . Initially , it was announced that the matter had been discussed and that bassist Trujillo had agreed not to play because he `` wanted to see the Black Album band '' . However , during the band 's set of `` Master of Puppets '' and `` Enter Sandman '' , both Trujillo and Newsted were on stage . Ray Burton , father of the late Cliff Burton , accepted the honor on his behalf . Although he was not to be inducted with them , Metallica invited Dave Mustaine to take part in the induction ceremony . Mustaine declined because of his touring commitments in Europe . Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth , and Anthrax performed on the same bill for the first time on June 16 , 2010 , at Warsaw Babice Airport , Warsaw , as a part of the Sonisphere Festival series . The show in Sofia , Bulgaria , on June 22 , 2010 , was broadcast via satellite to cinemas . The bands also played concerts in Bucharest on June 26 , 2010 , and Istanbul on June 27 , 2010 . On June 28 , 2010 , Death Magnetic was certified double platinum by the RIAA . Metallica performing during its World Magnetic Tour in 2009 Metallica 's World Magnetic Tour ended in Melbourne on November 21 , 2010 . The band had been touring for over two years in support of Death Magnetic . To accompany the final tour dates in Australia and New Zealand , a live , limited edition EP of past performances in Australia called Six Feet Down Under was released . The EP was followed by Six Feet Down Under ( Part II ) , which was released on November 12 , 2010 . Part 2 contains a further eight songs recorded during the first two Oceanic Legs of the World Magnetic Tour . On November 26 , 2010 , Metallica released a live EP titled Live at Grimey 's , which was recorded in June 2008 at Grimey 's Record Store , just before the band 's appearance at Bonnaroo Music Festival that year . In a June 2009 interview with Italy 's Rock TV , Ulrich said Metallica was planning to continue touring until August 2010 , and that there were no plans for a tenth album . He said he was sure the band would collaborate with producer Rick Rubin again . According to Blabbermouth.net , the band was considering recording its next album in the second half of 2011 . In November 2010 , during an interview with The Pulse of Radio , Ulrich said Metallica would return to writing in 2011 . Ulrich said , `` There 's a bunch of balls in the air for 2011 , but I think the main one is we really want to get back to writing again . We have n't really written since , what , ' 06 , ' 07 , and we want to get back to kind of just being creative again . Right now we are going to just chill out and then probably start up again in , I 'd say , March or April , and start probably putting the creative cap back on and start writing some songs . '' In an interview at the April 2011 Big Four concert , Robert Trujillo said Metallica will work with Rick Rubin again as producer for the new album and were `` really excited to write some new music . There 's no shortage of riffage in Metallica world right now . '' He added , `` The first album with Rick was also the first album for me , so in a lot of ways , you 're kind of testing the water . Now that we 're comfortable with Rick and his incredible engineer , Greg Fidelman , who worked with Slayer , actually , on this last record -- it 's my hero -- it 's a great team . And it 's only gon na better ; I really believe that . So I 'm super-excited . '' In June 2011 , Rubin said Metallica had begun writing its new album . On November 9 , 2010 , Metallica announced it would be headlining the Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro on September 25 , 2011 . On December 13 , 2010 , the band announced it would again play as part of the `` big four '' during the Sonisphere Festival at Knebworth House , Hertfordshire , on July 8 , 2011 . It was the first time all of the `` big four '' members played on the same stage in the UK . On December 17 , 2010 , Another `` big four '' Sonisphere performance that would take place in France on July 9 was announced . On January 25 , 2011 , another `` big four '' performance on April 23 , 2011 , at the Empire Polo Club in Indio , California , was announced . It was the first time all of the `` big four '' members played on the same stage in the U.S. On February 17 , 2011 , a show in Gelsenkirchen , Germany , on July 2 , 2011 , was announced . On February 22 , a `` big four '' show in Milan on July 6 , 2011 , was announced . On March 2 , 2011 , another `` big four '' concert , which took place in Gothenburg on July 3 , 2011 , was announced . The final `` big four '' concert was in New York City , at Yankee Stadium , on September 14 , 2011 . On June 15 , 2011 , Metallica announced that recording sessions with singer - songwriter Lou Reed had concluded . The album , which was titled Lulu , was recorded over several months and comprised ten songs based on Frank Wedekind 's `` Lulu '' plays Earth Spirit and Pandora 's Box . The album was released on October 31 , 2011 . The recording of the album was problematic at times ; Lars Ulrich later said Lou Reed challenged him to a `` street fight '' . On October 16 , 2011 , Robert Trujillo confirmed that the band was back in the studio and writing new material . He said , `` The writing process for the new Metallica album has begun . We 've been in the studio with Rick Rubin , working on a couple of things , and we 're going to be recording during the most of next year . '' Metallica performing in Bangalore , India in 2011 Metallica was due to make its first appearance in India at the `` India Rocks '' concert , supporting the 2011 Indian Grand Prix . However , the concert was canceled when the venue was proven to be unsafe . Fans raided the stage during the event and the organizers were later arrested for fraud . Metallica made its Indian debut in Bangalore on October 30 , 2011 . On November 10 , it was announced that Metallica would headline the main stage on Saturday June 9 , 2012 , at the Download Festival at Donington Park and that the band would play The Black Album in its entirety . Metallica celebrated its 30th anniversary by playing four shows at the Fillmore in San Francisco in December 2011 . The shows were exclusive to Met Club members and tickets were charged at $6 each or $19.81 for all four nights . The shows consisted of songs from the band 's career and featured guest appearances by artists who had either helped or had influenced Metallica . These shows were notable because Lloyd Grant , Dave Mustaine , Jason Newsted , Glenn Danzig , Ozzy Osbourne , Jerry Cantrell , Apocalyptica , members of Diamond Head , and King Diamond joined Metallica on stage for all appropriate songs . In December 2011 , Metallica began releasing songs that were written for Death Magnetic but were not included on the album online . On December 13 , 2011 , the band released Beyond Magnetic , a digital EP release exclusively on iTunes . It was released on CD in January 2012 . Metallica : through the Never and Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct ( 2012 -- present ) On February 7 , 2012 , Metallica announced that it would start a new music festival called Orion Music + More , which took place on June 23 and 24 , 2012 , in Atlantic City . Metallica also confirmed that it would headline the festival on both days and would perform two of its most critically acclaimed albums in their entirety : The Black Album on one night , and Ride the Lightning on the other . In a July 2012 interview with Canadian radio station 99.3 The Fox , Ulrich said Metallica would not release its new album until at least early 2014 . In November 2012 , Metallica left Warner Bros. Records and launched an independent record label , Blackened Recordings , which will produce the band 's future releases . The band has acquired the rights to all of its studio albums , which will be reissued through the new label . Blackened releases will be licensed through Warner subsidiary Rhino Entertainment in North America and internationally through Universal Music . On September 20 , 2012 , Metallica announced via its official website that a new DVD containing footage of shows it performed in Quebec in 2009 would be released that December ; fans would get the chance to vote for two setlists that would appear on the DVD . The film , titled Quebec Magnetic , was released in the U.S. on December 10 , 2012 . In an interview with Classic Rock on January 8 , 2013 , Ulrich said regarding the band 's upcoming album , `` What we 're doing now certainly sounds like a continuation ( of Death Magnetic ) '' . He also said , `` I love Rick ( Rubin ) . We all love Rick . We 're in touch with Rick constantly . We 'll see where it goes . It would stun me if the record came out in 2013 . '' Also in 2013 , the band starred in a 3D concert film titled Metallica : Through the Never , which was directed by Antal Nimród and was released in IMAX theaters on September 27 . In an interview dated July 22 , 2013 , Ulrich told Ultimate Guitar , `` 2014 will be all about making a new Metallica record '' ; he said the album will most likely be released during 2015 . Kirk Hammett and Robert Trujillo later confirmed the band 's intention to enter the studio . At the second Orion Music + More festival held in Detroit , the band played under the name `` Dehaan '' -- a reference to actor Dane DeHaan , who starred in Metallica : Through the Never . The band performed its debut album Kill ' Em All in its entirety , celebrating the 30th anniversary of its release . On December 8 , 2013 , the band played a show called `` Freeze ' Em All '' in Antarctica , becoming the first band to play on all seven continents . The performance was filmed and released as a live album the same month . Metallica performing during the Sonisphere Festival in 2014 At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014 , Metallica performed `` One '' with Chinese pianist Lang Lang . In March 2014 , Metallica began a tour called `` Metallica By Request '' , in which fans request songs for the band to perform . A new song , titled `` Lords of Summer '' was written for the concerts and released as a `` first take '' demo in June 2014 . In June 2014 , the band headlined the Glastonbury Festival in an attempt to attract new fans . Ulrich said , `` We have one shot , you never know if you 'll be invited back '' . In November 2014 , Metallica performed at the closing ceremony of BlizzCon 2014 . In January 2015 , Metallica announced a `` Metallica Night '' with the San Jose Sharks , which featured a Q&A session with the band and a charity auction benefiting the San Francisco Bay Chapter of the Sierra Club , but no performances . They were announced to headline Lollapalooza in March 2015 , returning to perform there for the first time in 20 years . On May 2 , 2015 , Metallica performed their third annual Metallica Day at AT&T Park . Metallica were also announced to play at X Games for the first time at X Games Austin 2015 in Austin , Texas . On June 14 , 2015 , Hetfield and Hammett performed The Star - Spangled Banner live via electric guitars prior to game 5 of the NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors at Oracle Arena in Oakland , California . In late October , the band unveiled a new website with an introduction from Ulrich containing footage from the studio of the band working on new material . On November 2 , Metallica were announced to play `` The Night Before '' Super Bowl 50 at AT&T Park . Metallica announced they would be opening the U.S. Bank Stadium on August 20 , 2016 , with Avenged Sevenfold and Volbeat as support . Metallica in London in October 2017 In April 2016 , during the week leading up to Record Store Day , for which the band was its ambassador for 2016 , Ulrich told Billboard that the band 's expanded role within the music industry had played a part in the amount of time that it had taken to write and record the album . `` The way we do things now is very different than the way we did things back in the days of Kill ' Em All and Ride the Lightning . Nowadays we like to do so many different things . '' Ulrich was also optimistic that production of the album had almost reached its completion . `` Unless something radical happens it would be difficult for me to believe that it wo n't come out in 2016 '' . On August 18 , 2016 , the band announced via their website that their tenth studio album , Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct , would be released worldwide on November 18 , 2016 , via their independent label , Blackened Recordings . They also unveiled the track listing , album artwork , and released a music video for the album 's first single , `` Hardwired '' . The album was released as scheduled and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . Metallica announced they would be touring the US in summer of 2017 for the WorldWired Tour . The stadium tour also includes Avenged Sevenfold , Volbeat and Gojira as supporting acts . On August 7 , 2017 , Metallica was invited by the San Francisco Giants again for the fifth annual `` Metallica Night '' with Hammett and Hetfield performing the national anthem . In January 2018 , the band announced that they would be reissuing The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited on April 13 for Record Store Day , and the sixth annual `` Metallica Night '' was also announced a few weeks later , this time in April , with all proceeds going to the All Within My Hands Foundation , which the band created in late 2017 . In February 2018 , the band announced a second set of North American tour dates , most of which for cities that they had not visited in up to thirty years . Style and lyrical themes `` Damage Inc . '' ( 1986 ) `` Damage Inc . '' ( Master of Puppets ) , demonstrating Metallica 's fast tempo , and aggressive musicianship featured in early releases `` Sad but True '' ( 1991 ) `` Sad but True '' ( Metallica ) ; Robert Palmer of Rolling Stone believed the band abandoned fast tempos to expand its music and expressive range in 1991 `` Purify '' ( 2003 ) `` Purify '' ( St. Anger ) , demonstrating Metallica 's new musical approach with no guitar solos , a `` raw , unpolished '' sound , and Ulrich 's snare drum Problems playing these files ? See media help . Metallica was influenced by early heavy metal and hard rock bands and artists Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Kiss , Led Zeppelin , Queen , Ted Nugent , AC / DC , Rush , Aerosmith , Judas Priest , Scorpions and by new wave of British heavy metal ( NWOBHM ) bands Venom , Motörhead , Saxon , Diamond Head , Blitzkrieg , and Iron Maiden , and early punk rock bands Ramones , Sex Pistols , and the Misfits also influenced Metallica 's style as did post-punk band Killing Joke . The band 's early releases contained fast tempos , harmonized leads , and nine - minute instrumental tracks . Steve Huey of AllMusic said Ride the Lightning featured `` extended , progressive epics ; tight , concise groove - rockers '' . Huey said Metallica expanded its compositional technique and range of expression to take on a more aggressive approach in following releases , and lyrics dealt with personal and socially conscious issues . Religious and military leaders , rage , insanity , monsters , and drugs -- among other themes -- were explored on Master of Puppets . In 1991 , Huey said Metallica with new producer Bob Rock simplified and streamlined its music for a more commercial approach to appeal to mainstream audiences . Robert Palmer of Rolling Stone said the band abandoned its aggressive , fast tempos to expand its music and expressive range . The change in direction proved commercially successful ; Metallica was the band 's first album to peak at number one on the Billboard 200 . Metallica noticed changes to the rock scene created by the grunge movement of the early 1990s . In Load -- an album that has been described as having `` an almost alternative rock '' approach -- the band changed musical direction and focused on non-metal influences . Metallica 's new lyrical approach moved away from drugs and monsters , and focused on anger , loss , and retribution . Some fans and critics were not pleased with this change , which included haircuts , the cover art of Load , and headlining the Lollapalooza festival of 1996 . David Fricke of Rolling Stone described the move as `` goodbye to the moldy stricture and dead - end Puritanism of no - frills thrash '' , and called Load the heaviest record of 1996 . With the release of ReLoad in 1997 , the band displayed blues and early hard rock influences , incorporating more rhythm and harmony in song structures . St. Anger marked another large change in the band 's sound . Guitar solos were excluded from the album , leaving a `` raw and unpolished sound '' . The band used drop C tuning ; Ulrich 's snare drum received particular criticism . New York Magazine 's Ethan Brown said it `` reverberates with a thwong '' . The album 's lyrics deal with Hetfield 's drug rehabilitation and include references to the devil , anti-drug themes , claustrophobia , impending doom , and religious hypocrisy . At the advice of producer Rick Rubin , for its ninth studio album Death Magnetic , the band returned to standard tuning and guitar solos . As a return to Metallica 's thrash roots , Death Magnetic was a riff - oriented album featuring intense guitar solos and subtle lyrics dealing with suicide and redemption . Legacy and influence Metallica has become one of the most influential heavy metal bands of all time , and is credited as one of the `` big four '' of thrash metal , along with Slayer , Anthrax , and Megadeth . The band has sold more than 110 million records worldwide , including an RIAA - certified 66 million and Nielsen SoundScan - reported 58,000,000 in the US , making Metallica one of the most commercially successful bands of all time . The writers of The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll said Metallica gave heavy metal `` a much - needed charge '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine and Greg Prato of Allmusic said Metallica `` expanded the limits of thrash , using speed and volume not for their own sake , but to enhance their intricately structured compositions '' , and called the band `` easily the best , most influential heavy metal band of the ' 80s , responsible for bringing the music back to Earth '' . Jonathan Davis of Korn said he respects Metallica as his favorite band ; he said , `` I love that they 've done things their own way and they 've persevered over the years and they 're still relevant to this day . I think they 're one of the greatest bands ever . '' Godsmack drummer Shannon Larkin said Metallica has been the biggest influence on the band , stating , `` they really changed my life when I was 16 years old -- I 'd never heard anything that heavy '' . Vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn of Machine Head said that when creating the band 's 2007 album , The Blackening , `` What we mean is an album that has the power , influence and epic grandeur of that album Master of Puppets -- and the staying power -- a timeless record like that '' . Trivium guitarists Corey Beaulieu and Matt Heafy said that when they heard Metallica they wanted to start playing guitar . M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold said touring with Metallica was the band 's career highlight , and said , `` Selling tons of records and playing huge shows will never compare to meeting your idols Metallica '' . God Forbid guitarists Doc and Dallas Coyle were inspired by Metallica as they grew up , and the band 's bassist John Outcalt admires Burton as a `` rocker '' . Ill Niño drummer Dave Chavarri said he finds early Metallica releases are `` heavy , raw , rebellious . It said , ' fuck you ' '' , and Adema drummer Kris Kohls said the band is influenced by Metallica . On April 4 , 2009 , Metallica were inducted into the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame . They entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the second year they were eligible and first year they were nominated . Metallica 's induction into the Hall included its current lineup , James Hetfield , Kirk Hammett , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich , and former members Jason Newsted and Cliff Burton . MTV ranked Metallica the third `` Greatest Heavy Metal Band in History '' . Metallica was ranked 42nd on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time '' , was listed fifth on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' , and the band was number one on VH1 's `` 20 Greatest Metal Bands '' list . Rolling Stone placed the band 61st on its list of `` The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' ; its albums Master of Puppets and Metallica were ranked at numbers 167 and 252 respectively on the magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Master of Puppets was named in Q Magazine 's `` 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time '' , and was ranked number one on IGN 's `` Top 25 Metal Albums '' , and number one on Metal - rules. com 's `` Top 100 Heavy Metal Albums '' list . `` Enter Sandman '' was ranked number 399 on Rolling Stone 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Kerrang ! released a tribute album titled Master of Puppets : Remastered with the April 8 , 2006 , edition of the magazine to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Master of Puppets . The album featured cover versions of Metallica songs by Machine Head , Bullet for My Valentine , Chimaira , Mastodon , Mendeed , and Trivium -- all of which are influenced by Metallica . At least 15 Metallica tribute albums have been released . On September 10 , 2006 , Metallica guest starred on The Simpsons ' eighteenth - season premiere , `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' . Hammett 's and Hetfield 's voices were used in three episodes of the animated television series Metalocalypse . Finnish cello metal band Apocalyptica released a tribute album titled Plays Metallica by Four Cellos , which features eight Metallica songs played on cellos . A parody band named Beatallica plays music using a combination of The Beatles and Metallica songs . Beatallica faced legal troubles when Sony , which owns The Beatles ' catalog , issued a cease and desist order , claiming `` substantial and irreparable injury '' and ordering the group to pay damages . Ulrich , a fan of Beatallica , asked Metallica 's lawyer Peter Paterno to help settle the case . On March 7 , 1999 , Metallica was inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame . The mayor of San Francisco , Willie Brown , proclaimed the day `` Official Metallica Day '' . The band was awarded the MTV Icon award in 2003 , and a concert paying tribute to the band with artists performing its songs was held . Performances included Sum 41 and a medley of `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' , `` Enter Sandman '' , and `` Master of Puppets '' . Staind covered `` Nothing Else Matters '' , Avril Lavigne played `` Fuel '' , hip - hop artist Snoop Dogg performed `` Sad but True '' , Korn played `` One '' , and Limp Bizkit performed `` Welcome Home ( Sanitarium ) '' . The Guitar Hero video game series included several of Metallica 's songs . `` One '' was used in Guitar Hero III . The album Death Magnetic was later released as purchasable , downloadable content for the game . `` Trapped Under Ice '' was featured in the sequel , Guitar Hero World Tour . In 2009 , Metallica collaborated with the game 's developers to make Guitar Hero : Metallica , which included a number of Metallica 's songs . Harmonix ' video game series Rock Band included `` Enter Sandman '' ; `` Ride the Lightning '' , `` Blackened '' , and `` ... And Justice for All '' were released as downloadable tracks . In 2013 , due to expiring content licenses , `` Ride the Lightning '' , `` Blackened '' , and `` ... And Justice for All '' are no longer available for download . Band members Current members James Hetfield -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1981 -- present ) Kirk Hammett -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1983 -- present ) Robert Trujillo -- bass , backing vocals ( 2003 -- present ) Lars Ulrich -- drums , percussion ( 1981 -- present ) Former members Dave Mustaine -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Ron McGovney -- bass , backing vocals ( 1982 ) Cliff Burton -- bass , backing vocals ( 1982 -- 1986 ; died 1986 ) Jason Newsted -- bass , backing vocals ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Session / touring musicians Bob Rock -- bass , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Timeline Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Metallica Grammy Awards 1990 : Best Metal Performance -- `` One '' 1991 : Best Metal Performance -- `` Stone Cold Crazy '' 1992 : Best Metal Performance -- Metallica 1999 : Best Metal Performance -- `` Better than You '' 2000 : Best Hard Rock Performance -- `` Whiskey in the Jar '' 2001 : Best Rock Instrumental Performance -- `` The Call of Ktulu '' 2004 : Best Metal Performance -- `` St. Anger '' 2009 : Best Metal Performance -- `` My Apocalypse '' 2009 : Best Recording Package -- Death Magnetic Discography Main article : Metallica discography Kill ' Em All ( 1983 ) Ride the Lightning ( 1984 ) Master of Puppets ( 1986 ) ... And Justice for All ( 1988 ) Metallica ( 1991 ) Load ( 1996 ) Reload ( 1997 ) St. Anger ( 2003 ) Death Magnetic ( 2008 ) Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct ( 2016 ) See also Heavy metal portal Biography portal List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area List of best - selling music artists List of heavy metal bands List of Metallica concert tours List of people from California List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees List of thrash metal bands Notes ^ The 1988 re-issue of Kill ' Em All on Elektra Records also charted on the Billboard 200 , peaking at number 120 . References Jump up ^ Pereira , Alyssa ( 12 August 2016 ) . `` Metallica 's Black Album turns 25 : Here 's how local record stores reacted to its sales in 1991 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Band History '' . Metallica official website . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . 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Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica Day At AT&T '' . Metallica . May 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Off to Austin '' . Metallica . May 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica 's Hetfield , Hammett to perform national anthem '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Go Warriors ! '' . Metallica . June 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metallica Performs National Anthem Before Finals Game 5 ( YouTube ) . National Basketball Association . June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW SITE , NEW CLUB '' . Jump up ^ `` The Night Before '' . Jump up ^ Bienstock , Richard ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Lars Ulrich Takes Us Inside Metallica 's Record Store Day Vault , Teases New Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hardwired - Metallica '' . Metallica . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` METALLICA 'S HARDWIRED ... TO SELF - DESTRUCT OUT TODAY ON BLACKENED RECORDINGS '' . www.aussieosbourne.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Metallica Rocks With Sixth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica 2017 Tour With Avenged Sevenfold , Volbeat + Gojira '' . Loudwire . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Annual Metallica Night with the San Francisco Giants '' . Jump up ^ `` Reissues Re-Revisited - Garage Days EP Coming April 13th '' . metallica.com . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth Annual Metallica Night with the SF Giants '' . metallica.com . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` North America , Round Two ! '' . metallica.com . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 30 on 30 : The Greatest Guitarists Picked by the Greatest Guitarists '' . guitarworld.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Hetfield 's official ballot for the 100 Greatest singers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Ride the Lightning -- Metallica '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Master of Puppets -- Metallica '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Metallica Allmusic review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( January 21 , 1997 ) . `` Metallica Rolling Stone review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Lorraine ( November 20 , 1997 ) . `` ReLoad Rolling Stone review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( June 9 , 2003 ) . `` Music Review St. Anger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Allmusic -- St. Anger '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica Drummer on Producer Rick Rubin : ' He 's Forced Us to Rethink Big - Picture Stuff ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , Jacqueline ( 2013 ) . Music in American Life : An Encyclopedia of the Songs , Styles , Stars , and Stories That Shaped Our Culture . ABC - CLIO . p. 708 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 39348 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lee , Cosmo ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Get Thrashed : The Story of Thrash Metal '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Hürriyet Daily News ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Metallica rocks Istanbul '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Artists '' . RIAA . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Nielsen Company & Billboard 's 2012 Music Industry Report '' . Business Wire . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen & Prato , Greg . `` Metallica Biography '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why they Rule ? Metallica '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright , James . `` Godsmack '' . Blistering . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Porter , Chad . `` Machine Head Exclusive Interview with lead singer / guitarist Robb Flynn '' . Connect . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trivium Interview '' . Metal Theater . November 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Matt from Trivium at RoadRage ' 04 '' . Metal Underground . August 9 , 2004 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bowar , Chad . `` Avenged Sevenfold Interview '' . About.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` God Forbid -- The new wave of American metal has arrived '' . f-p-e -. com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Soghomonian , Talia . `` Interview with Dave Chavarri of Ill Niño '' . nyrock.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Adema Drummer : We Are Influenced by Metallica and Pantera '' . Blabbermouth.net . August 11 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Metallica to reunite with bassist Jason Newsted '' . theguardian . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stosuy , Brandon ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` VH1 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time '' . STEREOGUM . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . VH1 . Retrieved December 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Classic Top 20 Metal Bands '' . VH1 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists : Metallica '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 greatest albums of all time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time '' . Rocklistmusic.co.uk . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Metal Albums '' . IGN . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 Heavy Metal Albums '' . Metal-rules.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica Rocks ' The Simpsons ' '' . Spin . July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Metalocalypse '' . Metallica.com . September 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 16 , 2005 ) . `` Metallica Mash - Up Band Gets By with a Little Help from Its Friend ... Lars '' . MTV . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica Timeline '' . Metallica.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Performance Highlights '' . MTV . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gaston , Martin ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Metallica songs yanked from Rock Band DLC as licensing agreements expire '' . Gamespot . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award winners -- Metallica '' . Grammy.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award winners -- Death Magnetic '' . Grammy.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Sources Find more aboutMetallicaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Chirazi , Steffan ; Metallica ( 2004 ) . So What ! : The Good , The Mad , and The Ugly . Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1881 - 9 . Christe , Ian ( 2003 ) . Sound of the Beast : The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 380 - 81127 - 8 . Pillsbury , Glenn ( 2006 ) . Damage Incorporated : Metallica and the Production of Musical Identity . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97374 - 8 . External links Official website Metallica at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Metallica discography at Discogs Metallica discography at MusicBrainz Metallica James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Robert Trujillo Jason Newsted Cliff Burton Dave Mustaine Ron McGovney Studio albums Kill ' Em All Ride the Lightning Master of Puppets ... And Justice for All Metallica Load Reload St. Anger Death Magnetic Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct Cover albums Garage Inc . Collaboration projects Lulu Extended plays The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited Beyond Magnetic Live albums S&M Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México Live at Grimey 's The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Through the Never Box sets The Good , the Bad & the Live Live Shit : Binge & Purge Limited - Edition Vinyl Box Set The Metallica Collection Singles `` Whiplash '' `` Jump in the Fire '' `` Creeping Death '' `` Master of Puppets '' `` Harvester of Sorrow '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` One '' `` Enter Sandman '' `` The Unforgiven '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' `` Wherever I May Roam '' `` Sad but True '' `` Until It Sleeps '' `` Hero of the Day '' `` Mama Said '' `` King Nothing '' `` The Memory Remains '' `` The Unforgiven II '' `` Fuel '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Whiskey in the Jar '' `` Die , Die My Darling '' `` Nothing Else Matters ' 99 '' `` No Leaf Clover '' `` I Disappear '' `` St. Anger '' `` Frantic '' `` The Unnamed Feeling '' `` Some Kind of Monster '' `` The Day That Never Comes '' `` All Nightmare Long '' `` Broken , Beat & Scarred '' `` The View '' `` Lords of Summer '' `` Hardwired '' `` Moth into Flame '' `` Atlas , Rise ! '' `` Now That We 're Dead '' `` Spit Out the Bone '' Promotional singles `` Fade to Black '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Do n't Tread on Me '' `` Ai n't My Bitch '' `` Bleeding Me '' `` Better than You '' `` My Apocalypse '' `` Cyanide '' `` The Judas Kiss '' Other songs `` Seek & Destroy '' `` Am I Evil ? '' `` Blitzkrieg '' `` Breadfan '' `` The God That Failed '' `` Astronomy '' `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Last Caress / Green Hell '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' `` So What ? '' `` Overkill '' `` The Unforgiven III '' Video albums Cliff ' Em All 2 of One A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica Cunning Stunts S&M The Videos 1989 -- 2004 Français Pour une Nuit Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Quebec Magnetic Metallica Through the Never Tours Kill ' Em All Tour Ride the Lightning Tour Damage , Inc . Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1987 Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 Damaged Justice Tour Wherever We May Roam Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Nowhere Else to Roam Tour Shit Hits the Sheds Tour Poor Touring Me Poor Re-Touring Me Tour Garage Remains the Same Tour M2K Mini Tour Summer Sanitarium Tour Madly in Anger with the World Tour Escape from the Studio ' 06 Sick of the Studio ' 07 2008 European Vacation Tour World Magnetic Tour 2012 European Black Album Tour By Request Tour Lords of Summer Tour WorldWired Tour Related articles Awards Discography Demos Songs recorded Apocalyptica Beatallica Big Mick Orion Music + More Echobrain Exodus Flotsam and Jetsam Megadeth Newsted Metallica v. Napster , Inc . A Tribute to the Four Horsemen The Blackest Album : An Industrial Tribute to Metallica Guitar Hero : Metallica Songs So What ! ( magazine ) Metallic Assault : A Tribute to Metallica Metallic Attack : The Ultimate Tribute Metal Militia -- A Tribute to Metallica Metallica : This Monster Lives Pianotarium Some Kind of Monster Book Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 1990s Paul McCartney / the Baltic states ( 1992 ) Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski ( 1993 ) Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt ( 1994 ) Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1995 ) Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez ( 1996 ) Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson ( 1997 ) Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar ( 1998 ) Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis ( 1999 ) 2000s Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern ( 2000 ) Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen ( 2001 ) Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina ( 2002 ) Keith Jarrett ( 2003 ) B.B. King / György Ligeti ( 2004 ) Gilberto Gil / Dietrich Fischer - Dieskau ( 2005 ) Led Zeppelin / Valery Gergiev ( 2006 ) Sonny Rollins / Steve Reich ( 2007 ) Pink Floyd / Renée Fleming ( 2008 ) Peter Gabriel / José Antonio Abreu / El Sistema ( 2009 ) 2010s Björk / Ennio Morricone ( 2010 ) Kronos Quartet / Patti Smith ( 2011 ) Paul Simon / Yo - Yo Ma ( 2012 ) Youssou N'Dour / Kaija Saariaho ( 2013 ) Chuck Berry / Peter Sellars ( 2014 ) Emmylou Harris / Evelyn Glennie ( 2015 ) Max Martin / Cecilia Bartoli ( 2016 ) Sting / Wayne Shorter ( 2017 ) Metallica / Afghanistan National Institute of Music ( 2018 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2009 Performers Jeff Beck Little Anthony and the Imperials Metallica Run -- D.M.C. Bobby Womack Early influences Wanda Jackson Sidemen Bill Black D.J. Fontana Spooner Oldham BNF : cb13904963g ( data ) GND : 2126186 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0001 2293 9631 LCCN : n91114928 MusicBrainz : 65f4f0c5 - ef9e - 490c - aee3 - 909e7ae6b2ab SELIBR : 294156 SUDOC : 035728396 VIAF : 146525215 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metallica&oldid=854522270 '' Categories : Metallica Heavy metal musical groups from California Thrash metal musical groups from California Musical groups from San Francisco 1981 establishments in California Musical groups established in 1981 Megaforce Records artists Elektra Records artists Warner Bros. Records artists Vertigo Records artists Universal Music Group artists Grammy Award winners Kerrang ! Awards winners NME Awards winners Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Musical quartets Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2017 Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 Zazaki 中文 96 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the original band members of metallica	[]	[]
-5503561420155611661	Do not go gentle into that good night	Do not go gentle into that good night - wikipedia Do not go gentle into that good night Jump to : navigation , search `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' is a poem in the form of a villanelle , and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas ( 1914 -- 1953 ) . Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951 , it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family . It was published , along with other stories previously written , as part of his In Country Sleep , And Other Poems in 1952 . It has been suggested that it was written for Thomas ' dying father , although he did not die until just before Christmas 1952 . It has no title other than its first line , `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' , a line which appears as a refrain throughout . Its other refrain is `` Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' . The poem currently remains under copyright . Notable Use in popular culture ( edit ) It was used as the text for the 1954 In Memoriam Dylan Thomas ( Dirge - Canons and Song ) for tenor and chamber ensemble , by Igor Stravinsky . The piece was written soon after Thomas ' death and first performed in 1954 . It was the inspiration for three paintings by Swansea - born painter and print - maker Ceri Richards , in 1954 , 1956 , and 1965 , respectively . The title of George R.R. Martin 's 1977 novel Dying of the Light references a line from the poem . It is the subject of a 1979 tone poem for wind ensemble by Elliot del Borgo . In the 1986 film Back to School Thornton Melon played by Rodney Dangerfield recites the poem during an exam board . John Cale set the poem to orchestral music for his album Words for the Dying , released in 1989 . In the 1996 film Independence Day , the President makes a rousing speech as he prepares to lead the attack against the alien invaders , adapting Thomas ' line , saying , `` We will not go quietly into the night '' . It is used as a main inspiration for the protagonist of the 2010 Ally Condie book Matched , the first of a trilogy by that name . In Christopher Nolan 's 2014 movie Interstellar it is used repeatedly by Michael Caine 's character Professor John Brand , as well as by several other supporting characters . Leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hyper sleep with the final words `` Do not go gentle into that good night . '' In 2015 episode of Doctor Who , `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' , Clara Oswald , played by Jenna Coleman , quotes the first line of this poem when she discovers where the Doctor is and what he 's up to . It is cited by G - Eazy in `` Intro '' on his 2015 album When It 's Dark Out . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ COPYRIGHT : from The Poems of Dylan Thomas , published by New Directions . Copyright © 1952 , 1953 Dylan Thomas . Copyright © 1937 , 1945 , 1955 , 1962 , 1966 , 1967 the Trustees for the Copyrights of Dylan Thomas . Copyright © 1938 , 1939 , 1943 , 1946 , 1971 New Directions Publishing Corp . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan Thomas '' . Academy of American Poets . He took his family to Italy , and while in Florence , he wrote In Country Sleep , And Other Poems ( Dent , 1952 ) , which includes his most famous poem , `` Do not go gentle into that good night . '' Jump up ^ Ferris , Paul ( 1989 ) . Dylan Thomas , A Biography . New York : Paragon House . p. 283 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 215 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Thomas : Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' . BBC Wales . 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ * Thomas , David N. ( 2008 ) . Fatal Neglect : Who Killed Dylan Thomas ? . Seren . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85411 - 480 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Do not go gentle into that good night Academy of American Poets '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keller , Hans ( 1955 ) . `` In Memoriam Dylan Thomas : Strawinsky 's Schoenbergian Technique '' . Tempo ( 35 ) : 13 -- 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ceri Richards : ' Do not go gentle into that good night ' 1956 '' . tate.org.uk/ . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' , Copyright 1979 , Shawnee Press Jump up ^ Schaeffer , John ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Five Songs For Dylan Thomas '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mair , Jan ( 1998 ) . `` American rules , OK : Difference and otherness in ' Independence Day ' '' . Futures . 30 ( 10 ) : 981 -- 991 . doi : 10.1016 / s0016 - 3287 ( 98 ) 00100 - 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Wade , Chris ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` '' Do not go gentle into that good night '' in Interstellar , Back to School , and many other movies : the supercut ( VIDEO ) `` . Slate . Jump up ^ `` The Magician 's Apprentice : The Fact File '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ben ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) . `` G - Eazy : When It 's Dark Out review -- almost a crossover home run '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Dylan Thomas ( works ) Works A Child 's Christmas in Wales Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog Under Milk Wood ( radio play ) Rebecca 's Daughters ( screenplay ) Poems 18 Poems Deaths and Entrances `` And death shall have no dominion '' `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' `` Fern Hill '' `` In my Craft or Sullen Art '' `` The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower '' Related Caitlin Thomas ( wife ) Aeronwy Thomas ( daughter ) Gwilym Marles ( paternal granduncle ) The Kardomah Gang Cultural depictions The Boathouse Dylan Thomas Centre Dylan Thomas Theatre Dylan Thomas Trail Laugharne Set Fire to the Stars ( 2014 film ) A Poet in New York ( 2014 television film ) Dominion ( 2016 film ) Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night&oldid=802370976 '' Categories : Anglo - Welsh literature 1951 poems Poetry by Dylan Thomas Works originally published in Italian magazines Works originally published in literary magazines Poems about death Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said do not go gentle into that good night	[ "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953).[1] Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951,[2] it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of his In Country Sleep, And Other Poems in 1952.[1]" ]	[ "Welsh poet Dylan Thomas" ]
1585604855794730141	Ambulance chasing	Ambulance chasing - Wikipedia Ambulance chasing Jump to : navigation , search Ambulance chasing , sometimes known as barratry , is a professional slur which refers to a lawyer soliciting for clients at a disaster site . The term `` ambulance chasing '' comes from the stereotype of lawyers that follow ambulances to the emergency room to find clients . The phrase ambulance chaser is also used more loosely as a derogatory term for a personal injury lawyer . Description ( edit ) Ambulance chasing is prohibited in the United States . Such conduct violates Rule 7.3 of the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct . Some bar associations strongly enforce rules against barratry . For example , the State Bar of California dispatches investigators to large - scale disaster scenes to discourage ambulance chasers , and to catch any who attempt to solicit business from disaster victims at the scene . Ambulance chasing is also illegal in Australia , in accordance with clauses 20 and 22 of the Legal Profession Regulation of 1987 . In the UK , Indicative Behaviour ( IB ) 8.5 of the Solicitors Regulation Authority Code of Conduct 2011 specifies that `` approaching people in the street , at ports of entry , in hospital or at the scene of an accident '' is to be taken as an indication of non-compliance with the SRA Principles . Following an ambulance to take advantage of its ability to pass red lights can be considered a form of slipstreaming , and is also illegal in many jurisdictions . See also ( edit ) Barratry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan A. ( 2011 ) . Garner 's Dictionary of Legal Usage ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538420 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ambulance Chaser '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . A lawyer who is eager to bring personal injury lawsuits . Jump up ^ Model Rules of Professional Conduct - Rule 7.3 Direct Contact With Prospective Clients - Center for Professional Responsibility Jump up ^ Nancy McCarthy , `` Public protection takes center stage in disaster '' , State Bar Journal , March 2005 , pages unknown . Jump up ^ https://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/handbook/code/content.page This law - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambulance_chasing&oldid=798859303 '' Categories : Abuse of the legal system Informal legal terminology Legal ethics Law stubs Talk About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 06 : 39 . About Wikipedia	never waste a tragedy when you could chase ambulances	[]	[]
-1362293652422332106	Timeline of World War I	Timeline of World War I - wikipedia Timeline of World War I Jump to : navigation , search Theatres Western Eastern Italian Caucasian Middle Eastern Balkan African Naval Air Politics Asian and Pacific Gallipoli Contents ( hide ) 1 1914 2 1915 3 1916 4 1917 5 1918 6 1919 7 1920 8 Post-1920 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 1914 ( edit ) Dates Events June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip . Details July 5 Austria - Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism . Germany gives assurances of support . July 23 Beginning of the `` Black Week '' . Austria - Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia . The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna . Details July 28 Austria - Hungary declares war on Serbia . Russia mobilizes . Details The Netherlands declare neutrality . July 31 Germany warns Russia to stop mobilizing . Russia says mobilization is against Austria - Hungary . August 1 Germany declares war on Russia . France mobilizes . Italy declares its neutrality . Denmark , Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality . Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty . Details August 2 Germany invades Luxembourg . Details Skirmish at Joncherey , first military action on the Western Front August 2 -- 26 Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy `` the iron gate to Paris '' near the Luxembourg border , opening France to mass German invasion August 3 Germany declares war on France . Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border . Switzerland declares its neutrality . August 4 Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army . Details Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality , guaranteed by a treaty ; German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier ( a scrap of paper ) . The United Kingdom declares war on Germany . Details The United States declares neutrality . August 4 -- 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège , Belgium . Details August 5 First offensive action by Allied troops -- German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean , south of Melbourne , Australia Montenegro declares war on Austria - Hungary . The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles . August 6 Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . Serbia declares war on Germany . August 7 The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France . Details Spain declares `` the strictest neutrality . '' Details August 7 -- September 13 Battle of the Frontiers . The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France 's Fifth Army . August 7 -- 10 Battle of Mulhouse , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 8 Montenegro declares war on Germany . August 9 The Togoland Campaign begins . August 11 France declares war on Austria - Hungary . August 12 The United Kingdom declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Halen , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 14 -- 25 Battle of Lorraine , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 16 -- 20 The Serbs defeat the Austro - Hungarians at the Battle of Cer . Details August 17 The Russian army enters East Prussia . Battle of Stallupönen . Details August 20 The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia , the Battle of Gumbinnen . The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan . Details The Germans occupy Brussels . Battle of Morhange , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . Battle of Sarrebourg , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 21 Battle of Charleroi , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 21 -- 23 Battle of the Ardennes , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 Japan declares war on Germany . Details Battle of Mons , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 -- 30 Battle of Tannenberg : the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans . Details August 23 -- September 11 Battle of Lemberg . The Russians capture Lviv . Details August 23 -- 25 Battle of Kraśnik , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . The Austro - Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army . Details August 24 Action of Elouges . Battle of the Mortagne , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 24 -- September 7 The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress . Details August 24 -- September 28 The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne . August 25 Japan declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Tepe : The Kamerun Campaign begins . August 26 British and French forces conquer Togoland , a German protectorate in West Africa . Details Battle of Le Grand Fayt . August 26 -- 27 Battle of Le Cateau . Allied retreat . Details August 26 -- 30 Battle of Gnila Lipa , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . August 26 -- September 2 Battle of Komarow , part of the Battle of Lemberg . Details August 26 - February 18 , 1916 Siege of Mora . August 27 Battle of Étreux . Details August 27 -- November 7 Battle of Tsingtao : British and Japanese forces capture the German - controlled port of Tsingtao in China . Details August 28 The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details Austria - Hungary declares war on Belgium . August 29 -- 30 Battle of Saint Quentin , also known as Battle of Guise . Orderly Allied retreat . Details August 29 - 31 First Battle of Garua . August 30 New Zealand occupies German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) . Details September 1 Action at Nery Details Saint Petersburg renamed Petrograd , removing German words `` Burg '' and `` Sankt '' . September 2 -- 11 Austro - Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . Details September 4 -- 13 Battle of Grand Couronne , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . September 5 -- 12 First Battle of the Marne . The German advance on Paris is halted , marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan . Details Battle of the Ourcq , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of the Two Morins . September 6 Battle of Nsanakong . September 6 -- 12 Battle of the Marshes of Saint - Gond , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Vitry , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Revigny , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . September 6 -- October 4 Battle of Drina . September 7 Fanning Raid . September 7 -- 14 First Battle of the Masurian Lakes : The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties . Details September 9 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany 's war aims . Details September 11 Battle of Bita Paka . September 13 Troops from South Africa begin invading German South - West Africa . Details September 14 - 17 Siege of Toma . Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year . September 13 -- 28 The First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw . The Race to the Sea begins . Details September 14 Erich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff . Details September 15 Boer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa . Details September 19 -- October 11 Battle of Flirey September 20 Battle of Zanzibar , German naval victory . September 22 Bombardment of Papeete German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras Details September 22 -- 26 First Battle of Picardy . September 24 The Siege of Przemyśl begins Details September 25 Battle of Sandfontein . September 25 -- 29 First Battle of Albert Details September 28 -- October 10 The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp , Belgium . Details September 29 - 30 Japan occupies the Marshall Islands . September 29 -- October 31 Battle of the Vistula River , also known as Battle of Warsaw . Details October -- July 11 , 1915 Battle of Rufiji Delta , German cruiser Königsberg destroyed . October 1 -- 4 First Battle of Arras . Details October 9 -- November 1 Central powers control Belgrade . Details October 10 -- November 2 Battle of La Bassee . October 12 -- November 2 First Battle of Messines . Details October 13 -- November 2 Battle of Armentieres . October 16 -- 31 Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium . Details October 19 -- November 22 The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea . The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk . Details October 19 - July 7 , 1915 Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola - Namibia border , without declaration of war . Details October 28 Battle of Penang . October 29 The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast Details November 1 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Coronel . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock . Details November 2 The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany . Details Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . November 2 -- 16 Bergmann Offensive , first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War . November 3 Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Kilimanjaro . November 3 -- 5 Von Lettow - Vorbeck 's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga , German East Africa . Details November 5 France and the United Kingdom declare war on the Ottoman Empire . November 6 Fao Landing , British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao . November 9 Battle of Cocos , northeast Indian Ocean . The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden . Details November 11 Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies . Details November 11 -- 21 Battle of Basra . Details November 11 -- December 6 Battle of Łódź ( also known as Silesian Offensive ) . Details November 13 Battle of El Herri : Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes . November 16 -- December 15 Battle of Kolubara , Austro - Hungarians leave Serbia . November 19 Bolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia . December 1 -- 13 Battle of Limanowa . December 3 -- 9 Battle of Qurna . December 8 Battle of the Falklands . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy . Details December 10 Hill 60 captured by the Germans . Details December 14 Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus , but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish . Details December 16 The German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool , England . Details December 18 -- 22 Battle of Givenchy . December 17 -- January 13 , 1915 First Battle of Artois . December 20 Fighting begins at Perthes . December 20 -- 17 March 1915 First Battle of Champagne . Details December 22 Fighting begins at Noyon . Details December 22 -- January 2 , 1915 The Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish , Caucasia . Details December 24 -- 25 In some sectors of the Western Front , an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces . Details December 25 -- January 18 , 1915 Battle of Ardahan . 1915 ( edit ) Dates Events January 2 The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins . It will continue until April 12 . January 4 - 11 Ottomans occupy Urmia and Tabriz by surprise . Details January 8 Japan attempts to impose its Twenty - One Demands on neutral China . January 18 -- 19 Battle of Jassin . January 19 First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain . Details January 19 -- December 22 Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf , series of battles fought to control the peak . January 24 Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte . Details January 24 -- 26 Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland . January 28 -- February 3 The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal . Details January 30 The Russians take Tabriz . Details January 31 Battle of Bolimov . First German use of chemical weapons . Details February 4 Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels . Details Jan Kemp surrenders . End of the Maritz Rebellion . Battle of Kakamas : German invasion of South Africa repelled . February 7 -- 22 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . The Russian X Army is defeated . Details February 19 British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles . The Gallipoli Campaign begins . Details March 5 Great Britain and France promise Russia Constantinople . March 7 Ottomans retreat to Qotur , pushed by a Russian counteroffensive . Details March 10 -- March 13 Battle of Neuve Chapelle . After an initial success , a British offensive is halted . Details March 14 Battle of Más a Tierra . The last remnant of the German East Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutral Chile . March 22 The Siege of Przemyśl ends . The Russians capture the fortress . Details April 5 -- May 5 First Battle of Woevre . April 12 -- 14 Battle of Shaiba . April 15 Battle of Dilman April 19 -- May 17 The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van . Details April 22 -- May 25 The Second Battle of Ypres , which ends in a stalemate . Germany first uses the poison gas . Details April 22 -- 23 Battle of Gravenstafel , First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 24 Deportation of Armenian intellectuals to Ankara , first act of the Armenian Genocide . April 24 -- May 5 Battle of St Julien , part of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 25 Allied forces land on Gallipoli , landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles . Details April 26 Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy . Details Battle of Trekkopjes . April 28 First Battle of Krithia . The Allied advance is repelled . Details April 29 Battle of Gurin . May 1 The Gorlice - Tarnów begins : the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia . Details Battle of Eski Hissarlik . May 3 Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove . Details Italy revokes its commitment to a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 6 -- 8 Second Battle of Krithia . The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again . Details May 7 The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat . Details May 8 -- 13 Battle of Frezenberg Ridge , Part of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 9 -- June 18 Second Battle of Artois . May 9 Battle of Aubers Ridge , a phase of the Second Battle of Artois . May 10 Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław . Lviv is again in Austrian hands . May 11 Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead . Details May 12 Windhoek , capital of German South - West Africa , is occupied by South African troops . Details May 15 -- 25 Battle of Festubert . May 16 -- June 23 Battle of Konary . May 23 Italy declares war on Austria - Hungary . Details May 24 -- 25 Battle of Bellewaarde , final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 31 - June 10 Second Battle of Garua . June -- September The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia . June 3 San Marino declares war on Austria - Hungary . June 4 Third Battle of Krithia . Yet another Allied failure . Details The Russians leave Przemyśl . Details June 21 -- 23 Battle of Bukoba . June 22 Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area . Details June 23 -- July 7 First Battle of the Isonzo . Details June 27 The Austro - Hungarians re-enter Lviv . Details June 28 -- July 5 The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine . Details June 29 Battle of Ngaundere July 1 First aerial victory by a synchronized gun - armed fighter aircraft Details Battle of Otavi . July 9 The German forces in South - West Africa surrender . Details July 10 -- 26 Battle of Manzikert . July 18 -- August 3 Second Battle of the Isonzo . Details July 25 Italians capture Cappuccio Wood . Details First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot Details July 27 - 31 Battle of Kara Killisse . August 5 The Germans occupy Warsaw . Details August 6 -- 10 Battle of Lone Pine , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 13 Battle of Krithia Vineyard , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 15 Allies land at Suvla Bay , a phase of the August Offensive . Details . August 6 -- 21 Battle of Sari Bair , part of the August Offensive . Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula . Details August 7 Battle of the Nek , a phase of the August Offensive . August 7 -- 19 Battle of Chunuk Bair , a phase of the August Offensive . August 21 Scimitar Hill , a phase of the August Offensive . Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire . August 21 -- 29 Battle of Hill 60 , part of the August Offensive . Details August 26 -- September 19 Sventiany Offensive , a phase of the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive . September 1 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details September 5 -- 8 The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald , Switzerland . Details September 8 Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Army , personally taking that position . Details September 15 -- November 4 Third Battle of Artois . September 19 The Germans occupy Vilnius . The Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive ends . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Loos , a major British offensive , fails . Details September 25 -- October 15 Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt , a phase of the Battle of Loos . September 25 -- November 6 Second Battle of Champagne . September 28 Battle of Es Sinn . October 7 -- December 4 Serbia is invaded by Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Bulgaria . Details October 12 Edith Cavell executed . October 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia Details October 14 -- November 9 Morava Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 14 -- November 15 Ovche Pole Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 15 The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria . Montenegro declares war on Bulgaria . October 16 France declares war on Bulgaria . October 17 -- November 21 Battle of Krivolak , first of the Salonika Front . October 18 -- November 4 Third Battle of the Isonzo Details October 19 Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria . October 27 Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia ; he is replaced by Billy Hughes . October 29 René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Aristide Briand . November 4 - 6 Battle of Banjo . November 10 Pro-Central Powers Iranians seize Shiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city . Details November 10 -- December 2 Fourth Battle of the Isonzo November 10 -- December 4 Kosovo Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Serbians pushed into Albania . Details November 14 - 30 Russian forces from the Caucasus occupy Tehran . Details November 17 Armed by Ottomans and Germans , the Libyan Senussi cross the border and attack Egypt from the west . Details November 22 -- 25 Battle of Ctesiphon , in present - day Iraq . Details November 27 The Serbian army collapses . It will retreat to the Adriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies . Details December -- July , 1916 Battle of Lake Tanganyika . December 6 -- 12 Battle of Kosturino December 7 The First Siege of Kut , Mesopotamia , by the Ottomans begins . Details December 15 Russians occupy Hamadan . Details December 19 Douglas Haig replaces John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force . Details December 23 Carl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony of Río Muni . 1916 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 -- 17 Austro - Hungarian offensive against Montenegro , which capitulates . Details January 6 -- 7 Battle of Mojkovac January 6 -- 8 Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 9 The Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory . Details January 10 -- February 16 Battle of Erzurum . January 11 Corfu occupied by the Allies . Details January 13 Battle of Wadi , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . Details January 21 Battle of Hanna , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 24 Reinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details January 27 Conscription introduced in the United Kingdom by the Military Service Act 1916 . Details February 5 -- April 15 Trebizond Campaign . February 12 Battle of Salaita Hill . February 21 The Battle of Verdun begins . February 26 Battle of Agagia : Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British . February 28 German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) surrenders . Details March 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details March 1 -- 15 Fifth Battle of the Isonzo . March 2 -- August 4 Battle of Bitlis . March 8 Battle of Dujaila : a British attempt to relieve Kut failed . Details March 9 Germany declares war on Portugal . Portugal officially enters the war . Details March 11 -- 12 Battle of Latema Nek . March 14 The Manifesto of the Sixteen , declaring Kropotkinist - anarchist support of the Allied war effort , is published . Details March 15 Austria - Hungary declares war on Portugal . March 16 - November 6 British preemptively occupy the Sultanate of Darfur and annex it to the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . Details March 18 Battle of Kahe . March 18 -- April Lake Naroch Offensive . April 24 -- 29 Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom . Details April 24 -- 30 The Kienthal Conference , the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Kienthal , Switzerland . Details April 27 -- 29 Gas attacks at Hulluch . April 29 The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans , first siege of Kut ends . Details May 7 -- 10 Battle of Kondoa Irangi . May 10 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details May 15 -- June 10 Austro - Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino . Details May 16 Signing of the Sykes - Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East . Details May 18 Russian forces in Persia link up with the British in Mesopotamia , but it is too late . Details May 31 -- June 1 Battle of Jutland between Britain 's Grand Fleet and Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details June 2 -- 14 Battle of Mont Sorrel . June 3 Russians fail to encyrcle Ottoman forces in Persia . Details June 4 The Brusilov Offensive begins . June 5 The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins . Details The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands ; Lord Kitchener dies . Details June 10 Italy : Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister . Details The Siege of Medina begins . June 10 -- July 4 Battle of Mecca , Arabs capture the city . Details June 12 Percy Sykes marches on Kerman to link up with the Russian forces in central - northern Persia . June 30 Battle of the Boar 's Head , diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day . July Battle of Taif . Details July 1 The Battle of the Somme begins . Details July 1 -- 3 The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian - ruled Grand Duchy of Finland . Details July 1 -- 13 Second Battle of Albert ( Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . Details July 1 -- 2 British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 2 Ottoman counter-attack into Persia reaches Kermanshah . Details July 2 -- 25 Battle of Erzincan . July 3 -- 7 British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 12 British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 17 British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge . Details July 4 -- 6 Battle of Kostiuchnowka . July 7 -- 11 British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 8 -- 14 British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 14 -- 17 Battle of Bazentin Ridge ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 14 -- September 15 Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 19 -- 20 Battle of Fromelles ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . July 23 -- August 7 Battle of Pozières ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 24 -- August 8 Battle of Kowel . July 30 German agents sabotage munition factories in Jersey City that supply the Allies , causing the Black Tom explosion . August 3 -- 5 Battle of Romani . Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails . Details August 6 -- 17 Sixth Battle of the Isonzo . The Italians capture Gorizia ( August 9 ) . Details August 6 Battle of Doberdo , part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo . August 9 -- 18 First battle of Doiran . Details August 10 Ottomans take Hamadan . Details August 24 Battle of Mlali . August 27 Romania enters the war on the Entente 's side . Her army is defeated in a few weeks . August 27 -- December Conquest of Romania by Central Powers . Details August 27 -- November 26 Battle of Transylvania , a phase of the conquest of Romania . August 28 Italy declares war on Germany . August 29 Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff . Details August 30 The Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania . September 1 Bulgaria declares war on Romania . September 2 -- 6 Battle of Turtucaia , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 3 -- 6 Battle of Guillemont ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 5 -- 7 Battle of Dobrich , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 6 The Central Powers create a unified command . September 7 -- 11 Battle of Kisaki . September 8 - 19 Battle of Tabora . September 9 Battle of Ginchy ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 9 - 11 Battle of Dutumi . September 12 -- December 11 Monastir Offensive , set up of the Salonika Front . September 12 -- 14 Battle of Malka Nidzhe , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 12 -- 30 Battle of Kaymakchalan , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 14 -- 17 Seventh Battle of the Isonzo September 15 -- 22 Battle of Flers - Courcelette ; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history . Details September 17 -- 19 First Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 20 The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Morval ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 26 -- 28 Battle of Thiepval Ridge ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 29 -- October 5 Flamanda Offensive , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October -- November First Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . Details October 1 -- November 5 Battle of Le Transloy ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) Details October 1 -- November 11 Battle of Ancre Heights ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) . October 9 -- 12 Eighth Battle of the Isonzo . October 14 - January 6 , 1917 Battle of Kibata . October 19 -- 25 Second Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October 24 The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun . Details November 1 -- 4 Ninth Battle of the Isonzo . November 11 Battle of Matamondo . November 13 -- 18 Battle of the Ancre ( closing phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details November 18 The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo - French advantage . Details November 21 HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine Details Francis Joseph I , Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , dies and is succeeded by Charles I . Details November 25 David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet . Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea . Details November 25 -- December 3 Battle of Bucharest , a phase of the conquest of Romania . November 28 Prunaru Charge , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest , Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines . December 1 Battle of the Arges , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest . December 1 -- January 18 , 1917 Allies capture Yanbu . Details December 5 -- 7 United Kingdom : Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George . Details December 6 The Germans occupy Bucharest . The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi . Details December 13 Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details December 17 Kaocen Revolt : The Tuareg besiege the French garrison at Agadez . December 18 Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides . December 23 Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula . Details December 23 -- 29 Christmas Battles . December 27 Togoland is divided into British and French administrative zones . Details December 30 Grigori Rasputin , Russia 's éminence grise , is assassinated . Details 1917 ( edit ) Dates Events January 3 -- 4 Battle of Behobeho . January 9 Battle of Rafa . The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai . Details January 11 -- March 13 British raid the Ancre . Details January 16 The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico , instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States . Details February 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on charges of spying for the Germans . February 23 Second Battle of Kut . The British recapture the city . Details February 23 -- April 5 The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line . Details March 1 Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro - Hungarian Chief of Staff . Details March 3 The French relieve Agadez . March 8 -- 11 The British capture Baghdad . Details March 8 The celebrations of the International Women 's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into the February Revolution . March 12 Russian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd 's Znamenskaya Square the day before . Numerous attacks against prisons , courts , police stations and Okhrana offices . Provisional Committee of the Duma formed . Petrograd Soviet formed . March 13 Battle of Nambanje . March 13 -- April 23 Samarrah Offensive , British capture much of Mesopotamia . March 14 China severs relations with Germany . March 15 Nicholas II abdicates . A provisional government is formed . March 16 Lenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland and publishes his April Thesis . March 17 Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot . March 26 First Battle of Gaza . The British attempt to capture the city fails . Details April -- October Stalemate in Southern Palestine . April 2 -- 3 Australians attack Noreuil . Details . April 6 The United States declares war on Germany . Details April 7 Cuba declares war on Germany . Panama declares war on Germany . Scuttling of SMS Cormoran in Guam , the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific . April 9 -- May 17 Second Battle of Arras . The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough . Details April 9 -- 12 The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 9 -- 14 First Battle of the Scarpe , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 10 -- 11 First Battle of Bullecourt , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 11 Brazil severs relations with Germany . April 13 Bolivia severs relations with Germany . April 15 Battle of Lagnicourt , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 16 -- May 9 The Second Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Nivelle Offensive ) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle . Details April 17 -- 20 Battle of the Hills ( also known as Third battle of Champagne ) , a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne . April 19 Second Battle of Gaza . The Ottoman lines resist a British attack . Details April 22 -- May 8 Second Battle of Doiran . Details April 23 The Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States . April 23 -- 24 Second Battle of Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 28 -- 29 Battle of Arleux , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 29 -- May 20 Series of mutinies in the French army . Details May 3 -- 4 Third battle of the Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details Mass demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow to protest Pavel Milyukov 's note affirming Russia 's commitment to the Entente war effort . Details May 3 -- 17 Second Battle of Bullecourt , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details May 5 Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Nationalist Party . Details May 5 -- 15 Allied Spring offensive on the Salonika Front . May 5 -- 9 Second Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive . Details May 12 -- June 6 Tenth Battle of the Isonzo . Details May 15 Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details May 23 Battle of Mount Hermada in the Karst . Salonika Trial ends : Dragutin Dimitrijevic , chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination , is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges , as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria - Hungary . June -- October Operation Hush , Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium . June 7 -- 14 Second Battle of Messines , the British blow 19 deep mines and recapture Messines Ridge . Details June 10 -- 29 Battle of Mount Ortigara . Details June 12 Constantine I of Greece abdicates . June 13 First successful heavy bomber raid on London done by the Gotha G. IV . June 25 First American troops land in France . Details June 27 Batterie Pommern aka . ' Lange Max ' , world 's largest gun fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk ( ± 50 km ) . June 30 Greece declares war on the Central powers . Details July 1 -- 2 Battle of Zborov , a phase of the Kerensky Offensive . Details July 1 -- 12 Brief monarchist coup and restoration in China , allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente . Details July 1 -- 19 The Kerensky Offensive fails . It is the last Russian initiative in the war . Details July 6 Arab rebels led by Lawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port of Aqaba . Details July 11 The Open Letter to Albert I is published by Flemish Movement sympathisers within the Belgian Army on the Yser Front , complaining about official discrimination against Dutch language Details July 16 - 17 Petrograd July Days . July 20 Corfu Declaration about the future Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Details July 21 Alexander Kerensky replaces Georgy Lvov as Minister - President of the Russian Provisional Government . July 22 Siam declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . July 22 -- August 1 Battle of Mărăști July 29 Battle of Kiawe Bridge . July 31 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) begins . Details July 31 -- August 2 Battle of Pilckem Ridge ( Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . August 2 The German raider SMS Seeadler is wrecked at Mopelia in French Polynesia . August 2 -- 10 Battle of Rumbo . August 4 Liberia declares war on Germany . August 6 -- 20 Battle of Mărăşeşti . Details August 8 -- 20 Second Battle of Oituz . August 14 China declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . August 15 -- 25 Battle of Hill 70 ( Continuation of British operations near Lens ) . August 16 -- 18 Second Battle of Langemarck ( Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . Details August 17 China terminates the German and Austro - Hungarian concessions in Tianjin and occupies them . August 18 -- 28 Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo . Details August 20 -- 26 Second Offensive Battle of Verdun . September -- October Operation Albion . German capture of Oesel , Dago and Moon Islands . September 1 -- 3 Battle of Jugla . September 5 The SMS Seeadler 's crew sail to Fiji in a lifeboat and capture the French schooner Lutece , allowing their escape . They rename it Fortuna . September 5 -- 12 The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Stockholm . Details September 8 - 12 Russia : General Kornilov 's coup attempt fails . Details September 12 Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé . September 14 Russia declared a republic . September 20 -- 26 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 21 Costa Rica severs relations with Germany . September 26 -- 27 Battle of Polygon Wood ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 28 -- 29 Battle of Ramadi , Mesopotamia . Details October 4 Battle of Broodseinde ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 5 The Fortuna wrecks at Easter Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans . October 6 Peru severs relations with Germany . October 7 Uruguay severs relations with Germany . October 9 Battle of Poelcappelle ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 12 First Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 15 Mata Hari executed . October 15 -- 18 Battle of Mahiwa . October 23 Battle of Wadi Musa . October 23 -- November 10 Battle of La Malmaison , much - postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames . Details October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Caporetto . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines . The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River . Details October 26 -- November 10 Second Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 27 Brazil declares war on Germany . October 27 Battle of Buqqar Ridge . October 30 Italy : Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister . Details October 31 -- November 7 Third Battle of Gaza . The British break through the Ottoman lines . Details October 31 Battle of Beersheba ( opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza ) . Details November 1 -- 6 Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe . November 2 Balfour Declaration : the British government supports plans for a Jewish `` national home '' in Palestine . Details November 5 The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles . November 7 October Revolution : Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes the Winter Palace . Charge at Sheria . November 8 Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander - in - Chief of the Italian Army . Details Charge at Huj . November 9 -- December 28 First Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river . Details November 10 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) ends . Details November 11 -- December 23 First Battle of Monte Grappa , Austro - Hungarian offensive halted . November 13 France : Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister . Details Battle of Mughar Ridge . November 14 Battle of Ayun Kara . November 17 Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details November 17 -- December 30 Battle of Jerusalem . The British enter the city ( December 11 ) . Details November 18 -- 24 Battle of Nebi Samwil , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . November 20 -- December 3 First Battle of Cambrai . A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate . Details November 25 Battle of Ngomano , the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies . December 1 Battle of El Burj , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . December 6 Halifax Explosion : An accidental colision between the Norwegian supply ship SS Imo and the French cargo ship SS Mont - Blanc , laden with high explosives for the Western Front , leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured in Richmond , Nova Scotia . It is the largest man - made explosion before the invention of atomic weapons . December 7 The United States declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 8 Ecuador severs relations with Germany . December 10 Panama declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 15 Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers , to take effect on December 17 . December 16 Armistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the Russian Special Transcaucasian Committee . December 17 Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party . Details December 20 -- 21 Battle of Jaffa , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . Details 1918 ( edit ) Dates Events January 8 Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points . Details February to September Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley . Details February 9 The Central Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People 's Republic as part of the negotiations in Brest - Litovsk . Details February 15 -- 16 Battle of Rarancza . February 18 -- March 3 Operation Faustschlag , last offensive on Eastern Front . February 19 British begin their assault on Jericho . Details February 21 The British capture Jericho . Details Germans capture Minsk . Details February 24 Germans capture Zhytomyr . Details February 25 German troops capture Estonia . Details February 28 Germans capture Pskov and Narva . Details March 2 Germans capture Kiev . Details March 3 At Brest - Litovsk , Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany . Details March 4 First known case of what will later be called Spanish Flu : Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston , Fort Riley , Kansas . March 7 German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet . Details March 8 -- 12 Battle of Tell ' Asur . March 8 -- 13 Battle of Bakhmach . March 11 Over 100 sick from Spanish Flu in Fort Riley ; first known case outside in Queens , New York . March 21 -- April 5 First phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Michael ( also known as Second Battle of the Somme ) . The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory . Details March 21 -- 23 The Battle of St. Quentin , first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive . Details March 21 -- April 2 First Transjordan attack on Amman . March 23 -- August 7 Artillery bombardment of Paris . Details March 24 -- 25 First Battle of Bapaume , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 25 First Battle of Noyon , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 26 French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces . Details March 26 -- 27 Battle of Rosieres , a phase of Operation Michael . Details Action of Khan Baghdadi . March 25 Penza Agreement : The Czechoslovak Legion is given free passage to Vladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks . March 27 -- 31 First Battle of Amman , a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack . March 28 Third Battle of Arras ( also known as First Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 30 -- April 5 First Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Michael . April 1 Royal Air Force founded by combining the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service . April 4 -- 5 Battle of the Avre , final phase of Operation Michael . April 7 -- 29 Second phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Georgette ( also known as Battle of the Lys ) . The results are disappointing for the Germans . Details April 7 -- 9 Battle of Estaires , first phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 10 -- 11 Third Battle of Messines , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 12 -- 13 Battle of Hazebrouck , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 13 -- 15 Battle of Bailleul , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 14 Ottokar Czernin resigns as Austria - Hungary 's Foreign Minister over the Sixtus Affair . April 17 -- 19 First Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 18 Battle of Bethune , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 21 The Red Baron is shot down over Vaux - sur - Somme . April 23 Guatemala declares war on Germany . April 24 -- 27 Second Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Georgette . April 25 -- 26 Second Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 28 Gavrilo Princip dies in Terezín prison , from tuberculosis . April 29 Battle of Scherpenberg , final phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 30 -- May 4 Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt . May 7 Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers . It will never be ratified . Details May 8 Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 10 -- 11 Battle of Kaniow . May 14 Clash at Chelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east . Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion , but they revolt and seize several towns along the Trans - Siberian Railway . Details May 21 Ottomans invade Armenia . Details May 21 -- 29 Battle of Sardarabad , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . Battle of Abaran , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 23 Costa Rica declares war on Germany . May 24 -- 28 Battle of Karakilisa , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 27 -- June 6 Third Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Operation Blücher - Yorck , third phase of the Spring Offensive ) . After initial gains , the German advance is halted . Details May 28 Battle of Cantigny . May 29 -- 31 Battle of Skra - di - Legen June 1 -- 26 Battle of Belleau Wood , part of the German Spring Offensive . June 8 Action of Arsuf . Ottomans re-enter Tabriz . Details June 8 The Czechoslovak Legion forms the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara . Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces with anti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front . Details June 8 -- October Germany interferes in the Caucasus . Details June 9 -- 12 Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Gneisenau ( also known as Battle of Matz ) . Despite substantial territorial gains , the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals Details June 13 Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk . June 13 -- 23 Second Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarian offensive is repelled . Details June 15 - 31 Ottomans occupy Dilman , Khoy and Urmia . Details . June 30 Battle of Moreuil Wood . July 4 Battle of Hamel . July 12 Haiti declares war on Germany . July 14 Battle of Abu Tellul . July 15 -- August 6 Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front , which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French . Details July 15 -- 17 Champagne - Marne Offensive ( consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I . Details July 17 Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks , out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak and White troops . Details July 18 Battle of Chateau - Thierry , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 18 -- 22 Battle of Soissons , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 19 Battle of Tardenois , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Honduras declares war on Germany . August Spanish Flu virus mutates : Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks in Brest , Freetown and Boston . August 5 The Czechoslovak People 's Army of Komuch takes Kazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russian gold reserve . Details August 8 -- November 11 Hundred Days Offensive , last offensive on Western Front . August 8 -- 12 Battle of Amiens , first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 9 -- 12 Battle of Montdidier . August 13 -- September 3 Battle of San Matteo . August 17 -- 29 Second Battle of Noyon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of the Somme ( also known as Third battle of the Somme ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- 22 Third Battle of Albert , opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of Bapaume , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . August 26 -- September 3 Fourth Battle of Arras ( also known as Second Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme Details August 26 -- 30 Fourth Battle of the Scarpe ( also known as Battle of the Scarpe ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras . Details August 26 -- September 14 Battle of Baku , last Turkish offensive of the war . August 30 - 31 Battle of Lioma . August 31 -- September 3 Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . September 1 -- 2 Battle of Peronne , a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin . Details September 2 -- 3 Battle of Drocourt - Queant Line , final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details September 8 - 23 Ufa Conference : Formation of the Provisional All - Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion . September 10 Battle of Savy - Dallon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 Battle of Havrincourt , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 -- 19 Battle of Saint - Mihiel , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 14 Battle of Vauxaillon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 14 -- 29 Vardar Offensive , final offensive on the Balkan Front . September 15 The Allies ( French and Serbs ) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje , a phase of the Vardar Offensive . Details September 18 Battle of Epehy , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 18 -- 19 Third Battle of Doiran , a phase of the Vardar Offensive , The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance . Details September 18 -- October 17 Battle of the Hindenburg Line , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . The Allies break through the German lines . Details September 19 -- 25 Battle of Megiddo . The British conquer Palestine . Details Battle of Nablus , a phase of the Battle of Meggido . Details Third Transjordan attack , a phase of the Battle of Nablus . Battle of Sharon , a phase of the Battle of Megiddo . September 22 The British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 The British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 19 Battle of Tulkarm , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Battle of Arara , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 19 -- 20 Battle of Tabsor , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 20 Capture of Jenin , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . British capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 20 -- 21 Battle of Nazareth , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 23 Battle of Haifa , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 Battle of Samakh , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Second Battle of Amman , a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack . September 26 -- November 11 Meuse - Argonne Offensive , the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I . Details September 26 -- October 1 The British enter Damascus . Details September 26 Battle of Somme - Py ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Irbid , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 26 -- 27 British capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus . Details September 27 Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 27 -- October 1 Battle of the Canal du Nord , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 28 -- October 2 Fifth Battle of Ypres ( also known as Advance on Flanders ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 29 -- October 10 Battle of St. Quentin Canal , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 30 Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies . Battle of Saint - Thierry ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Kaukab , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . Charge at Kiswe , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . October 3 Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates and Boris III accedes to the throne . October 3 -- 27 Pursuit to Haritan . Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge . October 8 -- 10 Second Battle of Cambrai ( also known as Battle of Cambrai ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . Details October 14 -- 17 Battle of Montfaucon ( intermediate phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details October 14 -- 19 Battle of Courtrai , closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive . Details October 15 Battle of Mont - D'Origny , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 17 -- 26 Battle of the Selle , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . October 20 Germany suspends submarine warfare . Details Battle of Lys and Escaut ( Which included the Second Battle of Lys and the Battle of the Escaut ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Battle of Serre , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 23 -- 30 Battle of Sharqat . October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Vittorio Veneto . The Austro - Hungarian army is routed . The Italians enter Trent and land at Triest . Details October 24 -- 28 Second Battle of Monte Grappa , beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto . October 25 Battle of Aleppo . Details October 29 Wilhelm Groener replaces Erich Ludendorff as Hindenburg 's deputy . Details Germany 's Hochseeflotte mutinies . Details State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs proclaimed . Details October 30 The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros . Details November First Spanish Flu cases in Spain , where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship . November 1 Battle of Chesne ( Closing phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details November 1 -- 2 Battle of Valenciennes , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details November 3 Austria - Hungary signs the armistice with Italy , effective November 4 . November 4 Battle of the Sambre , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Second Battle of Guise , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details Battle of Thierache , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details November 6 -- 11 Advance to the Meuse . November 9 Germany : Kaiser William II abdicates ; republic proclaimed . Details November 10 Austria - Hungary : Kaiser Charles I abdicates . Details Romania reanudates the war against the Central Powers . November 11 At 6 am , Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne . End of fighting at 11 a.m. . Poland proclaimed . November 12 Austria proclaimed a republic . November 14 Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic . Details German U-boats interned . 3 days after the armistice , fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow - Vorbeck agrees a cease - fire on hearing of Germany 's surrender . Details November 18 Alexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All - Russian Government in a coup . November 21 Germany 's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom . Details November 22 The Germans evacuate Luxembourg . November 25 11 days after agreeing a cease - fire , General von Lettow - Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present - day Zambia . Details November 27 The Germans evacuate Belgium . December 1 Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes proclaimed . Details 1919 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 Hermann Detzner surrenders at the Finschhafen District of New Guinea . January 10 Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina . Details January 18 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany : the Peace Conference opens in Paris . Details January 25 Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted . Details January 27 The Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans - Siberian Railway . June 21 German High Seas Fleet ( 53 ships ) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths , the last casualties of the war . Details June 28 Treaty of Versailles signed . Details July 8 Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details July 21 The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details November 10 -- 11 A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic is hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10 . The very first Armistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11 . This will set the trend for the later Remembrance Day . Details November 14 The Bolsheviks take Omsk . Kolchak 's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans - Siberian . 1920 ( edit ) Dates Events January 10 First meeting of the League of Nations held in London . Official end of World War I . Details Free City of Danzig established . Details January 21 The Paris Peace Conference ends . Details February 7 Armistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion . The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak , whom they had captured , to Bolshevik sympathizers in Irkutsk in return for free passage to Vladivostok . Kolchak is executed . February 10 A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark . Details April 19 -- 26 Conference of Sanremo , Italy , about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East . Details June 4 Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary . Details August 10 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire . The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement , which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate . Details September 8 Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro . Details November 1 League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva , Switzerland . Details November 12 Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia . Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established . Details November 15 The League of Nations holds its first general assembly . Details Post-1920 ( edit ) Dates Events 1921 October 13 Treaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia and Turkey . Details 1922 February 6 Washington Naval Treaty , limiting naval tonnage , signed by France , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . Details April 10 -- May 19 Genoa Conference . Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War . Details April 16 Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations . Details September 11 Treaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan , Armenia . Details 1923 June 16 The Russian Civil War ends . July 24 Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey , successor State to the Ottoman Empire . It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres . Details 1924 January 27 Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia . Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighboring town of Sušak is assigned to Yugoslavia . Details Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albertini 1953 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lowe 1994 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Kriegserklärung ( Declaration of War ) , Wiener Zeitung ( Vienna Newspaper ) , July 28 , 1914 , Extraausgabe ( Special Edition ) , Amtlicher Teil ( Official Section ) , 19 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia exchange telegrams - Jul 29 , 1914 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Telegramm des Reichskanzlers an den Kaiserlichen Botschafter in Petersburg von 1 . August 12 : 52 p.m. Dringend ( Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor to the Imperial Ambassador in Petersburg , August 1 , 12 : 52 p.m. Urgent ) , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Das Deutsche Weissbuch , über den Ausbruch des Deutsch - Russisch - Französischen Krieges , Nach dem dem Reichstag Vorgelegten Material ( The German White Book , on the Outbreak of the German - Russian - French War , According to the Documents Provided to the Reichstag ) ( Neumünster / Leipzig : Nordische Velagsanstalt , R. Hieronymus , 1914 ) , 46 , Anlage ( Annex ) 26 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Denmark International Encyclopedia of the First World War ( WW1 ) '' . encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914 , Yale University Jump up ^ `` Der Reichskanzler an den Botschafter in Paris ( The Imperial Chancellor to the Ambassador in Paris ) , August 3 , 1914 , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch ( German Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the War ) , Band ( vol . ) III , Vom Bekanntwerden der Russischen Allgemeinen Mobilmachung bis Zur Kriegserklärung an Frankreich ( From the Publication of the Russian Mobilization to the Declaration of War Against France ) , ( Charlottenburg : Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte , 1919 ) , 185 , No. 734 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Note remise par M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Ministre des Affaires étrangères , à M. de Below Saleske , Ministre d'Allemagne , Bruxelles , le 3 août 1914 ( 7 heures du matin ) ( Note Given by M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Minister of Foreign Affairs , to M. de Below Saleske , Minister of Germany , Brussels , August 3 , 1914 , 7 in the morning ) , in Documents Diplomatiques 1914 : La Guerre Européenne ( Paris : Ministère des Affaires Étrangères , 1914 ) , 202 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` August 1914 : the outbreak of war '' . Switzerland and the First World War . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Belgium '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historians attempt to find WWI 's first shot deep in Australian waters '' . ABC . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005 , pp. 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : `` First World War.com - Feature Articles - Who Declared War and When '' . www.firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/primera-guerra-mundial/vivencias/neutralidad-espana.html Jump up ^ https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/10pereira.pdf Jump up ^ `` Montenegro Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of War Against Austria - Hungary , Aug. 12 , 1914 The war against Austria - Hungary was declared on August 12 , 1914 , and the Declaration was published in the London Gazette on the following day . Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria - Hungary , August 12 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28868 ( August 13 , 1914 ) : 6375 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 445 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Farwell 1989 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ `` Austria - Hungary Declares War on Belgium '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Петроград -- Энциклопедия `` Вокруг света '' `` . www.vokrugsveta.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Creveld 1977 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. xviii . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey , November 5 , 1914 , London Gazette no . 28965 ( November 6 , 1914 ) : 9011 '' . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 943 . Jump up ^ `` Rusya Fransa ve İngiltere devletleriyle hal - i harb ilanı hakkında irade - i seniyye ( Imperial Decree Concerning the Declaration of a State of War with the States of Russia , France , and the United Kingdom ) , Nov. 11 , 1914 ( 29 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) , Takvim - i Vekayi , Nov. 12 , 1914 ( 30 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1052 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` The Battle of Bolimov , 1915 '' . Firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 564 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 652 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2005 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1139 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria , October 15 , 1915 , London Gazette no . 29333 ( October 19 , 1915 ) : 10257 -- 58 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1061 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1431 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1092 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1252 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 854 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 855 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 632 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1286 Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.history.com/this-day-in-history/china-declares-war-on-germany Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1283 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Gottschall 2003 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 674 . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War I References ( edit ) Albertini , Luigi ( 1953 ) . Origins of the War of 1914 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 168712 . Boemeke , Manfred Franz ( 1998 ) . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 years . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62132 - 1 . Creveld , Martin van ( 1977 ) . Supplying War : Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29793 - 1 . Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 88489 - 4 . OCLC 224332259 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Gottschall , Terrell D. ( 2003 ) . By order of the Kaiser : Otto von Diederichs and the rise of the Imperial German Navy , 1865 -- 1902 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 309 - 5 . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 9780091801786 . Lowe , John ( 1994 ) . The Great Powers , Imperialism , and the German Problem , 1865 -- 1925 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10444 - 0 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01696 - 3 . OCLC 56592292 . Odgers , George ( 1994 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 5 . OCLC 52541937 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . World War I : encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Pope ; Elizabeth - Anne Wheal ( 1995 ) . `` Select Chronology '' . Dictionary of the First World War . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 979 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` WWI Timeline '' . The Great War . USA : Public Broadcasting System . `` WWI Timeline '' . USA : National World War I Museum . `` World War One Timeline '' . UK : BBC . `` New Zealand and the First World War ( timeline ) '' . New Zealand Government . `` Timeline : Australia in the First World War , 1914 - 1918 '' . Australian War Memorial . `` World War I : Declarations of War from around the Globe '' . Law Library of Congress . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal War Peace ( list ) Conflicts ( list ) Ideas of War ( lists ) Civil Wars ( list ) Attacks ( list ) Terrorism ( list ) Massacres ( list ) Warfare ( list ) Battles ( list ) Wars ( list ) Ongoing armed conflicts ( list ) Maps of the world showing all ongoing armed conflicts World War I portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I&oldid=814946506 '' Categories : Timelines of military conflicts World War I Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first country to declare war in ww1	[ "\n\nDates\nEvents\n\n\n\nJune 28\nAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip.[1]\nDetails\n\n\nJuly 5\nAustria-Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism. Germany gives assurances of support.[2]\n\n\n\nJuly 23\nBeginning of the \"Black Week\". Austria-Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna.[3]\nDetails\n\n\nJuly 28\nAustria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.[4] Russia mobilizes.[5]\nDetails\n\n\nThe Netherlands declare neutrality.\n\n\n\nJuly 31\nGermany warns Russia to stop mobilizing. Russia says mobilization is against Austria-Hungary.[6]\n\n\n\nAugust 1\nGermany declares war on Russia.[7][8]\n\n\n\nFrance mobilizes.\n\n\n\nItaly declares its neutrality.\n\n\n\nDenmark, Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality.[9]\n\n\n\nGermany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty.[10]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 2\nGermany invades Luxembourg.\nDetails\n\n\nSkirmish at Joncherey, first military action on the Western Front\n\n\n\nAugust 2–26\nGermany besieges and captures fortified Longwy \"the iron gate to Paris\" near the Luxembourg border, opening France to mass German invasion\n\n\n\nAugust 3\nGermany declares war on France.[11] Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border.[12][13]\n\n\n\nSwitzerland declares its neutrality.[14]\n\n\n\nAugust 4\nGermany invades Belgium[15] to outflank the French army.\nDetails\n\n\nBritain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality, guaranteed by a treaty;\nGerman Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier (a scrap of paper).\nThe United Kingdom declares war on Germany.[16]\nDetails\n\n\nThe United States declares neutrality.\n\n\n\nAugust 4–16\nThe Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège, Belgium.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 5\nFirst offensive action by Allied troops – German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean, south of Melbourne, Australia[17]\n\n\n\nMontenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.[18]\n\n\n\nThe Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles.\n\n\n\nAugust 6\nAustria-Hungary declares war on Russia.[19]\n\n\n\nSerbia declares war on Germany.[19]\n\n\n\nAugust 7\nThe British Expeditionary Force arrives in France.[20]\nDetails\n\n\nSpain declares \"the strictest neutrality.\"[21][22]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 7 – September 13\nBattle of the Frontiers. The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France's Fifth Army.\n\n\n\nAugust 7–10\nBattle of Mulhouse, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 8\nMontenegro declares war on Germany.[19][23]\n\n\n\nAugust 9\nThe Togoland Campaign begins.\n\n\n\nAugust 11\nFrance declares war on Austria-Hungary.\n\n\n\nAugust 12\nThe United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary.[19][24]\n\n\n\nBattle of Halen, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 14–25\nBattle of Lorraine, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 16–20\nThe Serbs defeat the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer.[25]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 17\nThe Russian army enters East Prussia. Battle of Stallupönen.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 20\nThe Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia, the Battle of Gumbinnen. The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan.[26]\nDetails\n\n\nThe Germans occupy Brussels.\n\n\n\nBattle of Morhange, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.\n\n\n\nBattle of Sarrebourg, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.\n\n\n\nAugust 21\nBattle of Charleroi, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 21–23\nBattle of the Ardennes, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 23\nJapan declares war on Germany.[19]\nDetails\n\n\nBattle of Mons, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 23–30\nBattle of Tannenberg: the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans.[27]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 23 – September 11\nBattle of Lemberg. The Russians capture Lviv.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 23–25\nBattle of Kraśnik, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg. The Austro-Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army.[28]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 24\nAction of Elouges.\n\n\n\nBattle of the Mortagne, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.\n\n\n\nAugust 24 – September 7\nThe Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 24 – September 28\nThe Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne.\n\n\n\nAugust 25\nJapan declares war on Austria-Hungary.[19]\n\n\n\nBattle of Tepe: The Kamerun Campaign begins.\n\n\n\nAugust 26\nBritish and French forces conquer Togoland, a German protectorate in West Africa.[29]\nDetails\n\n\nBattle of Le Grand Fayt.\n\n\n\nAugust 26–27\nBattle of Le Cateau. Allied retreat.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 26–30\nBattle of Gnila Lipa, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.\n\n\n\nAugust 26 – September 2\nBattle of Komarow, part of the Battle of Lemberg.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 26 - February 18, 1916\nSiege of Mora.\n\n\n\nAugust 27\nBattle of Étreux.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 27 – November 7\nBattle of Tsingtao: British and Japanese forces capture the German-controlled port of Tsingtao in China.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 28\nThe Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea.\nDetails\n\n\nAustria-Hungary declares war on Belgium.[19][30]\n\n\n\nAugust 29–30\nBattle of Saint Quentin, also known as Battle of Guise. Orderly Allied retreat.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 29-31\nFirst Battle of Garua.\n\n\n\nAugust 30\nNew Zealand occupies German Samoa (later Western Samoa).\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 1\nAction at Nery\nDetails\n\n\nSaint Petersburg renamed Petrograd, removing German words \"Burg\" and \"Sankt\".[31]\n\n\n\nSeptember 2–11\nAustro-Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 4–13\nBattle of Grand Couronne, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nSeptember 5–12\nFirst Battle of the Marne. The German advance on Paris is halted, marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.[32]\nDetails\n\n\nBattle of the Ourcq, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nBattle of the Two Morins.\n\n\n\nSeptember 6\nBattle of Nsanakong.\n\n\n\nSeptember 6–12\nBattle of the Marshes of Saint-Gond, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nBattle of Vitry, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nBattle of Revigny, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nSeptember 6 – October 4\nBattle of Drina.\n\n\n\nSeptember 7\nFanning Raid.\n\n\n\nSeptember 7–14\nFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes: The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 9\nTheobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany's war aims.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 11\nBattle of Bita Paka.\n\n\n\nSeptember 13\nTroops from South Africa begin invading German South-West Africa.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 14-17\nSiege of Toma. Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year.\n\n\n\nSeptember 13–28\nThe First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw. The Race to the Sea begins.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 14\nErich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 15\nBoer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 19 – October 11\nBattle of Flirey\n\n\n\nSeptember 20\nBattle of Zanzibar, German naval victory.\n\n\n\nSeptember 22\nBombardment of Papeete\n\n\n\nGerman Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 22–26\nFirst Battle of Picardy.\n\n\n\nSeptember 24\nThe Siege of Przemyśl begins\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 25\nBattle of Sandfontein.\n\n\n\nSeptember 25–29\nFirst Battle of Albert\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 28 – October 10\nThe Germans besiege and capture Antwerp, Belgium.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 29-30\nJapan occupies the Marshall Islands.\n\n\n\nSeptember 29 – October 31\nBattle of the Vistula River, also known as Battle of Warsaw.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober–July 11, 1915\nBattle of Rufiji Delta, German cruiser Königsberg destroyed.\n\n\n\nOctober 1–4\nFirst Battle of Arras.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 9 – November 1\nCentral powers control Belgrade.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 10 – November 2\nBattle of La Bassee.\n\n\n\nOctober 12 – November 2\nFirst Battle of Messines.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 13 – November 2\nBattle of Armentieres.\n\n\n\nOctober 16–31\nBattle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium.[33]\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 19 – November 22\nThe First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea. The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 19 - July 7, 1915\nClashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola-Namibia border, without declaration of war.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 28\nBattle of Penang.\n\n\n\nOctober 29\nThe Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 1\nRussia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.\n\n\n\nBattle of Coronel. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock.[34]\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 2\nThe United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany.\nDetails\n\n\nSerbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[35]\n\n\n\nNovember 2–16\nBergmann Offensive, first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War.\n\n\n\nNovember 3\nMontenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.\n\n\n\nBattle of Kilimanjaro.\n\n\n\nNovember 3–5\nVon Lettow-Vorbeck's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga, German East Africa.\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 5\nFrance and the United Kingdom[36] declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[19]\n\n\n\nNovember 6\nFao Landing, British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao.\n\n\n\nNovember 9\nBattle of Cocos, northeast Indian Ocean. The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden.[37]\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 11\nSultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies.[38][39]\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 11–21\nBattle of Basra.\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 11 – December 6\nBattle of Łódź (also known as Silesian Offensive).\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 13\nBattle of El Herri: Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes.\n\n\n\nNovember 16 – December 15\nBattle of Kolubara, Austro-Hungarians leave Serbia.\n\n\n\nNovember 19\nBolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia.\n\n\n\nDecember 1–13\nBattle of Limanowa.\n\n\n\nDecember 3–9\nBattle of Qurna.\n\n\n\nDecember 8\nBattle of the Falklands. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy.[40]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 10\nHill 60 captured by the Germans.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 14\nOttomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus, but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 16\nThe German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool, England.[41]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 18–22\nBattle of Givenchy.\n\n\n\nDecember 17 – January 13, 1915\nFirst Battle of Artois.\n\n\n\nDecember 20\nFighting begins at Perthes.\n\n\n\nDecember 20 – 17 March 1915\nFirst Battle of Champagne.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 22\nFighting begins at Noyon.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 22 – January 2, 1915\nThe Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish, Caucasia.[42]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 24–25\nIn some sectors of the Western Front, an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces.[43]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 25 – January 18, 1915\nBattle of Ardahan.\n\n\n" ]	[ "Austria-Hungary" ]
2863858989658441117	Gilligan's Island	Gilligan 's Island - wikipedia Gilligan 's Island Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gilligan 's Island ( disambiguation ) . Gilligan 's Island Created by Sherwood Schwartz Directed by Rod Amateau Ida Lupino Stanley Z . Cherry Starring Bob Denver Alan Hale Jr . Jim Backus Natalie Schafer Tina Louise Russell Johnson Dawn Wells Opening theme `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 98 plus a 1963 pilot ( first broadcast in 1992 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Gladasya Productions United Artists Television CBS Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( current ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Black and white ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Color ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) -- April 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Followed by The New Adventures of Gilligan Bob Denver as Gilligan Alan Hale Jr. as the Skipper Dawn Wells as Mary Ann Gilligan 's Island is an American sitcom created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz via United Artists Television . The show had an ensemble cast that featured Bob Denver , Alan Hale Jr. , Jim Backus , Natalie Schafer , Russell Johnson , Tina Louise , and Dawn Wells . It aired for three seasons on the CBS network from September 26 , 1964 , to April 17 , 1967 . Gilligan 's Island followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive the island on which they had been shipwrecked . Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways ' conflicts and their unsuccessful attempts , for whose failure Gilligan was frequently responsible , to escape their plight . Gilligan 's Island ran for a total of 98 episodes . The first season , consisting of 36 episodes , was filmed in black and white . These episodes were later colorized for syndication . The show 's second and third seasons ( 62 episodes ) and the three television movie sequels aired between 1978 and 1982 were filmed in color . The show received solid ratings during its original run , then grew in popularity during decades of syndication , especially in the 1970s and 1980s when many markets ran the show in the late afternoon after school . Today , the title character of Gilligan is widely recognized as an American cultural icon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Uncharted island 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Pilot episode 3.2 First broadcast episode 3.3 Last broadcast episode 4 Typical plots 5 Production 5.1 Theme song 5.1. 1 Later parody and homage 6 Cancellation 7 Nielsen ratings / television schedule 8 Film sequels 9 Spin - offs 10 Reunions and documentaries 11 Related productions 12 Syndication 13 DVD releases 14 Remastered in High Definition 15 In other media 16 Film remake 17 Ginger or Mary Ann ? 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External links Premise ( edit ) The two - man crew of the charter boat SS Minnow and five passengers on a `` three - hour tour '' from Honolulu run into a tropical storm and are shipwrecked on an uncharted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean . Uncharted Island ( edit ) The island was close enough to Hawaii to clearly pick up Hawaiian AM radio transmissions on a portable receiver . The location given in the series varies . In the first - season episode `` ' X ' Marks the Spot '' , the radio warns that the Air Force will test launch an armed missile to strike a location near 140 ° latitude , 10 ° longitude ( note : this is an impossible location -- latitude goes only up to 90 ° , which is at the poles ) The Skipper calculates this as their island 's location , based on their starting point when the storm hit before they `` ... drifted for that three days ... with the prevailing western current ... '' , meaning the deadly missile will hit the island . Later in the first season , the episode `` Big Man on Little Stick '' has the Professor giving the position as `` approximately 110 ° longitude and 10 ° latitude '' . In the third - season episode `` The Pigeon '' , the island is placed about 300 miles ( 480 km ) southeast of Honolulu . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilligan 's Island characters Bob Denver is Gilligan , the inept , accident - prone First Mate ( affectionately known as `` Little Buddy '' by `` the Skipper '' ) of the SS Minnow . Denver was not the first choice to play Gilligan ; actor Jerry Van Dyke was offered the role , but he turned it down , believing that the show would never be successful . He chose instead to play the lead in My Mother the Car , which premiered the following year and was cancelled after one season . The producers looked to Bob Denver , the actor who had played Maynard G. Krebs , the goofy but lovable beatnik in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis . None of the show 's episodes ever specified Gilligan 's full name or clearly indicated whether `` Gilligan '' was the character 's first name or his last . In the DVD collection , Sherwood Schwartz states that he preferred the full name of `` Willy Gilligan '' for the character . Denver , on various television / radio interviews ( The Pat Sajak Show ; KDKA radio ) , said that `` Gil Egan '' was his choice . The actor reasoned that because everyone yelled at the first mate , it ran together as `` Gilligan . '' In the unaired pilot episode , whether Lovey Howell refers to Gilligan as `` Stewart '' or steward is unclear . On Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the writers artfully dodged Gilligan 's full name when the other names are announced . Little is revealed about Gilligan 's past , except his occasional reference to best friend Skinny Mulligan and a one - time reference to his older brother . Alan Hale Jr. is The Skipper / Captain Jonas Grumby , the captain of the S.S. Minnow . Alan Hale Jr. was a longtime actor in B - Westerns and the look - alike son of Alan Hale Sr. , a legendary movie character actor . Hale so loved his role that , long after the show went off the air , he still appeared in character in his Los Angeles restaurant , Alan Hale 's Lobster Barrel . Although the Skipper was a father figure to Gilligan , Hale was only 14 years older than Denver . Gilligan pushed the Skipper out of the way of a loose depth charge when they were both serving in the United States Navy . Skipper is a World War II veteran , and served in the Seventh Fleet . In one episode , he describes his participation in the Battle of Guadalcanal . In the episode `` They 're Off and Running '' ( season 1 episode 28 ) , Ginger is reading from a horoscope magazine and asks the Skipper his birthday , to which he responds , `` May 5th . '' In moments of exasperation , the Skipper would swat Gilligan on the head with his cap . Just as often , the Skipper endearingly called Gilligan `` Little Buddy '' . While everybody else called him `` Skipper '' , the Howells usually called him `` Captain '' . In addition , Hale wore his Skipper outfit when four other Gilligan 's Island cast members and he appeared on a few celebrity Family Feud shows . Jim Backus is Thurston Howell III , the millionaire . Backus was already a well - known character actor when he took the part . The origin of the super-rich Howell character dates back to 1949 radio when Backus portrayed `` Hubert Updike III '' on The Alan Young Show . Also , in the inaugural 1962 -- 1963 season ( episode 31 ) of The Beverly Hillbillies , Backus basically plays the same character , this time as the eccentric millionaire Martin von Ransohoff . In the classic 1963 comedy It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World , Backus played another Howell - like character , Tyler Fitzgerald , a boozy and rich airplane owner who briefly gets caught up in the race for the stolen money . Backus was perhaps best known as the voice of cartoon character Mr. Magoo . He reused some of the voice inflections and mannerisms of Magoo in the Howell role . He was well known for his ad - libs on the set . The character Howell was a Harvard graduate , a Republican , and a multibillionaire until his losses in the Great Depression left him a mere multimillionaire . Natalie Schafer is `` Lovey '' Wentworth Howell , Thurston 's wife , whom he affectionately called `` Lovey '' . Schafer had it written into her contract that no close - ups would be made of her , but after a while in the series it was forgotten . Schafer was 63 when the pilot was shot , although reportedly no one on the set or in the cast knew her real age and she refused to divulge it . Originally , she only accepted the role because the pilot was filmed on location in Hawaii . She looked at the job as nothing more than a free vacation , as she was convinced that a show this silly would `` never go '' . Tina Louise is Ginger Grant , the movie star . Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she believed that she was hired as the central character . Her character was originally written as a hard - nosed , sharp - tongued temptress , but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play it as written . A compromise was reached ; Louise agreed to play her as a Marilyn Monroe / Jayne Mansfield type . Louise continued to clash with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to return for any of the post-series TV movies , saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress . She did , however , appear in a reunion of the cast on a late - night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of Roseanne in 1995 when the Roseanne cast re-enacted Gilligan 's Island . In the first season , Ginger often wore gowns that looked as if they were tailored from Minnow tarpaulins or similar substitute cloth ( some had the name of the vessel stenciled on them ) . In the pilot episode , the character of Ginger , no last name , ( then a secretary ) was played by actress Kit Smythe . Russell Johnson is Professor Roy Hinkley , Ph. D. Actor John Gabriel was originally cast , but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor . Actually , `` the Professor '' was in fact a high school science teacher , not a university professor . In the first episode , the radio announcer describes him as a research scientist and well known scoutmaster . Johnson , who served as a bombardier in the Pacific during World War II , stated that he had some difficulty remembering his more technically oriented lines . Originally , he was not interested in the role , and was waiting for a TV show of his own , but his agent talked him into auditioning . He had done previous movies like It Came from Outer Space , This Island Earth , and a classic western where he shot Ronald Reagan in the shoulder . Johnson 's role in the series was spoofed in a Bloom County comic strip for the Professor 's technical expertise being unable to get the castaways off the island . This odd contradiction was played up in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's parody song , `` Isle Thing '' , when the Professor , who is brilliant enough to `` make a nuclear reactor from a couple of coconuts '' can not `` build a lousy raft '' . Dawn Wells is Mary Ann Summers . Wells was a former Miss Nevada when she auditioned for the role . Her competition included Raquel Welch and Pat Priest . The pilot episode had a different character ( `` Bunny '' ) played by actress Nancy McCarthy . After it was shot , the network decided to recast the roles of the Professor and the two young women . Mary Ann became a simple farm girl from Winfield , Kansas . In 1993 , Wells published Mary Ann 's Gilligan 's Island Cookbook with co-writers Ken Beck and Jim Clark , including a foreword by Bob Denver . In February 2007 , she starred as Lovey Howell in Gilligan 's Island : The Musical , a musical stage adaptation of the TV show . Charles Maxwell was the uncredited voice of the `` Radio Announcer '' ( 1964 -- 1965 ) . The castaways listened to his plot - advancing radio news bulletins in many episodes and usually with perfect timing to tune in at the exact moment the news they needed to hear was being broadcast . Maxwell often paused between sentences , allowing the characters to react to his news and sometimes even responding to their comments . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilligan 's Island episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 36 September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) June 12 , 1965 ( 1965 - 06 - 12 ) 32 September 16 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 16 ) April 28 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 28 ) 30 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 17 ) Television films October 14 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 14 ) October 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 14 ) Pilot episode ( edit ) The pilot episode , titled `` Marooned '' , was filmed in November 1963 . On November 22 , the day of the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the crew continued to work after hearing the shocking news . The pilot featured seven characters ( as in the series ) , but only four of the characters -- and their associated actors -- were carried forward into the series : Gilligan ( Denver ) , the Skipper ( Hale ) , and the two Howells ( Backus and Schafer ) . As it happens , only these four characters / actors were featured in the opening theme song `` cast list '' used in the pilot , with the remaining three characters only mentioned as `` the other tourists '' , although the earlier part of the song gave brief descriptions of all passengers . Due to the three significant character and casting changes between the pilot episode and the first series episode , the pilot was not shown before the series first aired on 26 September 1964 . The original pilot eventually aired over 29 years later ( on TBS 16 October 1992 ) . The three characters who did not carry forward from the pilot were two secretaries and a high school teacher . In the pilot , the scientifically inclined Professor was instead a high school teacher played by John Gabriel . Ginger the movie star was still red haired Ginger , but worked as a secretary , played by Kit Smythe . Mary Ann the Kansas farm girl was instead Bunny , Ginger 's co-worker , played as a cheerful `` dumb blonde '' by Nancy McCarthy . The pilot 's opening and ending songs were two similar Calypso - styled tracks written by John Williams and performed by Sherwood Schwartz impersonating singer Sir Lancelot . The lyrics of both were quite different from those of the TV series and the pilot 's opening theme song was longer . The short scenes during this initial music include Gilligan taking the Howells ' luggage to the boat before cast - off and Gilligan attempting to give a cup of coffee to the Skipper during the storm that would ultimately maroon the boat . After the opening theme song and credits end , the pilot proper begins with the seven castaways waking up on the beached SS Minnow and continues with them performing various tasks , including exploring the island , attempting to fix the transmitter , building huts , and finding food . Contrary to some descriptions , the pilot 's storylines contained no detailed accounts of the pilot characters ' backgrounds . The pilot concludes with the ending theme song and credits . The background music and even the laugh tracks of the pilot appear all but identical to those used during the series . First broadcast episode ( edit ) The first episode actually broadcast , `` Two on a Raft '' , is sometimes wrongly referred to as the series pilot . This episode begins with the same scene of Gilligan and the Skipper awakening on the boat as in the pilot ( though slightly differently cut , to eliminate most shots of the departed actors ) and continues with the characters sitting on the beach listening to a radio news report about their disappearance . No equivalent scene or background information is in the pilot , except for the description of the passengers in the original theme song . Rather than reshooting the rest of the pilot story for broadcast , the show just proceeded on . The plot thus skips over the topics of the pilot ; the bulk of the episode tells of Gilligan and the Skipper setting off on a raft to try to bring help , but unknowingly landing back on the other side of the same island . The scene with the radio report is one of two scenes that reveal the names of the Skipper ( Jonas Grumby ) and the Professor ( Roy Hinkley ) ; the names are used in a similar radio report early in the series . The name Jonas Grumby appears nowhere else in the series except for an episode in which the Maritime Board of Review blames the Skipper for the loss of the ship . The name Roy Hinkley is used one other time when Mr. Howell introduces the Professor as Roy Huntley and the professor corrects him , to which Mr. Howell replies , `` Brinkley , Brinkley . '' The plot for the pilot episode was eventually recycled into that season 's Christmas episode , `` Birds Gotta Fly , Fish Gotta Talk '' , in which the story of the pilot episode , concerning the practical problems on landing , is related through a series of flashbacks . Footage featuring characters that had been recast was reshot using the current actors . For scenes including only Denver , Hale , Backus , and Schafer , the original footage was reused . Last broadcast episode ( edit ) The last episode of the show , `` Gilligan the Goddess '' , aired on April 17 , 1967 , and ended just like the rest , with the castaways still stranded on the island . It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale , as a fourth season was expected but then cancelled . In its last year , Gilligan 's Island was the lead - in program for the CBS Monday night schedule . It was followed for the first 16 weeks by the sitcom Run , Buddy , Run . The time slot from 7 : 30 to 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern was filled in the 1967 -- 1968 season by Gunsmoke , moved from its traditional Saturday 10 p.m. time slot . Typical plots ( edit ) The shipwrecked castaways desperately want to leave the remote island , and various opportunities are frequently presenting themselves . They typically fail owing to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan ( with the notable exception of `` The Big Gold Strike '' , where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape ) . Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan . Recurring elements center on one of five primary themes . The first deals with life on the island . A running gag is the castaways ' ability to fashion a vast array of useful objects from bamboo and other local material . Some are simple everyday things , while others are stretches of the imagination . Russell Johnson noted in his autobiography that the production crew enjoyed the challenge of building these props . Some bamboo items include framed huts with thatched grass sides and roofs , along with bamboo closets strong enough to withstand hurricane - force winds and rain ; the communal dining table and chairs , pipes for Gilligan 's hot water , a stethoscope , and a pedal - powered car . Many scenes occur at the dining table , where the castaways enjoy a large number of dishes that Ginger and Mary Ann prepare while the radio provides news and entertainment . Gilligan and the Skipper often catch fish , and the island has citrus trees to avoid scurvy and a good supply of fresh water to drink and to prepare tropical drinks ... While most are explained due to the Professor ( or occasionally Gilligan 's ) ingenuity , sometimes they are also explained due to the being washed up on shore or falling off cargo ships . Naturally , despite their obvious skill and inventiveness , the castaways never quite manage to put together a functional raft out of bamboo ( or repair the holes in the Minnow , though the entire ship fell apart in the eighth episode , `` Goodbye Island '' ) . In the television movie Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways tie all their huts together and use that as a raft for escape , taking advantage of a tsunami 's propulsion . The second theme involves visitors to the `` uncharted '' island . One challenge to a viewer 's suspension of disbelief is the remarkable frequency with which the island is visited by an assortment of people who repeatedly fail to assist the castaways in leaving the island . Some have hidden motives for not aiding the castaways . Others are simply unable to help , are incompetent , or are foiled in their efforts to help by Gilligan 's bumbling . Gilligan , Ginger and Mr. Howell each had feature episodes in which look - alikes visit the island ( who were played by the actors in dual roles , or made use of spiltscreen camera or stand - ins in the event the doppelgangers appeared on simultaneously ) . The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life , some native , some visiting . The third recurring theme is the use of dream sequences in which one of the castaways `` dreams '' he or she is some character related to that week 's storyline . All of the castaways appeared as other characters within the dream . In later interviews and memoirs , nearly all of the actors stated that the dream episodes were among their personal favorites . The fourth recurring theme is a piece of news concerning the castaways arriving from the outside world that causes discord among them . Then , a second piece of news arrives that says the first was incorrect . An exception to the latter part of this statement is the episode `` The Postman Cometh '' , where Gilligan and the Skipper hear over the radio that Mary Ann 's boyfriend eloped and the three single men try to cheer her up by wooing her ; Mary Ann actually lied about having a boyfriend , and she created a romance with `` a real creep '' so that the others would think she had someone waiting for her back home . The fifth recurring theme is the appearance or arrival of strange objects , like a WWII mine , a crate of radioactive vegetable seeds or a `` Mars Rover '' that the scientists back in the USA think is sending them pictures of Mars , and in one episode a meteorite . Most of the slapstick comedic sequences between Hale and Denver were heavily inspired by Laurel and Hardy , particularly by Hale breaking the fourth wall by looking directly into the camera expressing his frustration with Denver 's clumsiness as Oliver Hardy often did . Production ( edit ) Filming of the show took place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City , Los Angeles . The same stage was later used for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Roseanne , which featured Gilligan 's Island prominently on one episode . The lagoon was drained and used as a parking lot during the show 's off - season and was the last surviving element of the show when it was demolished in 1997 as part of an expansion project . Four different boats played the part of the SS Minnow . One was used in the opening credits and rented in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor in Honolulu . Another boat , the Bluejacket , was used in the opening credits shown during the second and third seasons and eventually turned up for sale on Vancouver Island in August 2006 , after running aground on a reef in the Hecate Strait on the way south from Alaska . One boat was used for beach scenes after being towed to Kauai in Hawaii . The fourth Minnow was built on the CBS Studios set in the second season . The Minnow was named in reference to Newton Minow , chairman of the U.S. FCC , who was most famous for describing television as `` a vast wasteland '' . The final day of filming the pilot was Friday , November 22 , 1963 , the day of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . The cast and crew found out about the assassination late that morning , Hawaii time . Between the filming of scenes , they crowded around a radio , listening to news bulletins . A reminder of the tragedy appears in the opening sequence of the show 's first season , when the theme song is played . As the Minnow is leaving the harbor and heading out to sea , an American flag flying at half staff can be seen briefly in the background . The United States Coast Guard occasionally received telegrams from concerned citizens , who apparently did not realize it was a scripted show , pleading for them to rescue the people on the deserted island . The Coast Guard simply forwarded these telegrams to producer Sherwood Schwartz . In homage to those telegrams , the film Rescue from Gilligan 's Island showed the successful rescue where Gilligan lights a fire aboard the castaways ' makeshift raft and is chastised for a thoughtless , dangerous action by the others . However , the resultant smoke attracts the attention of a US Coast Guard helicopter , whose pilot commends Gilligan 's fire ; otherwise the castaways would have been adrift and unnoticed . Theme song ( edit ) The music and lyrics for the theme song , `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' , were written by Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle . One version was used for the first season and another for the second and third seasons . In the original song , the Professor and Mary Ann , originally considered `` second - billed co-stars '' , were referred to as `` the rest '' , but with the growing popularity of those characters , their names were inserted into the lyrics . The Gilligan theme song underwent this one major change due to star Bob Denver , who personally went to the studio executives and asked that Johnson and Wells be added to the theme song 's opening credits . When the studio at first refused , saying it would be too expensive to reshoot , Denver insisted , even going so far as to state that if Johnson and Wells were not included , he wanted his name out of the song , as well . The studio caved in , and `` the Professor and Mary Ann '' were added . The first - season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons . The second - season version , which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound , was uncredited , but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan 's Isle , it was performed by a group called the Eligibles . The show 's original pilot episode featured a Calypso theme song by future film composer John Williams , and different lyrics . The original length of the voyage was `` a six - hour ride '' , not `` a three - hour tour '' . John Williams ( or Johnny Williams as he was often listed in the show credits ) also started out as the composer of the incidental music for the show ( from 1964 to 1965 ) , but was replaced by Gerald Fried for the remaining seasons ( 1965 -- 1967 ) . Later parody and homage ( edit ) The band Little Roger and the Goosebumps recorded `` Stairway to Gilligan 's Island , '' a parody of Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' , substituting the words to the Gilligan 's Island theme song . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a song called `` Isle Thing '' , a parody of Tone Lōc 's `` Wild Thing '' , about a rapper whose girlfriend introduces him to the show . Yankovic also used one verse from the closing theme lyrics in `` Amish Paradise '' ( 1996 ) , a parody of Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' ( 1995 ) . The song has also been covered by many bands , including Bowling for Soup for the TBS show The Real Gilligan 's Island . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole also recorded a comic tribute to the theme song on his album E Ala E . Cancellation ( edit ) During the 1966 -- 1967 television season , Gilligan 's Island aired on Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. Though the sitcom 's ratings had fallen well out of the top - 30 programs , during the last few weeks of its third season , the series was more than holding its own against its chief competitor , The Monkees , which aired at the same time on NBC - TV . Therefore , CBS assured Sherwood Schwartz that Gilligan 's Island would definitely be picked up for a fourth year . CBS , however , had signaled its intention to cancel the long - running Western series Gunsmoke , which had been airing late on Saturday nights during the 1966 -- 1967 television season . Under pressure from CBS network president William S. Paley and his wife Babe , along with many network affiliates and longtime fans of Gunsmoke , CBS rescheduled the Western to an earlier time slot on Monday evenings at 7 : 30 p.m. As a result , Gilligan 's Island was quietly cancelled at practically the last minute , while the cast members were all on vacation . Some of the cast had bought houses based on Sherwood Schwartz 's verbal confirmation that the series would be renewed for a fourth season . Nielsen ratings / television schedule ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season Ep # Season premiere Season finale Time slot Rank Rating Households 1 ) 1964 -- 1965 36 September 26 , 1964 June 12 , 1965 Saturday nights at 8 : 30 p.m. # 18 24.7 ( tie ) 13,227,700 2 ) 1965 -- 1966 32 September 16 , 1965 April 28 , 1966 Thursday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. # 22 22.1 11,900,850 3 ) 1966 -- 1967 30 September 12 , 1966 April 17 , 1967 Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. # 49 N / A N / A Film sequels ( edit ) In a 1978 made - for - television movie , Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways do successfully leave the island , but have difficulty reintegrating back into society . During a reunion cruise on the first Christmas after their rescue , fate intervenes and they find themselves wrecked on the same island at the end of the film . It starred the original cast , except for Tina Louise , who refused to participate due to her disputes with the producers and was replaced by Judith Baldwin . The plot involved Soviet agents seeking a memory disc from a spy satellite that landed on the island and facilitated their rescue . In a 1979 sequel , The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island , they are rescued once again , and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as `` silent partners '' . Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin . In a second sequel , The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island ( 1981 ) , villains played by Martin Landau and then - wife Barbara Bain try to take over the island to gain access to a vein of `` supremium '' , a valuable but volatile element . This time , Ginger was played by Constance Forslund . They are thwarted by the timely intervention of the Harlem Globetrotters . Jim Backus , who was in poor health at the time , only appeared at the very end , arriving back on the island . David Ruprecht played the role of Thurston Howell IV . Spin - offs ( edit ) The New Adventures of Gilligan was a Filmation - produced animated remake that aired on ABC on Saturday mornings from September 7 , 1974 , to September 4 , 1977 , for 24 episodes ( 16 installments airing in 1974 -- 75 and eight new ones combined with repeats in 1975 -- 76 ) . The voices were provided by the original cast except for Ginger and Mary Ann ( both were voiced by Jane Webb ) . Dawn Wells could not participate due to her appearing in an on - the - road play . An additional character was Gilligan 's pet Snubby the Monkey . Gilligan 's Planet was an animated science - fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the Gilligan 's Island cast , save for Tina Louise ( Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger ) . In a follow - up to The New Adventures of Gilligan , the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship , and get shipwrecked on a distant planet . Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18 , 1982 , and September 3 , 1983 . In the episode `` Let Sleeping Minnows Lie '' , they travel to an island , get shipwrecked there , and Gilligan observes , `` First we were stranded on an island , then we were stranded on a planet , and now we 're stranded on an island on a planet . '' Reunions and documentaries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Good Morning America featured a Gilligan 's Island reunion presided over by guest host Kathie Lee Gifford on November 26 , 1982 . The entire cast was present , save Jim Backus who was unable to attend . Backus appeared via a live video remote from Los Angeles . All seven of the original cast members ( along with Sherwood Schwartz ) reunited on television for one last time on a 1988 episode of The Late Show with Ross Shafer . Gilligan 's Island : Underneath the Grass Skirt is a 1999 documentary featuring Denver and Louise . E ! True Hollywood Story presented a backstage history of the show in 2000 , featuring interviews with some of the stars or their widows . Surviving Gilligan 's Island ( 2001 ) was a docudrama in which Bob Denver , Dawn Wells , and Russell Johnson reminisce about the show . Related productions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gilligan 's Island : The Musical was first produced in the early 1990s , with a script by Lloyd Schwartz , Sherwood Schwartz 's son , and songs by Schwartz 's daughter and son - in - law , Hope and Laurence Juber . After extensive revisions , since 2001 it has been produced at Gilligan 's Wake is a 2003 parallel novel loosely based on the 1960s CBS sitcom , from the viewpoints of the seven major characters , written by Esquire film and television critic Tom Carson . The title is derived from the title of the TV show and Finnegans Wake , the seminal work of Irish novelist James Joyce . On November 30 , 2004 , the TBS network launched a reality series titled The Real Gilligan 's Island , which placed two groups of people on an island , leaving them to fend for themselves in the manner of Survivor -- the catch being that each islander matched a character type established in the original series ( a klutz , a sea captain , a movie star , a millionaire 's wife , etc . ) . While heavily marketed by TBS , the show turned out to be a flop with a very Survivor - like feel , but little of its success . A second season began June 8 , 2005 , with two - hour episodes for four weeks . TBS announced in July 2005 that a third season of the show would not be produced . Syndication ( edit ) Syndication is handled by Warner Bros. Television ( under Turner Entertainment Co. , which in 1986 acquired UA 's share of the series as part of the classic Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer library ) . It has aired on TBS from 1990 to 2003 , where it also aired with colorization on season one for a while . TNT aired it at some point in the 1990s , and also aired the colorized season one . Nick at Nite later aired the series from 2000 to 2001 . It then shifted to TV Land , where it aired from 2001 to 2003 ( and again from January to June 2014 ) . Then , in 2004 , it aired on Hallmark Channel . As of 2015 , the show aired nationally on both TV Land and MeTV . DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video released all three seasons of Gilligan 's Island on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2005 . The Complete First Season features all 36 episodes unedited with the original theme song . And , unlike other releases of older sitcoms , the episodes are in their original black - and - white format . The special features include the rare pilot episode with commentary with creator Sherwood Schwartz , and three other featurettes . The Complete Second Season includes all 32 season - two episodes and mentions in an interesting way that this season is in color . Bonuses for this set include : a season - two introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz and audio commentary on the season 's third episode , `` The Little Dictator '' . The Complete Third Season includes all 30 season - three episodes and uses words from the theme song on the back : `` Just sit right back ... for the final season ! '' Special features include a season introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz , commentary on the season 's fourth episode , `` The Producer '' , guest - starring Phil Silvers , and a 15 - minute documentary entitled Gilligan 's Island : A Pop Culture Phenomenon . The Complete Series Collection contains all the same bonuses and featurettes , no added features for a complete series box set . All these releases were double - sided discs ( which require flipping disc over ) , and came in boxed sets , containing three discs per season . In April 2012 , the series was reissued in new DVD releases , with six episodes per disc and six discs per season , except for season 3 , which only has five . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 36 February 3 , 2004 The Complete Second Season 32 January 11 , 2005 The Complete Third Season 30 July 26 , 2005 The Complete Series Collection 98 November 6 , 2007 Remastered in high definition ( edit ) In August 2006 , an executive at Warner Bros. announced plans that Gilligan 's Island , in addition to other classic TV series owned by the studio , would be re-mastered in HD . The original TV series was shot on high resolution film , but scaled down for broadcast . On January 20 , 2014 , TV Land became the first network to air HD remastered episodes of Gilligan 's Island . This marked the first time the WB remastered episodes were seen by fans and the general public . At present , a release on Blu - ray or other physical media has not yet been announced . However the HD remastered episodes of Gilligan 's Island are currently available for purchase through streaming media sources , such as Amazon Video and the iTunes Store . In other media ( edit ) A video game based on the series called The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990 . The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger , who is completely absent from the game . A pinball machine , manufactured by BALLY , based on the show was released in May 1991 . Film remake ( edit ) Rights to the series were purchased , with an eye towards creating a movie scheduled for release March 30 , 2012 . When Sherwood Schwartz signed a deal granting all rights to the movie , he reportedly said , `` ( It ) just happened in the last 48 hours . I ca n't take this much excitement at my age . '' Schwartz also said he would love to see Michael Cera as Gilligan and Beyoncé Knowles as Ginger . On December 17 , 2013 , deadline.com reported that Josh Gad would star and co-write the film with Benji Samit and Dan Hernandez . Ginger or Mary Ann ? ( edit ) The question of which of these two characters men prefer has endured long after the end of the series . The question has inspired commercials , essays , videos , and a sermon . By most accounts , the wholesome , down - to - earth Mary Ann has consistently outpolled the glamorous bombshell movie - star Ginger by a sizable margin . Bob Denver admitted he was a Mary Ann fan . According to Bob Denver in a 2001 interview , Wells received 3,000 -- 5,000 fan letters weekly , whereas Louise may have gotten 1,500 or 2,000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MeTV Network - Shows - Gilligan 's Island '' . Jump up ^ The 140 ° latitude , 10 ° longitude coordinates are impossible , because latitude ranges from - 90 ° to + 90 ° . Jump up ^ This would place the island in the Gulf of Thailand , which obviously does not comport with the series ' back story . Jump up ^ Flint , Peter B ( January 4 , 1990 ) , `` Alan Hale Jr. , Who Was Skipper On ' Gilligan 's Island , ' Dies at 71 '' , The New York Times , Mr. Hale 's image as the Skipper persisted in the 1980s . After a day of golf , he often headed to Alan Hale 's Lobster Barrel , a West Hollywood , California restaurant , where , wearing his skipper 's cap , he greeted customers . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Chance , Norman ( 2010 ) . Who Was Who on TV . 1 . Xlibris . p. 546 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , pp. 306 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` MeTV Network - '' . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Island '' . November 21 , 1964 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Denver '' , The New York Times , Sep 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Studio Center '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ WALSTAD , DAVID ( 7 August 1995 ) . `` Civilization Takes Over ' Gilligan 's ' Lagoon : Television : The set of the 1960s sitcom is turned into an employee parking lot as CBS Studio Center adds production facilities . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Minnow no longer lost '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Tales from Gilligan 's Island '' . Santa Clara Law Review & Jamail Center for Legal Research . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Russell Johnson with Steve Cox , Here on Gilligan 's Isle , page 20 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ First season opening sequence of Gilligan 's Island From YouTube . Retrieved on November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fore , William F ( 1987 ) . `` Escape From Gilligan 's Island '' . medialit.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( February 8 , 2004 ) , `` Hey , little buddy ! ' Gilligan ' DVD drifts into port '' , The Washington Post , p . N1 , To his credit , star Bob Denver lobbied Schwartz and others to change the lyrics to the theme song after the second season , so all the characters and not just most of them were listed . Instead of the chorus singing ' the movie star , and the rest , ' they sang , ' the movie star , the professor and Mary Ann , here on Gilligan 's isle ! ' Jump up ^ Green . Unofficial Gilligan 's Island Handbook . Jump up ^ Lileth . `` Was the `` Gilligan 's Island '' theme song tampered with ? `` . The Straight Dope . Cecil Adams . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Tidbits '' . The Fifties Web . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Home Town Success Story '' . Bay views . Google Blogger . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Theme '' . Gilligan 's isle . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Full Cast and Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Stairway '' . The Official Gilligan 's Island Fan Club . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bowling For Soup -- Gilligan 's Island Theme '' . You tube . Google . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The Worst TV Shows Ever , Those TV Turkeys We Will Never Forget ... ( No Matter How Hard We Try ) by Bart Andrews with Brad Dunning ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Gilligan 's Island '' coming to HD ? `` . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilligan 's Island ' Docks at TV Land For the First Time in 10 Years '' . January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island '' . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island TV Show Creator wants Michael Cera and Beyoncé for New Movie '' . Tvseriesfinale.com . January 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros Sets Gilligan 's Island As Star Feature Vehicle For Josh Gad Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` As Dawn Wells turns 74 , the question remains : Ginger or Mary Ann ? '' . Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hiassen , Rob ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Author has left Ginger and ' Island ' behind . '' . The Baltimore Sun . ( HighBeam subscription may be required ) Jump up ^ Budweiser Ginger or Mary Ann Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ Rev. Jeffrey Symynkywicz ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` Ginger or Mary Ann ? '' . uustoughtonma.org . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Russell Johnson on ' Gilligan 's Island ' in 1993 interview '' . Toronto Sun . USA Today carried a Ginger vs. Mary Ann fave poll and Dawn Wells ' character had 85 % of the vote Jump up ^ Silver , Marc ( September 7 , 2005 ) . `` So which one did Gilligan like best ? '' . usnews.com U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ginger vs. Maryann '' . retroCRUSH . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Denver , Bob ( November 1993 ) . Gilligan , Maynard & Me . Carol Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1413 - 2 . Green , Joey ( April 1988 ) . Unofficial Gilligan 's Island Handbook . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 38668 - 5 . Johnson , Russell ; Cox , Steve ( July 1993 ) . Here on Gilligan 's Isle ( 1st ed . ) . Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096993 - 8 . Schwartz , Sherwood ( April 15 , 1994 ) . Inside Gilligan 's Island : A Three - Hour Tour Through The Making of A Television Classic . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 10482 - 0 . Stoddard , Sylvia ( May 1996 ) . TV Treasures -- A Companion Guide to Gilligan 's Island . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95797 - 1 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete First Season ( DVD ) , 2004 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939673425 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete Second Season ( DVD ) , 2005 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939692624 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) , 2005 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939733129 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gilligan 's Island . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island on IMDb Gilligan 's Island at TV.com Gilligan 's Island : Underneath the Grass Skirt ( 1999 documentary ) on IMDb Gilligan 's Island - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Sept 2014 interview with Dawn Wells Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake Television series produced or created by Sherwood Schwartz Gilligan 's Island It 's About Time The Brady Bunch Dusty 's Trail Big John , Little John The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Brides Harper Valley PTA Together We Stand The Bradys The Real Gilligan 's Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilligan%27s_Island&oldid=807111222 '' Categories : Gilligan 's Island 1960s American television series 1960s American comedy television series 1964 American television series debuts 1967 American television series endings American television sitcoms Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series set on fictional islands Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Television series created by Sherwood Schwartz Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the theme to gilligan's island	[ "The first-season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons. The second-season version, which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound, was uncredited, but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan's Isle, it was performed by a group called the Eligibles.[23]", "The first-season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons. The second-season version, which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound, was uncredited, but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan's Isle, it was performed by a group called the Eligibles.[23]" ]	[ "The Wellingtons", "Eligibles" ]
-2285297867047907496	DSM-5	DSM - 5 - wikipedia DSM - 5 Jump to : navigation , search For further information , see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ) Author American Psychiatric Association Country United States Language English Series Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Subject Classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Published May 18 , 2013 Media type Print ( hardcover , softcover ) ; e-book Pages 947 ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 554 - 1 OCLC 830807378 Dewey Decimal 616.89'075 LC Class RC455. 2. C4 Preceded by DSM - IV - TR The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) . In the United States , the DSM serves as a universal authority for psychiatric diagnoses . Treatment recommendations , as well as payment by health care providers , are often determined by DSM classifications , so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance . The DSM - 5 was published on May 18 , 2013 , superseding the DSM - IV - TR , which was published in 2000 . The development of the new edition began with a conference in 1999 and proceeded with the formation of a Task Force in 2007 , which developed and field - tested a variety of new classifications . In most respects , the DSM - 5 is not greatly modified from the DSM - IV - TR ; however , some significant differences exist between them . Notable changes in the DSM - 5 include the reconceptualization of Asperger syndrome from a distinct disorder to an autism spectrum disorder ; the elimination of subtypes of schizophrenia ; the deletion of the `` bereavement exclusion '' for depressive disorders ; the renaming of gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria , along with a revised treatment plan ; the inclusion of binge eating disorder as a discrete eating disorder ; the renaming and reconceptualization of paraphilias to paraphilic disorders ; the removal of the axis system ; and the splitting of disorders not otherwise specified into other specified disorders and unspecified disorders . In addition , the DSM - 5 is the first DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title , as well as the first `` living document '' version of a DSM . Various authorities criticized the fifth edition both before and after it was formally published . Critics assert , for example , that many DSM - 5 revisions or additions lack empirical support ; inter-rater reliability is low for many disorders ; several sections contain poorly written , confusing , or contradictory information ; and the psychiatric drug industry unduly influenced the manual 's content . Many of the members of work groups for the DSM - 5 had conflicting interests , including ties to pharmaceutical companies . Various scientists have argued that the DSM - 5 forces clinicians to make distinctions that are not supported by solid evidence , distinctions that have major treatment implications , including drug prescriptions and the availability of health insurance coverage . General criticism of the DSM - 5 ultimately resulted in a petition , signed by many mental health organizations , which called for outside review of the DSM - 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Changes 1.1 Section I 1.2 Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes 1.2. 1 Neurodevelopmental disorders 1.2. 2 Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 1.2. 3 Bipolar and related disorders 1.2. 4 Depressive disorders 1.2. 5 Anxiety disorders 1.2. 6 Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders 1.2. 7 Trauma - and stressor - related disorders 1.2. 8 Dissociative disorders 1.2. 9 Somatic symptom and related disorders 1.2. 10 Feeding and eating disorders 1.2. 11 Elimination disorders 1.2. 12 Sleep -- wake disorders 1.2. 13 Sexual dysfunctions 1.2. 14 Gender dysphoria 1.2. 15 Disruptive , impulse - control , and conduct disorders 1.2. 16 Substance - related and addictive disorders 1.2. 17 Neurocognitive disorders 1.2. 18 Personality disorders 1.2. 19 Paraphilic disorders 1.3 Section III : emerging measures and models 1.3. 1 Alternative DSM - 5 model for personality disorders 2 Conditions for further study 3 Development 4 Revisions and updates 5 Criticism 5.1 General 5.2 Borderline personality disorder controversy 5.3 British Psychological Society response 5.4 National Institute of Mental Health 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Changes ( edit ) This part of the article summarizes changes from the DSM - IV to the DSM - 5 . The DSM - 5 is divided into three Sections , using Roman numerals to designate each Section . The same organizational structure is used in this overview , e.g. , Section I ( immediately below ) summarizes relevant changes discussed in the DSM - 5 , Section I . Note that if a specific disorder ( or set of disorders ) can not be seen , e.g. , enuresis and other elimination disorders , mentioned in Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes ( below ) , it means that the diagnostic criteria for those disorders did not change significantly from DSM - IV to DSM - 5 . Section I ( edit ) Section I describes DSM - 5 chapter organization , its change from the multiaxial system , and Section III 's dimensional assessments . The DSM - 5 deleted the chapter that includes `` disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy , childhood , or adolescence '' opting to list them in other chapters . A note under Anxiety Disorders says that the `` sequential order '' of at least some DSM - 5 chapters has significance that reflects the relationships between diagnoses . This introductory section describes the process of DSM revision , including field trials , public and professional review , and expert review . It states its goal is to harmonize with the ICD systems and share organizational structures as much as is feasible . Concern about the categorical system of diagnosis is expressed , but the conclusion is the reality that alternative definitions for most disorders is scientifically premature . The new version replaces the NOS ( Not Otherwise Specified ) categories with two options : other specified disorder and unspecified disorder to increase the utility to the clinician . The first allows the clinician to specify the reason that the criteria for a specific disorder are not met ; the second allows the clinician the option to forgo specification . DSM - 5 has discarded the multiaxial system of diagnosis ( formerly Axis I , Axis II , Axis III ) , listing all disorders in Section II . It has replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features and dropped Axis V ( Global Assessment of Functioning , known as GAF ) . The World Health Organization 's ( WHO ) Disability Assessment Schedule is added to Section III ( Emerging measures and models ) under Assessment Measures , as a suggested , but not required , method to assess functioning . Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes ( edit ) Neurodevelopmental disorders ( edit ) `` Mental retardation '' has a new name : `` intellectual disability ( intellectual developmental disorder ) '' . Phonological disorder and stuttering are now called communication disorders -- which include language disorder , speech sound disorder , childhood - onset fluency disorder , and a new condition characterized by impaired social verbal and nonverbal communication called social ( pragmatic ) communication disorder . Autism spectrum disorder incorporates Asperger disorder , childhood disintegrative disorder , and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( PDD - NOS ) -- see Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome § DSM - 5 changes . A new sub-category , motor disorders , encompasses developmental coordination disorder , stereotypic movement disorder , and the tic disorders including Tourette syndrome . Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders ( edit ) All subtypes of schizophrenia were removed from the DSM - 5 ( paranoid , disorganized , catatonic , undifferentiated , and residual ) . A major mood episode is required for schizoaffective disorder ( for a majority of the disorder 's duration after criterion A ( related to delusions , hallucinations , disorganized speech or behavior , and negative symptoms such as avolition ) is met ) . Criteria for delusional disorder changed , and it is no longer separate from shared delusional disorder . Catatonia in all contexts requires 3 of a total of 12 symptoms . Catatonia may be a specifier for depressive , bipolar , and psychotic disorders ; part of another medical condition ; or of another specified diagnosis . Bipolar and related disorders ( edit ) New specifier `` with mixed features '' can be applied to bipolar I disorder , bipolar II disorder , bipolar disorder NED ( not elsewhere defined , previously called `` NOS '' , not otherwise specified ) and MDD . Allows other specified bipolar and related disorder for particular conditions . Anxiety symptoms are a specifier ( called `` anxious distress '' ) added to bipolar disorder and to depressive disorders ( but are not part of the bipolar diagnostic criteria ) . Depressive disorders ( edit ) The bereavement exclusion in DSM - IV was removed from depressive disorders in DSM - 5 . New disruptive mood dysregulation disorder ( DMDD ) for children up to age 18 years . Premenstrual dysphoric disorder moved from an appendix for further study , and became a disorder . Specifiers were added for mixed symptoms and for anxiety , along with guidance to physicians for suicidality . The term dysthymia now also would be called persistent depressive disorder . Anxiety disorders ( edit ) For the various forms of phobias and anxiety disorders , DSM - 5 removes the requirement that the subject ( formerly , over 18 years old ) `` must recognize that their fear and anxiety are excessive or unreasonable '' . Also , the duration of at least 6 months now applies to everyone ( not only to children ) . Panic attack became a specifier for all DSM - 5 disorders . Panic disorder and agoraphobia became two separate disorders . Specific types of phobias became specifiers but are otherwise unchanged . The generalized specifier for social anxiety disorder ( formerly , social phobia ) changed in favor of a performance only ( i.e. , public speaking or performance ) specifier . Separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism are now classified as anxiety disorders ( rather than disorders of early onset ) . Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders ( edit ) A new chapter on obsessive - compulsive and related disorders includes four new disorders : excoriation ( skin - picking ) disorder , hoarding disorder , substance - / medication - induced obsessive - compulsive and related disorder , and obsessive - compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition . Trichotillomania ( hair - pulling disorder ) moved from `` impulse - control disorders not elsewhere classified '' in DSM - IV , to an obsessive - compulsive disorder in DSM - 5 . A specifier was expanded ( and added to body dysmorphic disorder and hoarding disorder ) to allow for good or fair insight , poor insight , and `` absent insight / delusional '' ( i.e. , complete conviction that obsessive - compulsive disorder beliefs are true ) . Criteria were added to body dysmorphic disorder to describe repetitive behaviors or mental acts that may arise with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance . The DSM - IV specifier `` with obsessive - compulsive symptoms '' moved from anxiety disorders to this new category for obsessive - compulsive and related disorders . There are two new diagnoses : other specified obsessive - compulsive and related disorder , which can include body - focused repetitive behavior disorder ( behaviors like nail biting , lip biting , and cheek chewing , other than hair pulling and skin picking ) or obsessional jealousy ; and unspecified obsessive - compulsive and related disorder . Trauma - and stressor - related disorders ( edit ) Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is now included in a new section titled `` Trauma - and Stressor - Related Disorders . '' The PTSD diagnostic clusters were reorganized and expanded from a total of three clusters to four based on the results of confirmatory factor analytic research conducted since the publication of DSM - IV . Separate criteria were added for children six years old or younger . For the diagnosis of acute stress disorder and PTSD , the stressor criteria ( Criterion A1 in DSM - IV ) was modified to some extent . The requirement for specific subjective emotional reactions ( Criterion A2 in DSM - IV ) was eliminated because it lacked empirical support for its utility and predictive validity . Previously certain groups , such as military personnel involved in combat , law enforcement officers and other first responders , did not meet criterion A2 in DSM - IV because their training prepared them to not react emotionally to traumatic events . Two new disorders that were formerly subtypes were named : reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder . Adjustment disorders were moved to this new section and reconceptualized as stress - response syndromes . DSM - IV subtypes for depressed mood , anxious symptoms , and disturbed conduct are unchanged . Dissociative disorders ( edit ) Depersonalization disorder is now called depersonalization / derealization disorder . Dissociative fugue became a specifier for dissociative amnesia . The criteria for dissociative identity disorder were expanded to include `` possession - form phenomena and functional neurological symptoms '' . It is made clear that `` transitions in identity may be observable by others or self - reported '' . Criterion B was also modified for people who experience gaps in recall of everyday events ( not only trauma ) . Somatic symptom and related disorders ( edit ) Somatoform disorders are now called somatic symptom and related disorders . Patients that present with chronic pain can now be diagnosed with the mental illness somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain ; or psychological factors that affect other medical conditions ; or with an adjustment disorder . Somatization disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder were combined to become somatic symptom disorder , a diagnosis which no longer requires a specific number of somatic symptoms . Somatic symptom and related disorders are defined by positive symptoms , and the use of medically unexplained symptoms is minimized , except in the cases of conversion disorder and pseudocyesis ( false pregnancy ) . A new diagnosis is psychological factors affecting other medical conditions . This was formerly found in the DSM - IV chapter `` Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention '' . Criteria for conversion disorder ( functional neurological symptom disorder ) were changed . Feeding and eating disorders ( edit ) Criteria for pica and rumination disorder were changed and can now refer to people of any age . Binge eating disorder graduated from DSM - IV 's `` Appendix B -- Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study '' into a proper diagnosis . Requirements for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder were changed from `` at least twice weekly for 6 months to at least once weekly over the last 3 months '' . The criteria for anorexia nervosa were changed ; there is no longer a requirement of amenorrhea . `` Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood '' , a rarely used diagnosis in DSM - IV , was renamed to avoidant / restrictive food intake disorder , and criteria were expanded . Elimination disorders ( edit ) NO significant changes . Disorders in this chapter were previously classified under disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy , childhood , or adolescence in DSM - IV . Now it is an independent classification in DSM 5 . Sleep -- wake disorders ( edit ) `` Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder , and sleep disorders related to a general medical condition '' were deleted . Primary insomnia became insomnia disorder , and narcolepsy is separate from other hypersomnolence . There are now three breathing - related sleep disorders : obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea , central sleep apnea , and sleep - related hypoventilation . Circadian rhythm sleep -- wake disorders were expanded to include advanced sleep phase syndrome , irregular sleep -- wake type , and non-24 - hour sleep -- wake type . Jet lag was removed . Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and restless legs syndrome are each a disorder , instead of both being listed under `` dyssomnia not otherwise specified '' in DSM - IV . Sexual dysfunctions ( edit ) DSM - 5 has sex - specific sexual dysfunctions . For females , sexual desire and arousal disorders are combined into female sexual interest / arousal disorder . Sexual dysfunctions ( except substance - / medication - induced sexual dysfunction ) now require a duration of approximately 6 months and more exact severity criteria . A new diagnosis is genito - pelvic pain / penetration disorder which combines vaginismus and dyspareunia from DSM - IV . Sexual aversion disorder was deleted . Subtypes for all disorders include only `` lifelong versus acquired '' and `` generalized versus situational '' ( one subtype was deleted from DSM - IV ) . Two subtypes were deleted : `` sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition '' and `` due to psychological versus combined factors '' . Gender dysphoria ( edit ) Further information : Gender dysphoria DSM - IV gender identity disorder is similar to , but not the same as , gender dysphoria in DSM - 5 . Separate criteria for children , adolescents and adults that are appropriate for varying developmental states are added . Subtypes of gender identity disorder based on sexual orientation were deleted . Among other wording changes , criterion A and criterion B ( cross-gender identification , and aversion toward one 's gender ) were combined . Along with these changes comes the creation of a separate gender dysphoria in children as well as one for adults and adolescents . The grouping has been moved out of the sexual disorders category and into its own . The name change was made in part due to stigmatization of the term `` disorder '' and the relatively common use of `` gender dysphoria '' in the GID literature and among specialists in the area . The creation of a specific diagnosis for children reflects the lesser ability of children to have insight into what they are experiencing and ability to express it in the event that they have insight . Disruptive , impulse - control , and conduct disorders ( edit ) Some of these disorders were formerly part of the chapter on early diagnosis , oppositional defiant disorder ; conduct disorder ; and disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified became other specified and unspecified disruptive disorder , impulse - control disorder , and conduct disorders . Intermittent explosive disorder , pyromania , and kleptomania moved to this chapter from the DSM - IV chapter `` Impulse - Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified '' . Antisocial personality disorder is listed here and in the chapter on personality disorders ( but ADHD is listed under neurodevelopmental disorders ) . Symptoms for oppositional defiant disorder are of three types : angry / irritable mood , argumentative / defiant behavior , and vindictiveness . The conduct disorder exclusion is deleted . The criteria were also changed with a note on frequency requirements and a measure of severity . Criteria for conduct disorder are unchanged for the most part from DSM - IV . A specifier was added for people with limited `` prosocial emotion '' , showing callous and unemotional traits . People over the disorder 's minimum age of 6 may be diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder without outbursts of physical aggression . Criteria were added for frequency and to specify `` impulsive and / or anger based in nature , and must cause marked distress , cause impairment in occupational or interpersonal functioning , or be associated with negative financial or legal consequences '' . Substance - related and addictive disorders ( edit ) Gambling disorder and tobacco use disorder are new . Substance abuse and substance dependence from DSM - IV - TR have been combined into single substance use disorders specific to each substance of abuse within a new `` addictions and related disorders '' category . `` Recurrent legal problems '' was deleted and `` craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance '' was added to the criteria . The threshold of the number of criteria that must be met was changed and severity from mild to severe is based on the number of criteria endorsed . Criteria for cannabis and caffeine withdrawal were added . New specifiers were added for early and sustained remission along with new specifiers for `` in a controlled environment '' and `` on maintenance therapy '' . DSM - 5 substance dependencies include : 303.90 Alcohol dependence 304.00 Opioid dependence 304.10 Sedative , hypnotic , or anxiolytic dependence ( including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence ) 304.20 Cocaine dependence 304.30 Cannabis dependence 304.40 Amphetamine dependence ( or amphetamine - like ) 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence 304.60 Inhalant dependence 304.80 Polysubstance dependence 304.90 Phencyclidine ( or phencyclidine - like ) dependence 304.90 Other ( or unknown ) substance dependence 305.10 Nicotine dependence There are no more polysubstance diagnoses in DSM - 5 ; the substance ( s ) must be specified . Neurocognitive disorders ( edit ) Dementia and amnestic disorder became major or mild neurocognitive disorder ( major NCD , or mild NCD ) . DSM - 5 has a new list of neurocognitive domains . `` New separate criteria are now presented '' for major or mild NCD due to various conditions . Substance / medication - induced NCD and unspecified NCD are new diagnoses . Personality disorders ( edit ) Personality disorder ( PD ) previously belonged to a different axis than almost all other disorders , but is now in one axis with all mental and other medical diagnoses . However , the same ten types of personality disorder are retained . There is a call for the DSM - 5 to provide relevant clinical information that is empirically based to conceptualize personality as well as psychopathology in personalities . The issue ( s ) of heterogeneity of a PD is problematic as well . For example , when determining the criteria for a PD it is possible for two individuals with the same diagnosis to have completely different symptoms that would not necessarily overlap . There is also concern as to which model is better for the DSM - the diagnostic model favored by psychiatrists or the dimensional model that is favored by psychologists . The diagnostic approach / model is one that follows the diagnostic approach of traditional medicine , is more convenient to use in clinical settings , however , it does not capture the intricacies of normal or abnormal personality . The dimensional approach / model is better at showing varied degrees of personality ; it places emphasis on the continuum between normal and abnormal , and abnormal as something beyond a threshold whether in unipolar or bipolar cases . Paraphilic disorders ( edit ) New specifiers `` in a controlled environment '' and `` in remission '' were added to criteria for all paraphilic disorders . A distinction is made between paraphilic behaviors , or paraphilias , and paraphilic disorders . All criteria sets were changed to add the word disorder to all of the paraphilias , for example , pedophilic disorder is listed instead of pedophilia . There is no change in the basic diagnostic structure since DSM - III - R ; however , people now must meet both qualitative ( criterion A ) and negative consequences ( criterion B) criteria to be diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder . Otherwise they have a paraphilia ( and no diagnosis ) . Section III : Emerging measures and models ( edit ) Alternative DSM - 5 model for personality disorders ( edit ) An alternative hybrid dimensional - categorical model for personality disorders is included to stimulate further research on this modified classification system . Conditions for further study ( edit ) These conditions and criteria are set forth to encourage future research and are not meant for clinical use . Attenuated psychosis syndrome Depressive episodes with short - duration hypomania Persistent complex bereavement disorder Caffeine use disorder Internet gaming disorder Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure Suicidal behavior disorder Non-suicidal self - injury Development ( edit ) In 1999 , a DSM -- 5 Research Planning Conference ; sponsored jointly by APA and the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) , was held to set the research priorities . Research Planning Work Groups produced `` white papers '' on the research needed to inform and shape the DSM - 5 and the resulting work and recommendations were reported in an APA monograph and peer - reviewed literature . There were six workgroups , each focusing on a broad topic : Nomenclature , Neuroscience and Genetics , Developmental Issues and Diagnosis , Personality and Relational Disorders , Mental Disorders and Disability , and Cross-Cultural Issues . Three additional white papers were also due by 2004 concerning gender issues , diagnostic issues in the geriatric population , and mental disorders in infants and young children . The white papers have been followed by a series of conferences to produce recommendations relating to specific disorders and issues , with attendance limited to 25 invited researchers . On July 23 , 2007 , the APA announced the task force that would oversee the development of DSM - 5 . The DSM - 5 Task Force consisted of 27 members , including a chair and vice chair , who collectively represent research scientists from psychiatry and other disciplines , clinical care providers , and consumer and family advocates . Scientists working on the revision of the DSM had a broad range of experience and interests . The APA Board of Trustees required that all task force nominees disclose any competing interests or potentially conflicting relationships with entities that have an interest in psychiatric diagnoses and treatments as a precondition to appointment to the task force . The APA made all task force members ' disclosures available during the announcement of the task force . Several individuals were ruled ineligible for task force appointments due to their competing interests . The DSM - 5 field trials included test - retest reliability which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient -- a common approach to the study of diagnostic reliability . About 68 % of DSM - 5 task - force members and 56 % of panel members reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry , such as holding stock in pharmaceutical companies , serving as consultants to industry , or serving on company boards . Revisions and updates ( edit ) Beginning with the fifth edition , it is intended that diagnostic guidelines revisions will be added incrementally . The DSM - 5 is identified with Arabic rather than Roman numerals , marking a change in how future updates will be created . Incremental updates will be identified with decimals ( DSM - 5.1 , DSM - 5.2 , etc . ) , until a new edition is written . The change reflects the intent of the APA to respond more quickly when a preponderance of research supports a specific change in the manual . The research base of mental disorders is evolving at different rates for different disorders . Criticism ( edit ) General ( edit ) Robert Spitzer , the head of the DSM - III task force , publicly criticized the APA for mandating that DSM - 5 task force members sign a nondisclosure agreement , effectively conducting the whole process in secret : `` When I first heard about this agreement , I just went bonkers . Transparency is necessary if the document is to have credibility , and , in time , you 're going to have people complaining all over the place that they did n't have the opportunity to challenge anything . '' Allen Frances , chair of the DSM - IV task force , expressed a similar concern . Although the APA has since instituted a disclosure policy for DSM - 5 task force members , many still believe the association has not gone far enough in its efforts to be transparent and to protect against industry influence . In a 2009 Point / Counterpoint article , Lisa Cosgrove , PhD and Harold J. Bursztajn , MD noted that `` the fact that 70 % of the task force members have reported direct industry ties -- an increase of almost 14 % over the percentage of DSM - IV task force members who had industry ties -- shows that disclosure policies alone , especially those that rely on an honor system , are not enough and that more specific safeguards are needed '' . David Kupfer , chair of the DSM - 5 task force , and Darrel A. Regier , MD , MPH , vice chair of the task force , whose industry ties are disclosed with those of the task force , countered that `` collaborative relationships among government , academia , and industry are vital to the current and future development of pharmacological treatments for mental disorders '' . They asserted that the development of DSM - 5 is the `` most inclusive and transparent developmental process in the 60 - year history of DSM '' . The developments to this new version can be viewed on the APA website . Public input was requested for the first time in the history of the manual . During periods of public comment , members of the public could sign up at the DSM - 5 website and provide feedback on the various proposed changes . In June 2009 , Allen Frances issued strongly worded criticisms of the processes leading to DSM - 5 and the risk of `` serious , subtle , ( ... ) ubiquitous '' and `` dangerous '' unintended consequences such as new `` false ' epidemics ' '' . He writes that `` the work on DSM - V has displayed the most unhappy combination of soaring ambition and weak methodology '' and is concerned about the task force 's `` inexplicably closed and secretive process '' . His and Spitzer 's concerns about the contract that the APA drew up for consultants to sign , agreeing not to discuss drafts of the fifth edition beyond the task force and committees , have also been aired and debated . The appointment , in May 2008 , of two of the taskforce members , Kenneth Zucker and Ray Blanchard , led to an internet petition to remove them . According to MSNBC , `` The petition accuses Zucker of having engaged in ' junk science ' and promoting ' hurtful theories ' during his career , especially advocating the idea that children who are unambiguously male or female anatomically , but seem confused about their gender identity , can be treated by encouraging gender expression in line with their anatomy . '' According to The Gay City News , `` Dr. Ray Blanchard , a psychiatry professor at the University of Toronto , is deemed offensive for his theories that some types of transsexuality are paraphilias , or sexual urges . In this model , transsexuality is not an essential aspect of the individual , but a misdirected sexual impulse . '' Blanchard responded , `` Naturally , it 's very disappointing to me there seems to be so much misinformation about me on the Internet . ( They did n't distort ) my views , they completely reversed my views . '' Zucker `` rejects the junk - science charge , saying there ' has to be an empirical basis to modify anything ' in the DSM . As for hurting people , ' in my own career , my primary motivation in working with children , adolescents and families is to help them with the distress and suffering they are experiencing , whatever the reasons they are having these struggles . I want to help people feel better about themselves , not hurt them . ' '' In 2011 , psychologist Brent Robbins co-authored a national letter for the Society for Humanistic Psychology that brought thousands into the public debate about the DSM . Approximately 13,000 individuals and mental health professionals signed a petition in support of the letter . Thirteen other American Psychological Association divisions endorsed the petition . In a November 2011 article about the debate in the San Francisco Chronicle , Robbins notes that under the new guidelines , certain responses to grief could be labeled as pathological disorders , instead of being recognized as being normal human experiences . In 2012 , a footnote was added to the draft text which explains the distinction between grief and depression . The DSM - 5 has been criticized for purportedly saying nothing about the biological underpinnings of mental disorders . A book - long appraisal of the DSM - 5 , with contributions from philosophers , historians and anthropologists , was published in 2015 . The financial association of DSM - 5 panel members with industry continues to be a concern for financial conflict of interest . Of the DSM - 5 task force members , 69 % report having ties to the pharmaceutical industry , an increase from the 57 % of DSM - IV task force members . A 2015 essay from an Australian university criticized the DSM - 5 for having poor cultural diversity , stating that recent work done in cognitive sciences and cognitive anthropology is still only accepting western psychology as the norm . Borderline personality disorder Controversy ( edit ) In 2003 , the Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders ( TARA - APD ) campaigned to change the name and designation of borderline personality disorder in DSM - 5 . The paper How Advocacy is Bringing BPD into the Light reported that `` the name BPD is confusing , imparts no relevant or descriptive information , and reinforces existing stigma . '' Instead , it proposed the name `` emotional regulation disorder '' or `` emotional dysregulation disorder . '' There was also discussion about changing borderline personality disorder , an Axis II diagnosis ( personality disorders and mental retardation ) , to an Axis I diagnosis ( clinical disorders ) . The TARA - APD recommendations do not appear to have affected the American Psychiatric Association , the publisher of the DSM . As noted above , the DSM - 5 does not employ a multi-axial diagnostic scheme , therefore the distinction between Axis I and II disorders no longer exists in the DSM nosology . The name , the diagnostic criteria for , and description of , borderline personality disorder remain largely unchanged from DSM - IV - TR . British psychological Society response ( edit ) The British Psychological Society stated in its June 2011 response to DSM - 5 draft versions , that it had `` more concerns than plaudits '' . It criticized proposed diagnoses as `` clearly based largely on social norms , with ' symptoms ' that all rely on subjective judgements ... not value - free , but rather reflect ( ing ) current normative social expectations '' , noting doubts over the reliability , validity , and value of existing criteria , that personality disorders were not normed on the general population , and that `` not otherwise specified '' categories covered a `` huge '' 30 % of all personality disorders . It also expressed a major concern that `` clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences ... which demand helping responses , but which do not reflect illnesses so much as normal individual variation '' . The Society suggested as its primary specific recommendation , a change from using `` diagnostic frameworks '' to a description based on an individual 's specific experienced problems , and that mental disorders are better explored as part of a spectrum shared with normality : `` ( We recommend ) a revision of the way mental distress is thought about , starting with recognition of the overwhelming evidence that it is on a spectrum with ' normal ' experience , and that psychosocial factors such as poverty , unemployment and trauma are the most strongly - evidenced causal factors . Rather than applying preordained diagnostic categories to clinical populations , we believe that any classification system should begin from the bottom up -- starting with specific experiences , problems or ' symptoms ' or ' complaints ' ... We would like to see the base unit of measurement as specific problems ( e.g. hearing voices , feelings of anxiety etc . ) ? These would be more helpful too in terms of epidemiology . While some people find a name or a diagnostic label helpful , our contention is that this helpfulness results from a knowledge that their problems are recognised ( in both senses of the word ) understood , validated , explained ( and explicable ) and have some relief . Clients often , unfortunately , find that diagnosis offers only a spurious promise of such benefits . Since -- for example -- two people with a diagnosis of ' schizophrenia ' or ' personality disorder ' may possess no two symptoms in common , it is difficult to see what communicative benefit is served by using these diagnoses . We believe that a description of a person 's real problems would suffice . Moncrieff and others have shown that diagnostic labels are less useful than a description of a person 's problems for predicting treatment response , so again diagnoses seem positively unhelpful compared to the alternatives . - British Psychological Society June 2011 response '' National Institute of mental Health ( edit ) National Institute of Mental Health director Thomas R. Insel , MD , wrote in an April 29 , 2013 blog post about the DSM - 5 : `` The goal of this new manual , as with all previous editions , is to provide a common language for describing psychopathology . While DSM has been described as a `` Bible '' for the field , it is , at best , a dictionary , creating a set of labels and defining each . The strength of each of the editions of DSM has been `` reliability '' -- each edition has ensured that clinicians use the same terms in the same ways . The weakness is its lack of validity ... Patients with mental disorders deserve better . '' Insel also discussed an NIMH effort to develop a new classification system , Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) , currently for research purposes only . Insel 's post sparked a flurry of reaction , some of which might be termed sensationalistic , with headlines such as `` Goodbye to the DSM - V '' , `` Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '' , `` National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '' , and `` Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced '' . Other responses provided a more nuanced analysis of the NIMH Director 's post . In May 2013 , Insel , on behalf of NIMH , issued a joint statement with Jeffrey A. Lieberman , MD , president of the American Psychiatric Association , that emphasized that DSM - 5 `` ... represents the best information currently available for clinical diagnosis of mental disorders . Patients , families , and insurers can be confident that effective treatments are available and that the DSM is the key resource for delivering the best available care . The National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) has not changed its position on DSM - 5 . '' Insel and Lieberman say that DSM - 5 and RDoC `` represent complementary , not competing , frameworks '' for characterizing diseases and disorders . However , epistemologists of psychiatry tend to see the RDoC project as a putative revolutionary system that in the long run will try to replace the DSM , its expected early effect being a liberalization of the research criteria , with an increasing number of research centers adopting the RDoC definitions . See also ( edit ) Psychiatry portal Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ICD - 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wakefield , Jerome C. ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) . `` DSM - 5 : An Overview of Changes and Controversies '' . Clinical Social Work Journal . 41 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / s10615 - 013 - 0445 - 2 . ISSN 0091 - 1674 . Jump up ^ Welch , Steven ; Klassen , Cherisse ; Borisova , Oxana ; Clothier , Holly . `` The DSM - 5 controversies : How should psychologists respond ? '' . Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne. 54 ( 3 ) : 166 -- 175 . doi : 10.1037 / a0033841 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition for DSM - 5 Reform '' . Coalition for DSM - 5 Reform . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of Changes from DSM - IV - TR to DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . May 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 5 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Neurodevelopmental Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Autism Spectrum Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 74 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Mixed - Mood Specifier '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Removal of the Bereavement Exclusion From MDD '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ( DMDD ) '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , M.J. ; Resick , P.A. ; Bryant , R.A. ; Strain , J. ; Horowitz , M. ; Spiegel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Classification of trauma and stressor - related disorders in DSM - 5 '' . Depression and Anxiety. 28 ( 9 ) : 737 -- 749 . doi : 10.1002 / da. 20845 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , M.J. ; Resick , P.A. ; Bryant , R.A. ; Brewin , C.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Considering PTSD for DSM - 5 '' . Depression and Anxiety. 28 ( 9 ) : 750 -- 769 . doi : 10.1002 / da. 20767 . PMID 21910184 . Jump up ^ Adler , A.B. ; Wright , K.M. ; Bliese , P.D. ; Eckford , R. ; Hoge , C.W. ( 2008 ) . `` A2 diagnostic criterion for combat - related posttraumatic stress disorder '' . Journal of Traumatic Stress. 21 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 308 . doi : 10.1002 / jts. 20336 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , L.M. ; Boals , A. ; Banks , J.B. ( 2010 ) . `` PTSD symptoms and dominant emotional response to a traumatic event : An examination of DSM - IV criterion A2 '' . Anxiety , Stress , & Coping. 23 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 126 . doi : 10.1080 / 10615800902818771 . Jump up ^ Karam , E.G. ; Andrews , G. ; Bromet , E. ; Petukhova , M. ; Ruscio , A.M. ; Salamoun , M. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Criterion A2 in the DSM - IV Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder '' . Biological Psychiatry . 68 ( 5 ) : 465 -- 473 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2010.04. 032 . PMC 3228599 . PMID 20599189 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diagnostic Ethics : Harms / Benefits , Somatic Symptom Disorder '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DSM - 5 redefines hypochondriasis -- For Medical Professionals -- Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justina Pelletier : The Case Continues '' . Mad In America . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Binge Eating Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` P 01 Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents or Adults '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P 00 Gender Dysphoria in Children '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Substance Use Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of Changes from DSM - IV - TR to DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Publishing . American Psychiatric Association . 2013 . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . The DSM - IV specifier for a physiological subtype has been eliminated in DSM - 5 , as has the DSM - IV diagnosis of polysubstance dependence . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Neurocognitive Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Personality Disorders '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krueger , Robert F. ; Hopwood , Christopher J. ; Wright , Aidan G.C. ; Markon , Kristian E. ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) . `` DSM - 5 and the Path Toward Empirically Based and Clinically Useful Conceptualization of Personality and Psychopathology '' . Clinical Psychology : Science and Practice. 21 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 261 . doi : 10.1111 / cpsp. 12073 . ISSN 1468 - 2850 . Jump up ^ Crocq , Marc - Antoine ( 2013 ) . `` Milestones in the History of Personality Disorders '' ( PDF ) . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Personality Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 783 -- 808 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ First , Michael B. ( 2002 ) , `` A Research Agenda for DSM - V : Summary of the DSM - V Preplanning White Papers Published in May 2002 '' , DSM - V Prelude Project , American Psychiatric Association , archived from the original on April 13 , 2008 , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kupfer , David J. ; First , Michael B. ; Regier , Darrel A. , eds. ( 2002 ) , A Research Agenda for DSM - 5 , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Association , ISBN 9780890422922 , OCLC 49518977 Jump up ^ Regier , Darrel A ; Narrow , William E ; First , Michael B ; Marshall , Tina ( 2002 ) . `` The APA classification of mental disorders : future perspectives '' . Psychopathology. 35 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 166 -- 170 . doi : 10.1159 / 000065139 . PMID 12145504 . ^ Jump up to : `` DSM - 5 Research Planning '' , DSM - V Prelude Project , American Psychiatric Association , DSM - V Research White Papers , archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Regier , MD , MPH , Darrel A. ( 2007 ) . `` Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders : Refining the Research Agenda for DSM - V '' ( PDF ) . Psychosomatic Medicine . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 69 ( 9 ) : 827 -- 828 . doi : 10.1097 / PSY. 0b013e31815afbe4 . PMID 18040087 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reliability and Prevalence in the DSM - 5 Field Trials , January 12 , 2012 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Lisa ; Bursztajn , Harold J. ; Krimsky , Sheldon ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` Developing Unbiased Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines in Psychiatry '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 19 ) : 2035 -- 2036 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc0810237 . ^ Jump up to : `` About DSM - 5 Frequently Asked Questions '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harold , Eve ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` APA Modifies DSM Naming Convention to Reflect Publication Changes '' ( Release No. 10 - 17 ) . The American Psychiatric Association . Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Psychiatrists Propose Revisions to Diagnosis Manual . via PBS Newshour , February 10 , 2010 ( interviews Frances and Alan Schatzberg on some of the main changes proposed to the DSM - 5 ) Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Lisa ; Krimsky , Sheldon ; Vijayaraghavan , Manisha ; Schneider , Lisa ( April 2006 ) , `` Financial Ties between DSM - IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry '' , Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 75 ( 3 ) : 154 -- 160 , doi : 10.1159 / 000091772 , PMID 16636630 Jump up ^ Cosgrove L , Bursztajn HJ , Kupfer DJ , Regier DA . `` Toward Credible Conflict of Interest Policies in Clinical Psychiatry '' Psychiatric Times 26 : 1 . Jump up ^ `` DSM - V Task Force Member Disclosure Report : David J Kupfer , MD '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . and `` DSM - V Task Force Member Disclosure Report : Darrel Alvin Regier M.D '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DSM - 5 Overview : The Future Manual APA DSM - 5 Archived December 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Registration page for DSM - 5 public comment Archived May 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , page found June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suggestions and ideas for members of the work groups were also solicited through the DSM - 5 website . The proposed draft revisions to DSM - 5 are posted on the website , and anyone can provide feedback to the work groups during periods of public comment . '' Question 4 on the DSM - 5 FAQ Archived September 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , page found June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frances , Allen ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM - V : Beware of Its Unintended Consequences '' ( Full text ) . Psychiatric Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Christopher ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Diagnostic Madness of DSM - V '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Lou Chibbaro , Jr . ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Activists alarmed over APA : Head of psychiatry panel favors ' change ' therapy for some trans teens '' . Washington Blade . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Brian ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` What 's ' normal ' sex ? Shrinks seek definition : Controversy erupts over creation of psychiatric rule book 's new edition '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Duncan ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Flap Flares Over Gender Diagnosis '' . Gay City News . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Professor co-authors letter about America 's mental health manual '' . Point Park University . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Erin Allday ( November 26 , 2011 ) . `` Revision of psychiatric manual under fire '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( May 8 , 2012 ) , `` Psychiatry Manual Drafters Back Down on Diagnoses '' , The New York Times , nytimes.com , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ New DSM - 5 Ignores Biology of Mental Illness ; `` The latest edition of psychiatry 's standard guidebook neglects the biology of mental illness . New research may change that . '' May 5 , 2013 Scientific American Jump up ^ Demazeux , Steeves ; Singy , Patrick ( 2015 ) . The DSM - 5 in Perspective : Philosophical Reflections on the Psychiatric Babel . Springer . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 9764 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove , Lisa ; Drimsky Lisa ( March 2012 ) . `` A comparison of DSM - iv and DSM - 5 panel members ' financial associations with industry : A pernicous problem persisits '' . PLoS Medicine . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1001190 . PMC 3302834 . PMID 22427747 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Dominic ( 2015 ) . `` Deviant deviance '' : Cultural diversity in DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders ( TARA - APD ) Jump up ^ `` TARA Association for Personality Disorder '' . tara4bpd.org . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New , Antonia ; Triebwasser Joseph ; Charney Dennis ( October 2008 ) . `` The case for shifting borderline personality disorder to Axis I '' ( PDF ) . Biol. Psychiatry . 64 ( 8 ) : 653 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2008.04. 020 . PMID 18550033 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 663 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ British Psychological Society Response , June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Director 's Biography '' . National Institute of Mental Health . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Insel , Thomas . `` Transforming Diagnosis '' . National Institute of Mental Health . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIMH Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) ( Draft 3.1 ) '' . National Institute of Mental Health . June 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harbinger , New ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Goodbye to the DSM - V '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '' . Verge . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '' . Mind Hacks . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced '' . NewScientist . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Did the NIMH Withdraw Support for the DSM - 5 ? No '' . PsychCentral . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` Mental Health Researchers Reject Psychiatry 's New Diagnostic ' Bible ' '' . Time . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` THE RATS OF N.I.M.H '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Belluck , Pam ; Carey , Benedict ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Psychiatry 's Guide Is Out of Touch With Science , Experts Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` DSM - 5 and RDoC : Shared Interests '' . National Institute of Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aragona M. ( 2014 ) Epistemological reflections about the crisis of the DSM - 5 and the revolutionary potential of the RDoC project Dialogues in Philosophy , Mental and Neuro Sciences 7 : 11 - 20 External links ( edit ) `` DSM - V The Future Manual '' . American Psychiatric Association . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . `` DSM - 5 Update : Supplement to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition '' ( PDF ) . PsychiatryOnline . American Psychiatric Association Publishing . September 2016 . DSM personality disorders DSM - III - R only Sadistic Self - defeating ( masochistic ) DSM - IV only Personality disorder not otherwise specified Appendix B ( proposed ) Depressive Negativistic ( passive -- aggressive ) DSM - 5 ( Categorical model ) Cluster A ( odd ) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B ( dramatic ) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C ( anxious ) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive - compulsive DSM - 5 Alternative hybrid categorical and dimensional model in Section III included to stimulate further research Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV 5 BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DSM-5&oldid=815035340 '' Categories : 2013 non-fiction books Abnormal psychology Clinical psychology Diagnosis classification Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Medical manuals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the new dsm 5 come out	[ "\nDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition\n(DSM-5)\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nAmerican Psychiatric Association\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nSeries\nDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\n\n\nSubject\nClassification and diagnosis of mental disorders\n\n\nPublished\nMay 18, 2013\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover, softcover); e-book\n\n\nPages\n947\n\n\nISBN\n978-0-89042-554-1\n\n\nOCLC\n830807378\n\n\n\nDewey Decimal\n\n616.89'075\n\n\nLC Class\nRC455.2.C4\n\n\nPreceded by\nDSM-IV-TR\n\n" ]	[ "May 18, 2013" ]
-8676240890531555336	Green Revolution in India	Green Revolution in India - wikipedia Green Revolution in India Jump to : navigation , search Green Revolution This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 - c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE - c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 - c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 - c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE - c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 - c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 - c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 - c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 - c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 - c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 - c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 - c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 - c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 - c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 - c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 - c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 - c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 - c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 - c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 - c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 - c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 - c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE - present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History The Green Revolution in India was a period when agriculture in India increased due to improved method & technology . Green Revolution allowed developing countries , like India , to overcome poor agricultural productivity . It started in India in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase . The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , which were developed by many scientists , including Indian geneticist M.S. Swaminathan , American agronomist Dr. Norman Borlaug , and others . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research also claims credit for Udit singhal for developing rust resistant strains of wheat . The introduction of high - yielding varieties ( HYV ) of seeds and the increased the quality of fertilizers and irrigation technique led to the increase in production to make the country self - sufficient in food grains , thus improving agriculture in India . The methods adopted included the use of high - yielding varieties ( HYVs ) of seeds with modern farming methods . The production of wheat has produced the best results in fueling self - sufficiency of India . Along with high - yielding seeds and irrigation facilities , the enthusiasm of farmers mobilised the idea of agricultural revolution . Due to the rise in use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers there was a negative effects on the soil and the land such as land degradation . irrigation infrastructure Use of insecticides like herbicide Use of pesticides Consolidation of holdings Land reforms Improved rural infrastructure Supply of agricultural credit Use of chemical or synthetic fertilizers Use of sprinklers or drip irrigational systems Use of advanced machinery Use of vector quantity Contents ( hide ) 1 Problems that were addressed 1.1 Frequent famines 1.2 Lack of finance 1.3 Lack of self - sufficiency 2 Criticisms 2.1 Indian Economic Sovereignty 2.2 Adverse effects 3 References Problems that were addressed ( edit ) Frequent Famines ( edit ) Famines in India were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s . Due to faulty distribution of food , and because farmers did not receive the true value for their labour , the majority of the population did not get enough food . Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem . Lack of finance ( edit ) Marginal farmers found it very difficult to get finance and credit at economical rate from the government and banks , hence , fell as easy prey to the money lenders . They took loans from zamindars , who charged high rates of interests and also exploited the farmers later on to work in their fields to repay the loans ( farm labourers ) . proper financing was not given during the green revolution period , which created a lot of problems and sufferings to the farmers of india . Lack of self - sufficiency ( edit ) Due to traditional agricultural practices , low productivity , and a growing population , often food grains were imported -- draining scarce foreign reserves . It was thought that with the increased production due to the Green Revolution , the government could maintain buffer stock and India can achieve self - sufficiency and self - reliability . Agriculture was basically for subsistence and , therefore , less agricultural product was offered for sale in the market . Hence , the need was felt to encourage the farmers to increase their production and offer a greater portion of their products for sale in the market . The new methods in agriculture increased the yield of rice and wheat , which reduced India 's dependence on food imports . 49 % of people in India are employed in agriculture . The introduction of high - yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution , which provided the increase in production needed to make India self - sufficient in food grains . The program was started with the help of the United States - based Rockefeller Foundation and was based on high - yielding varieties of wheat , rice , and other grains that had been developed in Mexico and in the Philippines . Of the high - yielding seeds , wheat produced the best results . Production of coarse grains -- the staple diet of the poor -- and pulses -- the main source of protein -- lagged behind , resulting in reduced per capita availability . The total area under the high - yielding - varieties program was a negligible 1.9 million hectares in FY 1960 . Since then growth has been spectacular , increasing to nearly 15.4 million hectares by FY 1970 , 43.1 million hectares by FY 1980 , and 63.9 million hectares by FY 1990 . The rate of growth decreased significantly in the late 1980s , however , as additional suitable land was not available ( see table 32 , Appendix ) . The major benefits of the Green Revolution were experienced mainly in northern and northwestern India between 1965 and the early 1980s ; the program resulted in a substantial increase in the production of food grains , mainly wheat and rice . Food - grain yields continued to increase throughout the 1980s , but the dramatic changes in the years between 1965 and 1980 were not duplicated . By FY 1980 , almost 75 percent of the total cropped area under wheat was sown with high - yielding varieties . For rice the comparable figure was 45 percent . In the 1980s , the area under high - yielding varieties continued to increase , but the rate of growth overall was slower . The eighth plan aimed at making high - yielding varieties available to the whole country and developing more productive strains of other crops . The Green Revolution created wide regional and interstate disparities . The plan was implemented only in areas with assured supplies of water and the means to control it , large inputs of fertilizers , and adequate farm credit . These inputs were easily available in at least parts of the states of Punjab , Haryana , and western Uttar Pradesh ; thus , yields increased most in these states . In other states , such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , in areas where these inputs were not assured , the results were limited or negligible , leading to considerable variation in crop yields within these states . The Green Revolution also increased income disparities : higher income growth and reduced incidence of poverty were found in the states where yields increased the most and lower income growth and little change in the incidence of poverty in other states . Criticisms ( edit ) Indian economic sovereignty ( edit ) A main criticism of the effects of the green revolution is the cost for many small farmers using HYV seeds , with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides . A case study is found in India , where farmers are buying Monsanto BT cotton seeds -- sold on the idea that these seeds produced ' natural insecticides ' . In reality , they need to still pay for expensive pesticides and irrigation systems , which might lead to increased borrowing to finance the change from traditional seed varieties . Many farmers have difficulty in paying for the expensive technologies , especially if they have a bad harvest . Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva notes that this is the `` second Green Revolution '' . The first Green Revolution , she suggests , was mostly publicly - funded ( by the Indian Government ) . This new Green Revolution , she says , is driven by private ( and foreign ) interest - notably MNCs like Monsanto . Ultimately , this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India 's farmland . Adverse effects ( edit ) The excessive use of chemical fertilizers decreased soil fertility and also the use of electric tube wells decreased groundwater table below the previous level . in India green revolution was taken place in 1976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About IARI '' . IARI . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rust - resistant Wheat Varieties . Work at Pusa Institute '' . The Indian Express . 7 February 1950 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Revolution in India '' . U.S. Library of Congress ( released in public domain ) . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rowlatt , Justin ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` IR8 : The miracle rice which saved millions of lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen. 1981 . Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Shiva , Vandana . Seeds of Suicide . Navdanya . Jump up ^ Shiva , V. `` Seeds of Suicide '' . 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-2105931898650508649	Adenosine triphosphate	Adenosine triphosphate - wikipedia Adenosine triphosphate Jump to : navigation , search Adenosine - 5 ' - triphosphate Identifiers CAS Number 56 - 65 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 15422 ChEMBL ChEMBL14249 ChemSpider 5742 DrugBank DB00171 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 258 IUPHAR / BPS 1713 KEGG C00002 PubChem CID 5957 UNII 8L70Q75FXE InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C10H16N5O13P3 / c11 - 8 - 5 - 9 ( 13 - 2 - 12 - 8 ) 15 ( 3 - 14 - 5 ) 10 - 7 ( 17 ) 6 ( 16 ) 4 ( 26 - 10 ) 1 - 25 - 30 ( 21 , 22 ) 28 - 31 ( 23 , 24 ) 27 - 29 ( 18 , 19 ) 20 / h2 - 4 , 6 - 7 , 10 , 16 - 17H , 1H2 , ( H , 21 , 22 ) ( H , 23 , 24 ) ( H2 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) ( H2 , 18 , 19 , 20 ) / t4 - , 6 - , 7 - , 10 - / m1 / s1 Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUSA - N Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUBG SMILES ( show ) O = P ( O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OC ( C@H ) 3O ( C @ @ H ) ( n2cnc1c ( ncnc12 ) N ) ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C @ @ H ) 3O c1nc ( c2c ( n1 ) n ( cn2 ) ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C@H ) ( O3 ) COP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) O ) O ) O ) N Properties Chemical formula C H N O P Molar mass 507.18 g / mol Density 1.04 g / cm ( disodium salt ) Melting point 187 ° C ( 369 ° F ; 460 K ) disodium salt ; decomposes Acidity ( pK ) 6.5 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes . Found in all forms of life , ATP is often referred to as the `` molecular unit of currency '' of intracellular energy transfer . When consumed in metabolic processes , it converts to either the di - or monophosphates , respectively ADP and AMP . Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day . It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA . From the perspective of biochemistry , ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate , which indicates that it consists of three components , a nitrogenous base ( adenine ) , the sugar ribose , and the triphosphate . It is used in cells as a coenzyme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Binding of metal cations to ATP 2 Chemical properties 3 Production from AMP and ADP 3.1 Production , aerobic conditions 3.1. 1 Glycolysis 3.1. 1.1 Regulation 3.1. 2 Citric acid cycle 3.1. 2.1 Regulation 3.1. 3 Beta oxidation 3.1. 3.1 Regulation 3.2 Production , anaerobic conditions 3.3 ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases 3.4 ATP production during photosynthesis 3.5 ATP recycling 4 Other biochemical functions 4.1 Intracellular signaling 4.2 DNA and RNA synthesis 4.3 Amino acid activation in protein synthesis 4.4 ATP binding cassette transporter 4.5 Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision 5 ATP analogues 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) In terms of its structure , ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9 - nitrogen atom to the 1 ′ carbon atom of a sugar ( ribose ) , which in turn is attached at the 5 ′ carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group . In its many reactions related to metabolism , the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged , but the triphosphate is converted to di - and monophosphate , giving respectively the derivatives ADP and AMP . The three phosphoryl groups are referred to as the alpha ( α ) , beta ( β ) , and , for the terminal phosphate , gamma ( γ ) . In neutral solution , ionized ATP exists mostly as ATP , with a small proportion of ATP . Binding of metal cations to ATP ( edit ) Being polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelatable polyphosphate group , ATP binds metal cations with high affinity . The binding constant for Mg is ( 9554 ) . The binding of a divalent cation , almost always magnesium , strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins . Due to the strength of the ATP - Mg interaction , ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with Mg bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers . A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain . The presence of Mg regulates kinase activity . Chemical properties ( edit ) Salts of ATP can be isolated as colorless solids . ATP is stable in aqueous solutions between pH 6.8 and 7.4 , but it is rapidly hydrolysed at more extreme pH 's . ATP hydrolyses to ADP and phosphate . Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium , with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP . In the context of biochemical reactions , these anhydride bonds are frequently referred to as high - energy bonds . The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate releases 30.5 kJ / mol of enthalpy , with a change in free energy of 3.4 kJ / mol . The energy released by cleaving either a phosphate ( P ) or pyrophosphate ( PP ) unit from ATP at standard state of 1 M are : ATP + H O → ADP + P ΔG ° = − 30.5 kJ / mol ( − 7.3 kcal / mol ) ATP + H O → AMP + PP ΔG ° = − 45.6 kJ / mol ( − 10.9 kcal / mol ) These abbreviated equations can be written more explicitly ( R = adenosyl ) : ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - P ( O ) - O - PO ) + ( PO ) + 2 H ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - PO ) + ( O P-O - PO ) + 2 H This image shows a 360 - degree rotation of a single , gas - phase magnesium - ATP chelate with a charge of − 2 . The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP / 6 - 311 + + G ( d , p ) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure . Production from AMP and ADP ( edit ) Production , aerobic conditions ( edit ) With a typical intracellular concentration of 1 -- 10 mM , ATP is abundant . The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism . ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes ; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are ( 1 ) glycolysis , ( 2 ) the citric acid cycle / oxidative phosphorylation , and ( 3 ) beta - oxidation . The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide , the combination of pathways 1 and 2 , is known as cellular respiration , produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose . ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria , which comprise nearly 25 % of the volume of a typical cell . Glycolysis ( edit ) Main article : Glycolysis In glycolysis , glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate . Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes , PGK and pyruvate kinase . Two equivalents of NADH are also produced , which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase . The pyruvate generated as an end - product of glycolysis is a substrate for the Krebs Cycle . Glycolysis is viewed as consisting of two phases with five steps each . Phase 1 , `` the preparatory phase '' , glucose is converted to 2 d - glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( g3p ) . One ATP is invested in the Step 1 , and another ATP is invested in Step 3 . Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as `` Priming Steps '' . In Phase 2 , two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates . In Step 7 , two ATP are produced . In addition , in Step 10 , two further equivalents of ATP are produced . In Steps 7 and 10 , ATP is generated from ADP . A net of two ATPs are formed in the glycolysis cycle . The glycolysis pathway is later associated with the Citric Acid Cycle which produces additional equivalents of ATP . Regulation ( edit ) In glycolysis , hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product , glucose - 6 - phosphate , and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself . The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase ( PFK ) , which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP . The inhibition of PFK by ATP is unusual , since ATP is also a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by PFK ; the active form of the enzyme is a tetramer that exists in two conformations , only one of which binds the second substrate fructose - 6 - phosphate ( F6P ) . The protein has two binding sites for ATP -- the active site is accessible in either protein conformation , but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6P poorly . A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP - induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK , including cyclic AMP , ammonium ions , inorganic phosphate , and fructose - 1 , 6 - and - 2 , 6 - biphosphate . Citric acid cycle ( edit ) Main articles : Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation In the mitochondrion , pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group , which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle ( also known as the Krebs cycle ) . Every `` turn '' of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide , one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) through substrate - level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl - CoA synthetase , as succinyl - CoA is converted to Succinate , three equivalents of NADH , and one equivalent of FADH . NADH and FADH are recycled ( to NAD and FAD , respectively ) , generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation . The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2 -- 3 equivalents of ATP , and the oxidation of one FADH yields between 1 -- 2 equivalents of ATP . The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process . Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen , it is an obligately aerobic process because O is used to recycle the NADH and FADH . In the absence of oxygen , the citric acid cycle ceases . The generation of ATP by the mitochondrion from cytosolic NADH relies on the malate - aspartate shuttle ( and to a lesser extent , the glycerol - phosphate shuttle ) because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD . Instead of transferring the generated NADH , a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate , which is translocated to the mitochondrial matrix . Another malate dehydrogenase - catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite direction , producing oxaloacetate and NADH from the newly transported malate and the mitochondrion 's interior store of NAD . A transaminase converts the oxaloacetate to aspartate for transport back across the membrane and into the intermembrane space . In oxidative phosphorylation , the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH through the electron transport chain pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space . This pumping generates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . Flow of protons down this potential gradient -- that is , from the intermembrane space to the matrix -- yields ATP by ATP synthase . Three ATP are produced per turn . Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol ; thus it must be exported from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix . ATP outward movement is favored by the membrane 's electrochemical potential because the cytosol has a relatively positive charge compared to the relatively negative matrix . For every ATP transported out , it costs 1 H. One ATP costs about 3 H. Therefore , making and exporting one ATP requires 4H The inner membrane contains an antiporter , the ADP / ATP translocase , which is an integral membrane protein used to exchange newly synthesized ATP in the matrix for ADP in the intermembrane space . This translocase is driven by the membrane potential , as it results in the movement of about 4 negative charges out of the mitochondrial membrane in exchange for 3 negative charges moved inside . However , it is also necessary to transport phosphate into the mitochondrion ; the phosphate carrier moves a proton in with each phosphate , partially dissipating the proton gradient . After completing glycolysis , the Citric Acid Cycle , electrons transport chain , and oxidative phosphorylation , approximately 30 - 38 ATP are produced per glucose . Regulation ( edit ) The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates , particularly the ratio of NAD to NADH and the concentrations of calcium , inorganic phosphate , ATP , ADP , and AMP . Citrate -- the ion that gives its name to the cycle -- is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK , providing a direct link between the regulation of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis . Beta oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Beta - oxidation In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes , fatty acids are degraded to acetyl - CoA . The pathway is called beta - oxidation . Each cycle of beta - oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of NADH and one FADH . The NADH and FADH are used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation . Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta - oxidation of a single long acyl chain . The acetyl - CoA produced by beta - oxidation can be subsequently metabolized by the citric acid cycle , yielding further equivalents of ATP . Regulation ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase , which is regulated by the availability of its substrate -- the reduced form of cytochrome c . The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates : ⁄ NADH + cyt c + ADP + P ⇌ ⁄ NAD + cyt c + ATP which directly implies this equation : ( c y t c r e d ) ( c y t c o x ) = ( ( N A D H ) ( N A D ) + ) 1 2 ( ( A D P ) ( P i ) ( A T P ) ) K e q ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( red ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( ox ) ) ) ) ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( NADH ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( NAD ) ) ^ ( + ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( ADP ) ) ( \ mathrm ( P_ ( i ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( ATP ) ) ) ) \ right ) K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) Thus , a high ratio of ( NADH ) to ( NAD ) or a high ratio of ( ADP ) ( P ) to ( ATP ) imply a high amount of reduced cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity . An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm . Production , anaerobic conditions ( edit ) Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air . It involves substrate - level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain . The equation for the oxidation of glucose to lactic acid is : C O → 2 CH CH ( OH ) COOH + 2 ATP Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of O . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors . These include nitrate , sulfate , and carbon dioxide . ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( edit ) ATP can also be synthesized through several so - called `` replenishment '' reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( NDKs ) , which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high - energy phosphate donor , and the ATP : guanido - phosphotransferase family . ATP production during photosynthesis ( edit ) In plants , ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast . The process is called photophosphorylation . The `` machinery '' is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton - motive force . ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in oxidative phosphorylation . Some of the ATP produced in the chloroplasts is consumed in the Calvin cycle , which produces triose sugars . ATP recycling ( edit ) The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.2 moles . The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes . Thus , at any given time , the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant . The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily , which is around 50 to 75 kg . A human will typically use up his or her body weight of ATP over the course of the day . Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 500 - 750 times during a single day ( 100 / 0.2 = 500 ) . An example of the Rossmann fold , a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis ( PDB : 1G5Q ) with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor . Other biochemical functions ( edit ) Intracellular signaling ( edit ) ATP is involved signal transduction by serving as substrate for kinases , enzymes that transfer phosphate groups . Kinases are the most common ATP - binding proteins . They share a small number of common folds . Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate a cascade such as the mitogen - activated protein kinase cascade . ATP is also a substrate of adenylate cyclase , most commonly in G protein - coupled receptor signal transduction pathways and is transformed to second messenger , cyclic AMP , which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores . This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function , although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes . DNA and RNA synthesis ( edit ) ATP is one of four `` monomers '' required in the synthesis of RNA . The process is promoted by RNA polymerases . A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA , except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP . Like many condensation reactions in nature , DNA replication and DNA transcription also consumes ATP . Amino acid activation in protein synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Amino acid activation Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids , forming aminoacyl - tRNA complexes . Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP - amino acid to tRNA . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps : aa + ATP ⟶ aa - AMP + PP aa - AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa - tRNA + AMP The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 ′ - end of the tRNA ( the A in the sequence CCA ) via an ester bond ( roll over in illustration ) . ATP binding cassette Transporter ( edit ) Transporting chemicals out of a cell against a gradient is often associated with ATP hydrolysis . Transport is mediated by ATP binding cassette transporters . The human genome encodes 48 ABC transporters , that are used for exporting drugs , lipids , and other compounds . Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision ( edit ) Cells secrete ATP to communicate with other cells in a process called purinergic signalling . ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system , modulates cilliary beating , affects vascular oxygen supply etc . ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins or is pumped into vesicles which then fuse with the membrane . Cells detect ATP using the purinergic receptor proteins P2X and P2Y . ATP analogues ( edit ) Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP - dependent molecular processes . ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP , often together with other substrates . Enzyme inhibitors of ATP - dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to examine the binding sites and transition states involved in ATP - dependent reactions . Most useful ATP analogs can not be hydrolyzed as ATP would be ; instead they trap the enzyme in a structure closely related to the ATP - bound state . Adenosine 5 ′ - ( γ - thiotriphosphate ) is an extremely common ATP analog in which one of the gamma - phosphate oxygens is replaced by a sulfur atom ; this anion is hydrolyzed at a dramatically slower rate than ATP itself and functions as an inhibitor of ATP - dependent processes . In crystallographic studies , hydrolysis transition states are modeled by the bound vanadate ion . Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of experiments using ATP analogs , since some enzymes can hydrolyze them at appreciable rates at high concentration . History ( edit ) ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and Jendrassik and , independently , by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School , both teams competing against each other to find an assay for phosphorus . It was proposed to be the intermediary between energy - yielding and energy - requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941 . It was first synthesized in the laboratory by Alexander Todd in 1948 . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was divided , one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and the other half to Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion - transporting enzyme , Na+ , K+ - ATPase . See also ( edit ) Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) Adenosine - tetraphosphatase Adenosine methylene triphosphate ATPases ATP test ATP hydrolysis Citric acid cycle ( also called the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle ) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) Nucleotide exchange factor Phosphagen Photophosphorylation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knowles , J. R. ( 1980 ) . `` Enzyme - catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 : 877 -- 919 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 49.070180. 004305 . PMID 6250450 . Jump up ^ Törnroth - Horsefield , S. ; Neutze , R. ( December 2008 ) . `` Opening and closing the metabolite gate '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 105 ( 50 ) : 19565 -- 19566 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0810654106 . PMC 2604989 . PMID 19073922 . ^ Jump up to : Storer , A. ; Cornish - Bowden , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Concentration of MgATP and other ions in solution . Calculation of the true concentrations of species present in mixtures of associating ions '' . Biochem. J. 159 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1590001 . PMC 1164030 . PMID 11772 . Jump up ^ Wilson , J. ; Chin , A. ( 1991 ) . `` Chelation of divalent cations by ATP , studied by titration calorimetry '' . Anal . Biochem. 193 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 2697 ( 91 ) 90036 - S. PMID 1645933 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel , L. ; Altschuld , R. ; Garfinkel , D. ( 1986 ) . `` Magnesium in cardiac energy metabolism '' . J. Mol . Cell . Cardiol. 18 ( 10 ) : 1003 -- 1013 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2828 ( 86 ) 80289 - 9 . PMID 3537318 . 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ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4684 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chance , B. ; Lees , H. ; Postgate , J. G. ( 1972 ) . `` The Meaning of `` Reversed Electron Flow '' and `` High Energy Electron '' in Biochemistry `` . Nature . 238 ( 5363 ) : 330 -- 331 . doi : 10.1038 / 238330a0 . PMID 4561837 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , E. ; Steckler , D. ; Goldberg , R. ( 1986 ) . `` Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis of adenosine 5 ′ - triphosphate to adenosine 5 ′ - diphosphate '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 261 ( 27 ) : 12733 -- 12737 . PMID 3528161 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8724 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beis , I. ; Newsholme , E. A. ( October 1 , 1975 ) . `` The contents of adenine nucleotides , phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates '' . Biochem. J. 152 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 32 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1520023 . PMC 1172435 . PMID 1212224 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P. R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochem. Soc . Trans . 31 ( 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish , H. ; Berk , A. ; Matsudaira , P. ; Kaiser , C. A. ; Krieger , M. ; Scott , M. P. ; Zipursky , S. L. ; Darnell , J. ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Voet , D. ; Voet , J. G. ( 2004 ) . Biochemistry . 1 ( 3rd ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19350 - 0 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , J. ; Leslie , A. ; Lutter , R. ; Walker , J. ( 1994 ) . `` Structure at 2.8 Å resolution of F1 - ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria '' . Nature . 370 ( 6491 ) : 621 -- 628 . doi : 10.1038 / 370621a0 . PMID 8065448 . ^ Jump up to : Dahout - Gonzalez , C. ; Nury , H. ; Trézéguet , V. ; Lauquin , G. ; Pebay - Peyroula , E. ; Brandolin , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular , functional , and pathological aspects of the mitochondrial ADP / ATP carrier '' . Physiology. 21 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 249 . doi : 10.1152 / physiol. 00005.2006 . PMID 16868313 . Jump up ^ Ronnett , G. ; Kim , E. ; Landree , L. ; Tu , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Fatty acid metabolism as a target for obesity treatment '' . Physiol . Behav. 85 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physbeh. 2005.04. 014 . PMID 15878185 . Jump up ^ Allen , J. ( 2002 ) . `` Photosynthesis of ATP - electrons , proton pumps , rotors , and poise '' . Cell. 110 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 276 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 02 ) 00870 - X . PMID 12176312 . Jump up ^ Scheeff , E. ; Bourne , P. ( 2005 ) . `` Structural evolution of the protein kinase - like superfamily '' . PLoS Comput. Biol. 1 ( 5 ) : e49 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pcbi. 0010049 . PMC 1261164 . PMID 16244704 . Jump up ^ Mishra , N. ; Tuteja , R. ; Tuteja , N. ( 2006 ) . `` Signaling through MAP kinase networks in plants '' . Arch . Biochem. Biophys. 452 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2006.05. 001 . PMID 16806044 . Jump up ^ Kamenetsky , M. ; Middelhaufe , S. ; Bank , E. ; Levin , L. ; Buck , J. ; Steegborn , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular details of cAMP generation in mammalian cells : a tale of two systems '' . J. Mol. Biol. 362 ( 4 ) : 623 -- 639 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2006.07. 045 . PMC 3662476 . PMID 16934836 . Jump up ^ Hanoune , J. ; Defer , N. ( 2001 ) . `` Regulation and role of adenylyl cyclase isoforms '' . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41 : 145 -- 174 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pharmtox. 41.1. 145 . PMID 11264454 . Jump up ^ Joyce , C. M. ; Steitz , T. A. ( 1995 ) . `` Polymerase structures and function : variations on a theme ? '' . J. Bacteriol. 177 ( 22 ) : 6321 -- 6329 . doi : 10.1128 / jb. 177.22. 6321 - 6329.1995 . PMC 177480 . PMID 7592405 . Jump up ^ Borst , P. ; Elferink , R. Oude ( 2002 ) . `` Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 71 : 537 -- 592 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 71.102301. 093055 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Romanov , Roman A. ; Lasher , Robert S. ; High , Brigit ; Savidge , Logan E. ; Lawson , Adam ; Rogachevskaja , Olga A. ; Zhao , Haitian ; Rogachevsky , Vadim V. ; Bystrova , Marina F. ; Churbanov , Gleb D. ; Adameyko , Igor ; Harkany , Tibor ; Yang , Ruibiao ; Kidd , Grahame J. ; Marambaud , Philippe ; Kinnamon , John C. ; Kolesnikov , Stanislav S. ; Finger , Thomas E. ( 2018 ) . `` Chemical synapses without synaptic vesicles : Purinergic neurotransmission through a CALHM1 channel - mitochondrial signaling complex '' . Science Signaling. 11 ( 529 ) : eaao1815 . doi : 10.1126 / scisignal. aao1815 . ISSN 1945 - 0877 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Gerhard ( 2015 ) . `` ATP release through pannexon channels '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 370 ( 1672 ) : 20140191 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2014.0191 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 4455760 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Max ; Sawada , Keisuke ; Morland , Cecilie ; Hiasa , Miki ; Ormel , Lasse ; Moriyama , Yoshinori ; Gundersen , Vidar ( 2012 ) . `` Functional and Anatomical Identification of a Vesicular Transporter Mediating Neuronal ATP Release '' . Cerebral Cortex. 22 ( 5 ) : 1203 -- 1214 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhr203 . ISSN 1460 - 2199 . Jump up ^ Resetar , A. M. ; Chalovich , J. M. ( 1995 ) . `` Adenosine 5 ′ - ( gamma - thiotriphosphate ) : an ATP analog that should be used with caution in muscle contraction studies '' . Biochemistry . 34 ( 49 ) : 16039 -- 16045 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00049a018 . PMID 8519760 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Lohmann '' . www.nndb.com . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lohmann , K. ( August 1929 ) . `` Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel '' ( On the pyrophosphate fraction in muscle ) . Naturwissenschaften ( in German ) . 17 ( 31 ) : 624 -- 625 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01506215 . Jump up ^ `` The Determination of Phosphorus and the Discovery of Phosphocreatine and ATP : the Work of Fiske and SubbaRow '' . Jump up ^ Maruyama , K. ( March 1991 ) . `` The discovery of adenosine triphosphate and the establishment of its structure '' . J. Hist. Biol. 24 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00130477 . Jump up ^ Lipmann , F. ( 1941 ) . `` Metabolic generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy '' . Adv . Enzymol. 1 : 99 -- 162 . ISSN 0196 - 7398 . Jump up ^ `` History : ATP first discovered in 1929 '' . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adenosine triphosphate . ATP bound to proteins in the PDB ScienceAid : Energy ATP and Exercise PubChem entry for Adenosine Triphosphate KEGG entry for Adenosine Triphosphate Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Inosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP c - di - AMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . 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2268448826167421892	Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover	Damn I Wish I was Your Lover - wikipedia Damn I Wish I was Your Lover Jump to : navigation , search `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' Single by Sophie B. Hawkins from the album Tongues and Tails B - side `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' Released March 31 , 1992 Format CD single , CD maxi 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi Recorded 1991 Genre Pop rock Length 5 : 23 ( Album Version ) 4 : 08 ( Radio Edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sophie B. Hawkins ( lyricist and composer ) Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff , Ralph Schuckett Sophie B. Hawkins singles chronology `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( 1992 ) `` California Here I Come '' ( 1992 ) `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( 1992 ) `` California Here I Come '' ( 1992 ) `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' is a song written , composed , recorded , and released by singer - songwriter Sophie B. Hawkins . Released in 1992 from her debut album Tongues and Tails , it achieved success in many countries worldwide ; in the United States alone , it reached No. 5 on Billboard Magazine 's Hot 100 charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Track listings 3 Personnel 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Cover versions 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links Song information ( edit ) The drumbeat of the song is sampled from `` When the Levee Breaks '' by Led Zeppelin , while the two - tone keyboard sound is sampled from `` Everybody Wants To Rule The World '' by Tears for Fears . The original music video for the song featured Sophie lying on her back in a flowing white outfit while singing the song , interspersed with scenes of dancers and Sophie wearing a very skimpy outfit , kneeling and moving erotically . While the video would probably be considered acceptable by modern standards , the television network MTV banned the original version for its excessive erotic content ; moreover , Sony Music Entertainment ( SME ) was still repeatedly banning it from YouTube `` on copyright grounds '' as of late June of 2017 . A new video was shot , after the MTV ban , that showed Sophie in a complete non-erotic flannel shirt and jeans outfit , performing the song on a stage . Both versions of the video were in black and white , with some color used for artistic highlighting in the original . A portion of this original video is featured in the documentary The Cream Will Rise . Both video versions used the shorter single version . Track listings ( edit ) CD maxi `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 08 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 `` Listen '' -- 3 : 32 CD single `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' -- 5 : 21 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 7 '' single `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 08 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 12 '' maxi `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( radio version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( long version ) -- 5 : 22 `` Listen '' -- 3 : 31 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 Personnel ( edit ) Mixed by David Leonard and Steve Churchyard Produced by Ralph Schuckett and Rick Chertoff Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 - 93 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 7 French SNEP Singles Chart 45 German Singles Chart 15 Irish Singles Chart 17 Norwegian Singles Chart Sweden Singles Chart 12 Swiss Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart 14 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 37 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 34 Cover versions ( edit ) Black Kids covered it on their `` I 'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You '' single . Elephant Micah covered it on their 2004 Home of Astronauts EP . Matt Palmer covered is on his 2010 album Let Go . Spin Aqua covered it as a B - side on their `` Mermaid '' single . Former Pussycat Doll J Sutta covered it on her first album Feline Resurrection . Halestorm covered it on their Reanimate 3.0 EP , released in 2017 . In popular culture ( edit ) The song appeared in the season 3 episode of Beverly Hills , 90210 titled `` Shooting Star / American In Paris . '' The song is prominently featured in the season 4 episode of Community titled `` Herstory of Dance . '' The song appeared in the season 4 episode of The Blacklist titled `` Requiem . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover by Sophie B. Hawkins ( Single , Pop Rock ) : Reviews , Ratings , Credits , Song list - Rate Your Music Jump up ^ Fitzharris , Dustin ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` An Interview With Sophie B. Hawkins '' . GO Magazine . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 ... she burst onto the scene with her debut album Tongues and Tails 15 years ago and released `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' with an erotically charged music video that was banned by MTV ... Jump up ^ Creme de la Creme by Todd Martinez - Padilla Simmons ( 1 ) ( Retrieved March 6 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved January 5 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Irish Singles Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' , UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sophie B. Hawkins ' singles , Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1992 Australian Singles Chart aria.com Archived September 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ CD Baby Online Music Store `` http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/mattpalmer2 '' External links ( edit ) Full lyrics at official website Clips from The Cream Will Rise , including a clip describing Hawkins ' feelings about the banned `` Damn '' video YouTube - Original video ( hide ) Sophie B. Hawkins Studio albums Tongues and Tails ( 1992 ) Whaler ( 1994 ) Timbre ( 1999 ) Wilderness ( 2004 ) Compilation albums The Best of Sophie B. Hawkins ( European edition ) ( 2002 ) The Best of Sophie B. Hawkins ( US edition ) ( 2003 ) Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover ( 2003 ) Live album Live : Bad Kitty Board Mix ( 2006 ) Singles `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' `` I Want You '' `` Right Beside You '' `` As I Lay Me Down '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damn_I_Wish_I_Was_Your_Lover&oldid=814072236 '' Categories : 1992 singles Sophie B. Hawkins songs Columbia Records singles Debut singles Pop ballads Rock ballads 1990s ballads 1992 songs Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Black - and - white music videos Songs written by Sophie B. Hawkins Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 13 . About Wikipedia	who sings the song damn i wish i was your lover	[]	[]
4141354039642085759	Rajasthan Royals	Rajasthan Royals - Wikipedia Rajasthan Royals Jump to : navigation , search Rajasthan Royals Personnel Captain Ajinkya Rahane Coach Paddy Upton Owner Manoj Badale Team information City Jaipur , Rajasthan , India Colours Founded 2008 ( 2008 ) Home ground Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur ( Capacity : 23,185 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad ( Capacity : 54,000 ) Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai ( Capacity : 25,000 ) History Indian Premier League wins 1 ( 2008 ) CLT20 wins 0 Official website : www.rajasthanroyals.com T20I kit Rajasthan Royals in 2018 The Rajasthan Royals ( often abbreviated as RR ) are a cricket team in the Indian Premier League from the city of Jaipur . Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises , the Royals are owned by Manoj Badale . The team played its home matches at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur and also had secondary home grounds at the Sardar Patel Stadium at Ahmedabad and the Brabourne Stadium at Mumbai . The Royals are sometimes considered the Moneyball team of the IPL . The Royals are known to unearth obscure , high potential talent . The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne , despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans . The Royals were also the runners - up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid 's captaincy . On 14 July 2015 the verdict reached by a panel appointed by India 's Supreme Court suspended Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years over a corruption and match fixing scandal , meaning they could not participate in both the 2016 and 2017 IPL tournaments . Shane Watson is the only player to lead most runs , most wickets , highest score , highest batting average , most sixes , for a team in T20 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Expulsion from the IPL & return 1.2 Ban in 2015 2 Team history 2.1 2008 IPL season 2.2 2009 IPL season 2.3 British Asian Cup 2.4 2010 IPL season 2.5 2011 IPL season 2.6 2012 IPL season 2.7 2013 IPL season 2.8 2013 spot - fixing case 2.9 2014 IPL season 2.10 2018 IPL Season 3 Team identity 3.1 Team anthem 3.2 Mascot 4 Players 5 Home ground 6 Current squad 7 Administration and support staff 8 Seasons 9 Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers 10 Statistics 11 Fixtures and results 11.1 2008 IPL season 11.2 2009 IPL season 11.3 2010 IPL season 11.4 2011 IPL season 11.5 2012 IPL season 11.6 2013 IPL season 11.7 2013 CLT20 season 11.8 2014 IPL season 11.9 2015 IPL season 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Franchise history The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The team is one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008 . The Jaipur franchise was sold to the Emerging Media for $67 million , making it the least expensive team in the league . The franchise is currently owned and chaired by Manoj Badale . Other investors include Lachlan Murdoch , Aditya S Chellaram , and Suresh Chellaram . The Group acquired the franchise for $67 million . Incidentally , this was the least expensive franchise in the Indian Premier League and probably the least fancied team in the league at the beginning of the tournament . It made a pre-tax profit of $7.5 million in 2009 . Expulsion from the IPL & return In 2010 , the BCCI decided to expel Kings XI Punjab and Rajasthan Royals from the IPL . The expulsion baffled captain Shane Warne who stated that he suspected that there might be some foul play and that the BCCI might possess some ulterior motives . The Rajasthan Royals however filed an appeal against the decision and the two parties went to the Mumbai High Court to decide The Mumbai high - court adjourned that case until 29 October 2010 . Both parties then agreed to adjourn the case again to 15 November because they did n't want it to coincide with Diwali celebrations from 1 to 14 November Later it was announced by the Royals that they told the Bombay High Court that they would be negotiating with an arbitrator to see if they could reconcile with the IPL The arbitrator announced that while the investigation was ongoing the Royals would remain a part of the IPL for six - weeks and the BCCI would not be allowed to change rules which might go against the Royals . The six - week period included the player auction in which Rajasthan Royals participated . After this the Bombay High Court rejected the appeals of the BCCI against keeping the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL for six - weeks while the case was sorted out . It was estimated because of the losses in court cases and damaging reputation the BCCI decided not to pursue any further legal action against Royals ' or Kings XI Punjab and announced they decided to keep them in the IPL . Ban in 2015 In 2015 the team was banned for two years following the Lodha Panel inquiry . Rajasthan Royals became the source of controversy when inappropriate and fictitious bids were made , violating BCCI norms . Ranjit Barthakur and Fraser Castellino were the only two shareholders of the Jaipur IPL , completely unknown to the BCCI at the time . An out of court settlement between the two later ensued . In 2015 Rajasthan Royals were banned for two years by the BCCI , with its owner Raj Kundra banned for life . Team history ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2008 IPL season Prior to the start of the inaugural IPL season , many considered the Royals as possibly the weakest team in the IPL , giving them little chance of competing well in the tournament . Evidence of the latter opinion seemed to be confirmed when the team lost its first match against the Delhi Daredevils in a 9 wicket loss . The fears were confirmed that the team was likely to struggle , but no one had ever thought that this was the beginning of a new dawn for the team . But the team believed in writing their own script and there was something about their style of cricket , perhaps the simple attitude with which they approached the game . This simplicity was bought about largely by Warne 's captaincy , as he never had the fear to lose and was always calm in dealing with his players and pressure situations . In their first home game ever at Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , they played against the Kings XI Punjab and won by 6 wickets as Shane Watson was declared the man of the match for his unbeaten 76 off 49 balls in what was a successful run chase . That was followed by a crucial 3 wicket win against one of the favorites to win the competition , Deccan Chargers in Hyderabad . The victory proved to be a huge morale booster for the side since this was their first away win and second successful run chase on the trot , as Yusuf Pathan made a name for himself with his first man of the match award for his bowling figures of 2 / 20 in 4 overs and a 28 - ball 61 . Watson almost replicated Yusuf 's all - round performance in the following match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore as another run chase was completed . In the 7 wicket victory , ' Watto ' picked 2 / 20 in 4 overs and smashed 61 not out off 41 balls . Their next game was another crucial one , against the Kolkata Knight Riders at home and Rajasthan won convincingly by 45 runs as the diminutive opener from Goa , Swapnil Asnodkar received his first man of the match award for a fine knock of 60 off just 34 balls . They further managed to defeat the Chennai Super Kings in Jaipur , as Pakistan 's Sohail Tanvir continued to show his red hot bowling form in the game , picking 6 wickets for 14 runs in 4 overs , winning the man of the match award for the same . But a minor hiccup followed , as they were thrashed by 7 wickets by the unpredictable Mumbai Indians in Navi Mumbai . However the Royals won their next game by defeating the Kings XI Punjab and continued to win the next five games in a row . The Royals built up an impressive 11 -- 3 record after their fourteen preliminary round matches ; this included a consecutive 5 - game and 6 - game winning streak with an undefeated record on their home ground and a spot at the top of the points table . They were also the first team to book a place in the semifinals with their 65 run win over the Royal Challengers Bangalore . Deccan Chargers were denied their first victory against the Rajasthan Royals , once again due to the burly Yusuf Pathan , who won his second man of the match award for his 37 - ball 68 as Rajasthan prevailed by 8 wickets at home . There were two more home games on the trot , as the Delhi Daredevils were beaten this time by 3 wickets with Watto again performing his all - round magic to bewilder the opposition , as he ended with 2 / 21 in 4 overs and hit a 40 - ball 74 to guide the chase adequately enough in the end . Whereas , the Royal Challengers Bangalore were thrashed by 65 runs , as South Africa 's captain Graeme Smith won the man of the match award for his unbeaten 49 - ball 75 . Their next challenge was to conquer the nerves which can be developed when playing at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata . But the home team was given a proper thumping by Yusuf Pathan who hammered an unbeaten 48 off just 18 balls , and backed it with bowling figures of 1 / 14 in 2 overs as Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets . They were however , given a tough fight by the Chennai Super Kings at the MA Chidambaram Stadium in their 10 - run victory . Followed by which , their last home game of the season was against the Mumbai Indians and Warne 's boys ensured that they remained at the top of the points table in the conclusion of the round robin stage , with a 5 - wicket win as Tanvir once again was devastating , picking 4 / 14 in his 4 overs . They did lose to the Kings XI Punjab in the final round robin game , but easily made it to the semifinals and Sohail Tanvir won the first ever Purple Cap in IPL history , for taking the most number of wickets in the tournament . Shane Warne 's captaincy and simultaneous coaching was praised and well received by everyone , including opposition teams . In addition , several players of the Royals team had consistently played well . Their semifinal was against the Delhi Daredevils in Mumbai , which was expected to be a tough contest for them . Yet , Delhi were walloped by 105 runs as Watto made this a one - sided contest following his 29 - ball 52 and 3 / 10 in 3 overs , hence continuing his purple patch in the competition and assuring a place for Rajasthan in the final against MS Dhoni 's Chennai Super Kings in the same city . The final was a cliffhanger , which was ideal to end the first ever IPL tournament . Chennai could play their best possible to attempt stopping an in - form Rajasthan Royals . Although their team total after 20 overs was around 150 , they took the match till the final ball until appropriately . With the scores level with one ball remaining , it was their bowling hero Sohail Tanvir who hit the winning runs to ensure that Rajasthan were crowned the champions of the first season of the IPL , making history in the process . Yusuf Pathan was declared the man of the match in the final as well , for his figures of 3 / 22 in 4 overs and 56 runs and thus became a household name ever since , beating the popularity of his younger brother Irfan Pathan and going on to represent India in the shorter formats of the game . The all - rounder Shane Watson won the man of the tournament award for scoring as many as 472 runs and picking 17 wickets . This was able to make him cement his spot in all formats of the game in the Australian team , and has now become one of the most valuable T20 players in world cricket . It was an incredible victory for an underdog team which had inexperienced , young Indian cricketers mostly who could mainly speak in their mother tongues , which Warne could not understand . Rajasthan Royals qualified for the Champions League T20 that year , but the event was cancelled on the account of the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008 . The Rajasthan Royals became the winner of the first IPL tournament , when they defeated the Chennai Super Kings by 3 wickets in the final played on 1 June 2008 . With the scores level with one ball remaining , Sohail Tanvir scored the winning run and therefore prevented the match from being decided on a bowl out . Each player and representative on the team was awarded a medal and the team was presented with the DLF Indian Premier League trophy along with a cheque for US $1.2 million prize money . Many of the Royals ' players also took home individual awards for their performance during the tournament ; Yusuf Pathan claimed the Man of the Match award for the final match , Sohail Tanvir finished the tournament in possession of the Purple Cap ( the IPL 's leading wicket taker ) and Australian all - rounder Shane Watson was declared the Man of the Series . 2009 IPL season The Royals came into the tournament in South Africa as the defending champions , but not one of the favourites since Sohail Tanvir was ineligible to play for the team due to the ban imposed by the BCCI on Pakistani players playing in the competition . As well as the fact that Shane Watson , theiaround was unavailable for the whole season as Australia featured in an ODI series against Pakistan in the UAE . Without these two , the team looked slightly weaker than the previous season and players such as the countryman Graeme Smith , fiery pacer Shaun Tait and the aging Shane Warne had to be relied on . Rajasthan began their 2009 campaign against the Royal Challengers Bangalore solemnly . They were bowled out for the Second lowest score ( First lowest score is of RCB against KKR in 2017 they made a score of 49 and were all out ) in the history of the IPL , a paltry 58 as they were thrashed by 75 runs in Newlands , Cape Town by the Kevin Pietersen - led side . They made a short trip to Durban to play the Mumbai Indians but that match was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan go at the bottom of the points table at that stage . But on their return to Cape Town , they faced the Kolkata Knight Riders in a match which went to the Super Over , and Rajasthan were only able to win due to Yusuf Pathan 's onslaught off the bowling of Ajantha Mendis , knocking off the required 17 runs in just 4 balls . At the same ground although , they were defeated by the Kings XI Punjab by 27 runs . Yusuf again played a blinder of an innings , an unbeaten 30 - ball 62 to help Rajasthan Royals beat Delhi Daredevils yet again , by 5 wickets . But the team that they met in the final last season , Chennai Super Kings was too good for them in their first clash of the season in Pretoria where Chennai won by 38 runs . However , Yusuf was at his all - round best as the Royals beat the Deccan Chargers by 3 wickets as he bowled well in his 4 overs , with figures of 1 / 19 and contributing 24 runs off 17 balls . They also were able to hammer Kings XI Punjab by 78 runs in their return match in Durban as Graeme Smith made the decibel levels on the ground increase with his 44 - ball 77 . Whereas , they took their revenge against the Royal Challengers Bangalore , prevailing by 7 wickets as the team rode on the unknown Indian pacer , Amit Singh 's spell of 4 / 19 in 4 overs . Then disaster struck . They lost yet another contest to the Chennai Super Kings , by 7 wickets and Deccan Chargers posted their first win against the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL , by a massive margin of 53 runs . The Royals managed to shut out the Mumbai Indians by a mere 2 runs due to Warne 's brilliance but were knocked out of the tournament with back - to - back defeats to the Delhi Daredevils by 14 runs and the bottom - ranked Kolkata Knight Riders by 3 wickets . Seven players were dropped from the team and they were sent back to home . These players were -- Mohammed Kaif , Dinesh Salunkhe , Paras Dogra , Anup Revandkar , Srideep Mangela , Ashraf Makda and Azhar Malik . Rajasthan Royals ended 6th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 matches out of the 14 they played . The Royals failed to make it to the semifinals after losing their last two matches against Delhi Daredevils and Kolkata Knight Riders . It was a disappointing finish for Warne 's boys , who had won many hearts with their 2008 performance . British Asian Cup On 14 May 2009 it was announced that Rajasthan Royals would meet Middlesex Crusaders in a one - off Twenty20 for the British Asian Cup . It was the first time that an annual charity series to be played between the Twenty20 champions of the two countries . The match took place on 6 July 2009 . The Squads were announced on 3 July 2009 with Rajasthan Royals included Mohammad Kaif and also saw a comeback of Sohail Tanvir . The match was won by Rajasthan Royals by 46 runs after scoring 162 / 5 in 20 overs and successfully defending it by 46 runs ( Middlesex 116 / 7 ) . The MoM was Dimitri Mascarenhas . 2010 IPL season The Royals were back in India after their average outing in South Africa . This time they seemed to be a better outfit as they were to play in conditions which should have suited them the most . But they had to suffer an unfortunate start to the competition , with a narrow 4 run defeat to the Mumbai Indians at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai . The highlight of this match though , was Yusuf Pathan hitting the fastest ever hundred in IPL history , off only 37 balls ! Even some of the Mumbai fans were disappointed not to see Rajasthan win , by the end of it all . They went on to lose to the Delhi Daredevils by 6 wickets on one of their new ' home ' grounds , Ahmedabad . And were again bruised badly by the Royal Challengers Bangalore , who won by 10 wickets . The team remained inconsistent throughout the whole season , winning their next four matches consecutively . One of the young Turks of the erstwhile ICL , Abhishek Jhunjhunwala impressed against the franchise representing his home state , Kolkata Knight Riders as his 36 - ball 45 helped the Royals win by 34 runs . Followed by which the Western Australian batsman Adam Voges hit 45 runs off 24 balls to help Rajasthan beat Punjab in Mohali by 31 runs . The team seemed to have adapted to the Ahmedabad conditions better with wins against Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets as Yusuf Pathan continued his good form against the team , while they beat Chennai Super Kings by 17 runs courtesy wicket - keeper batsman Naman Ojha 's 49 - ball 80 . But they lost against Chennai in their return clash as Murali Vijay 's hundred took the game away from them as well as were crushed in Delhi by 67 runs . But they managed to escape a Deccan Chargers attack , with a narrow 2 run victory in Nagpur and continued their unbeaten run in Jaipur though , as the out of sorts Kings XI Punjab were duly beaten by 9 wickets with English opener Michael Lumb winning the man of the match award for his 43 - ball 83 . Once again , Rajasthan Royals ended the tournament miserably with losses to Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore at home , and the Kolkata Knight Riders in the last round robin game in Kolkata . Consequently , they failed to make it to the playoffs for the second consecutive season as they finished 7th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 games out of 14 played . 2011 IPL season The Rajasthan Royals , and the Kings XI Punjab were temporarily ejected from the league due to issues with their unreported ownership changes . The teams were reinstated with involvement from the High Court . Their owners were broken into several legal entities when the BCCI required the incorporation of the companies . Kochi was also at risk of ejection for the same reasons before BCCI cleared their new ownership pattern for the tournament . The team management decided to retain the Australian duo of Shane Warne and Shane Watson for the following three seasons of the IPL , although Warne 's future continued to be uncertain . Yet , he decided to make this his final season for the Rajasthan Royals on the insistence of the team owners who felt that he was the ultimate source of inspiration for the team on and off the field . In the auction , the team 's funds were reduced since they were penalised by the BCCI in 2010 and as a result , had to pay a certain amount of bank guarantee as fixed by the High Court . But they possessed an adequate amount of money to buy some of the world 's finest T20 players , which they did not exactly . They managed to buy back Australian fast bowler Shaun Tait for $ USD 300,000 as well as South African bowling all - rounder Johan Botha for $ USD 950,000 . The other star players which they picked were New Zealand batsman Ross Taylor for $ USD 1 million as well as ' The Wall ' Rahul Dravid for half that price . England 's World T20 2010 winning skipper Paul Collingwood was also purchased for a mere $ USD 250,000 . The other players were mostly from the domestic circuits , but were confident individuals following Rajasthan winning the Ranji Trophy that year . Rajasthan Royals began the IPL 2011 in grand fashion , beating the Kumar Sangakkara - led Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets , with the young Indian pacer Siddharth Trivedi adjudged the man of the match for his spell of 3 / 15 and the Royals continued their fine record against the Chargers . While Shane Warne defied age with a fine piece of bowling to assist Rajasthan in defeating a weakened Delhi Daredevils side by 6 wickets , with figures of 2 / 17 . However , their confidence was dented with two back - to - back defeats to the new look Kolkata Knight Riders in a span of three days . In the clash at Jaipur , they lost by 9 wickets courtesy a 100 - run partnership between Gautam Gambhir and Jacques Kallis , Whereas in Kolkata , Lakshmipathy Balaji picked 3 / 15 in 4 overs on a minefield pitch in Eden Gardens to help his team pull of an 8 wicket victory . The match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan 's task of making it into the last four much tougher . Shaun Marsh was in great nick and his 42 - ball 71 resulted in the Royals losing to Kings XI Punjab in Mohali by 48 runs . However , they pulled together a string of a hat - trick of home wins , as Rajasthan chased successfully in all the three matches . The first was against the Kochi Tuskers Kerala , winning by 8 wickets . Followed by Mumbai Indians , the No. 1 team then on the points table as they chased down a total of 100 with 7 wickets to spare . And then the Pune Warriors India were undone by Ross Taylors ' 35 - ball 47 not out , as Rajasthan won by 6 wickets . But again it was inconsistency which let the Royals down badly . They were given a proper thumping by the eventual champions Chennai Super Kings in both the matches they played against each other , within a span of five days . The in - form Royal Challengers Bangalore thrashed them by 9 wickets courtesy Chris Gayle while they were bowled out for 97 in their 8 - wicket defeat to the Kochi Tuskers Kerala . Although this time they ended their round robin matches well with a win against the Mumbai Indians in Mumbai and in the process giving Shane Warne a fitting farewell , Rajasthan were dismissed from the competition since they ended at the 6th position out of the 10 teams in the tournament , having again won 6 out of their 14 matches played , with one being a no result . 2012 IPL season Rajasthan Royals finished in seventh place among the point table in season 5 of IPL winning only seven matches out of sixteen . 2013 IPL season Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoff stage by finishing third in the group stage , thus grabbing a spot in Champions League 2013 . They won against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the eliminator but lost to Mumbai Indians in the second qualifier , which led to their exit from the tournament . Shane Watson was declared the Man of the tournament . 2013 spot - fixing case Main article : 2013 Indian Premier League spot - fixing and betting case On 16 May 2013 , three Rajasthan Royals players Sreesanth , Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandila were arrested from Mumbai by Delhi Police along with eleven bookies on charges of spot - fixing in the tournament . The fixing happened in the matches against Pune Warriors on 5 May , Kings XI Punjab on 9 May and Mumbai Indians on 15 May . Later BCCI suspended the three players . 2014 IPL season Rajasthan Royals retained five players -- Sanju Samson , Ajinkya Rahane , Shane Watson , James Faulkner and Stuart Binny -- for the seventh season of the IPL . Rajasthan Royals scored 65 runs off the last 17 balls at a strike rate of 382.35 to win the match against RCB . Shane Watson lead the side and Rahul Dravid played the role of a mentor . 2018 IPL season Rajasthan Royals are making a comeback to IPL after two year suspension . Prior to the 2018 IPL auction , the Royals retained Steve Smith for 12Crs announcing him as captain for 2018 season . Following the ball tampering controversy in March 2018 , Smith stepped down as Royals captain with Ajinkya Rahane appointed . Smith was subsequently banned from playing in the 2018 IPL season . Following Steve Smith 's ban Heinrich Klaasen was announced as replacement . Team identity Team anthem The team anthem is ' Halla Bol ' . In the first IPL season the song was sung by Ila Arun . While in second season , it was sung by huudiya. Currently , this team 's anthem is ' Phir Halla Bol ' , released in 2018 . Mascot The team 's mascot is a lion named Moochu Singh . Players Main article : List of Rajasthan Royals cricketers Traditionally , the Rajasthan Royals usually purchase cricketers who are not very famous , unknown or uncapped i.e. not played for their nation , at cut - throat prices . The Royals are famous for their frugal spending in the IPL auctions , even during the mega-auctions held once in 3 years . They have even bought players who had previously never played first - class cricket such as Dinesh Salunkhe and Pravin Tambe . The team has also purchased leading cricketers at various times in their history like Shane Warne , Graeme Smith , Rahul Dravid , Shanthakumaran Sreesanth , Munaf Patel , Mohammad Kaif , Shaun Tait , Ross Taylor , Justin Langer , Damien Martyn and Brad Hogg to name a few . Many of the cricketers who have played for the Royals , having been bought by them as relatively unknown players , have ended up as leading international cricketers partly due to their strong performances in the IPL and backing from the Royals management . In the initial seasons , such players included Taruwar Kohli , who was acquired by the franchise in 2008 under the Under - 19 player quota and Yusuf Pathan , the elder brother of the Indian all - rounder Irfan Pathan and a relative unknown in cricketing circles unlike his more - celebrated younger brother . Yusuf 's brilliant performances in the initial seasons of the IPL earned him a place in the Indian cricket team , and was a member of the Indian squad which won the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Even Australian Shane Watson , who has played for the Royals ever since its inception , became a permanent , consistent and leading member of the Australian cricket team soon after his brilliant first season with the Royals in 2008 . In the later seasons , these players have included Indian cricketers such as Ajinkya Rahane , wicketkeeper - batsman Sanju Samson , leg - spinner Tambe , whose performances for the Royals earned him a Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at the age of 42 , Stuart Binny and Dhawal Kulkarni , as well as international cricketers like James Faulkner , Steve Smith and Tim Southee . Even off - spinner Ajit Chandila , who played only 2 first - class matches and was also convicted in the spot - fixing scandal , was one of the top bowlers for the Royals during the 2012 and 2013 seasons . Home ground Main article : Sawai Mansingh Stadium The home venue of the Royals is the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur . The stadium was built during the reign of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II , who was also known as SMS , hence the name stadium . It is situated at one corner of the Rambagh Circle . The stadium seats 30,000 and is one of the best in India , after the 2006 renovation . But in 2014 , Sardar Patel Stadium in Ahmedabad hosted the Rajasthan Royals home matches . Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , is set to host Royals home games in 2018 IPL season after Rajasthan Royals were suspended for 2 years in 2015 and after Stadium is banned to host matches for 4 years . Current squad Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen N / A Steve Smith ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Overseas 27 Ajinkya Rahane ( 1988 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $613,000 ) Captain 52 Rahul Tripathi ( 1991 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 3.4 crore ( US $521,000 ) N / A Prashant Chopra ( 1992 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Aryaman Birla ( 1997 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1997 ( age 20 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $46,000 ) All - rounders 55 Ben Stokes ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.9 million ) Overseas N / A Stuart Binny ( 1984 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1984 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) 21 D'Arcy Short ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1990 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $613,000 ) Overseas N / A Jofra Archer ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 7.2 crore ( US $1.1 million ) Overseas N / A Ankit Sharma ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) 17 Shreyas Gopal ( 1993 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Mahipal Lomror ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1999 ( age 18 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Jatin Saxena ( 1982 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) Wicket - keepers 8 Sanju Samson ( 1994 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 63 Jos Buttler ( 1990 - 09 - 08 ) 8 September 1990 ( age 27 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 4.4 crore ( US $674,000 ) Overseas N / A Heinrich Klaasen ( 1991 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas Replacement for Steve Smith Bowlers 77 Jaydev Unadkat ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium 2018 ₹ 11.5 crore ( US $1.8 million ) 91 Dhawal Kulkarni ( 1988 - 12 - 10 ) 10 December 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 75 lakh ( US $115,000 ) 56 Ben Laughlin ( 1982 - 10 - 03 ) 3 October 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas N / A Dushmantha Chameera ( 1992 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas 7 Krishnappa Gowtham ( 1988 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 6.2 crore ( US $950,000 ) N / A Anureet Singh ( 1988 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $46,000 ) N / A Zahir Khan Pakteen ( 1998 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm chinaman 2018 ₹ 60 lakh ( US $92,000 ) Overseas N / A Sudhesan Midhun ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Ish Sodhi ( 1992 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas Replacement for Zahir Khan Pakteen Administration and support staff Owner - Manoj Badale Head of cricket - Zubin Bharucha Team Mentor - Shane Warne Head Coach - Paddy Upton Batting coach - Amol Muzumdar Bowling coach - Sairaj Bahutule Fielding coach - Dishant Yagnik Physiotherapist - John Gloster Seasons Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Champions Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 League stage DNQ League stage DNQ 2011 League stage DNQ 2012 League stage DNQ 2013 Playoffs Runners - up 2014 League stage DNQ 2015 Playoffs Tournament defunct 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 TBD Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Front ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) Chest Branding 2008 Reebok Bajaj Allianz Royal Challenge Reebok 2009 UltraTech Cement HDFC Life 7up Puma MOOV 2011 Floriana SuperTech 2012 UltraTech Cement 2013 Rupa 2014 2015 Provogue Lawman Pg3 ( 9 ) 2018 TYKA Sports JK Lakshmi Pro+ Cement Mitsubishi Heavy Industries KEI Wires and Cables Statistics See also : List of Rajasthan Royals records Summary of results Years Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate 2008 14 11 0 78.57 % 2009 14 6 7 46.15 % 14 6 8 0 42.86 % 2011 14 6 7 46.15 % 2012 16 7 9 0 43.75 % 2013 16 10 6 0 62.50 % 2014 14 7 7 0 50.00 % 2015 14 6 6 50.00 % 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 0 0 0 0 0 Total 116 59 53 50.86 % Fixtures and results 2008 IPL season Captain : Shane Warne No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002008 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Delhi Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2008 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Watson 76 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2008 Hyderabad Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 2 / 20 ( 2 overs ) and 61 ( 28 ) Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) and 61 * ( 41 ) Scorecard 5 000000002008 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 45 runs Swapnil Asnodkar 60 ( 34 ) Scorecard 6 000000002008 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Sohail Tanvir 6 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 7 000000002008 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Navi Mumbai Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 8 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2008 Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 68 ( 37 ) Scorecard 9 000000002008 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Jaipur Won by 3 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) and 74 ( 40 ) Scorecard 10 000000002008 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 65 runs Graeme Smith 75 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 11 000000002008 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Won by 6 wickets Yusuf Pathan 1 / 14 ( 2 overs ) and 48 * ( 18 ) Scorecard 12 000000002008 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 10 runs Albie Morkel 71 ( 40 ) and 2 / 35 ( 4 overs Scorecard 13 000000002008 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 5 Wickets Sohail Tanvir 4 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 14 000000002008 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 41 Runs Scorecard Semi-Final 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Mumbai Won by 105 runs Shane Watson 52 ( 29 ) and 3 / 10 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard Final 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2008 Chennai Super Kings Navi Mumbai Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 56 ( 39 ) and 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard The Royals won the inaugural DLF IPL T - 20 Tournament on 1 June 2008 . MoS -- Shane Watson 472 runs and 17 wickets , Purple Cap Holder Sohail Tanvir 2009 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002009 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Cape Town Lost by 75 runs Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Cape Town Won ( In The Superover ) Yusuf Pathan 42 ( 21 ) , 18 * ( 4 ) and 0 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2009 Kings XI Punjab Cape Town Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 5 000000002009 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2009 Delhi Daredevils Pretoria Won by 5 wickets Yusuf Pathan 62 * ( 30 ) Scorecard 6 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2009 Chennai Super Kings Pretoria Lost by 38 runs Scorecard 7 000000002009 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Port Elizabeth Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 24 ( 17 ) and 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002009 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Durban Won by 78 Runs Graeme Smith 77 ( 44 ) Scorecard 9 000000002009 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pretoria Won by 7 wickets Amit Singh 4 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 10 000000002009 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2009 Chennai Super Kings Kimberley Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002009 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Kimberley Lost by 53 runs Scorecard 12 000000002009 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Won by 2 Runs Shane Warne 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 13 000000002009 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2009 Delhi Daredevils Bloemfontein Lost by 14 runs Scorecard 14 000000002009 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Durban Lost by 4 wickets Scorecard 2010 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002010 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2010 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 4 runs Yusuf Pathan 100 ( 37 ) Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 34 runs Abhishek Jhunjhunwala 45 ( 36 ) Scorecard 5 000000002010 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 2010 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 31 runs Adam Voges 45 ( 24 ) Scorecard 6 000000002010 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2010 Deccan Chargers Ahmedabad Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 73 ( 34 ) Scorecard 7 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2010 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 17 runs Naman Ojha 80 ( 49 ) Scorecard 8 000000002010 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 67 runs Scorecard 9 000000002010 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2010 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 23 runs Scorecard 10 000000002010 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2010 Deccan Chargers Nagpur Won by 2 runs Shane Warne 4 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 11 000000002010 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2010 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Michael Lumb 83 ( 43 ) Scorecard 12 000000002010 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2010 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 37 runs Scorecard 13 000000002010 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 14 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 2011 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002011 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2011 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Won by 8 wickets Siddharth Trivedi 3 / 15 Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2011 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Warne 2 / 17 Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 5 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Match abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain Scorecard 6 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2011 Kings XI Punjab Chandigarh Lost by 48 runs Scorecard 7 000000002011 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Shane Warne 3 / 16 Scorecard 8 000000002011 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2011 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Johan Botha 45 ( 39 ) & 3 / 6 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard 9 000000002011 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Ross Taylor 47 * ( 35 ) Scorecard 10 000000002011 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002011 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 63 runs Scorecard 12 000000002011 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 13 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Indore Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 14 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2011 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 wickets Shane Watson 89 * ( 47 ) & 3 / 19 Scorecard 2012 IPL season Captain : Rahul Dravid No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002012 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2012 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 31 runs Ajinkya Rahane ( 98 ) Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 22 runs Brad Hodge 44 ( 29 ) Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 5 000000002012 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 59 runs Ajinkya Rahane 103 * Scorecard 6 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2012 Deccan Chargers Jaipur Won by 5 wickets Brad Hodge Scorecard 7 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 8 000000002012 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 46 runs Scorecard 9 000000002012 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2012 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 1 run Scorecard 10 000000002012 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2012 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 43 runs Shane Watson Score Card 12 000000002012 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Pune Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 90 * ( 51 ) Scorecard 13 000000002012 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2012 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 14 000000002012 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 45 runs Ajit Chandila 4 / 13 Scorecard 15 000000002012 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2012 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 16 000000002012 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2012 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 2013 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002013 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2013 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 5 runs Rahul Dravid 65 ( 51 ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 19 runs Siddharth Trivedi 4 / 23 Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2013 Pune Warriors India Pune Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2013 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets James Faulkner 2 / 30 Scorecard 5 000000002013 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur won by 87 runs Ajinkya Rahane 68 ( 54 ) Scorecard 6 000000002013 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 7 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2013 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 8 000000002013 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Jaipur Won by 8 wickets James Faulkner 5 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 9 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Sanju Samson 63 ( 31 ) Scorecard 10 000000002013 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 11 000000002013 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2013 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 67 ( 48 ) Scorecard 12 000000002013 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2013 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won By 9 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 63 * ( 45 ) Scorecard 13 000000002013 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2013 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won By 8 Wickets Kevon Cooper 3 -- 23 Scorecard 14 000000002013 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Shane Watson 70 ( 34 ) Scorecard 15 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2013 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 14 Runs Scorecard 16 000000002013 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 23 Runs Scorecard 17 000000002013 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad ( Eliminator ) New Delhi Won by 4 wickets Brad Hodge 54 * ( 29 ) Scorecard 18 000000002013 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2013 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 2 ) Kolkata Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 2013 CLT20 season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002013 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Vikramjeet Malik 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 2013 Highveld Lions Jaipur Won by 30 runs Pravin Tambe 4 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2013 Perth Scorchers Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Kevon Cooper 4 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2013 Otago Volts Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Rahul Shukla 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Semi-Final 000000002013 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 14 runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Final 000000002013 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 October 2013 Mumbai Indians Feroz Shah Kotla Lost by 33 runs Scorecard 2014 IPL season Captain : Shane Watson No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link Phase 1 Matches in United Arab Emirates 000000002014 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Abu Dhabi Won by 4 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 59 ( 53 ) Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2014 Kings XI Punjab Sharjah Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2014 Chennai Super Kings Dubai Lost by 7 Runs Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Abu Dhabi Won by 6 Wickets Pravin Tambe 4 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 5 000000002014 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Abu Dhabi Match Tied ; Super Over Tied ; Won by Boundary Count James Faulkner 2 * ( 1 ) & 3 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard Phase 2 Matches in India 6 000000002014 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 7 Wickets Karun Nair 73 * ( 50 ) Scorecard 7 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 10 Runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 26 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002014 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Ahmedabad Lost by 33 Runs Scorecard 9 000000002014 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 5 Wickets James Faulkner 41 ( 17 ) & 1 / 42 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 10 000000002014 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2014 Chennai Super Kings Ranchi Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 11 000000002014 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Won by 62 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 64 ( 50 ) Scorecard 12 000000002014 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Lost by 26 Runs Scorecard 13 000000002014 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2014 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 17 Runs Scorecard 14 000000002014 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 2015 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002015 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Pune Won by 26 Runs James Faulkner 46 ( 33 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2015 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 3 Wickets Deepak Hooda 54 ( 25 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2015 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Won by 7 Wickets Steven Smith 79 * ( 53 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Won by 6 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 62 ( 56 ) Scorecard 5 000000002015 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2015 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 8 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 76 * ( 55 ) Scorecard 6 000000002015 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Ahmedabad Match Tied , Lost Super Over Scorecard 7 000000002015 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Ahmedabad Lost by 9 Wickets Scorecard 8 000000002015 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata `` No Toss '' Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 9 000000002015 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru No Result Scorecard 10 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 9 Runs Scorecard 11 000000002015 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2015 Delhi Daredevils Mumbai Won by 14 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 91 * ( 54 ) Scorecard 12 000000002015 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai Lost by 8 Runs Scorecard 13 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2015 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 13 Runs Scorecard 14 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Won by 9 Runs Shane Watson 104 * ( 59 ) & 2 / 38 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Eliminator ) Pune Lost by 72 Runs Scorecard See also List of Rajasthan Royals records References ^ Jump up to : `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan Royals ' team ethos and values have remained intact since first season '' . cricketcountry.com. 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . ibnlive.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : ABOUT THE BRAND Archived 27 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Most runs for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Most wickets for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Highest individual scores for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Batting averages . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Most sixes for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . 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Jump up ^ IPL news : Rajasthan Royals hearing adjourned again Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rajasthan Royals to negotiate with BCCI over expulsion Jump up ^ Rajasthan Royals to be treated as IPL team for six weeks including player auction Jump up ^ The IPL Mess : Bombay High Court upholds Rajasthan 's return Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL 2011 news : Brian Lara , Rahul Dravid in highest price band for IPL auction Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` IPL scandal : Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals suspended '' . BBC News . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Long Knives '' . Openthemagazine.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' BCCI Aware Of Rajasthan Royals ' Workings ' '' . ReachNRI . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cricket : business trumps sports ' '' . The Voice of Goa . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rajasthan Royals hit with Rs 1 crore fine as BCCI ends row over ownership ' '' . Daily Mail . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raj Kundra Jump up ^ `` ' CSK , RR suspended from IPL for 2 years ; Meiyappan , Kundra banned for life ' '' . Times of India . 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPL preview '' . Setana Sports . 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Match 3 '' . Cricinfo. 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajasthan Royals '' . cricketdawn.com. 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne wants to keep winning '' . Cricinfo. 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The magic of Shane '' . Cricinfo. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Not over till the fat laddie leads '' . Cricinfo . 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Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai in final after tense finish '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hodge launches Royals into qualifier '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Three IPL players arrested for fraud , cheating -- Delhi Police '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI suspends trio , Srinivasan says IPL not ' untenable ' '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Royals retain Samson , Binny , Rahane , Watson , Faulkner '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Watson to lead Rajasthan Royals in IPL 7 '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid to stay at Rajasthan Royals as mentor '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith named Rajasthan Royals captain '' . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ajinkya Rahane replaces Steve Smith as Rajasthan Royals captain Times of India 26 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Warner and Smith axed from IPL 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith and David Warner banned from IPL 2018 by BCCI over ball - tampering scandal - Firstcricket News , Firstpost '' . FirstCricket . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , James ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) . `` IPL 2018 : Steve Smith and David Warner OUT of competition for ball - tampering in HUGE blow '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ila Arun to say ' Halla Bol ' for IPL team of Rajasthan '' . desirulez.net. 25 Mar 2008 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajastha Royals '' . sportwalkindia.com/. 25 Mar 2009 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2009 . Jump up ^ Pravin Tambe set to make Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at 42 Jump up ^ `` Tambe proves the value of Royals ' unique culture '' . firstspot.com. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ). cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 : Heinrich Klaasen to replace Steve Smith in Rajasthan Royals team '' . The Financial Express . 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . 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7103309690327201740	Mount St. Helens	Mount St. Helens - wikipedia Mount St. Helens Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano in Washington State . For the mountain in California , see Mount Saint Helena . Mount St. Helens Louwala - Clough 3,000 ft ( 1 km ) high steam plume on May 19 , 1982 , two years after its major eruption Highest point Elevation 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) Prominence 4,605 ft ( 1,404 m ) Listing Washington most prominent peaks 11th Washington isolated peaks 11th Washington highest peaks 52nd Coordinates 46 ° 11 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 40 '' W / 46.1912000 ° N 122.1944000 ° W / 46.1912000 ; - 122.1944000 Coordinates : 46 ° 11 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 40 '' W / 46.1912000 ° N 122.1944000 ° W / 46.1912000 ; - 122.1944000 Geography Mount St. Helens Skamania County , Washington , United States Parent range Cascade Range Topo map USGS Mount St. Helens Geology Age of rock < 40,000 yrs Mountain type Active stratovolcano ( Subduction zone ) Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc Last eruption July 10 , 2008 Climbing First ascent 1853 by Thomas J. Dryer Easiest route Hike via south slope of volcano ( closest area near eruption site ) Mount St. Helens or Louwala - Clough ( known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people , and Loowit to the Klickitat ) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County , Washington , in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It is 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of Portland , Oregon and 96 miles ( 154 km ) south of Seattle , Washington . Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens , a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century . The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc , a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes . This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows . Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its major 1980 eruption , the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States . Fifty - seven people were killed ; 250 homes , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways , and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed . A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain 's summit from 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) to 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) , leaving a 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide horseshoe - shaped crater . The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km ) in volume . The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied . As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range , Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash , pumice , and other deposits . The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted . The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit , and off its northern flank sat the smaller Goat Rocks dome . Both were destroyed in the 1980 eruption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic setting and description 1.1 General 1.2 Crater Glacier and other new rock glaciers 2 Geologic history 2.1 Ancestral stages of eruptive activity 2.2 Smith Creek and Pine Creek eruptive periods 2.3 Castle Creek and Sugar Bowl eruptive periods 2.4 Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods 2.5 Modern eruptive period 2.5. 1 1980 to 2001 activity 2.5. 2 2004 to 2008 activity 3 Human history 3.1 Importance to Native Americans 3.2 Exploration by Europeans 3.3 European settlement and use of the area 3.4 Human impact from the 1980 eruption 3.5 Protection and later history 4 Climbing and recreation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geographic setting and Description General A view of St. Helens and the nearby area from space Mount St. Helens the day before the 1980 eruption , which removed much of the northern face of the mountain , leaving a large crater 3 - D perspective view of Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is 34 miles ( 55 km ) west of Mount Adams , in the western part of the Cascade Range . These `` sister and brother '' volcanic mountains are approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Mount Rainier , the highest of Cascade volcanoes . Mount Hood , the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon , is 60 miles ( 100 km ) southeast of Mount St. Helens . Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes . It formed only within the past 40,000 years , and the pre-1980 summit cone began rising about 2,200 years ago . The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch ( the last 10,000 or so years ) . Prior to the 1980 eruption , Mount St. Helens was the fifth - highest peak in Washington . It stood out prominently from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and extensive snow and ice cover of the pre-1980 summit cone , earning it the nickname `` Fuji - san of America '' . The peak rose more than 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) above its base , where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges . The mountain is 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) across at its base , which is at an elevation of 4,400 feet ( 1,300 m ) on the northeastern side and 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) elsewhere . At the pre-eruption tree line , the width of the cone was 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) . View of Mt . St. Helens from a commercial airliner , July 2007 Streams that originate on the volcano enter three main river systems : the Toutle River on the north and northwest , the Kalama River on the west , and the Lewis River on the south and east . The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow . The average annual rainfall is 140 inches ( 3,600 mm ) , and the snow pack on the mountain 's upper slopes can reach 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) . The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for hydroelectric power generation . The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment , the Swift Reservoir , which is directly south of the volcano 's peak . April 30 , 2015 Mount St Helens Although Mount St. Helens is in Skamania County , Washington , access routes to the mountain run through Cowlitz County to the west . State Route 504 , locally known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway , connects with Interstate 5 at Exit 49 , 34 miles ( 55 km ) to the west of the mountain . That north -- south highway skirts the low - lying cities of Castle Rock , Longview and Kelso along the Cowlitz River , and passes through the Vancouver , Washington -- Portland , Oregon metropolitan area less than 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . The community nearest the volcano is Cougar , Washington , in the Lewis River valley 11 miles ( 18 km ) south - southwest of the peak . Gifford Pinchot National Forest surrounds Mount St. Helens . Crater glacier and other new rock glaciers Play media Summit rim of Mount St. Helens Main article : Crater Glacier During the winter of 1980 -- 1981 , a new glacier appeared . Now officially named Crater Glacier , it was formerly known as the Tulutson Glacier . Shadowed by the crater walls and fed by heavy snowfall and repeated snow avalanches , it grew rapidly ( 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) per year in thickness ) . By 2004 , it covered about 0.36 square miles ( 0.93 km ) , and was divided by the dome into a western and eastern lobe . Typically , by late summer , the glacier looks dark from rockfall from the crater walls and ash from eruptions . As of 2006 , the ice had an average thickness of 300 feet ( 100 m ) and a maximum of 650 feet ( 200 m ) , nearly as deep as the much older and larger Carbon Glacier of Mount Rainier . The ice is all post -- 1980 , making the glacier very young geologically . However , the volume of the new glacier is about the same as all the pre -- 1980 glaciers combined . With the recent volcanic activity starting in 2004 , the glacier lobes were pushed aside and upward by the growth of new volcanic domes . The surface of the glacier , once mostly without crevasses , turned into a chaotic jumble of icefalls heavily criss - crossed with crevasses and seracs caused by movement of the crater floor . The new domes have almost separated the Crater Glacier into an eastern and western lobe . Despite the volcanic activity , the termini of the glacier have still advanced , with a slight advance on the western lobe and a more considerable advance on the more shaded eastern lobe . Due to the advance , two lobes of the glacier joined together in late May 2008 and thus the glacier completely surrounds the lava domes . In addition , since 2004 , new glaciers have formed on the crater wall above Crater Glacier feeding rock and ice onto its surface below ; there are two rock glaciers to the north of the eastern lobe of Crater Glacier . Crater Glacier is the only known advancing glacier in the contiguous United States . Geologic history Ancestral stages of eruptive activity Plate tectonics of the Cascade Range The early eruptive stages of Mount St. Helens are known as the `` Ape Canyon Stage '' ( around 40,000 -- 35,000 years ago ) , the `` Cougar Stage '' ( ca . 20,000 -- 18,000 years ago ) , and the `` Swift Creek Stage '' ( roughly 13,000 -- 8,000 years ago ) . The modern period , since about 2500 BCE , is called the `` Spirit Lake Stage '' . Collectively , the pre -- Spirit Lake stages are known as the `` ancestral stages '' . The ancestral and modern stages differ primarily in the composition of the erupted lavas ; ancestral lavas consisted of a characteristic mixture of dacite and andesite , while modern lava is very diverse ( ranging from olivine basalt to andesite and dacite ) . St. Helens started its growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago , during the Ape Canyon stage , with dacite and andesite eruptions of hot pumice and ash . Thirty - six thousand years ago a large mudflow cascaded down the volcano ; mudflows were significant forces in all of St. Helens ' eruptive cycles . The Ape Canyon eruptive period ended around 35,000 years ago and was followed by 17,000 years of relative quiet . Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last glacial period of the current ice age . The second eruptive period , the Cougar Stage , started 20,000 years ago and lasted for 2,000 years . Pyroclastic flows of hot pumice and ash along with dome growth occurred during this period . Another 5,000 years of dormancy followed , only to be upset by the beginning of the Swift Creek eruptive period , typified by pyroclastic flows , dome growth and blanketing of the countryside with tephra . Swift Creek ended 8,000 years ago . Smith Creek and Pine Creek eruptive periods A dormancy of about 4,000 years was broken around 2500 BCE with the start of the Smith Creek eruptive period , when eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish - brown pumice covered thousands of square miles . An eruption in 1900 BCE was the largest known eruption from St. Helens during the Holocene epoch , judged by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that period . This eruptive period lasted until about 1600 BCE and left 18 inches ( 46 cm ) deep deposits of material 50 miles ( 80 km ) distant in what is now Mt . Rainier National Park . Trace deposits have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta , and as far southeast as eastern Oregon . All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles ( 10 km ) of material ejected in this cycle . Some 400 years of dormancy followed . St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BCE -- the Pine Creek eruptive period . This lasted until about 800 BCE and was characterized by smaller - volume eruptions . Numerous dense , nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St. Helens ' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys . A large mudflow partly filled 40 miles ( 64 km ) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BCE and 500 BCE . Castle Creek and Sugar Bowl eruptive periods The next eruptive period , the Castle Creek period , began about 400 BCE , and is characterized by a change in composition of St. Helens ' lava , with the addition of olivine and basalt . The pre-1980 summit cone started to form during the Castle Creek period . Significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks ( tephra ) distinguished this period . Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain , including one around the year 100 BCE that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys . Others , such as Cave Basalt ( known for its system of lava tubes ) , flowed up to 9 miles ( 14 km ) from their vents . During the first century , mudflows moved 30 miles ( 50 km ) down the Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the Columbia River . Another 400 years of dormancy ensued . The Sugar Bowl eruptive period was short and markedly different from other periods in Mount St. Helens history . It produced the only unequivocal laterally directed blast known from Mount St. Helens before the 1980 eruptions . During Sugar Bowl time , the volcano first erupted quietly to produce a dome , then erupted violently at least twice producing a small volume of tephra , directed - blast deposits , pyroclastic flows , and lahars . Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods The symmetrical appearance of St. Helens prior to the 1980 eruption earned it the nickname `` Mount Fuji of America '' . The once familiar shape was formed out of the Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods . Roughly 700 years of dormancy were broken in about 1480 , when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt , beginning the Kalama period . The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18 , 1980 , eruption . In 1482 , another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred . Ash and pumice piled 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) northeast of the volcano to a thickness of 3 feet ( 0.9 m ) ; 50 miles ( 80 km ) away , the ash was 2 inches ( 5 cm ) deep . Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Helens ' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system . This 150 - year period next saw the eruption of less silica - rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light - and dark - colored layers . Blocky andesite lava then flowed from St. Helens ' summit crater down the volcano 's southeast flank . Later , pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley . It ended with the emplacement of a dacite dome several hundred feet ( ~ 200 m ) high at the volcano 's summit , which filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit . Large parts of the dome 's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano 's cone with talus . Lateral explosions excavated a notch in the southeast crater wall . St. Helens reached its greatest height and achieved its highly symmetrical form by the time the Kalama eruptive cycle ended , about 1647 . The volcano remained quiet for the next 150 years . The 57 - year eruptive period that started in 1800 was named after the Goat Rocks dome , and is the first time that both oral and written records exist . Like the Kalama period , the Goat Rocks period started with an explosion of dacite tephra , followed by an andesite lava flow , and culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome . The 1800 eruption probably rivalled the 1980 eruption in size , although it did not result in massive destruction of the cone . The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern Washington , northern Idaho , and western Montana . There were at least a dozen reported small eruptions of ash from 1831 to 1857 , including a fairly large one in 1842 . The vent was apparently at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank . Goat Rocks dome was the site of the bulge in the 1980 eruption , and it was obliterated in the major eruption event on May 18 , 1980 that destroyed the entire north face and top 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) of the mountain . Modern eruptive period 1980 to 2001 activity Main article : 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens This composite photograph of the May 18 eruption was taken from 35 miles ( 60 km ) west in Toledo , Washington . The ash - cloud stem is 10 miles ( 16 km ) wide , and the mushroom top is 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide and 15 miles ( 24 km ) high . The footprint of the cloud stem is roughly the same as the devastated area north of the mountain where the forest was knocked down and which three decades later is still relatively barren . On March 20 , 1980 , Mount St. Helens experienced a magnitude 4.2 earthquake ; and , on March 27 , steam venting started . By the end of April , the north side of the mountain had started to bulge . On May 18 , a second earthquake , of magnitude 5.1 , triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain . It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history . The magma in St. Helens burst forth into a large - scale pyroclastic flow that flattened vegetation and buildings over 230 square miles ( 600 km ) . More than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide was released into the atmosphere . On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale , the eruption was rated a five , and categorized as a Plinian eruption . Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18 , 1980 , at 08 : 32 Pacific Daylight Time The collapse of the northern flank of St. Helens mixed with ice , snow , and water to create lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) . The lahars flowed many miles down the Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers , destroying bridges and lumber camps . A total of 3,900,000 cubic yards ( 3,000,000 m ) of material was transported 17 miles ( 27 km ) south into the Columbia River by the mudflows . For more than nine hours , a vigorous plume of ash erupted , eventually reaching 12 to 16 miles ( 20 to 27 km ) above sea level . The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour ( 100 km / h ) with ash reaching Idaho by noon . Ashes from the eruption were found collecting on top of cars and roofs next morning , as far as the city of Edmonton in Alberta , Canada . Lava dome growth profile from 1980 -- 1986 By about 5 : 30 p.m. on May 18 , the vertical ash column declined in stature , and less severe outbursts continued through the night and for the next several days . The St. Helens May 18 eruption released 24 megatons of thermal energy ; it ejected more than 0.67 cubic miles ( 2.79 km ) of material . The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. Helens ' height by about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) and left a crater 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) to 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide and 0.5 miles ( 800 m ) deep , with its north end open in a huge breach . The eruption killed 57 people , nearly 7,000 big game animals ( deer , elk , and bear ) , and an estimated 12 million fish from a hatchery . It destroyed or extensively damaged over 200 homes , 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway and 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways . Between 1980 and 1986 , activity continued at Mount St. Helens , with a new lava dome forming in the crater . Numerous small explosions and dome - building eruptions occurred . From December 7 , 1989 , to January 6 , 1990 , and from November 5 , 1990 , to February 14 , 1991 , the mountain erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash . 2004 to 2008 activity Main article : 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens Magma reached the surface of the volcano about October 11 , 2004 , resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome 's south side . This new dome continued to grow throughout 2005 and into 2006 . Several transient features were observed , such as a lava spine nicknamed the `` whaleback , '' which comprised long shafts of solidified magma being extruded by the pressure of magma beneath . These features were fragile and broke down soon after they were formed . On July 2 , 2005 , the tip of the whaleback broke off , causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air . Appearance of the `` Whaleback '' in February 2005 Mount St. Helens showed significant activity on March 8 , 2005 , when a 36,000 - foot ( 11,000 m ) plume of steam and ash emerged -- visible from Seattle . This relatively minor eruption was a release of pressure consistent with ongoing dome building . The release was accompanied by a magnitude 2.5 earthquake . Another feature to emerge from the dome was called the `` fin '' or `` slab . '' Approximately half the size of a football field , the large , cooled volcanic rock was being forced upward as quickly as 6 ft ( 2 m ) per day . In mid-June 2006 , the slab was crumbling in frequent rockfalls , although it was still being extruded . The height of the dome was 7,550 feet ( 2,300 m ) , still below the height reached in July 2005 when the whaleback collapsed . Thin section of dacite from a dome created in 2004 On October 22 , 2006 , at 3 : 13 p.m. PST , a magnitude 3.5 earthquake broke loose Spine 7 . The collapse and avalanche of the lava dome sent an ash plume 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) over the western rim of the crater ; the ash plume then rapidly dissipated . On December 19 , 2006 , a large white plume of condensing steam was observed , leading some media people to assume there had been a small eruption . However , the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the USGS did not mention any significant ash plume . The volcano was in continuous eruption from October 2004 , but this eruption consisted in large part of a gradual extrusion of lava forming a dome in the crater . On January 16 , 2008 , steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome . Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004 . Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks , but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low . By the end of January , the eruption paused ; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome . On July 10 , 2008 , it was determined that the eruption had ended , after more than six months of no volcanic activity . 360 ° panorama from the summit of Mount St. Helens as seen in October 2009 . In the foreground is the ice - covered crater rim . Visible in the lower center is the lava dome . Steam rises from several dome vents . Above the dome , in the upper center , lies Mount Rainier and Spirit Lake . Mount Adams appears to the right of Rainier on the horizon as well as Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson on the far right . Also on the far right are glimpses of the Swift Reservoir , Yale Lake , Lake Merwin and the Lewis River . Climbers stand on the crater rim and are visible along the Monitor Ridge climbing route . Human history Importance to Native americans Indigenous American legends were inspired by the volcano 's beauty . American Indian lore contains numerous legends to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes . The most famous of these is the Bridge of the Gods legend told by the Klickitat people . In their tale , the chief of all the gods and his two sons , Pahto ( also called Klickitat ) and Wy'east , traveled down the Columbia River from the Far North in search for a suitable area to settle . They came upon an area that is now called The Dalles and thought they had never seen a land so beautiful . The sons quarreled over the land , so to solve the dispute their father shot two arrows from his mighty bow -- one to the north and the other to the south . Pahto followed the arrow to the north and settled there while Wy'east did the same for the arrow to the south . The chief of the gods then built the Bridge of the Gods , so his family could meet periodically . When the two sons of the chief of the gods fell in love with a beautiful maiden named Loowit , she could not choose between them . The two young chiefs fought over her , burying villages and forests in the process . The area was devastated and the earth shook so violently that the huge bridge fell into the river , creating the cascades of the Columbia River Gorge . For punishment , the chief of the gods struck down each of the lovers and transformed them into great mountains where they fell . Wy'east , with his head lifted in pride , became the volcano known today as Mount Hood . Pahto , with his head bent toward his fallen love , was turned into Mount Adams . The fair Loowit became Mount St. Helens , known to the Klickitats as Louwala - Clough , which means `` smoking or fire mountain '' in their language ( the Sahaptin called the mountain Loowit ) . The mountain is also of sacred importance to the Cowlitz and Yakama tribes that also historically lived in the area . They find the area above its tree line to be of exceptional spiritual significance , and the mountain ( which they call `` Lawetlat'la '' , roughly translated as `` the smoker '' ) features prominently in their creation myth , and in some of their songs and rituals . In recognition of this cultural significance , over 12,000 acres ( 4,900 ha ) of the mountain ( roughly bounded by the Loowit Trail ) have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Other area tribal names for the mountain include `` nšh _́ ák _́ '' ( `` water coming out '' ) from the Upper Chehalis , and `` aka akn '' ( `` snow mountain '' ) , a Kiksht term . Exploration by Europeans Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery made the Europeans ' first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens on May 19 , 1792 , while surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast . Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert , 1st Baron St Helens on October 20 , 1792 , as it came into view when the Discovery passed into the mouth of the Columbia River . Years later , explorers , traders , and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area . Geologists and historians determined much later that the eruption took place in 1800 , marking the beginning of the 57 - year - long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period ( see geology section ) . Alarmed by the `` dry snow , '' the Nespelem tribe of northeastern Washington danced and prayed rather than collecting food and suffered during that winter from starvation . In late 1805 and early 1806 , members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted Mount St. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report either an ongoing eruption or recent evidence of one . They did however report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland , suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades . In 1829 Hall J. Kelley led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the President 's Range and also to rename each major Cascade mountain after a former President of the United States . In his scheme Mount St. Helens was to be renamed Mount Washington . European settlement and Use of the area 19th - century photo of a fur trapper working in the Mount St. Helens area The first authenticated eyewitness report of a volcanic eruption was made in March 1835 by Meredith Gairdner , while working for the Hudson 's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver . He sent an account to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal , which published his letter in January 1836 . James Dwight Dana of Yale University , while sailing with the United States Exploring Expedition , saw the quiescent peak from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841 . Another member of the expedition later described `` cellular basaltic lavas '' at the mountain 's base . Painting by Paul Kane Mount St. Helens erupting at night after his 1847 visit to the area In late fall or early winter of 1842 , nearby settlers and missionaries witnessed the so - called `` Great Eruption '' . This small - volume outburst created large ash clouds , and mild explosions followed for 15 years . The eruptions of this period were likely phreatic ( steam explosions ) . Josiah Parrish in Champoeg , Oregon witnessed Mount St. Helens in eruption on November 22 , 1842 . Ash from this eruption may have reached The Dalles , Oregon , 48 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of the volcano . In October 1843 , future California governor Peter H. Burnett recounted a story of an aboriginal American man who badly burned his foot and leg in lava or hot ash while hunting for deer . The likely apocryphal story went that the injured man sought treatment at Fort Vancouver , but the contemporary fort commissary steward , Napoleon McGilvery , disclaimed knowledge of the incident . British lieutenant Henry J. Warre sketched the eruption in 1845 , and two years later Canadian painter Paul Kane created watercolors of the gently smoking mountain . Warre 's work showed erupting material from a vent about a third of the way down from the summit on the mountain 's west or northwest side ( possibly at Goat Rocks ) , and one of Kane 's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location . On April 17 , 1857 , the Republican , a Steilacoom , Washington , newspaper , reported that `` Mount St. Helens , or some other mount to the southward , is seen ... to be in a state of eruption '' . The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption . This was the first reported volcanic activity since 1854 . Before the 1980 eruption , Spirit Lake offered year - round recreational activities . In the summer there was boating , swimming , and camping , while in the winter there was skiing . Human impact from the 1980 eruption David A. Johnston hours before he was killed by the eruption Fifty - seven people were killed during the eruption . Had the eruption occurred one day later , when loggers would have been at work , rather than on a Sunday , the death toll could have been much higher . 83 - year - old Harry R. Truman , who had lived near the mountain for 54 years , became famous when he decided not to evacuate before the impending eruption , despite repeated pleas by local authorities . His body was never found after the eruption . Another victim of the eruption was 30 - year - old volcanologist David A. Johnston , who was stationed on the nearby Coldwater Ridge . Moments before his position was hit by the pyroclastic flow , Johnston radioed his famous last words : `` Vancouver ! Vancouver ! This is it ! '' Johnston 's body was never found . U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said , `` Someone said this area looked like a moonscape . But the moon looks more like a golf course compared to what 's up there . '' A film crew , led by Seattle filmmaker Otto Seiber , was dropped by helicopter on St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction . Their compasses , however , spun in circles and they quickly became lost . A second eruption occurred on May 25 , but the crew survived and was rescued two days later by National Guard helicopter pilots . Their film , The Eruption of Mount St. Helens , later became a popular documentary . Protection and later history View of the hillside at the Johnston Ridge Observatory ( named for David A. Johnston ) , 25 years after the eruption Johnston Ridge from a proximate location in July 2016 , showing continued plant growth In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress established the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument , a 110,000 acres ( 45,000 ha ) area around the mountain and within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest . Following the 1980 eruption , the area was left to gradually return to its natural state . In 1987 , the U.S. Forest Service reopened the mountain to climbing . It remained open until 2004 when renewed activity caused the closure of the area around the mountain ( see Geological history section above for more details ) . Most notable was the closure of the Monitor Ridge trail , which previously let up to 100 permitted hikers per day climb to the summit . On July 21 , 2006 , the mountain was again opened to climbers . In February 2010 , a climber died after falling from the rim into the crater . The mountain is now circled by the Loowit Trail at elevations of 4000 -- 4900 feet ( 1,200 - 1,500 m ) . The northern segment of the trail from the South Fork Toutle River on the west to Windy Pass on the east is a restricted zone where camping , biking , pets , fires , and off - trail excursions are all prohibited . Climbing and recreation Mount St. Helens is a popular climbing destination for both beginning and experienced mountaineers . The peak is climbed year - round , although it is more often climbed from late spring through early fall . All routes include sections of steep , rugged terrain . A permit system has been in place for climbers since 1987 . A climbing permit is required year - round for anyone who will be above 4,800 feet ( 1,500 m ) on the slopes of Mount St. Helens . The standard hiking / mountaineering route in the warmer months is the Monitor Ridge Route , which starts at the Climbers Bivouac . This is the most popular and crowded route to the summit in the summer and gains about 4,600 feet ( 1,400 m ) in approximately 5 miles ( 8 km ) to reach the crater rim . Although strenuous , it is considered non-technical climb that involves some scrambling . Most climbers complete the round trip in 7 to 12 hours . The Worm Flows Route is considered the standard winter route on Mount St. Helens , as it is the most direct route to the summit . The route gains about 5,700 feet ( 1,700 m ) in elevation over about 6 miles ( 10 km ) from trailhead to summit but does not demand the technical climbing that some other Cascade peaks like Mount Rainier do . The `` Worm Flows '' part of the route name refers to the rocky lava flows that surround the route . This route can be accessed via the Marble Mountain Sno - Park and the Swift Ski Trail . See also Mountains portal Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Cascade Volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest Silver Lake ( Washington ) List of volcanic eruptions by death toll Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Saint Helens '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000 '' . Fact Sheet 036 - 00 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` May 18 , 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mullineaux & Crandell 1981 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Description of Mount St. Helens '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Tilling ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . Special Interest Publication . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens at 35 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brugman , Melinda M. ; Austin Post ( 1981 ) . `` USGS Circular 850 - D : Effects of Volcanism on the Glaciers of Mount St. Helens '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Tracy B. ; Hansen , Jon D. ; Clark , Douglas H. ( 2002 ) . `` Growth and flow of a new glacier in Mt . St. Helens Crater '' . Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America . 34 ( 5 ) : 91 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve P. ; Paul E. Carrara ; Ren A. Thompson ; Eugene Y . Iwatsubo ( 2004 ) . `` Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens , Washington , USA '' . Quaternary Research . Elsevier Science ( USA ) . 61 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 329 . Bibcode : 2004QuRes ... 61 ... 325S . doi : 10.1016 / j. yqres. 2003.11. 002 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Melanie ; Plummer , Mitchell ; Clark , Douglas ( 2005 ) . `` Predictions of the growth and steady - state form of the Mount St. Helens Crater Glacier using a 2 - D glacier model '' . Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America . 37 ( 7 ) : 354 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve P. ; David W. Ramsey ; James A. Messerich ; Ren A. Thompson ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2928 : Rebuilding Mount St. Helens '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcano Review '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . `` MSH08_aerial_new_dome_from_north_05 - 30 - 08 '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . - Glacier is still connected south of the lava dome . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . `` MSH08_aerial_st_helens_crater_from_north_05 - 30 - 08 '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . - Glacier arms touch on North end of glacier . Jump up ^ Haugerud , R.A. ; Harding , D.J. ; Mark , L.E. ; Zeigler , J. ; Queija , V. ; Johnson , S.Y. ( December 2004 ) . `` Lidar measurement of topographic change during the 2004 eruption of Mount St. Helens , WA '' . American Geophysical Union . 53 : 01 . Bibcode : 2004AGUFM. V53D ... 01H . Jump up ^ `` Projects '' . Glaciercaveexplorers.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens - Summary of Volcanic History '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Eruptive History '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Events Leading Up to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens : March 22 -- 28 '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Events Leading Up to the May 18 , 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens : April 26 -- May 2 '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Emission of sulfur dioxide gas from Mount St. Helens , 1980 - 1988 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2008 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Kiver and Harris , Geology of U.S. Parklands , 6th edition , page 149 Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument '' . United States Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 29 . 24 megatons thermal energy Jump up ^ Myers , Bobbie ( 1992 ) . `` Small Explosions Interrupt 3 - year Quiescence at Mount St. Helens , Washington '' . Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 23 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 73 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ see USGS before and after images Jump up ^ `` Plume in the Evening '' . Mount St. Helens , Washington . USGS . March 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` New slab growing in Mount St. Helens dome '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ See close - up of the slab . Jump up ^ `` Cascades Volcano Observatory '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Small Quake Reported at Mount St. Helens '' . USA Today . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CVO Menu - Mount St. Helens Eruption 2004 '' . Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Archie Satterfield , Country Roads of Washington ( Backinprint.com : 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 595 - 26863 - 3 , page 82 Jump up ^ `` The Bridge of the Gods '' . theoutlaws.com . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : USGS . `` Volcanoes and History : Cascade Range Volcano Names '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NRHP nomination for Lawetlat'la '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Vancouver , George ( 1798 ) . A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean , and Round the World . London . pp. 421 -- 422 . OCLC 54529835 . OL 24592146M . Jump up ^ Pringle 1993 . Jump up ^ Meany , Edmond S. ( 1920 ) . `` Origin of Washington Geographic Names '' . The Washington Historical Quarterly . Washington University State Historical Society . XI : 211 -- 212 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , pp. 220 - 221 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , pp. 225,227 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` The Victims of the Eruption '' . June 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ LaFee , Scott ( December 3 , 2003 ) . `` Perish the thought : A life in science sometimes becomes a death , too '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens : Senator Murray Speaks on the 25th Anniversary of the May 18 , 1980 Eruption '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument : General Visitor Information '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount St. Helens '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Climber dies after rescue attempts fail on Mount St. Helens '' . Seattle News . MyNorthwest.com . Jump up ^ `` Loowit Trail '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Volcanic National Monument : Restricted Area '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount St. Helens '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St Helens Climbing Permit System '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Ridge '' . SummitPost . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Ridge Climbing Route '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Worm Flows Route , Mount St. Helens '' . The Peak Seeker . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Worm Flows , Winter Climbing Route '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . References Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . `` Mount St. Helens : A Living Fire Mountain '' . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes ( 1st ed . ) . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company . pp. 201 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 220 - X . Mullineaux , D.R. ; Crandell , D.R. ( 1981 ) . `` The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens , Washington '' . Professional Paper 1250 . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Mullineaux , D.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Pre-1980 Tephra - Fall Deposits Erupted From Mount St. Helens '' . Professional Paper 1563 . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Pringle , P.T. ( 1993 ) . `` Roadside Geology of Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument and Vicinity '' ( PDF ) . Circular 88 . Washington State Department of Natural Resources , Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information . `` Description : Mount St. Helens Volcano , Washington '' . Vancouver , Washington : USGS / Cascades Volcano Observatory . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Further reading `` Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . National Geographic . Vol. 159 no . 1 . January 1981 . pp. 3 -- 65 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount St. Helens . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mount St. Helens . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mount St. Helens `` Deep Magma Chambers Seen Beneath Mount St. Helens '' in Science ( journal ) 04 Nov 2015 . Mount Saint Helens May Share Magma with an Entire Field of Volcanoes `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument '' . US Forest Service . `` St. Helens '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Mount St. Helens photographs and current conditions from the United States Geological Survey website USGS : Mount St. Helens Eruptive History Most recent photos ( most aerial ) from the United States Geological Survey University of Washington Libraries : Digital Collections : Mount St. Helens Post-Eruption Chemistry Database This collection contains photographs of Mount St. Helens , post-eruption , taken over the span of three years to provide a look at both the human and the scientific sides of studying the eruption of a volcano . Mount St. Helens Succession Collection This collection consists of 235 photographs in a study of plant habitats following the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Audio recording of the May 18 , 1980 eruption Recorded 140 miles ( 225 km ) southwest of the mountain . Believed to be the only audio recording of the eruption . The Royal Geography Society 's Hidden Journeys project : The 1980 Mount St. Helens Eruption . Audio slideshow : Mount St Helens ( 6 : 29 min ) - Volcanologist Sarah Henton discusses the Cascade Mountains and explains the geology and impact of the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption . A 3D model of Mount St. Helens A 3D model of Mount St. Helens on 14 September 1975 , before eruption . ( hide ) Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Complex Mount Meager massif Mount Cayley massif Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak BNE : XX5585592 BNF : cb166405278 ( data ) GND : 4285733 - 8 LCCN : no2012025424 NARA : 10038240 NDL : 00628671 SUDOC : 158753771 VIAF : 231861699 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_St._Helens&oldid=842773751 '' Categories : Mount St. Helens Active volcanoes Cascade Volcanoes Gifford Pinchot National Forest Volcanoes of Skamania County , Washington Mountains of Skamania County , Washington Locations in Native American mythology Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America 19th - century volcanic events 20th - century volcanic events 21st - century volcanic events National Register of Historic Places in Skamania County , Washington Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington ( state ) Stratovolcanoes of the United States Subduction volcanoes VEI - 5 volcanoes National Register of Historic Places in Cowlitz County , Washington Sacred mountains Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hawaiʻi हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time mt st helens showed increased activity	[ "On January 16, 2008, steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome. Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004. Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks, but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low.[38] By the end of January, the eruption paused; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome. On July 10, 2008, it was determined that the eruption had ended, after more than six months of no volcanic activity.[39]" ]	[ "January 16, 2008" ]
4646886325822548627	The Phantom of the Opera (1925 film)	The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 film ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 film ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Phantom of the Opera Original release poster Directed by Rupert Julian Uncredited : Lon Chaney Ernst Laemmle Edward Sedgwick Produced by Uncredited : Carl Laemmle Screenplay by Uncredited : Walter Anthony Elliott J. Clawson Bernard McConville Frank M. McCormack Tom Reed Raymond L. Schrock Jasper Spearing Richard Wallace Based on The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Starring Lon Chaney Mary Philbin Norman Kerry Arthur Edmund Carewe Gibson Gowland Music by Gustav Hinrichs Cinematography Milton Bridenbecker Virgil Miller Charles Van Enger Edited by Edward Curtiss Maurice Pivar Gilmore Walker Lois Weber Production company Jewel Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 25 , 1925 ( 1925 - 11 - 25 ) Running time 107 minutes Original 1925 release : 101 minutes 1930 sound reissue : 93 minutes Country United States Language Silent English intertitles Box office $2 million Play media 1925 The Phantom of the Opera ( full film ) The Phantom of the Opera is a 1925 American silent horror film adaptation of Gaston Leroux 's 1910 novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra , directed by Rupert Julian and starring Lon Chaney , Sr. in the title role of the deformed Phantom who haunts the Paris Opera House , causing murder and mayhem in an attempt to make the woman he `` loves '' a star . The film remains most famous for Chaney 's ghastly , self - devised make - up , which was kept a studio secret until the film 's premiere . The film was released on November 25 , 1925 . The picture also features Mary Philbin , Norman Kerry , Arthur Edmund Carewe , Gibson Gowland , John St. Polis , and Snitz Edwards . The last surviving cast member was Carla Laemmle ( 1909 -- 2014 ) , niece of producer Carl Laemmle , who played a small role as `` prima ballerina '' in the film when she was about 15 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Makeup 3.2 Soundstage 28 4 Reception 5 1930 reissue with sound 6 Differences from the novel 7 Preservation status 7.1 Eastman House print mystery 7.1. 1 International sound version 7.1. 2 Silent version 7.2 Color preservation 8 Legacy 9 Reboot 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Based on the general release version of 1925 , which has additional scenes and sequences in different order than the existing reissue print . The film opens with the debut of the new season at the Paris Opera House , with a production of Gounod 's Faust . Comte Philippe de Chagny ( John St. Polis ) and his brother , the Vicomte Raoul de Chagny ( Norman Kerry ) are in attendance . Raoul attends only in the hope of hearing his sweetheart Christine Daaé ( Mary Philbin ) sing . Christine has made a sudden rise from the chorus to understudy of Mme . Carlotta , the prima donna . Raoul visits her in her dressing room during the performance , and makes his intentions known that he wishes for Christine to resign and marry him . Christine refuses to let their relationship get in the way of her career . At the height of the most prosperous season in the Opera 's history , the management suddenly resign . As they leave , they tell the new managers of the Opera Ghost , a phantom who asks for opera box # 5 , among other things . The new managers laugh it off as a joke , but the old management leaves troubled . After the performance , the ballerinas are disturbed by the sight of a mysterious man in a fez ( Arthur Edmund Carewe ) , who dwells in the cellars . Arguing whether or not he is the Phantom , they decide to ask Joseph Buquet , a stagehand who has actually seen the ghost 's face . Buquet describes a ghastly sight of a living skeleton to the girls , who are then startled by a shadow cast on the wall . The antics of stagehand Florine Papillon ( Snitz Edwards ) do not amuse Joseph 's brother , Simon ( Gibson Gowland ) , who chases him off . Meanwhile , Mme . Carlotta ( Virginia Pearson ) , the prima donna of the Paris Grand Opera , barges into the managers ' office enraged . She has received a letter from `` The Phantom , '' demanding that Christine sing the role of Marguerite the following night , threatening dire consequences if his demands are not met . Christine is in her dressing room at that moment , speaking to a phantom voice ( which the audience sees as a shadow on a wall behind the dressing room . ) The voice warns her that she will take Carlotta 's place on Wednesday and that she is to think only of her career and her master . The following day , in a garden near the Opera House , Raoul meets Christine and asks her to reconsider his offer . Christine admits that she has been tutored by a divine voice , the `` Spirit of Music , '' and that it is now impossible to stop her career . Raoul tells her that he thinks someone is playing a joke on her , and she storms off in anger . Wednesday evening , Carlotta is ill and Christine takes her place in the opera . During the performance , the managers go to Box 5 to see exactly who has taken it . The keeper of the box does not know who it is , as she has never seen his face . The two managers enter the box and are startled to see a shadowy figure seated there . They run out of the box and compose themselves , but when they enter the box again , the person is gone . In her next performance , Christine reaches her triumph during the finale and receives a standing ovation from the audience . When Raoul visits her in her dressing room , she pretends not to recognize him , because unbeknownst to those in the room , the phantom voice is present . Meanwhile , Simon Buquet finds the body of his brother , Joseph , hanging by the strangler 's noose and vows vengeance . Raoul spends the evening outside her door , and after the others have left , just as he is about to enter , he hears the voice within the room . He overhears the voice make his intentions to Christine : `` Soon , Christine , this spirit will take form and will demand your love ! '' When Christine leaves her room alone , Raoul breaks in to find it empty . Carlotta receives another discordant note from the Phantom . Once again , it demands that she take ill and let Christine have her part . The managers also get a note , reiterating that if Christine does not sing , they will present `` Faust '' in a house with a curse on it . The Phantom ( Lon Chaney ) , and Christine Daaé ( Mary Philbin ) The following evening , despite the Phantom 's warnings , a defiant Carlotta appears as Marguerite . At first , the performance goes well , but soon the Phantom 's curse takes its effect , backstage , causing the great crystal chandelier to fall down onto the audience . Christine runs to her dressing room and is entranced by a mysterious voice through a secret door behind the mirror , descending , in a dream - like sequence , semi-conscious on horseback by a winding staircase into the lower depths of the Opera . She is then taken by gondola over a subterranean lake by the masked Phantom into his lair . The Phantom introduces himself as Erik and declares his love ; Christine faints , so Erik carries her to a suite fabricated for her comfort . The next day , when she awakens , she finds a note from Erik telling her that she is free to come and go as she pleases , but that she must never look behind his mask . In the next room , the Phantom is playing his composition , `` Don Juan Triumphant . '' Christine 's curiosity gets the better of her , and she sneaks up behind the Phantom and tears off his mask , revealing his hideously deformed face . Enraged , the Phantom makes his plans to hold her prisoner known . In an attempt to plead to him , he excuses her to visit her world one last time , with the condition that she never sees her lover again . Released from the underground dungeon , Christine makes a rendezvous at the annual masked - ball , which is graced with the Phantom in the guise of the ' Red - Death ' from the Edgar Allan Poe short story of the same name . Raoul finds Christine and they flee to the roof of the Opera House , where she tells him everything that followed the chandelier crash . However , an unseen jealous Phantom perching on the statue of Apollo overhears them . Raoul plans to whisk Christine safely away to London following the next performance . As they leave the roof , the mysterious man with the fez approaches them . Aware that the Phantom is waiting downstairs , he leads Christine and Raoul to another exit . The following evening , Raoul meets Christine in her dressing room . She has heard the voice of the Phantom , who has revealed that he knows their plans . Raoul has arranged for a carriage and reassures her nothing will go wrong . During the performance , the Phantom kidnaps Christine off the stage during a blackout . Raoul rushes to Christine 's dressing room , and meets the man in the fez , who reveals himself to be Inspector Ledoux , a secret policeman who has been studying Erik 's moves as the Phantom since he escaped as a prisoner from Devil 's Island . Ledoux reveals the secret door in Christine 's room and the two men enter the catacombs of the Opera House in an attempt to rescue Christine . Instead , they fall into the Phantom 's dungeon , a torture room of his design . Philippe has also found his way into the catacombs looking for his brother , and a clanging alarm alerts the Phantom to his presence in a canoe on the lake . Phillipe is drowned by Erik , who returns to find the two men in the torture chamber . Turning a switch , the Phantom subjects the two prisoners to intense heat ; the two manage to escape the chamber by opening a door in the floor as they are about to perish . In the chamber below , the Phantom shuts a gate , locking them in with barrels full of gunpowder . The Phantom gives Christine a choice of two levers : one shaped like a scorpion and the other like a grasshopper . One of them will save Raoul 's life , but at the cost of Christine marrying Erik , while the other will blow up the barrels in the chamber Raoul and Ledoux are trapped in , in effect destroying the Opera House and killing them all . Christine picks the scorpion , but it is a trick by the Phantom to `` save '' Raoul and Ledoux from being killed by drowning them . Christine begs the Phantom to save Raoul , promising him anything in return , even becoming his wife . At the last second , the Phantom opens a trapdoor in his floor through which Raoul and Ledoux are saved . A mob , led by Simon , infiltrates the Phantom 's lair . As the clanging alarm sounds and the mob approaches , the Phantom attempts to flee with Christine in the carriage meant for Raoul and Christine . While Raoul saves Christine , the Phantom is pursued and killed by a mob , who throw him into the River Seine to finally drown . In a brief epilogue , Raoul and Christine are shown on their honeymoon in Viroflay . Cast ( edit ) Arthur Edmund Carewe & Mary Philbin Lon Chaney as The Phantom Mary Philbin as Christine Daaé Norman Kerry as Vicomte Raoul de Chagny Arthur Edmund Carewe as Ledoux Gibson Gowland as Simon Buquet John St. Polis as Comte Philippe de Chagny Snitz Edwards as Florine Papillon Virginia Pearson as Carlotta ( Carlotta 's mother in the 1930 reissue ) Mary Fabian as Carlotta ( 1930 reissue ) Deleted scenes : Olive Ann Alcorn as La Sorelli Chester Conklin as Orderly Ward Crane as Count Ruboff Vola Vale as Christine 's maid Edith Yorke as Mama Valerius Uncredited : Bernard Siegel as Joseph Buquet Edward Martindel as Comte Phillipe de Chagny ( 1930 redux ) Joseph Belmont as a stage manager Alexander Bevani as Méphistophélès Edward Cecil as Faust Ruth Clifford as ballerina Roy Coulson as the Jester George Davis as The guard outside Christine 's door Madame Fiorenza as Madame Giry , keeper of the box Cesare Gravina as a retiring manager Bruce Covington as Monsieur Moncharmin William Humphrey as Monsieur Debienne George B Williams as Monsieur Ricard Carla Laemmle as Meg Giry Grace Marvin as Martha John Miljan as Valéntin Rolfe Sedan as an undetermined role William Tracy as the Ratcatcher , the messenger from the shadows Anton Vaverka as Prompter Julius Harris as Gaffer Production ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lobby card In 1922 , Carl Laemmle , the president of Universal Pictures , took a vacation to Paris . During his vacation Laemmle met the author Gaston Leroux , who was working in the French film industry . Laemmle mentioned to Leroux that he admired the Paris Opera House . Leroux gave Laemmle a copy of his 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera . Laemmle read the book in one night and bought the film rights as a vehicle for actor Lon Chaney , Sr ... Production started in late 1924 at Universal Studios and did not go smoothly . According to the director of photography , Charles Van Enger , throughout the production Chaney and the rest of the cast and crew had strained relations with director Rupert Julian . The first cut of the film was previewed in Los Angeles on January 7 and 26 , 1925 . The score was prepared by Joseph Carl Breil . No information about the score survives other than Universal 's release : `` Presented with augmented concert orchestra , playing the score composed by J. Carl Briel , composer of music for Birth of a Nation '' . The exact quote from the opening day full - page ad in the Call - Bulletin read : `` Universal Weekly claimed a 60 - piece orchestra . Moving Picture World reported that `` The music from Faust supplied the music ( for the picture ) . '' Due to poor reviews and reactions , the January release was canceled . On advice from Chaney and others , Universal told Julian to re-shoot most of the picture and change its style , as it was feared that a Gothic melodrama would not recoup the film 's massive budget . Julian eventually walked out . Edward Sedgwick ( later the director of Buster Keaton 's 1928 film The Cameraman ) was then assigned by producer Laemmle to direct a reshoot of the bulk of the film . Raymond L. Schrock and original screenwriter Elliot Clawson wrote new scenes at the request of Sedgewick . The film was then changed from the dramatic thriller that was originally made into more of a romantic comedy with action elements . Most of the new scenes depicted added subplots , with Chester Conklin and Vola Vale as comedic relief to the heroes , and Ward Crane as the Russian Count Ruboff dueling with Raoul for Christine 's affection . This version was previewed in San Francisco on April 26 , 1925 , and did not do well at all , with the audience booing it off of the screen . `` The story drags to the point of nauseam '' , one reviewer stated . The third and final version resulted from Universal holdovers Maurice Pivar and Lois Weber editing the production down to nine reels . Most of the Sedgwick material was removed , though notably the ending , with the Phantom being hunted by a mob and then being thrown into the Seine River , remained . Much of the cut Julian material was edited back into the picture , though some important scenes and characters were not restored . This version , containing material from the original 1924 shooting and some from the Sedgwick reworking , was then scheduled for release . It debuted on September 6 , 1925 , at the Astor Theatre in New York City . It premiered on October 17 , 1925 , in Hollywood , California . The score for the Astor opening was to be composed by Professor Gustav Hinrichs . However , Hinrichs ' score was not prepared in time , so instead , according to Universal Weekly , the premiere featured a score by Eugene Conte , composed mainly of `` french airs '' and the appropriate Faust cues . No expense was spared at the premiere ; Universal even had a full organ installed at the Astor for the event . ( As it was a legitimate house , the Astor theater used an orchestra , not an organ , for its music . ) Makeup ( edit ) Following the success of The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1923 , Chaney was once again given the freedom to create his own makeup , a practice which became almost as famous as the films he starred in . Chaney painted his eye sockets black , giving a skull - like impression to them . He also pulled the tip of his nose up and pinned it in place with wire , enlarged his nostrils with black paint , and put a set of jagged false teeth into his mouth to complete the ghastly , deformed look of the Phantom . When audiences first saw The Phantom of the Opera , they were said to have screamed or fainted during the scene where Christine pulls the concealing mask away , revealing his skull - like features to the audience . Chaney 's appearance as the Phantom in the film has been the most accurate depiction of the title character based on the description given in the novel , where the Phantom is described as having a skull - like face with a few wisps of black hair on top of his head . As in the novel , Chaney 's Phantom has been deformed since birth , rather than having been disfigured by acid or fire , as in later adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera . Soundstage 28 ( edit ) Stage 28 , or the Phantom of the Opera stage Producer Laemmle commissioned the construction of a set of the Paris Opera House . Because it would have to support thousands of extras , the set became the first to be created with steel girders set in concrete . For this reason it was not dismantled until 2014 . Stage 28 on the Universal Studios lot still contained portions of the opera house set , and was the world 's oldest surviving structure built specifically for a movie , at the time of its demolition . It was used in hundreds of movies and television series . In preparation for the demolition of Stage 28 , the Paris Opera House set went through a preservation effort and was placed into storage . Stage 28 was completely demolished on September 23 , 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times gave The Phantom of the Opera a positive review as a spectacle picture , but felt that the story and acting may have been slightly improved . TIME praised the sets but felt the picture was `` only pretty good '' . Despite the production problems , the film was a success at the box office , grossing over $2 million . 1930 reissue with sound ( edit ) After the successful introduction of sound pictures during the 1928 -- 29 movie season , Universal announced that they had secured the rights to a sequel to The Phantom of the Opera from the Gaston Leroux estate . Entitled The Return of the Phantom , the picture would have sound and be in color . Universal could not use Chaney in the film as he was now under contract at MGM , and unbeknownst to the studio , Chaney was already sick from throat cancer , which would ultimately kill him the following year . Universal later scrapped the sequel , and instead opted to reissue The Phantom of the Opera with a new synchronized score and effects track , as well as new dialog sequences . Directors Ernst Laemmle and Frank McCormick reshot a little less than half of the picture with sound during August 1929 . The footage reused from the original film was scored with music arranged by Joseph Cherniavsky , and sound effects . Mary Philbin and Norman Kerry reprised their roles for the sound reshoot , and Edward Martindel , George B. Williams , Phillips Smalley , Ray Holderness , and Edward Davis were added to the cast to replace actors who were unavailable . Universal was contractually unable to loop Chaney 's dialogue , but voiceovers by the Phantom were looped over shots of his shadow . ( The voiceovers are uncredited , but were probably done by Phillips Smalley . ) Because Chaney 's talkie debut was eagerly anticipated by filmgoers , advertisements emphasized , `` Lon Chaney 's portrayal is a silent one ! '' The sound version of Phantom opened on February 16 , 1930 , and grossed another million dollars . This version of the film is lost , although the soundtrack discs survive . Lon Chaney in The Phantom of the Opera The success of The Phantom of the Opera inspired Universal to finance the production of a long string of horror films such as Dracula , Frankenstein , The Wolf Man , The Invisible Man , and The Mummy , as well as numerous sequels to all five movies . Many of the films are now considered studio classics . Differences from the novel ( edit ) Although this particular adaptation is often considered the most faithful , it contains some significant plot differences from the original novel . In the movie , M. Debienne and M. Poligny transfer ownership of the opera to M. Montcharmin and M. Richard , while in the novel they are simply the old and new managers . The character of Ledoux is not a mysterious Persian and is no longer a onetime acquaintance of the Phantom . He is now a French detective of the Secret Police . This character change was not originally scripted ; it was made during the title card editing process . The Phantom has no longer studied in Persia in his past . Rather , he is an escapee from Devil 's Island and an expert in `` the Black Arts '' . The filmmakers initially intended to preserve the original ending of the novel , and filmed scenes in which the Phantom dies of a broken heart at his organ after Christine leaves his lair . There was also a short scene showing Christine and Raoul on a honeymoon . Because of the preview audience 's poor reaction , the studio decided to change the ending to a more exciting one . Utility director Edward Sedgwick was hired to provide a climactic chase scene , with an ending in which the Phantom , after having saved Ledoux and Raoul , kidnaps Christine in Raoul 's carriage . He is hunted down and cornered by an angry mob , who beat him to death and throw him into the Seine . Preservation status ( edit ) The unmasking scene which was said to have made theater patrons scream and faint in 1925 . The Eastman House version is on the left , the original 1925 version on the right . The finest quality print of the film existing was struck from an original camera negative for George Eastman House in the early 1950s by Universal Pictures . The original 1925 version survives only in 16mm `` Show - At - Home '' prints created by Universal for home movie use in the 1930s . There are several versions of these prints , but none is complete . All are from the original domestic camera negative . Because of the better quality of the Eastman House print , many home video releases have opted to use it as the basis of their transfers . This version has singer Mary Fabian in the role of Carlotta . In the reedited version , Virginia Pearson , who played Carlotta in the 1925 film , is credited and referred to as `` Carlotta 's Mother '' instead . Most of the silent footage in the 1930 version is actually from a second camera , used to photograph the film for foreign markets and second negatives ; careful examination of the two versions shows similar shots are slightly askew in composition in the 1930 version . In 2009 , ReelClassicDVD issued a special edition multi-disc DVD set which included a matched shot side - by - side comparison of the two versions , editing the 1925 Show - At - Home print 's narrative and continuity to match the Eastman House print . For the 2003 Image Entertainment -- Photoplay Productions two - disc DVD set , the 1930 soundtrack was reedited in an attempt to fit the Eastman House print as best as possible . However , there are some problems with this attempt . There is no corresponding `` man with lantern '' sequence on the sound discs . While the `` music and effect '' reels without dialogue seem to follow the discs fairly closely , the scenes with dialogue ( which at one point constituted about 60 % of the film ) are generally shorter than their corresponding sequences on the discs . Also , since the sound discs were synchronized with a projection speed of 24 frames per second ( the established speed for sound film ) , and the film on the DVD is presented at a slower frame rate ( to reproduce natural speed ) , the soundtrack on the DVD set has been altered to run more slowly than the originally recorded speed . A trailer for the sound reissue , included for the first time on the DVD set , runs at the faster sound film speed , with the audio at the correct pitch . On November 1 , 2011 , Image Entertainment released a new Blu - ray version of Phantom , produced by Film Preservation Associates , the film preservation company owned by David Shepard . On January 10 , 2012 , Shadowland Productions released The Phantom of the Opera : Angel of Music Edition , a two - disc DVD set featuring a newly recorded dialogue track with sound effects and an original musical score . The film was also reedited , combining elements from the 1925 version with the 1929 sound release . A 3D anaglyph version is included as an additional special feature . Eastman House print mystery ( edit ) It is uncertain for what purpose the negative used to strike the Eastman House print was produced , as it includes footage from the 1930 sound reissue , and shows few signs of wear or damage . For unknown reasons , an opening prologue showing a man with a lantern has been added -- using a single continuous take -- but no corresponding title cards or dialogue survive . This shot seems to have been a talking sequence , but it shows up in the original 1925 version , shorter in duration and using a different , close - up shot of the man with the lantern . Furthermore , the opening title sequence , the lantern man , the footage of Mary Fabian performing as Carlotta , and Mary Philbin 's opera performances are photographed at 24 frames per second ( sound film speed ) , and therefore were shot after the movie 's original release . It is possible that the lantern man is meant to be Joseph Buquet , but the brief remaining close - up footage of this man from the 1925 version does not appear to be of Bernard Siegel , who plays Buquet . The man who appears in the reshot footage could be a different actor as well , but since there is no close - up of the man in this version , and the atmospheric lighting partially obscures his face , it is difficult to be certain . While it was common practice to simultaneously shoot footage with multiple cameras for prints intended for domestic and foreign markets , the film is one of few for which footage of both versions survives ( others include Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill , Jr. and Charlie Chaplin 's The Gold Rush ) . Comparisons of the two versions ( both in black and white and in color ) yield : Footage of most of the scenes shot from two slightly different angles Different takes for similar scenes 24 fps sound scenes replacing silent scene footage Variations in many rewritten dialogue and exposition cards , in the same font Some possibilities regarding the negative 's intended purpose are : It is an international sound version for foreign markets . It is a silent version for theaters not yet equipped with sound in 1930 . It is a negative made for Universal Studios ' reference . International sound version ( edit ) Two comparative frames of narrative titles from the 1930 sound reissue . The title on the left is from the Technicolor sequence , which survives in 35mm . On the right , a lost title card from a 16mm print - down , not sourced from the Eastman House version . `` International sound versions '' were sometimes made of films which the producing companies judged not to be worth the expense of reshooting in a foreign language . These versions were meant to cash in on the talkie craze ; by 1930 anything with sound did well at the box office , while silent films were largely ignored by the public . International sound versions were basically part - talkies , and were largely silent except for musical sequences . Since the films included synchronized music and sound effect tracks , they could be advertised as sound pictures , and therefore capitalize on the talkie craze in foreign markets without the expense of reshooting scenes with dialogue in foreign languages . To make an international version , the studio would simply replace any spoken dialogue in the film with music , and splice in some title cards in the appropriate language . Singing sequences were left intact , as well as any sound sequences without dialogue . The surviving sound discs of The Phantom of the Opera belong to the domestic release , but do not synchronize with the dialogue portions of the film , which have been abbreviated on the Eastman House print . However , there is no record of the content of the international version of The Phantom , nor even of the existence of such a version . Furthermore , for international sound versions , one negative was generally made for all of Europe , sent overseas , and not returned . Additionally , the Eastman House print shows no signs of negative wear that would be consistent with that of a negative printed for multiple countries . Silent version ( edit ) During the transition to sound in 1930 , it was not uncommon for two versions of a picture , one silent and one sound , to play simultaneously ( particularly for a movie from Universal , which kept a dual - format policy longer than most studios ) . One possibility is that the Eastman House print is actually a silent version of the reissued film , made for theaters not yet equipped with sound . However , according to trade journals of the time , no silent reissue was available . Harrison 's Reports , which was always careful to specify whether or not a silent version of a movie was made , specifically stated that `` there will be no silent version . '' Furthermore , by 1930 , fewer exhibitors were booking completely silent films , and this had forced all of the major studios to add soundtracks and dialogue sequences to all of their major releases that had previously been intended for release as silent pictures . Studios no longer expended much time or money on silent versions , which were meant to be shown in rural areas where theaters could not yet afford the conversion to sound . Nevertheless , if the extant print is a silent version , it would explain why Universal still had it and also the lack of wear on the negative from which it was struck . Color preservation ( edit ) The `` Bal Masqué '' scene was highlighted by using the Technicolor process . According to Harrison 's Reports , when the film was originally released , it contained 17 minutes of color footage ; this footage was retained in the 1930 part - talking version . Technicolor 's records show 497 feet of color footage . Judging from trade journals and reviews , all of the opera scenes of Faust as well as the `` Bal Masqué '' scene were shot in Process 2 Technicolor ( a two - color system ) . Prizmacolor sequences were also shot for the `` Soldier 's Night '' introduction . Only the `` Bal Masqué '' scene survives in color . In the scene on the rooftop of the opera , the Phantom 's cape was colored red , using the Handschiegl color process . This effect has been replicated by computer colorization in the 1996 restoration by Kevin Brownlow 's Photoplay Productions . As with many films of the time , black - and - white footage was tinted various colors to provide mood . These included amber for interiors , blue for night scenes , green for mysterious moods , red for fire , and yellow ( sunshine ) for daylight exteriors . Legacy ( edit ) The film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . It was included , at # 52 , in Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In the United States , the film is in the public domain due to Universal 's failure to renew the copyright in 1953 , and may be freely downloaded from the Internet Archive . Universal would be involved in four more Phantom adaptations . The studio released a remake in 1943 , distributed the Hammer Films remake in 1962 , and distributed the 2004 adaptation of the musical in Latin America and Australia , as well as the 2011 adaptation of the same musical . Reboot ( edit ) Main article : Dark Universe ( franchise ) Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern - day versions of their classic Universal Monsters , with various films in different stages of development . In June 2017 , producer / director Alex Kurtzman revealed that The Phantom of the Opera is one of the films that will have an installment in the Dark Universe . But on November 8 , 2017 , Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects , leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt . See also ( edit ) List of early color feature films List of films in the public domain in the United States Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 film ) Universal Monsters References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Hinrichs ' score was available by the time the film went into general release . ( Reference : Music Institute of Chicago ( 2007 ) program note ) Citations Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; September 17 , 1925 , page 151 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) - Release dates '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : Preface to Forsyth , Frederick ( 1999 ) . The Phantom of Manhattan . Bantam Press . ISBN 0 - 593 - 04510 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lon Chaney Plays Role Of Paris Opera Phantom '' . New York Times . September 7 , 1925 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . The Phantom of the Opera , which has been many months in the making , is to be presented this evening at the Astor Theatre . We have told of the great stage effects , of the production of a section of the Paris Opera , with the grand staircase , the amphitheater , the back - stage scene -- shifting devices and cellars associated with the horrors of the Second Commune ... Jump up ^ Glass , Chris ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Historic Soundstage 28 Has Been Demolished '' . insideuniversal.net . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Universal to Demolish ' Phantom of the Opera ' Soundstage , But Preserve Silent Film 's Set '' . Jump up ^ Mordaunt Hall , `` The Screen '' , The New York Times , September 7 , 1925 Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The New Pictures Sep. 21 , 1925 '' , TIME Jump up ^ `` ' U ' to Make ' Phantom ' Sequel in Sound and Color '' . Film Daily , May 5 , 1929 , Pg. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Chaney Not For ' U ' Sequel . '' Film Daily , May 17 , 1929 , Pg. 6 . Jump up ^ `` ' Phantom ' Dialogue Scenes Are Finished By Universal . '' Motion Picture News , August 24 , 1929 , P. 724 . Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux , 1988 edition published by Dorset Press , New York . ^ Jump up to : `` Versions and Sources of the Phantom of the Opera '' . blogspot.com . Nerdly Pleasures . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Phantom of the Opera - Silent Era : Home Video Reviews '' . silentera.com . Jump up ^ The Phantom Speaks Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; February 15 , 1930 , page 26 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; February 15 , 1930 , page 27 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( June 2007 ) . `` Forgotten Faces : Why Some of Our Cinema Heritage Is Part of the Public Domain '' . Film History : An International Journal . 19 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 43 . doi : 10.2979 / FIL. 2007.19. 2.125 . ISSN 0892 - 2160 . JSTOR 25165419 . OCLC 15122313 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Universe Adding Hunchback of Notre Dame & Phantom of the Opera '' . June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Universal 's `` Monsterverse '' in Peril as Top Producers Exit ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 film ) . The Phantom of the Opera on IMDb The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Phantom of the Opera ( 1929 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Phantom of the Opera at the TCM Movie Database The Phantom of the Opera at AllMovie The Phantom of the Opera at Rotten Tomatoes rare lobby card The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Films directed by Rupert Julian The Kaiser , the Beast of Berlin ( 1918 ) Merry - Go - Round ( 1923 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Three Faces East ( 1926 ) The Yankee Clipper ( 1927 ) Walking Back ( 1928 ) The Cat Creeps ( 1930 ) Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) Werewolves ( The Wolf Man ) Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) The Last Warning The Last Performance ( 1929 ) The Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) The Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) The Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) The Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) The Mad Doctor of Market Street The Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) The Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) The Spider Woman Strikes Back The Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon The Mole People ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man The Deadly Mantis The Land Unknown The Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) The Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) The Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Films directed by Edward Sedgwick Fantômas ( 1920 ) The Bearcat ( 1922 ) The Gentleman from America ( 1923 ) Dead Game ( 1923 ) Shootin ' for Love ( 1923 ) Blinky ( 1923 ) The Ramblin ' Kid ( 1923 ) The Thrill Chaser ( 1923 ) Hook and Ladder ( 1924 ) Ride for Your Life ( 1924 ) 40 - Horse Hawkins ( 1924 ) Broadway or Bust ( 1924 ) The Sawdust Trail ( 1924 ) Hit and Run ( 1924 ) The Ridin ' Kid from Powder River ( 1924 ) The Hurricane Kid ( 1925 ) The Saddle Hawk ( 1925 ) Let ' er Buck ( 1925 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Slide , Kelly , Slide ( 1927 ) The Bugle Call ( 1927 ) Spring Fever ( 1927 ) West Point ( 1927 ) Circus Rookies ( 1928 ) The Cameraman ( 1928 ) Spite Marriage ( 1929 ) Free and Easy ( 1930 ) Estrellados ( 1930 ) Doughboys ( 1930 ) Remote Control ( 1930 ) Parlor , Bedroom and Bath ( 1931 ) Maker of Men ( 1931 ) The Passionate Plumber ( 1932 ) Speak Easily ( 1932 ) What ! No Beer ? ( 1933 ) Horse Play ( 1933 ) Saturday 's Millions ( 1933 ) The Poor Rich ( 1934 ) I 'll Tell the World ( 1934 ) Here Comes the Groom ( 1934 ) Father Brown , Detective ( 1934 ) Murder in the Fleet ( 1935 ) The Virginia Judge ( 1935 ) Mr. Cinderella ( 1936 ) Pick a Star ( 1937 ) Riding on Air ( 1937 ) Fit for a King ( 1937 ) The Gladiator ( 1938 ) Burn ' Em Up O'Connor ( 1939 ) So You Wo n't Talk ( 1940 ) Air Raid Wardens ( 1943 ) A Southern Yankee ( 1948 ) Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm ( 1951 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) VIAF : 185576485 LCCN : n94004568 GND : 4586045 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1925_film)&oldid=834294597 '' Categories : 1925 films 1920s horror films American films American horror films American silent feature films American black - and - white films Films based on The Phantom of the Opera Films directed by Rupert Julian Films directed by Edward Sedgwick Films directed by Lon Chaney Films about composers Films based on horror novels Films set in Paris Films set in a theatre Monster movies Films about opera Silent films in color United States National Film Registry films Universal Monsters film series Universal Pictures films Gothic horror films Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from June 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All self - contradictory articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from July 2011 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 22 : 52 . 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-717447463944762675	Original sin	Original sin - wikipedia Original sin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Eternal sin . For other uses , see Original Sin ( disambiguation ) . Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens Original sin , also called ancestral sin , is the Christian doctrine of humanity 's state of sin resulting from the fall of man , stemming from Adam and Eve 's rebellion in Eden , namely the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil . This condition has been characterized in many ways , ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency , or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt , referred to as a `` sin nature '' , to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt . The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics . Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine , seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 22 ) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51 : 5 . Tertullian , Cyprian , Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam 's sin , transmitted by human generation . Augustine 's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers , such as Martin Luther and John Calvin , who equated original sin with concupiscence ( or `` hurtful desire '' ) , affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom . The Jansenist movement , which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical , also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the doctrine 1.1 Augustine 1.2 Cassian 1.3 Church reaction 1.4 Protestant reformation 1.5 Council of Trent 2 Denominational views 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.1. 1 Criticism 2.2 Eastern Orthodoxy 2.3 Classical Anglicanism 2.4 Methodism 2.5 Seventh - day Adventism 2.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.7 Mormonism 2.8 Swedenborgianism 2.9 Quakerism 3 In Judaism 4 In Islam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the doctrine ( edit ) Michelangelo 's painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the Sistine Chapel ceiling The doctrine of ancestral fault ( προγονικὸν ἁμάρτημα progonikon hamartema ) , i.e. the sins of the forefathers leading to punishment of their descendants , was presented as a tradition of immemorial antiquity in ancient Greek religion by Celsus in his True Doctrine , a polemic attacking Christianity . Celsus is quoted as attributing to `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' the saying that `` the mills of the gods grind slowly , even to children 's children , and to those who are born after them '' . The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible . St Paul 's idea of redemption hinged upon the contrast between the sin of Adam and the death and resurrection of Jesus . `` Therefore , just as sin entered the world through one man , and death through sin , and in this way death came to all people , because all sinned . '' `` For as in Adam all die , so in Christ all will be made alive . '' Up till then the transgression in the Garden of Eden had not been given great significance . As the Jesus scholar , Geza Vermes has said : Paul believed that Adam 's transgression in a mysterious way affected the nature of the human race . The primeval sin , a Pauline creation with no biblical or post-biblical Jewish precedent , was irreparable by ordinary human effort . The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , the Bishop of Lyon , in his struggle against Gnosticism . Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam , with whom , Irenaeus believed , his descendants had some solidarity or identity . Irenaeus believed that Adam 's sin had grave consequences for humanity , that it is the source of human sinfulness , mortality and enslavement to sin , and that all human beings participate in his sin and share his guilt . The Greek Fathers emphasized the cosmic dimension of the Fall , namely that since Adam human beings are born into a fallen world , but held fast to belief that man , though fallen , is free . They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in total depravity , which is one understanding of original sin . During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by Gnostics , and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them . Christian apologists insisted that God 's future judgment of humanity implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously . Historian Robin Lane Fox argues that the foundation of the doctrine of original sin as accepted by the Church was ultimately based on a mistranslation of Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Romans ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 ) by Augustine , in his On the Grace of Christ , and on Original Sin `` . Augustine ( edit ) Augustine of Hippo wrote that original sin is transmitted by concupiscence and enfeebles freedom of the will without destroying it . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . When Adam sinned , human nature was thenceforth transformed . Adam and Eve , via sexual reproduction , recreated human nature . Their descendants now live in sin , in the form of concupiscence , a term Augustine used in a metaphysical , not a psychological sense . Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not a being but a bad quality , the privation of good or a wound . He admitted that sexual concupiscence ( libido ) might have been present in the perfect human nature in paradise , and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple 's disobedience to God 's will in the original sin . In Augustine 's view ( termed `` Realism '' ) , all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned , and therefore all have sinned . Original sin , according to Augustine , consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit . As sinners , humans are utterly depraved in nature , lack the freedom to do good , and can not respond to the will of God without divine grace . Justo Gonzalez interprets Augustine 's teaching that grace is irresistible , results in conversion , and leads to perseverance . Augustine articulated his explanation in reaction to Pelagianism , which insisted that humans have of themselves , without the necessary help of God 's grace , the ability to lead a morally good life , and thus denied both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good . Pelagius claimed that the influence of Adam on other humans was merely that of bad example . Augustine held that the effects of Adam 's sin are transmitted to his descendants not by example but by the very fact of generation from that ancestor . A wounded nature comes to the soul and body of the new person from his / her parents , who experience libido ( or concupiscence ) . Augustine 's view was that human procreation was the way the transmission was being effected . He did not blame , however , the sexual passion itself , but the spiritual concupiscence present in human nature , soul and body , even after baptismal regeneration . Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children , because they give them birth , not the `` re-birth '' . Augustine used Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions , to interpret St. Paul 's doctrine of universal sin and redemption . In that view , also sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequence of the original sin , in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will . As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul they constitute moral evil , but since they do not presuppose consent , one can not call them sins . Humanity will be liberated from passions , and pure affections will be restored only when all sin has been washed away and ended , that is in the resurrection of the dead . Augustine believed that the only definitive destinations of souls are heaven and hell . He concluded that unbaptized infants go to hell as a consequence of original sin . The Latin Church Fathers who followed Augustine adopted his position , which became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages . In the later medieval period , some theologians continued to hold Augustine 's view , others held that unbaptized infants suffered no pain at all : unaware of being deprived of the beatific vision , they enjoyed a state of natural , not supernatural happiness . Starting around 1300 , unbaptized infants were often said to inhabit the `` limbo of infants '' . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1261 declares : `` As regards children who have died without Baptism , the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God , as she does in her funeral rites for them . Indeed , the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved , and Jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : ' Let the children come to me , do not hinder them ' , allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism . All the more urgent is the Church 's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism . '' But the theory of Limbo , while it `` never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium ... remains ... a possible theological hypothesis '' . Cassian ( edit ) In the works of John Cassian ( c. 360 -- 435 ) , Conference XIII recounts how the wise monk Chaeremon , of whom he is writing , responded to puzzlement caused by his own statement that `` man even though he strive with all his might for a good result , yet can not become master of what is good unless he has acquired it simply by the gift of Divine bounty and not by the efforts of his own toil '' ( chapter 1 ) . In chapter 11 , Cassian presents Chaeremon as speaking of the cases of Paul the persecutor and Matthew the publican as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of free will is in our own power '' , and the cases of Zaccheus and the good thief on the cross as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of our free will is always due to the inspiration of the grace of God '' , and as concluding : `` These two then ; viz. , the grace of God and free will seem opposed to each other , but really are in harmony , and we gather from the system of goodness that we ought to have both alike , lest if we withdraw one of them from man , we may seem to have broken the rule of the Church 's faith : for when God sees us inclined to will what is good , He meets , guides , and strengthens us : for ' At the voice of thy cry , as soon as He shall hear , He will answer thee ' ; and : ' Call upon Me ' , He says , ' in the day of tribulation and I will deliver thee , and thou shalt glorify Me ' . And again , if He finds that we are unwilling or have grown cold , He stirs our hearts with salutary exhortations , by which a good will is either renewed or formed in us . '' Cassian did not accept the idea of total depravity , on which Martin Luther was to insist . He taught that human nature is fallen or depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that , at the same time , Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian pointed out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , but in Cassian 's view , according to Casiday , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress ; and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Church reaction ( edit ) Opposition to Augustine 's ideas about original sin , which he had developed in reaction to Pelagianism , arose rapidly . After a long and bitter struggle the general principles of Augustine 's teaching were confirmed within Western Christianity by many councils , especially the Second Council of Orange in 529 . However , while the Church condemned Pelagius , it did not endorse Augustine entirely and , while Augustine 's authority was accepted , he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian . Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with concupiscence in the psychological sense , but this identification was challenged by the 11th - century Saint Anselm of Canterbury , who defined original sin as `` privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess '' , thus separating it from concupiscence . In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by Peter Lombard and others , but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century , chief of whom was Thomas Aquinas . He distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the Fall from what was merely natural , and said that it was the former that were lost , privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end . Even after the fall , man thus kept his natural abilities of reason , will and passions . Rigorous Augustine - inspired views persisted among the Franciscans , though the most prominent Franciscan theologians , such as Duns Scotus and William of Ockham , eliminated the element of concupiscence . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . The second article in Lutheranism 's Augsburg Confession presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form : It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin . That is , all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers ' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God . Moreover , this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit . Rejected in this connection are the Pelagians and others who deny that original sin is sin , for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers , thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ . Luther , however , also agreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception ( that Mary was conceived free from original sin ) by saying : ( Mary ) is full of grace , proclaimed to be entirely without sin . God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil . God is with her , meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her . Moreover , God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her . Protestant Reformer John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) developed a systematic theology of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of Augustine of Hippo 's notion of original sin . Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . This inherently sinful nature ( the basis for the Calvinistic doctrine of `` total depravity '' ) results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities . Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam 's fall , but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race , all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation . Redemption by Jesus Christ is the only remedy . John Calvin defined original sin in his Institutes of the Christian Religion as follows : Original sin , therefore , seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature , diffused into all parts of the soul , which first makes us liable to God 's wrath , then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls `` works of the flesh '' ( Gal 5 : 19 ) . And that is properly what Paul often calls sin . The works that come forth from it -- such as adulteries , fornications , thefts , hatreds , murders , carousings -- he accordingly calls `` fruits of sin '' ( Gal 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , although they are also commonly called `` sins '' in Scripture , and even by Paul himself . Council of Trent ( edit ) The Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians , condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away , but is only cancelled or not imputed , and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly `` sin '' in the baptized , but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin . In 1567 , soon after the close of the Council of Trent , Pope Pius V went beyond Trent by sanctioning Aquinas 's distinction between nature and supernature in Adam 's state before the Fall , condemned the identification of original sin with concupiscence , and approved the view that the unbaptized could have right use of will . Denominational views ( edit ) Illuminated parchment , Spain , circa AD 950 -- 955 , depicting the Fall of Man , cause of original sin Roman catholicism ( edit ) The Catechism of the Catholic Church says : By his sin Adam , as the first man , lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God , not only for himself but for all humans . Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice ; this deprivation is called `` original sin '' . As a result of original sin , human nature is weakened in its powers , subject to ignorance , suffering and the domination of death , and inclined to sin ( this inclination is called `` concupiscence '' ) . The Catholic Church teaches that every human person born on this earth is made in the image of God . Within man `` is both the powerful surge toward the good because we are made in the image of God , and the darker impulses toward evil because of the effects of Original Sin '' . Furthermore , it explicitly denies that we inherit guilt from anyone , maintaining that instead we inherit our fallen nature . In this it differs from the Calvinist / Protestant position that each person actually inherits Adam 's guilt , and teaches instead that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants ... but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man '' . `` In other words , human beings do not bear any ' original guilt ' from Adam and Eve 's particular sin . '' The Church has always held baptism to be `` for the remission of sins '' , and , as mentioned in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 403 , infants too have traditionally been baptized , though not guilty of any actual personal sin . The sin that through baptism was remitted for them could only be original sin , with which they were connected by the very fact of being a human . The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants , guilty of no actual personal sin , was given by Saint Augustine of Hippo , not all of whose ideas on original sin have been adopted by the Catholic Church . Indeed , the Church has condemned the interpretation of some of his ideas by certain leaders of the Protestant Reformation . The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that in `` yielding to the tempter , Adam and Eve committed a personal sin , but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state ... original sin is called `` sin '' only in an analogical sense : it is a sin `` contracted '' and not `` committed '' -- a state and not an act '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 404 ) . This `` state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature '' ( Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 76 ) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam 's , who because of his sin , was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed , in this way implicating them in his sin . The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children , but merely states that they inherit from him a `` human nature deprived of original holiness and justice '' , which is `` transmitted by propagation to all mankind '' . In the theology of the Catholic Church , original sin is regarded as the general condition of sinfulness , that is the absence of holiness and perfect charity into which humans are born , distinct from the actual sins that a person commits . This teaching explicitly states that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' . In other words , human beings do not bear any `` original guilt '' from Adam 's particular sin , which is his alone . The prevailing view , also held in Eastern Orthodoxy , is that human beings bear no guilt for the sin of Adam . The Catholic Church teaches : `` By our first parents ' sin , the devil has acquired a certain domination over man , even though man remains free . '' The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary is that Mary was conceived free from original sin : `` the most Blessed Virgin Mary was , from the first moment of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , Savior of the human race , preserved immune from all stain of original sin '' . The doctrine sees her as an exception to the general rule that human beings are not immune from the reality of original sin . Criticism ( edit ) Soon after the Second Vatican Council , biblical theologian Herbert Haag raised the question : Is original sin in Scripture ? According to his exegesis , Genesis 2 : 25 indicates that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace , an originary grace that , then , they would never have had and even less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated . On the other hand , while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of preternatural gifts ( Latin : dona praeternaturalia ) with regard to the ophitic event , Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the tree of life . Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox version of original sin is the view that sin originates with the Devil , `` for the devil sinneth from the beginning ( 1 John iii. 8 ) '' . They acknowledge that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for humanity ( see also traducianism ) . However , they never accepted Augustine of Hippo 's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt . Orthodox Churches accept the teachings of John Cassian , as do Catholic Churches eastern and western , in rejecting the doctrine of total depravity , by teaching that human nature is `` fallen '' , that is , depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian points out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , while Augustine Casiday says that , in Cassian 's view , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress . and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the doctrine of ancestral sin : `` Original sin is hereditary . It did not remain only Adam and Eve 's . As life passes from them to all of their descendants , so does original sin . '' `` As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream , so from a father infected with sin , and consequently mortal , there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin , and like him mortal . '' The Orthodox Church in America makes clear the distinction between `` fallen nature '' and `` fallen man '' and this is affirmed in the early teaching of the Church whose role it is to act as the catalyst that leads to true or inner redemption . Every human person born on this earth bears the image of God undistorted within themselves . In the Orthodox Christian understanding , they explicitly deny that humanity inherited guilt from anyone . Rather , they maintain that we inherit our fallen nature . While humanity does bear the consequences of the original , or first , sin , humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin . Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action ; we bear the consequences , chief of which is death . '' The view of the Eastern Orthodox Church varies on whether Mary is free of all actual sin or concupiscence . Some Patristic sources imply that she was cleansed from sin at the Annunciation , while the liturgical references are unanimous that she is all - holy from the time of her conception . Classical anglicanism ( edit ) The original formularies of the Church of England also continue in the Reformation understanding of original sin . In the Thirty - Nine Articles , Article IX `` Of Original or Birth - sin '' states : Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam , ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) ; but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man , that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam ; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and is of his own nature inclined to evil , so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit ; and therefore in every person born into this world , it deserveth God 's wrath and damnation . And this infection of nature doth remain , yea in them that are regenerated ; whereby the lust of the flesh , called in the Greek , Φρονεμα σαρκος , which some do expound the wisdom , some sensuality , some the affection , some the desire , of the flesh , is not subject to the Law of God . And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized , yet the Apostle doth confess , that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin . However , more recent doctrinal statements ( e.g. the 1938 report Doctrine in the Church of England ) permit a greater variety of understandings of this doctrine . The 1938 report summarizes : Man is by nature capable of communion with God , and only through such communion can he become what he was created to be . `` Original sin '' stands for the fact that from a time apparently prior to any responsible act of choice man is lacking in this communion , and if left to his own resources and to the influence of his natural environment can not attain to his destiny as a child of God . Methodism ( edit ) The Methodist Church upholds Article VII in the Articles of Religion in the Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church : Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) , but it is the corruption of the nature of every man , that naturally is engendered of the offspring of Adam , whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and of his own nature inclined to evil , and that continually . Seventh - day adventism ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam , but they do not totally accept the Augustinian / Calvinistic understanding of original sin , taught in terms of original guilt , but hold more to what could be termed the `` total depravity '' tradition . Seventh - day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness , but not a doctrine of inherited guilt . According to Augustine and Calvin , humanity inherits not only Adam 's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression , and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model . In part , the Adventist position on original sin reads : The nature of the penalty for original sin , i.e. , Adam 's sin , is to be seen as literal , physical , temporal , or actual death -- the opposite of life , i.e. , the cessation of being . By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity . God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner . That was Adam 's own doing . All die the first death because of Adam 's sin regardless of their moral character -- children included . Early Adventists Pioneers ( such as George Storrs and Uriah Smith ) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam , while stressing the importance of actual , personal sins committed by the individual . They thought of the `` sinful nature '' in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity . Traditionally , Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions , and that Christ triumphed over sin . Adventism believes that Christ is both our Substitute and our Example . They base their belief on texts such as `` Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law : for sin is the transgression of the law . '' ( 1 John 3 : 4 ) Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam , there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin . Related articles dealing with the subject are publicly available on the General Conference of the Seventh - day Adventist Church 's official website on theological doctrine , the Biblical Research Institute . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) According to the theology of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses , all humans are born sinners , because of inheriting sin , corruption , and death from Adam . They teach that Adam was originally created perfect and sinless , but with free will ; that the Devil , who was originally a perfect angel , but later developed feelings of pride and self - importance , seduced Eve , and then through her , persuaded Adam to disobey God , and to obey the Devil instead , rebelling against God 's sovereignty , thereby making themselves sinners , and because of that , transmitting a sinful nature to all of their future offspring . Instead of destroying the Devil right away , as well as destroying the disobedient couple , God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind , and to prove that man can not be independent of God successfully , that man is lost without God 's laws and standards , and can never bring peace to the earth , and that Satan was a deceiver , murderer , and liar . Witnesses believe that all men possess `` inherited sin '' from the `` one man '' Adam and they teach that verses such as Romans 5 : 12 - 22 , Psalm 51 : 5 , Job 14 : 4 , and 1st Corinthians 15 : 22 show that man is born corrupt , and dies because of inherited sin and imperfection , that inherited sin is the reason and cause for sickness and suffering , made worse by the Devil 's wicked influence . They believe Jesus is the `` second Adam '' , being the sinless Son of God and the Messiah , and that he came to undo Adamic sin ; and that salvation and everlasting life can only be obtained through faith and obedience to the second Adam . They believe that `` sin '' is `` missing the mark '' of God 's standard of perfection , and that everyone is born a sinner , due to being the offspring of sinner Adam . Mormonism ( edit ) The Book of Mormon , a text sacred to Mormonism , explains that the opportunity to live here in a world where we can learn good and bad is a gift from God , and not a punishment for Adam 's and Eve 's choice . As Mormon founder Joseph Smith taught , humans had an essentially godlike nature , and were not only holy in a premortal state , but had the potential to progress eternally to become like God . He wrote as one of his church 's Articles of Faith , `` We believe that men will be punished for their own sins , and not for Adam 's transgression . '' Later Mormons took this creed as a rejection of the doctrine of original sin and any notion of inherited sinfulness . Thus , while modern Mormons will agree that the fall of Adam brought consequences to the world , including the possibility of sin , they generally reject the idea that any culpability is automatically transmitted to Adam and Eve 's offspring . Children under the age of eight are regarded as free of all sin and therefore do not require baptism . Children who die prior to age eight are believed to be saved in the highest degree of heaven . Swedenborgianism ( edit ) In Swedenborgianism , exegesis of the first 11 chapters of Genesis from The First Church , has a view that Adam is not an individual person . Rather , he is a symbolic representation of the `` Most Ancient Church '' , having a more direct contact with heaven than all other successive churches . Swedenborg 's view of original sin is referred to as hereditary evil , which passes from generation to generation . It can not be completely abolished by an individual man , but can be tempered when someone reforms their own life , and are thus held accountable only for their own sins . Quakerism ( edit ) Most Quakers ( also known as the Religious Society of Friends ) , including the founder of Quakerism , George Fox , believe in the doctrine of Inward light , a doctrine which states that there is `` that of God in everyone '' . This has led to a common belief among many liberal and universalist Quakers affiliated with the Friends General Conference and Britain Yearly Meeting , based on the ideas of Quaker Rufus Jones among others , that rather than being burdened by original sin , human beings are inherently good , and the doctrine of universal reconciliation , that is , that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled with God . However , this rejection of the doctrine of original sin or the necessity of salvation is not something that most conservative or evangelical Quakers affiliated with Friends United Meeting or Evangelical Friends Church International tend to agree with . Although the more conservative and evangelical Quakers also believe in the doctrine of inward light , they interpret it in a manner consistent with the doctrine of original sin , namely , that people may or may not listen to the voice of God within them and be saved , and people who do not listen will not be saved , thus there can not be any universal reconciliation under the more conservative Quaker theology . Many more liberal Quaker meetings have no official creed and allow individual Quakers to have a wide variety of different beliefs , although following the recommendations of one 's yearly meeting 's Faith and Practice book is strongly recommended even though not mandatory . Also , not all local Quaker meetings are entirely liberal or conservative and some have members adhering to different Quaker traditions , and a Quaker meeting can be affiliated with both liberal and conservative umbrella organizations . For instance , New York Yearly Meeting , which is mostly liberal , is affiliated with both the liberal Friends General Conference as well as the conservative Friends United Meeting , even though they adhere much more to the liberal teachings of Friends General Conference than the conservative teachings of Friends United Meeting . Thus , at any given Quaker meeting , individual Quakers may have differing views on a wide variety of theological issues including original sin , with more conservative Quaker meetings having everyone believe in original sin while at more liberal Quaker meetings there is typically a variety of beliefs and usually a majority of people would not believe in original sin but a minority would believe in original sin . In Judaism ( edit ) The doctrine of `` inherited sin '' is not found in most of mainstream Judaism . Although some in Orthodox Judaism place blame on Adam for overall corruption of the world , and though there were some Jewish teachers in Babylon who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , that is not the dominant view in most of Judaism today . Modern Judaism generally teaches that humans are born sin - free and untainted , and choose to sin later and bring suffering to themselves . Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called `` original sin '' . Some teach that it was due to Adam 's yielding to temptation in eating of the forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants ; the majority of chazalic opinions , however , do not hold Adam responsible for the sins of humanity , teaching that , in Genesis 8 : 21 and 6 : 5 - 8 , God recognized that Adam did not willfully sin . However , Adam is recognized by some as having brought death into the world by his disobedience . Because of his sin , his descendants will live a mortal life , which will end in death of their bodies . In Islam ( edit ) The concept of inherited sin does not exist in Islam . Islam teaches that Adam and Eve sinned , but then sought forgiveness and thus were forgiven by God . The Qur'an says that after Adam and Eve sinned , they asked for repentance and it was granted : They said : `` Our Lord , we have wronged ourselves souls . If You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy , we shall certainly be of the losers . -- Surat al - Aʻrāf : 23 Thus did Adam disobey his Lord , so he went astray . Then his Lord chose him , and turned to him with forgiveness , and gave him guidance . -- Surat Ṭā Hāʼ : 121 -- 122 The Qur'an further says about individual responsibility : That no burdened person ( with sins ) shall bear the burden ( sins ) of another . And that man can have nothing but what he does ( of good and bad ) . And that his deeds will be seen , Then he will be recompensed with a full and the best ( fair ) recompense . -- Surat an - Najm : 38 -- 41 See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Religion portal Actual sin Ancestral sin Christian views on sin Deadly sin Divine grace Fall of man Hamartiology Immaculate Conception Incurvatus in se Internal sin Justification ( theology ) Mortal sin Pandora 's box Prevenient grace Problem of evil Sin The Antichrist ( book ) Theodicy and the Bible # The Fall and freedom of the will Venial sin Yetzer hara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Examples : Alexander Golitzin , On the Mystical Life by Saint Symeon ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 144 - 7 ) , p. 119 Adam L. Tate , Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals , 1789 -- 1861 ( University of Missouri Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1567 - 3 ) , p. 190 Marcelle Bartolo - Abel , God 's Gift to Humanity ( Apostolate -- The Divine Heart 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9833480 - 1 - 6 ) , p. 32 Ann Hassan , Annotations to Geoffrey Hill 's Speech ! Speech ! ( Punctum Books 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4681 - 2984 - 7 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : ODCC 2005 , p . Original sin . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) . World Religions . Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peter Nathan . `` The Original View of Original Sin '' . Vision.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Original Sin Explained and Defended : Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor '' . Philvaz.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Preamble and Articles of Faith Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - V. Sin , Original and Personal - Church of the Nazarene . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Are Babies Born with Sin ? - Topical Bible Studies . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Original Sin - Psalm 51 : 5 - Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jansenius and Jansenism '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται . Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ten Plagues of Egypt , destruction of Shechem , etc. and most notably the punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism ; explicitly in Isaiah 14 : 21 , Exodus 20 : 5 , Exodus 34 : 6 - 7 , Jeremiah 32 : 18 . Krašovec , Jože , Reward , punishment , and forgiveness : the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views , BRILL , 1999 , p 113 . Jump up ^ Rom. 5 : 12 Jump up ^ 1 Cor. 15 : 22 Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza ( 2012 ) . Christian Beginnings from Nazareth to Nicea . Allen Lane , Penguin Books . p. 100 . Jump up ^ J.N.D. Kelly . Early Christian Doctrines ( San Francisco : Harper Collins , 1978 ) p. 171 , referred to in Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church , p. 433 Jump up ^ Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church ( B&H Publishing 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 2640 - 3 ) , p. 433 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 255 , 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ H.E.W. Turner , The Patristic Doctrine of the Redemption : A Study of the Development of Doctrine During the First Five Centuries ( Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock Publishers , 2004 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Bernhard Lohse , A Short History of Christian Doctrine ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Fortress Press , 1966 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Arthur C. McGiffert , A History of Christian Thought : Volume 1 , Early and Eastern ( New York ; London : C. Scribner 's sons , 1932 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Fox , Robin Lane ( 2006 ) . The Unauthorized Version : Truth and Fiction in the Bible . London : Penguin . ISBN 9780141022963 . Jump up ^ Augustine taught that Adam 's sin was both an act of foolishness ( insipientia ) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve . He thought it was a most subtle job to discern what came first : self - centeredness or failure in seeing truth . Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est , ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos , an insipientes superbia fecerit ( Contra Julianum , V , 4.18 ; PL 44 , 795 ) . This particular sin would not have taken place if Satan had not sown into their senses `` the root of evil '' ( radix Mali ) : Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus ( Contra Julianum , I , 9.42 ; PL 44 , 670 ) Jump up ^ `` Original Sin '' . Biblical Apologetic Studies . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , sexual desire and all sensual feelings resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . Jump up ^ William Nicholson . A Plain But Full Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England , page 118 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas explained Augustine 's doctrine pointing out that the libido ( concupiscence ) , which makes the original sin pass from parents to children , is not a libido actualis , i.e. sexual lust , but libido habitualis , i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature : Libido quae transmittit peccatum originale in prolem , non est libido actualis , quia dato quod virtute divina concederetur alicui quod nullam inordinatam libidinem in actu generationis sentiret , adhuc transmitteret in prolem originale peccatum . Sed libido illa est intelligenda habitualiter , secundum quod appetitus sensitivus non continetur sub ratione vinculo originalis iustitiae . Et talis libido in omnibus est aequalis ( STh Ia -- IIae q. 82 a . 4 ad 3 ) . Jump up ^ Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam , sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum ; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis , sicut est languor . ( De nuptiis et concupiscentia , I , 25 . 28 ; PL 44 , 430 ; cf . Contra Julianum , VI , 18.53 ; PL 44 , 854 ; ibid . VI , 19.58 ; PL 44 , 857 ; ibid. , II , 10.33 ; PL 44 , 697 ; Contra Secundinum Manichaeum , 15 ; PL 42 , 590 . Jump up ^ Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Quis enim negat futurum fuisse concubitum , etiamsi peccatum non praecessisset ? Sed futurus fuerat , sicut aliis membris , ita etiam genitalibus voluntate motis , non libidine concitatis ; aut certe etiam ipsa libidine -- ut non vos de illa nimium contristemus -- non qualis nunc est , sed ad nutum voluntarium serviente ( Contra Julianum , IV . 11 . 57 ; PL 44 , 766 ) . See also his late work : Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus , II , 42 ; PL 45 , 1160 ; ibid. II , 45 ; PL 45 , 1161 ; ibid. , VI , 22 ; PL 45 , 1550 -- 1551 . Cf . Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Justo L. Gonzalez ( 1970 -- 1975 ) . A History of Christian Thought : Volume 2 ( From Augustine to the eve of the Reformation ) . Abingdon Press . Jump up ^ Sexual desire is , according to bishop of Hippo , only one -- though the strongest -- of many physical realisations of that spiritual libido : Cum igitur sint multarum libidines rerum , tamen , cum libido dicitur neque cuius rei libido sit additur , non fere assolet animo occurrere nisi illa , qua obscenae partes corporis excitantur . Haec autem sibi non solum totum corpus nec solum extrinsecus , verum etiam intrinsecus vindicat totumque commovet hominem animi simul affectu cum carnis appetitu coniuncto atque permixto , ut ea voluptas sequatur , qua maior in corporis voluptatibus nulla est ; ita ut momento ipso temporis , quo ad eius pervenitur extremum , paene omnis acies et quasi vigilia cogitationis obruatur . ( De civitate Dei , XIV , 16 ; CCL 48 , 438 -- 439 ( 1 -- 10 ) ) . See also : Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 97 ... See also Augustine 's : De continentia , 8.21 ; PL 40 , 363 ; Contra Iulianum VI , 19.60 ; PL 44 , 859 ; ibid. IV , 14.65 , z. 2 , s . 62 ; PL 44 , 770 ; De Trinitate , XII , 9 . 14 ; CCL 50 , 368 ( verse : IX 1 -- 8 ) ; De Genesi contra Manicheos , II , 9.12 , s . 60 ; CSEL 91 , 133 ( v. 31 -- 35 ) ) . Jump up ^ Regeneratus quippe non regenerat filios carnis , sed generat ; ac per hoc in eos non quod regeneratus , sed quod generatus est , trajicit . ( De gratia Christi et de peccato originali , II , 40.45 ; CSEL 42 , 202 ( 23 -- 25 ) ; PL 44 , 407 . Jump up ^ Cf . De civitate Dei , ch . IX and XIV ; On the Gospel of John , LX ( Christ 's feelings at the death of Lazarus , Jn 11 ) Jump up ^ J. Brachtendorf ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' : 307 . hdl : 2042 / 23075 . Jump up ^ `` Infernum '' , literally `` underworld '' , later identified as limbo . Jump up ^ `` Past Roman Catholic statements about Limbo and the destination of unbaptised infants who die ? '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Mark 10 : 14 ; cf. 1 Tim 2 : 4 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , secondary preliminary paragraph ; cf . paragraph 41 . Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 s : Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Rudolph Elton , Reformation Europe ( Wiley - Blackwell 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21384 - 0 ) , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Augustine Casiday , Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian ( Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 929718 - 5 ) , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : John Cassian . Conferences . Books.google.com . p. 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STUDIA HISTORIAE ECCLESIASTICAE May / Mei 2009 Volume XXXV No / Nr 1 ^ Jump up to : Lauren Pristas , The Theological Anthropology of John Cassian Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 284 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Edwin Zackrison , In the Loins of Adam ( iUniverse 2004 ISBN 9780595307166 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Justo L. González , A History of Christian Thought ( Abingdon Press 2010 ISBN 9781426721915 ) , vol. 2 , p. 58 Jump up ^ In Catholic theology , the meaning of the word `` concupiscence '' is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason . The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the ' flesh ' against the ' spirit ' . `` Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin . It unsettles man 's moral faculties and , without being in itself an offence , inclines man to commit sins '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , n . 2515 ) . Jump up ^ Theodore G. Tappert , The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1959 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , American edition , vol. 43 , p. 40 , ed. H. Lehmann , Fortress , 1968 Jump up ^ John Calvin , The Institutes of the Christian Religion , II. 1.8 , LCC , 2 vols. , trans . Ford Lewis Battles , ed . John T. McNeill ( Philadelphia : Westminster , 1960 ) , 251 ( page 217 of CCEL edition ) . Cf . Institutes of the Christian Religion at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ `` Paul III Council of Trent - 5 '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man , The Image of God Paperback - Christoph Cardinal Schoenborn : Ignatius Press '' . Ignatius.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morality '' . Usccb.org. 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 404 Jump up ^ Item 407 in section 1.2. 1.7 . Emphasis added . Jump up ^ Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 491 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Haag , Herbert ( 1969 ) . Is original sin in Scripture ? . New York : Sheed and Ward . German or . ed. : 1966 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Haag , Herbert ( 1966 ) . pp. 9 , 49ff . Jump up ^ Catechism of St. Philaret , questions 157 Jump up ^ The term `` ancestral sin '' is also used , as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία ( e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια -- η ορθόδοξη άποψη , Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής , Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού -- του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ ) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα ( e.g. , Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά -- Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου , εκδ . Αποστολικής Διακονίας , 1997 , σελ. 156 -- 161 , Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Stavros Moschos . `` Original Sin And Its Consequences '' . Biserica.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church , 168 Jump up ^ `` Do Not Resent , Do Not React , Keep Inner Stillness Glory to God for All Things '' . Fatherstephen.wordpress.com. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fr . John Matusiak , http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=4&SID=3 Jump up ^ Mother Mary and Ware , Kallistos , `` The Festal Menaion '' , p. 47 . St. Tikhon 's Seminary Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Laurent Cleenewerck , His Broken Body ( Euclid University Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 61518361 - 9 ) , p. 410 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty - Nine Articles '' . Anglicans Online . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctrine in the Church of England , 1938 , London : SPCK ; p. 64 Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church : The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church -- Article V -- Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is Jump up ^ The SDA Bible Commentary , vol. 5 , p. 1131 . Jump up ^ Woodrow W. Whidden . `` Adventist Theology : The Wesleyan Connection '' ( PDF ) . Bibelschule.info . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ E.G. White , Signs of the Times , 29 August 1892 ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Pfandl . `` Some thoughts on Original Sin '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Questions on Doctrine 50th Anniversary Conference '' ( DOC ) . Qod.andrews.edu. 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Research Institute '' . Adventistbiblicalresearch.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 1993 . pp. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 2005 . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Watchtower 1973 , page 724 '' -- `` Declaration and resolution '' , The Watchtower , 1 December 1973 , page 724 . Jump up ^ Penton , M.J. ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed . University of Toronto Press . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780802079732 . Jump up ^ `` Angels -- How They Affect Us '' . The Watchtower : 7 . 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ ADAM -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam 's Sin -- The Time for True Submission to God -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Book of Mormon , 2 Nephi 2 : 11 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Articles of Faith 1 : 2 Jump up ^ Merrill , Byron R. ( 1992 ) . `` Original sin '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan Publishing . pp. 1052 -- 1053 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 . OCLC 24502140 . Jump up ^ Moroni 8 ; `` Chapter 20 : Baptism '' , Gospel Principles , ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2011 ) pp. 114 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 137 : 10 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Swedenborg . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 96 , n . 313 : `` But as to hereditary evil , the case is this . Everyone who commits actual sin thereby induces on himself a nature , and the evil from it is implanted in his children , and becomes hereditary . It thus descends from every parent , from the father , grandfather , great - grandfather , and their ancestors in succession , and is thus multiplied and augmented in each descending posterity , remaining with each person , and being increased in each by his actual sins , and never being dissipated so as to become harmless except in those who are being regenerated by the Lord . Every attentive observer may see evidence of this truth in the fact that the evil inclinations of parents remain visibly in their children , so that one family , and even an entire race , may be thereby distinguished from every other . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 229 , n. 719 : `` There are evils in man which must be dispersed while he is being regenerated , that is , which must be loosened and attempered by goods ; for no actual and hereditary evil in man can be so dispersed as to be abolished . It still remains implanted ; and can only be so far loosened and attempered by goods from the Lord that it does not injure , and does not appear , which is an arcanum hitherto unknown . Actual evils are those which are loosened and attempered , and not hereditary evils ; which also is a thing unknown . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 336 , n. 966 : `` It is to be observed that in the other life no one undergoes any punishment and torture on account of his hereditary evil , but only on account of the actual evils which he himself has committed . '' . Jump up ^ John L. Nickals , ed. ( 1975 ) . Journal of George Fox . Religious Society of Friends . p. 774 . light of Christ , xl , xliii , xliv , 12 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 33 -- 5 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 88 , 92 , 115 , 117 , 135 , 143 -- 4 , 150 , 155 , 173 , 174 -- 6 , 188 , 191 , 205 , 225 -- 6 , 234 -- 7 , 245 , 274 -- 5 , 283 -- 4 , 294 -- 6 , 303 -- 5 , 309 , 312 , 317 - 335 , 339 -- 40 , 347 -- 8 , 361 , 471 -- 2 , 496 -- 7 , 575 , 642 Jump up ^ http://www.nyym.org/?q=NYYMAffiliations Jump up ^ http://www.nyym.org/?q=faith_and_practice ^ Jump up to : Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 55b Jump up ^ Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin -- Kolatch , Alfred J. , The Jewish Book of Why / The Second Jewish Book of Why . NY : Jonathan David Publishers , 1989 . Jump up ^ Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin While there were some Jewish teachers in Talmudic times who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , the dominant view was that man sins because he is not a perfect being , and not , as Christianity teaches , because he is inherently sinful . Jump up ^ SIN : -- Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaul Magid ( 2008 ) . From Metaphysics to Midrash : Myth , History , and the Interpretation of Scripture in Lurianic Kabbala . Indiana University Press . p. 238 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) . The Oxford dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . p. 295 Bibliography ( edit ) Brachtendorf , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' ( PDF ) . Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes . Paris : Institut d'études augustiniennes. 43 : 289 -- 308 . Catechism , U.S. Catholic Church ( 2003 ) . Catechism of the Catholic Church : with modifications from the Editio Typica . ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50819 - 3 . Kelly , J.N.D. ( 2000 ) . Early Christian doctrines ( 5th rev . ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5252 - 8 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Original sin '' . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Swedenborg , Emanuel ( 1749 -- 56 ) . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . John F. Potts ( trans . ) ( 2008 Reprint ed . ) . Forgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 107 - 7 . Trapè , Agostino ( 1987 ) . S. Agostino , introduzione alla dottrina della grazia . Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 . I - Natura e Grazia . Roma : Nuova Biblioteca agostiniana . p. 422 . ISBN 88 - 311 - 3402 - 7 . Turner , H.E.W. The patristic doctrine of redemption : a study of the development of doctrine during the first five centuries / by H.E.W. Turner . ( 2004 Reprint ed . ) . Eugene , Or. : Wipf & Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 930 - 9 . Wallace , A.J. ; R.D. Rusk ( 2010 ) . Moral transformation : the original Christian paradigm of salvation . New Zealand : Bridgehead Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 . Woo , B. Hoon ( 2014 ) . `` Is God the Author of Sin ? -- Jonathan Edwards 's Theodicy '' . Puritan Reformed Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 123 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Original sin Article `` Original Sin '' in Catholic Encyclopedia The Book of Concord The Defense of the Augsburg Confession , Article II : Of Original Sin ; from an early Protestant perspective , part of the Augsburg Confession . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. Romanides Ancestral Versus Original Sin by Father Antony Hughes , St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church , Cambridge , Massachusetts Original Sin by Michael Bremmer Catholic Church Council of Trent ( June 17 , 1546 ) . `` Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini : Fifth Session , Decree concerning Original Sin '' . at www.ccel.org . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Catholic virtue ethics Great Commandment ; `` On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets . '' -- Matthew 22 : 35 - 40 Cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero St Ambrose St Augustine of Hippo St Thomas Aquinas CCC , 1805 -- 1809 Theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Charity ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 CCC , 1812 -- 1829 Seven heavenly virtues Chastity ( Castitas ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Charity ( Caritas ) Diligence ( Industria ) Patience ( Patientia ) Kindness ( Humanitas ) Humility ( Humilitas ) Source : Church Fathers Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus St John Cassian Pope St Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Four last things Sin Christian views on sin Original sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology ( Latin names in bracketed italics ) Catholic philosophy Catholic social teaching Catholicism portal Philosophy portal Hamartiology Adam Good and evil The Fall Original sin Christian views on sin Imputation of sin Other views on sin Logical order of God 's decrees Theodicy Total depravity See also Apologetics Soteriology Demonology Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Lucifer Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of Ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Adam and Eve ( 1992 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&oldid=803547915 '' Categories : Christian philosophy Christian hamartiology Christian anthropology Adam and Eve Christian terminology Sin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with German - language external links Accuracy disputes from June 2015 Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 05 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the doctrine of original sin begin	[ "The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics[citation needed]. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine,[2] seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5:12–21 and 1 Corinthians 15:22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51:5.[4][5][6][7][8] Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or \"hurtful desire\"), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom.[2] The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.[9]" ]	[ "2nd century" ]
2033514598627167338	Chrisley Knows Best	Chrisley Knows Best - wikipedia Chrisley Knows Best Jump to : navigation , search Chrisley Knows Best Genre Reality Starring Michael Todd Chrisley Julie Chrisley Lindsie Chrisley - Campbell ( Season 1 - 5 ) Kyle Chrisley ( Season 1 ) Chase Chrisley Savannah Chrisley Grayson Chrisley Chloe Chrisley ( Season 1 - 3 ) Faye Chrisley Jackson Campbell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 76 ( including specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Adam Greener Jim Sayer Stephanie Bloch Chambers Producer ( s ) Annie Kate Pons Camera setup Multiple Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Maverick Television All3Media America Release Original network USA Network Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/chrisleyknowsbest Chrisley Knows Best is an American reality television series airing on the USA Network . It centers around the lives of wealthy Georgia real estate mogul Todd Chrisley and his family . The show formerly took place in Roswell and Alpharetta , Georgia , both near Atlanta . The show is currently in its fifth season , which was filmed mainly in Nashville , Tennessee . In the summer of 2017 , it was announced that a sixth season of Chrisley Knows Best would air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 3.5 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 3.6 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3.7 Specials 4 Reception 5 Broadcast and streaming 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Todd and Savannah Chrisley interviewed by RumorFix at KIIS - FM 's Jingle Ball 2014 . Todd Chrisley , a father who has made all of his money in real estate . He can sometimes get quite angry , especially at his son Chase . He is a germophobe and tries to avoid things like dirt and animals . Julie Chrisley , Todd 's wife . She enjoys cooking . Chloe Chrisley , Todd 's infant granddaughter , she did not appear after the Chrisleys moved to Nashville Kyle Chrisley , Chloe 's father . Kyle has previously had a drug problem , and did not appear outside of the first season . Lindsie Chrisley Campbell , Todd 's daughter with Therese , and mother of Jackson . Chase Chrisley , Todd and Julie 's son . He is often made fun of and humiliated by Todd . Chase and his friend Parker are often up to some sort of mischief that they think will get them rich . He is a germophobe , like Todd . Savannah Chrisley , Todd and Julie 's daughter , a beauty pageant competitor . She often gets in car crashes , which once resulted in her not getting a new car . Grayson Chrisley , Todd and Julie 's youngest child . Grayson will often do things to make Todd mad , like opening up a can of pop without Todd 's permission . Jackson Campbell , the son of Lindsie and her husband , Will , from whom she is separated . Faye Chrisley , Todd 's mother . Faye enjoys to just stay home most of the time . She used to live with a woman named Catherine , who passed away in 2016 at the age of 96 . Production ( edit ) The series is executive produced by Adam Greener , Jim Sayer , and Stephanie Chambers . Maverick TV and All3Media America are the production companies behind the series . On April 14 , 2014 , the USA Network ordered a 12 - episode second season of Chrisley Knows Best . It is also USA Network 's youngest - skewing original series . On October 20 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a 12 - episode third season . On February 5 , 2015 , the episode order was increased by 6 episodes for a total of 18 for season 3 . On July 7 , 2016 , USA renewed the show for a fifth season . That same day , the network announced that the second half of season 4 will premiere in August bringing it to a total of 26 episodes . On July 25th , 2017 , a sixth season was picked up of Chrisley Knows Best , and on that same day it was confirmed that Season 5 will start back airing on September 12 , 2017 , and a sixth season will begin filming in November 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 12 October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 19 June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) December 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 23 ) 26 March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 5 26 February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2017 ( 2017 ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The first season averaged 1.16 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Patriarch of Perfection '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 1.03 `` Not So Sweet Sixteen '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 0.94 `` Jugs and Ammo '' March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 1.03 `` Two Men and a Baby '' March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 1.13 5 5 `` Todd - tervention '' April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 0.93 6 6 `` Big Apple Blowup '' April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 1.25 7 7 `` Date Night '' April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 1.47 8 8 `` Hey Chloe , It 's Your Birthday ! '' April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 1.47 Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The second season averaged 1.49 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.62 10 `` Misadventures in Babysitting '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.61 11 `` Father 's Day '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.57 12 `` Confessions of a Beauty Queen '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.58 13 5 `` Chase Turns 18 '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 1.25 14 6 `` Anger Management '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.42 15 7 `` California Chrisleys '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 1.45 16 8 `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 1.35 17 9 `` The Great Outdoors '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 1.14 18 10 `` Marriage Redux '' December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 1.78 19 11 `` Houseguest From Hell '' December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 1.69 20 12 `` Still Chrisley After All These Years '' December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 1.47 Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The third season averaged 1.61 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Savannah 's Big Id - ea '' June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) 2.10 22 `` Life 's A Pitch '' June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) 2.25 23 `` Getting Testy '' June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 1.71 24 `` My Chrisley Valentine '' June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 1.74 25 5 `` Dollars & Sense '' June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1.29 26 6 `` Chrisleys On Campus '' June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1.45 27 7 `` Nurse Todd '' June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 1.40 28 8 `` College Bootcamp '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 1.29 29 9 `` Rules of Engagement '' July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) 1.59 30 10 `` Failure To Launch '' July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 1.53 31 11 `` Midlife Chrisley '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 1.77 32 12 `` Dude Ranch '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 1.88 33 13 `` Chrisleys Take London '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 1.86 34 14 `` Lord Chrisley '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 1.60 35 15 `` Love and Marriage '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 1.37 36 16 `` Sports Day '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 1.27 37 17 `` Hometown Hero '' December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 1.69 38 18 `` The Graduates '' December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) 1.33 39 19 `` Leaving the Nest '' December 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 23 ) 1.48 Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The fourth season averaged 1.62 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 40 `` Crowning Achievements '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 1.43 41 `` The Wrath of Todd '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1.50 42 `` Todd Unleashed '' March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 1.51 43 `` Lights , Camera , Chase '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 1.41 44 5 `` Runaway Faye '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1.42 45 6 `` Moving On '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 1.46 46 7 `` Too Close for Comfort '' May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 1.69 47 8 `` Smoothie Operator '' May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 1.51 48 9 `` Chase in Charge '' May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 1.20 49 10 `` Family Matters '' May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 1.44 50 11 `` Goat Farm Yourself '' June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 1.50 51 12 `` Todd Goes Country '' June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 1.27 52 13 `` Hawaii Love You So '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 1.85 53 14 `` Do n't Kale Yourself '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 1.79 54 15 `` Todd 's Not Dead '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 1.94 55 16 `` Colon All Cards '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 1.82 56 17 `` You Ca n't Handle the Truce '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 1.92 57 18 `` Review and Renew '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1.72 58 19 `` Go Flip Yourself '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1.83 59 20 `` Message in a Bottle Rocket '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 1.71 60 21 `` Crowning Around '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1.84 61 22 `` Pretty in Print '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1.72 62 23 `` Truth or Chair '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1.88 63 24 `` Rent Controlled '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1.57 64 25 `` A Very Grisly Chrisley '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.68 65 26 `` The House That Built Todd '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.60 Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The 5th season averaged 1.95 million viewers so far . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 66 `` 50 Shades of Faye '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1.97 67 `` Client - Hell '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 1.83 68 `` Bunions , Bulldogs and Hedgehogs , Oh My ! '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 2.01 69 `` Market Crash '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1.95 70 5 `` Mannequin Challenge '' March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 1.80 71 6 `` O Grayson , Where Art Thou ? '' March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 2.01 72 7 `` Matchmakers and Batchbakers '' April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 2.07 73 8 `` Dancing Tween '' April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1.95 74 9 `` Moms Just Wanna Have Fun '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 1.87 75 10 `` Twisted Sisters '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) TBA 76 11 `` Prank Master '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA Specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` A Very Chrisley Christmas '' December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 1.57 A holiday special featuring never before seen footage from season two . `` A Very Chrisley Christmas 2 '' December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) 1.84 Reception ( edit ) The show has received mixed reviews . Tom Gliatto of People gave the show a rating of 75 % and gave a positive review , saying `` This is the best ' family ' reality series since Honey Boo Boo or even The Osbournes from several eons ago '' . Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly gave a mixed review , saying `` If you can get past the canned lines and sub-sitcom storylines , the Chrisley crew can be fun '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave a mixed review , saying `` As intriguing in the details as it is uncomfortable to watch , ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' a self - consciously sitcom - like reality show , initially seems to be just another knockoff designed to cash in on the ' Duck Dynasty ' demo . Cut through the deep - fried window dressing , though , and this USA series is almost entirely devoted to its subtext , intended to elicit sniggering regarding that which goes unsaid about the show 's wealthy father of five , whom his son - in - law understandably dubs ' flamboyant . ' Played as epic farce , the skein should have a disparate range of appeal , but let 's hope the Chrisleys do n't mind being laughed at , not with '' . Broadcast and streaming ( edit ) Chrisley Knows Best is broadcast on USA Network in the United States . In the UK , it airs on ITVBe . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moran , Lee . `` Multimillionaire father reveals family 's ostentatious lifestyle in ' Chrisley Knows Best ' '' . NY Daily Magazine . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Craziest Dad Talks `` Cootie - Cutters '' and Parenting Tips `` . eonline.com . Jump up ^ `` USA Network Orders Reality Series Centered on Wealthy Atlanta Family '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/08/chrisley-knows-season-6-renewal-bigger-season-5-new-after-show-1202147099/ Jump up ^ `` USA Greenlights Reality Family Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` USA Network Orders Reality Series Centered on Wealthy Atlanta Family '' . Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` USA Renews ' Chrisley Knows Best ' Reality Series for Second Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chrisley Knows Best ' Renewed for Third Season by USA '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chrisley Knows Best ' Gets Order For 6 More Episodes By USA '' . byNellieAndreeva . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` The Voice '' Leads Originals in Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' The Little Couple ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Are You the One ? ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' The Little Couple ' , ' Inside Amy Schumer ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Leads Night + ' The Game ' , Women 's NCAA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom Reunion ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Fargo ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Game ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrisley Knows Best - Episode Guide for Season 2 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Awkward ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , Election Coverage & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 30 for 30 ′ , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 326741 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + College Basketball , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 329402 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 332601 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 334890 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 337693 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 340381 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.2. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.9. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.16. 2015 -- Now Updated with Top 40 Demographic Chart - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 421913 '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 424853 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 428275 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 431285 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 434626 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.10. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.17. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.24. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrisley Knows Best '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.1. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.8. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.15. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.23. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the dad on chrisley knows best	[ "Todd Chrisley, a father who has made all of his money in real estate. He can sometimes get quite angry, especially at his son Chase. He is a germophobe and tries to avoid things like dirt and animals." ]	[ "Todd Chrisley" ]
7778355574006499685	Ovule	Ovule - wikipedia Ovule For animal ovules , see Ovum . `` Micropyle ( botany ) '' and `` Ovular '' redirect here . For the structure in animals , see Micropyle ( zoology ) . For the shape , see oval . Location of ovules inside a Helleborus foetidus flower In seed plants , the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells . It consists of three parts : The integument ( s ) , forming its outer layer ( s ) , the nucellus ( or remnant of the megasporangium ) , and the female gametophyte ( formed from a haploid megaspore ) in its center . The female gametophyte -- specifically termed a megagametophyte -- is also called the embryo sac in angiosperms . The megagametophyte produces an egg cell ( or several in some groups ) for the purpose of fertilization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location within the plant 2 Ovule parts and development 2.1 Integuments , micropyle and chalaza 2.2 Nucellus , megaspore and perisperm 2.3 Megagametophyte 2.4 Zygote , embryo and endosperm 2.5 Types of gametophytes 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Location within the plant ( edit ) In flowering plants , the ovule is located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium . The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall . Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk - like structure known as a funiculus ( plural , funiculi ) . Different patterns of ovule attachment , or placentation , can be found among plant species , these include : Apical placentation : The placenta is at the apex ( top ) of the ovary . Simple or compound ovary . Axile placentation : The ovary is divided into radial segments , with placentas in separate locules . Ventral sutures of carpels meet at the centre of the ovary . Placentae are along fused margins of carpels . Two or more carpels . ( e.g. Hibiscus , Citrus , Solanum ) Basal placentation : The placenta is at the base ( bottom ) of the ovary on a protrusion of the thalamus ( receptacle ) . Simple or compound carpel , unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Sonchus , Helianthus , Compositae ) Free - central placentation : Derived from axile as partitions are absorbed , leaving ovules at the central axis . Compound unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Stellaria , Dianthus ) Marginal placentation : Simplest type . There is only one elongated placenta on one side of the ovary , as ovules are attached at the fusion line of the carpel 's margins . This is conspicuous in legumes . Simple carpel , unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Pisum ) Parietal placentation : Placentae on inner ovary wall within a non-sectioned ovary , corresponding to fused carpel margins . Two or more carpels , unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Brassica ) Superficial : Similar to axile , but placentae are on inner surfaces of multilocular ovary ( e.g. Nymphaea ) Ovule structure ( anatropous ) 1 : nucleus 2 : chalaza 3 : funiculus 4 : raphe Ovule orientation may be anatropous , such that when inverted the micropyle faces the placenta ( this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants ) , amphitropous , campylotropous , or orthotropous . In gymnosperms such as conifers , ovules are borne on the surface of an ovuliferous ( ovule - bearing ) scale , usually within an ovulate cone ( also called megastrobilus ) . In some extinct plants ( e.g. Pteridosperms ) , megasporangia and perhaps ovules were borne on the surface of leaves . In other extinct taxa , a cupule ( a modified leaf or part of a leaf ) surrounds the ovule ( e.g. Caytonia or Glossopteris ) . Ovule parts and development ( edit ) Plant ovules : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right Models of different ovules , Botanical Museum Greifswald The ovule appears to be a megasporangium with integuments surrounding it . Ovules are initially composed of diploid maternal tissue , which includes a megasporocyte ( a cell that will undergo meiosis to produce megaspores ) . Megaspores remain inside the ovule and divide by mitosis to produce the haploid female gametophyte or megagametophyte , which also remains inside the ovule . The remnants of the megasporangium tissue ( the nucellus ) surround the megagametophyte . Megagametophytes produce archegonia ( lost in some groups such as flowering plants ) , which produce egg cells . After fertilization , the ovule contains a diploid zygote and then , after cell division begins , an embryo of the next sporophyte generation . In flowering plants , a second sperm nucleus fuses with other nuclei in the megagametophyte forming a typically polyploid ( often triploid ) endosperm tissue , which serves as nourishment for the young sporophyte . Integuments , micropyle and chalaza ( edit ) An integument is a protective cell layer surrounding the ovule . Gymnosperms typically have one integument ( unitegmic ) while angiosperms typically have two ( bitegmic ) . The evolutionary origin of the inner integument ( which is integral to the formation of ovules from megasporangia ) has been proposed to be by enclosure of a megasporangium by sterile branches ( telomes ) . Elkinsia , a preovulate taxon , has a lobed structure fused to the lower third of the megasporangium , with the lobes extending upwards in a ring around the megasporangium . This might , through fusion between lobes and between the structure and the megasporangium , have produced an integument . The origin of the second or outer integument has been an area of active contention for some time . The cupules of some extinct taxa have been suggested as the origin of the outer integument . A few angiosperms produce vascular tissue in the outer integument , the orientation of which suggests that the outer surface is morphologically abaxial . This suggests that cupules of the kind produced by the Caytoniales or Glossopteridales may have evolved into the outer integument of angiosperms . The integuments develop into the seed coat when the ovule matures after fertilization . The integuments do not enclose the nucellus completely but retain an opening at the apex referred to as the micropyle . The micropyle opening allows the pollen ( a male gametophyte ) to enter the ovule for fertilization . In gymnosperms ( e.g. , conifers ) , the pollen is drawn into the ovule on a drop of fluid that exudes out of the micropyle , the so - called pollination drop mechanism . Subsequently , the micropyle closes . In angiosperms , only a pollen tube enters the micropyle . During germination , the seedling 's radicle emerges through the micropyle . Located opposite from the micropyle is the chalaza where the nucellus is joined to the integuments . Nutrients from the plant travel through the phloem of the vascular system to the funiculus and outer integument and from there apoplastically and symplastically through the chalaza to the nucellus inside the ovule . In chalazogamous plants , the pollen tubes enter the ovule through the chalaza instead of the micropyle opening . Nucellus , megaspore and perisperm ( edit ) The nucellus ( plural : nucelli ) is part of the inner structure of the ovule , forming a layer of diploid ( sporophytic ) cells immediately inside the integuments . It is structurally and functionally equivalent to the megasporangium . In immature ovules , the nucellus contains a megasporocyte ( megaspore mother cell ) , which undergoes sporogenesis via meiosis . In the megasporocyte of Arabidopsis thaliana , meiosis depends on the expression of genes that facilitate DNA repair and homologous recombination . In gymnosperms , three of the four haploid spores produced in meiosis typically degenerate , leaving one surviving megaspore inside the nucellus . Among angiosperms , however , a wide range of variation exists in what happens next . The number ( and position ) of surviving megaspores , the total number of cell divisions , whether nuclear fusions occur , and the final number , position and ploidy of the cells or nuclei all vary . A common pattern of embryo sac development ( the Polygonum type maturation pattern ) includes a single functional megaspore followed by three rounds of mitosis . In some cases , however , two megaspores survive ( for example , in Allium and Endymion ) . In some cases all four megaspores survive , for example in the Fritillaria type of development ( illustrated by Lilium in the figure ) there is no separation of the megaspores following meiosis , then the nuclei fuse to form a triploid nucleus and a haploid nucleus . The subsequent arrangement of cells is similar to the Polygonum pattern , but the ploidy of the nuclei is different . After fertilization , the nucellus may develop into the perisperm that feeds the embryo . In some plants , the diploid tissue of the nucellus can give rise to the embryo within the seed through a mechanism of asexual reproduction called nucellar embryony . Megagametophyte ( edit ) Megagametophyte formation of the genera Polygonum and Lilium . Triploid nuclei are shown as ellipses with three white dots . The first three columns show the meiosis of the megaspore , followed by 1 - 2 mitoses . Ovule with megagametophyte : egg cell ( yellow ) , synergids ( orange ) , central cell with two polar nuclei ( bright green ) , and antipodals ( dark green ) The haploid megaspore inside the nucellus gives rise to the female gametophyte , called the megagametophyte . In gymnosperms , the megagametophyte consists of around 2000 nuclei and forms archegonia , which produce egg cells for fertilization . In flowering plants , the megagametophyte ( also referred to as the embryo sac ) is much smaller and typically consists of only seven cells and eight nuclei . This type of megagametophyte develops from the megaspore through three rounds of mitotic divisions . The cell closest to the micropyle opening of the integuments differentiates into the egg cell , with two synergid cells by its side that are involved in the production of signals that guide the pollen tube . Three antipodal cells form on the opposite ( chalazal ) end of the ovule and later degenerate . The large central cell of the embryo sac contains two polar nuclei . Zygote , embryo and endosperm ( edit ) The pollen tube releases two sperm nuclei into the ovule . In gymnosperms , fertilization occurs within the archegonia produced by the female gametophyte . While it is possible that several egg cells are present and fertilized , typically only one zygote will develop into a mature embryo as the resources within the seed are limited . In flowering plants , one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell to produce a zygote , the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to give rise to the polyploid ( typically triploid ) endosperm . This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants , although in some other groups the second sperm cell does fuse with another cell in the megagametophyte to produce a second embryo . The plant stores nutrients such as starch , proteins , and oils in the endosperm as a food source for the developing embryo and seedling , serving a similar function to the yolk of animal eggs . The endosperm is also called the albumen of the seed . Embryos may be described by a number of terms including Linear ( embryos have axile placentation and are longer than broad ) , or rudimentary ( embryos are basal in which the embryo is tiny in relation to the endosperm ) . Types of gametophytes ( edit ) Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing , as either monosporic , bisporic , or tetrasporic . See also ( edit ) Gynoecium Ovum Alternation of generations Meiosis Oogenesis Placentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kotpal , Tyagi , Bendre , & Pande . Concepts of Biology XI . Rastogi Publications , 2nd ed . New Delhi 2007 . ISBN 8171338968 . Fig. 38 Types of placentation , page 2 - 127 Jump up ^ Herr , J.M. Jr. , 1995 . The origin of the ovule . Am. J. Bot. 82 ( 4 ) : 547 - 64 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , W.N. ; Rothwell , G.W. ( 1993 ) . Paleobotany and the evolution of plants . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521382947 . Jump up ^ Frohlich and Chase , 2007 . After a dozen years of progress , the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery . Nature 450 : 1184 - 1189 ( 20 December 2007 ) doi : 10.1038 / nature06393 ; Jump up ^ Seeliger K , Dukowic - Schulze S , Wurz - Wildersinn R , Pacher M , Puchta H ( 2012 ) . `` BRCA2 is a mediator of RAD51 - and DMC1 - facilitated homologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana '' . New Phytol. 193 ( 2 ) : 364 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2011. 03947. x . PMID 22077663 . Jump up ^ Gifford , E.M. ; Foster , A.S. ( 1989 ) , Morphology and evolution of vascular plants , New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Jump up ^ The Seed Biology Place : Structural seed types based on comparative internal morphology Bibliography ( edit ) P.H. Raven , R.F. Evert , S.E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) : Biology of Plants , 7th Edition , W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers , New York , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 Peter K. Endress. Angiosperm ovules : diversity , development , evolution . Ann Bot ( 2011 ) 107 ( 9 ) : 1465 - 1489 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcr120 External links ( edit ) Morfología de Plantas Vasculares ( in Spanish ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ovule diagrams . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the ovule found in a flower	[ "In flowering plants, the ovule is located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium. The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk-like structure known as a funiculus (plural, funiculi). Different patterns of ovule attachment, or placentation, can be found among plant species, these include:[1]\n" ]	[ "gynoecium" ]
-4581910764848004907	List of best-selling albums	List of best - selling albums - wikipedia List of best - selling albums Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This is a list of the world 's best - selling albums of recorded music . The criteria are that the figure must have been published by a reliable source and the album must have sold at least 20 million copies worldwide . This list can contain any types of albums , including studio albums , greatest hits , compilations , various artists , soundtracks and remixes . The figures given do not take into account the resale of used albums . All albums included on this list have their available claimed figures supported by at least 30 % in certified copies . The percentage amount of certified sales needed increases the newer the album is , so albums released before 1975 are only expected to have their claimed figures supported by at least 30 % in certified copies . However , newer albums , such as 21 and Come Away with Me , are expected to have their claimed figures supported by at least 70 % in certified copies . Certified copies are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . This is the reason why albums that would otherwise make the list , such as The Sound of Music , Parallel Lines , In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida , Spirits Having Flown , Janet , Believe , Private Dancer , Human Clay , Laundry Service and Back to Black , have not been included . As a result of the methodology that the American and Canadian certification - awarding bodies ( the RIAA and Music Canada respectively ) use , each disc in a multi-disc set is counted as one unit toward certification , leading to many double albums on the list -- such as Pink Floyd 's The Wall and the Beatles ' The Beatles -- being certified with a number double the number of copies sold there . Such albums have the certifications for the number of copies ( not discs ) shipped indicated . Conversely , the American certification level for double albums that fit onto one compact disc , such as the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack reflect the actual number of copies sold . Michael Jackson 's Thriller , estimated to have sold 66 million copies worldwide , is the best - selling album . Although sales estimates for Thriller have been as high as 120 million copies , these sales figures are unreliable . Jackson also currently has the highest number of albums on the list with five , while The Beatles and Madonna each have three . Groupings are based on different sales benchmarks , the highest being for claims of at least 40 million copies , and the lowest being for claims of 20 -- 29 million copies . Albums are listed in order of number of copies sold and thereafter by the artist 's first name . Markets ' order within the table is based on the number of compact discs sold in each market , largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legend 2 40 million copies or more 3 30 -- 39 million copies 4 20 -- 29 million copies 5 Timeline of the highest selling albums 6 Best - selling album by year worldwide 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Legend Colors Studio albums Greatest hits and compilations Soundtracks Live albums 40 million copies or more * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Total certified copies ( from available markets ) * Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Pop , Rock , R&B 7001463190000000000 ♠ 47.3 ( show ) US : 33 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 4.2 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.12 million MEX : 1.6 million NLD : 800,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 400,000 ARG : 500,000 SWI : 300,000 AUT : 400,000 FIN : 119,061 NZ : 180,000 HKG : 15,000 66 AC / DC Back in Black 1980 Hard rock 7001259000000000000 ♠ 26.1 ( show ) US : 22 million UK : 300,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 840,000 ITA : 50,000 ARG : 160,000 SWI : 100,000 AUT : 50,000 50 Pink Floyd The Dark Side of the Moon 1973 Progressive rock 7001242100000000000 ♠ 24.2 ( show ) US : 15 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 980,000 ITA : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 70,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 45 Whitney Houston / Various artists The Bodyguard 1992 R&B , Soul , Pop , Soundtrack 7001273460000000000 ♠ 27.4 ( show ) US : 17 million JPN : 2 million UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 BRA : 750,000 NLD : 100,000 SWE 100,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 240,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 200,000 NOR : 200,000 FIN : 92,500 44 Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell 1977 Hard rock , Progressive rock 7001215050000000000 ♠ 21.5 ( show ) US : 14 million UK : 3 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.68 million NZ : 255,000 43 Eagles Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) 1976 Rock , Soft rock , Folk rock 7001321800000000000 ♠ 32.2 ( show ) US : 29 million UK : 600,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 560,000 IFPI HKG : 15,000 42 Bee Gees / Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Disco 7001205700000000000 ♠ 20.6 ( show ) US : 15 million UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 HKG : 15,000 40 Fleetwood Mac Rumours 1977 Soft rock 7001279300000000000 ♠ 27.9 ( show ) US : 20 million UK : 3.3 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 910,000 NZ : 150,000 HKG : 15,000 40 30 -- 39 million copies * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Total certified copies ( from available markets ) * Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Shania Twain Come On Over 1997 Country , Pop 7001295790000000000 ♠ 29.6 ( show ) US : 20 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.3 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.05 million BRA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 NLD : 400,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 180,000 SPA : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 SWI : 150,000 AUT : 25,000 NOR : 300,000 DEN : 100,000 FIN : 38,958 NZ : 315,000 39 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin IV 1971 Hard rock , Heavy metal , Folk 7001290200000000000 ♠ 29.0 ( show ) US : 23 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 600,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 630,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ARG : 60,000 SWI : 50,000 37 Adele 21 2011 Pop , Soul 7001252610000000000 ♠ 25.3 ( show ) US : 14 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 4.8 million GER : 1.6 million CAN : 800,000 AUS : 980,000 MEX : 300,000 NLD : 450,000 ITA : 480,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 300,000 ARG : 80,000 BEL : 180,000 POL : 200,000 SWI : 40,000 NOR : 30,000 AUT : 20,000 RUS : 10,000 DEN : 150,000 POR : 40,000 FIN : 83,234 IRE : 270,000 GRE : 6,000 HUN : 12,000 NZ : 180,000 CHI : 20,000 VEN : 10,000 35 Michael Jackson Bad Pop , Funk , Rock 7001183560000000000 ♠ 23.6 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 1,000,000 UK : 4 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million ITA : 1 million CAN : 700,000 AUS : 420,000 MEX : 350,000 SWE 200,000 SPA : 300,000 AUT : 200,000 FIN : 51,287 NZ : 135,000 IFPI HKG : 15,000 35 Mariah Carey Music Box 1993 Pop , R&B 7001183560000000000 ♠ 19.3 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 2,200,000 UK : 1.5 million FRA : 1.4 million GER : 1 million AUS : 860,000 CAN : 700,000 NLD : 600,000 SPA : 400,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 100,000 NZ : 75,000 NOR : 50,000 FIN : 47,382 32 Alanis Morissette Jagged Little Pill 1995 Alternative rock 7001247559000000000 ♠ 24.4 ( show ) US : 16 million UK : 3 million GER : 1 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 980,000 NLD : 400,000 SWE 200,000 BRA : 100,000 ARG : 60,000 POL : 50,000 SWI : 50,000 NOR : 50,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 65,860 33 Celine Dion Falling into You Pop , Soft rock 7001201770000000000 ♠ 20.2 ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 910,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 600,000 SWE : 200,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 200,000 ARG : 60,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 150,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 51,952 NZ : 180,000 HUN : 25,000 32 The Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967 Rock 7001130700000000000 ♠ 13.1 ( show ) US : 11 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 280,000 BRA : 100,000 ARG : 300,000 NZ : 90,000 32 Eminem The Marshall Mathers LP 2000 Rap , Hip Hop 7001150750000000000 ♠ 15.1 ( show ) US : 11,000,000 AUS : 280,000 UK : 2,400,000 GER : 400,000 SWI : 80,000 CAN : 640,000 NZ : 75,000 FRA : 200,000 32 Eagles Hotel California 1976 Rock , Soft rock , Folk rock 7001214810000000000 ♠ 21.5 ( show ) US : 16 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 560,000 SPA : 400,000 SWI : 100,000 AUT : 25,000 FIN : 30,933 NZ : 135,000 HKG : 15,000 32 Michael Jackson Dangerous 1991 Rock , Funk , Pop 7001163020000000000 ♠ 19.4 ( show ) US : 7 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2 million GER : 2 million FRA : 2 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 700,000 BRA : 350,000 MEX : 600,000 NLD : 300,000 SWE 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 200,000 FIN : 61,896 NZ : 90,000 CHI : 125,000 MAL : 175,000 32 Various artists Dirty Dancing Pop , Rock , R&B 7001178775000000000 ♠ 17.9 ( show ) US : 11 million UK : 1.5 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SWE 100,000 POL : 50,000 SWI : 250,000 HKG : 7,500 32 Celine Dion Let 's Talk About Love 1997 Pop , Soft rock 7001192560000000000 ♠ 19.3 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 1 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 420,000 NLD : 500,000 SWE : 240,000 SPA : 400,000 BEL : 200,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 200,000 SWI : 300,000 NOR : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 97,744 NZ : 135,000 HKG : 40,000 URY : 3,000 31 The Beatles 2000 Rock 7001226020000000000 ♠ 22.6 ( show ) US : 12 million JPN : 2 million UK : 2.4 million GER : 1.65 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 700,000 BRA : 250,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 160,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 150,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 150,000 DEN : 200,000 POR : 120,000 FIN : 77,466 NZ : 225,000 31 Madonna The Immaculate Collection Pop , Dance 7001203000000000000 ♠ 19.4 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 3.6 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 700,000 AUS : 840,000 BRA : 500,000 NLD : 300,000 SWE 50,000 SPA : 300,000 ARG : 180,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 DEN : 50,000 FIN : 92,500 NZ : 105,000 30 The Beatles Abbey Road 1969 Rock 7001144350000000000 ♠ 14.4 ( show ) US : 12 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 210,000 ARG : 500,000 NZ : 75,000 30 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Rock 7001195580000000000 ♠ 19.6 ( show ) US : 15 million UK : 900,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 910,000 FIN : 108,913 NZ : 240,000 30 Dire Straits Brothers in Arms 1985 Rock , Pop 7001176610000000000 ♠ 17.7 ( show ) US : 9 million UK : 4.1 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.19 million ARG : 30,000 SWI : 350,000 FIN : 116,784 NZ : 360,000 HKG : 15,000 30 James Horner Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture 1997 Soundtrack 7001181385000000000 ♠ 18.1 ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 1 million UK : 900,000 GER : 1.25 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 NLD : 175,000 SWE 160,000 SPA : 400,000 BEL : 150,000 POL : 140,000 ARG : 60,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 NOR : 100,000 FIN : 73,509 NZ : 60,000 HKG : 20,000 30 Metallica Metallica 1991 Thrash metal , Heavy metal 7001204800000000000 ♠ 21.2 ( show ) US : 16 million UK : 600,000 GER : 500,000 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 840,000 MEX : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE 100,000 ARG : 300,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 100,000 NOR : 50,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 112,856 NZ : 150,000 30 Nirvana Nevermind 1991 Grunge , Alternative rock 7001167020000000000 ♠ 16.7 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 1.2 million GER : 1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 BRA : 250,000 MEX : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE 200,000 ARG : 300,000 BEL : 150,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 FIN : 46,830 NZ : 105,000 30 Pink Floyd The Wall 1979 Progressive rock 7001175650000000000 ♠ 17.6 ( show ) US : 11.5 million UK : 600,000 GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 ITA : 100,000 ARG : 200,000 POL : 70,000 SWI : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 HKG : 15,000 30 Santana Supernatural 1999 Rock 7001205400000000000 ♠ 20.5 ( show ) US : 15 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 600,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 280,000 BRA : 250,000 MEX : 300,000 NLD : 200,000 SWE 80,000 SPA : 300,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 50,291 NZ : 60,000 30 Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Hard rock 7001215550000000000 ♠ 21.6 ( show ) US : 18 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 900,000 GER : 500,000 FRA : 200,000 CAN : 1 million BRA : 250,000 MEX : 100,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 50,000 ARG : 180,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 FIN : 25,000 30 20 -- 29 million copies * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) ABBA Gold : Greatest Hits 1992 Pop 29 Bon Jovi Slippery When Wet 1986 Hard rock , Glam metal 28 Various artists Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture 1978 Soundtrack 28 Linkin Park Hybrid Theory 2000 Nu metal , Rap metal , Alternative metal 27 Eminem The Eminem Show 2002 Rap , Hip Hop 27 Norah Jones Come Away with Me 2002 Jazz 27 Madonna True Blue 1986 Pop 25 Bob Marley & The Wailers Legend : The Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers 1984 Reggae 25 Carole King Tapestry 1971 Pop 25 Phil Collins No Jacket Required 1985 Pop , Rock 25 Queen Greatest Hits 1981 Rock 25 Simon & Garfunkel Bridge over Troubled Water 1970 Folk rock 25 U2 The Joshua Tree Rock 25 Mariah Carey Daydream 1995 Pop , R&B , Rock 25 Britney Spears ... Baby One More Time 1999 Pop 25 Whitney Houston Whitney Houston 1985 Pop , R&B 25 Backstreet Boys Backstreet 's Back / Backstreet Boys 1997 Pop 24 Backstreet Boys Millennium 1999 Pop 24 Spice Girls Spice Pop 23 Ace of Base Happy Nation / The Sign 1993 Pop 23 Oasis ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? 1995 Britpop , Rock 22 Madonna Like a Virgin 1984 Pop , Dance 21 Eminem Encore Rap , Hip Hop 21 Bon Jovi Cross Road 1994 Hard rock , Glam metal 21 Adele 25 2015 Soul , Pop , R&B 20 Boston Boston 1976 Hard rock 20 Britney Spears Oops ! ... I Did It Again 2000 Pop 20 Eric Clapton Unplugged 1992 Acoustic blues , Folk rock 20 Def Leppard Hysteria Pop , Hard rock 20 George Michael Faith Pop , R&B , Funk , Soul 20 Green Day Dookie 1994 Pop punk , Punk rock , Alternative rock 20 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Pop , R&B , Soul 20 Michael Jackson HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I 1995 Pop , Rock , R&B 20 Michael Jackson Off the Wall 1979 Soul , Disco , R&B 20 Prince & the Revolution Purple Rain 1984 Pop , Rock , R&B , Soundtrack 20 Shania Twain The Woman in Me 1995 Country , Pop 20 Supertramp Breakfast in America 1979 Progressive rock , Art rock 20 Tracy Chapman Tracy Chapman Folk rock 20 Various artists Flashdance : Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture Soundtrack 20 Whitney Houston Whitney Pop , R&B 20 Timeline of the highest selling albums The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list , or length of this list , is disputed . Please discuss this issue on the talk page . ( July 2013 ) Timeline of the highest - selling album record Year record set Artist Album Record setting sales ( millions ) Total sales ( millions ) References 1945 Various Artists Oklahoma ! ( 78 rpm album ) 0.5 1.0 1956 Various Artists Oklahoma ! ( LP album ) 1.75 2.5 1956 / 1957 Various Artists My Fair Lady 5 1960 Various Artists South Pacific 2.25 1963 Vaughn Meader The First Family 7.5 1968 Various Artists The Sound of Music 8 1973 Carole King Tapestry 10 + 1975 / 1976 Various Artists The Sound of Music 10 -- 15 1976 Carole King Tapestry 13.5 25 1979 Bee Gees / Various Artists Saturday Night Fever 25 -- 27 40 1984 Michael Jackson Thriller 35 51 -- 65 Notes It is unclear whether this sales figure refers to worldwide sales or US sales . The exact year in which Tapestry regained the title of `` best - selling album of all - time '' , if it ever regained it at all , is unclear . The album 's 1976 sales claim is therefore only listed to be inclusive , as it is plausible that Tapestry had overtaken The Sound of Music in sales during this time period . Best - selling album by year worldwide The charts of the best - selling albums by year in the world are compiled by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry annually since 2001 . These charts are published in their two annual reports , the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers . Units sold include physical copies and digital downloads . Year Album Artist ( s ) Sales ( millions ) Ref ( s ) Hybrid Theory Linkin Park 8.5 2002 The Eminem Show Eminem 13.9 2003 Come Away with Me Norah Jones 18.0 Confessions Usher 12.0 2005 X&Y Coldplay 8.3 2006 High School Musical Various Artists 7.0 2007 High School Musical 2 6.0 2008 Viva la Vida Coldplay 6.8 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 8.3 Recovery Eminem 5.7 2011 21 Adele 18.1 2012 8.3 2013 Midnight Memories One Direction 4.0 2014 Frozen Various Artists 10.0 2015 25 Adele 17.4 2016 Lemonade Beyoncé 2.5 See also List of best - selling albums by country List of best - selling music artists List of best - selling remix albums List of best - selling singles Lists of albums List of best - selling albums of the 21st century Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , albums released : before 1975 are required to have their claimed sales figures supported by 30 % in certified units . between 1975 and 1990 are required to have their claimed figures supported by 30 -- 50 % in certified units . ( That is 1.33 % for each additional year after 1975 . ) between 1990 and 2000 are required to have their claimed figures supported by 50 -- 60 % in certified units . ( That is 1 % for each additional year after 1990 . ) in 2000 and onwards are required to have their claimed figures supported by 60 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 1.33 % for each additional year after 2000 . ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Best - selling album '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Colin Stutz ( ed . ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Becomes First - Ever 30 Times Multi-Platinum Album : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leopold , Todd ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Jackson , pop music legend , dead at 50 '' . CNN . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gitlin , Martin ( March 1 , 2011 ) . The Baby Boomer Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38218 - 5 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did Michael Jackson 's Thriller Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 31 . Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2010 ( page 24 ) '' ( PDF ) . RIAJ. 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publications > The Record '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum search '' . Music Canada . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana '' . Federation of the Italian Music Industry ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premio Diamante : Los premiados '' ( in Spanish ) . CAPIF . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIANZ : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . RIANZ . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPIHKG Awards '' . IFPI . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discos de oro y platino '' ( in Spanish ) . Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( July 25 , 2015 ) . `` AC / DC 's ' Back In Black ' at 35 : Classic Track - by - Track Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smirke , Richard ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Pink Floyd , ' The Dark Side of the Moon ' At 40 : Classic Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Pink Floyd score victory for the concept album in court battle over ringtones '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of Japan - The History of music recordings industry during the 1990s '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish Certifications '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Is It Too Late for Whitney 's Comeback ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` 35 Years Ago : Meat Loaf 's ' Bat Out of Hell ' Released '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Pat ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles founder Glenn Frey releases an album of classic , jazzy songs '' . Southern California Public Radio . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ HoustonsEagle.com ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Houston 's Eagle Celebrates Eagles : Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) '' . Cox Media Group . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ BigKev ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Top 200 Highest Selling Albums in Australia '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Katie ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Bee Gees ' Robin Gibb Dead At 62 '' . MTV . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Associated , Press ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Maurice Gibb , 53 , of disco 's Bee Gees : ' Saturday Night Fever ' album defined era '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les disques d'or '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . Disque en France . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Fleetwood Mac -- Rumours '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Katie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac 's ' Rumours ' at 35 : Still the ' perfect album ' '' . CNN . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Don ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac Expanding ' Rumours ' for 35th Anniversary '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danish album certifications -- Shania Twain -- Come On Over '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page 3 if certification from official website Jump up ^ Harris , Bill ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Biopic looks at Twain 's early years '' . Jam ! . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lady GaGa works with AC / DC producer '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` Led Zeppelin : The music '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ reveals hard copy sales certifications for February 2012 '' ( in Japanese ) . RIAJ . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audiomarkt 2011 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Album - Vecka 5 , 1 februari 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prensario musica & video No. 463 -- Sony Music : Serrat - Sabina , Michel Teló , Adele y Bersuit '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Prensario musica & video . March 2012 . Search `` doble platino and 21 '' . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trofe Oversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Search `` Adele '' . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lenta.ru : Адель в платине '' . lenta.ru ( in Russian ) . Лента. Ру . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danish album certifications -- Adele -- 21 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Click on næste to go to page 7 if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Top AFP - Semana 22 de 2011 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Artistas-espectaculos.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adele sells over 250,000 albums in Ireland '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2012 - 08 - 03 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arany - és platinalemezek 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope. 17 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adele alcanzó coble platino en Chile por su disco ' 21 ' '' ( in Spanish ) . los40.cl. 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Adele alcanza `` Disco de Oro '' en Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . November 2011 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adele 's `` 21 '' Now Second Best - Selling British Studio Album Ever `` . ABC News . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` マイケル・ジャクソン - インフォメーション - Sony Music '' . Jump up ^ `` La Stampa - Consultazione Archivio '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Jump up ^ Stevens , Tom ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Bad at 30 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Mariah Carey Revisited with Co - Writer Walter Afanasieff to Return to Classics '' . Soulculture.co.uk . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Mariah Carey Over 2 Decades '' . BET . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rocking Like a Bat out of Hell for 35 Years '' . Billboard . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . 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About Wikipedia	who has the number one album of all time	[ "\n\nArtist\nAlbum\nReleased\nGenre\nTotal certified copies\n(from available markets)\nClaimed sales\nRef(s)\n\n\nMichael Jackson\nThriller\n1982\nPop, Rock, R&B\n7001463190000000000♠\n\n47.3 [show]\n\n\nUS: 33 million[7]\nJPN: 100,000[8]\nUK: 4.2 million[9]\nGER: 1.5 million[10]\nFRA: 1 million[11]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 1.12 million[13]\nMEX: 1.6 million[14]\nNLD: 800,000[15]\nITA: 100,000[16]\nSWE: 400,000[17]\nARG: 500,000[18]\nSWI: 300,000[19]\nAUT: 400,000[20]\nFIN: 119,061[21]\nNZ: 180,000[22][23]\nHKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n66\n[1][2][3][4]\n\n\nAC/DC\nBack in Black\n1980\nHard rock\n7001259000000000000♠\n\n26.1 [show]\n\n\nUS: 22 million[7]\nUK: 300,000[9]\nGER: 1 million[10]\nFRA: 600,000[11]\nCAN: 1 million[12]\nAUS: 840,000[13]\nITA: 50,000[16]\nARG: 160,000[25]\nSWI: 100,000[19]\nAUT: 50,000[20]\n\n\n\n\n50\n[26]\n\n\nPink Floyd\nThe Dark Side of the Moon\n1973\nProgressive rock\n7001242100000000000♠\n\n24.2 [show]\n\n\nUS: 15 million[7]\nUK: 4.2 million[9]\nGER: 1 million[10]\nFRA: 400,000[11]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 980,000[13]\nITA: 100,000[16]\nARG: 120,000[25]\nPOL: 70,000[27]\nAUT: 100,000[20]\nNZ: 240,000[28]\n\n\n\n\n45\n[29][30]\n\n\nWhitney Houston / Various artists\nThe Bodyguard\n1992\nR&B, Soul, Pop, Soundtrack\n7001273460000000000♠\n\n27.4 [show]\n\n\nUS: 17 million[7]\nJPN: 2 million[31]\nUK: 2.1 million[9]\nGER: 1.5 million[10]\nFRA: 1 million[11]\nCAN: 1 million[12]\nAUS: 350,000[13]\nBRA: 750,000[32]\nNLD: 100,000[15]\nSWE 100,000[17]\nSPA: 500,000[33]\nARG: 240,000[25]\nSWI: 250,000[19]\nAUT: 200,000[20]\nNOR: 200,000[34]\nFIN: 92,500[21]\n\n\n\n\n44\n[35]\n\n\nMeat Loaf\nBat Out of Hell\n1977\nHard rock, Progressive rock\n7001215050000000000♠\n\n21.5 [show]\n\n\nUS: 14 million[7]\nUK: 3 million[9]\nGER: 500,000[10]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 1.68 million[13]\nNZ: 255,000[28]\n\n\n\n\n43\n[36]\n\n\nEagles\nTheir Greatest Hits (1971–1975)\n1976\nRock, Soft rock, Folk rock\n7001321800000000000♠\n\n32.2 [show]\n\n\nUS: 29 million[7]\nUK: 600,000[9]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 560,000[13]\nIFPI HKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n42\n[37][38]\n\n\nBee Gees / Various artists\nSaturday Night Fever\n1977\nDisco\n7001205700000000000♠\n\n20.6 [show]\n\n\nUS: 15 million[7]\nUK: 2.1 million[9]\nGER: 1.5 million[10]\nFRA: 200,000[11]\nCAN: 1 million[12]\nAUS: 770,000[39]\nHKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n40\n[40][41]\n\n\nFleetwood Mac\nRumours\n1977\nSoft rock\n7001279300000000000♠\n\n27.9 [show]\n\n\nUS: 20 million[7]\nUK: 3.3 million[9]\nGER: 1.25 million[10]\nFRA: 300,000[42]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 910,000[13]\nNZ: 150,000[43]\nHKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n40\n[44][45]\n\n" ]	[ "Michael Jackson" ]
-9005825058951600993	Jana Gana Mana	Jana Gana Mana - Wikipedia Jana Gana Mana Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the national anthem of India . For other uses , see Jana Gana Mana ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jana Gana Mana English : Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People Sheet music for `` Jana Gana Mana '' . National anthem of India Lyrics Rabindranath Tagore , 1911 Music Rabindranath Tagore , 1911 Adopted 24 January 1950 Audio sample `` Jana Gana Mana '' ( Instrumental ) file help `` Jana Gana Mana '' ( Bengali : ( ɟənə gəɳə mənə ) ) is the national anthem of India . It is composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore . The first stanza of the song Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950 . A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately fifty - two seconds . A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines ( and taking about 20 seconds to play ) is also staged occasionally . It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta ( now , Kolkata ) Session of the Indian National Congress . This is the first of five stanzas of Tagore 's Bengali song Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 English translation 3 History 4 Code of conduct 5 Controversies 5.1 Historical significance 5.1. 1 Counter arguments 5.2 Regional aspects 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The poem is sung in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa . The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs and has commonality with all major languages in India due to Sanskrit being their common source of formal vocabulary . Therefore , the original song is quite clearly understandable , and in fact , remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages ( if variations in inherent vowel and pronunciation of approximants and some sibilants are ignored ) . The transcription below reflects the Bengali pronunciation , in both the Bengali script and romanisation . জন গণ মন ( Bengali Script ) जन गण मन ( Devanagari ) Official Latin transliteration জনগণমন - অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা ! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে , তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে , গাহে তব জয়গাথা । জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা ! জয় হে , জয় হে , জয় হে , জয় জয় জয় জয় হে ॥ जनगणमन अधिनायक जय हे , भारतभाग्यविधाता । पंजाब सिन्धु गुजरात मराठा , द्राविड़ उत्कल बंग । विंध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा , उच्छल जलधि तरंग । तव शुभ नामे जागे , तव शुभ आशिष मागे । गाहे तव जयगाथा । जनगणमंगलदायक जय हे , भारतभाग्यविधाता । जय हे , जय हे , जय हे , जय जय जय जय हे ॥ Jana - gana - mana - adhinayaka jaya he Bharata - bhagya - vidhata Punjaba - Sindhu - Gujarate - Maratha Dravida - Utkala - Banga Vindhya - Himachala - Yamuna - Ganga uchchala - jaladhi - taranga Tava Subha name jage , tave subha asisa mage , gahe tava jaya - gatha . Jana - gana - mangala - dayaka jaya he Bharata - bhagya - vidhata . Jaya he , Jaya he , Jaya he , jaya jaya jaya jaya he . English translation ( edit ) You , the ruler of our minds , our nation To you our humble salutations ! You , the custodian of so many ! You , the guardian of India 's destiny ! Through Punjab and Sind , Gujarat and Maratha Dravida , Utkala and Bengal Across lofty crests and mellow leas of the Vindhyas and the Himalayas Your name awakens one and all ! It rests upon the melodies of the Yamuna and Ganga in harmony And swells the waves of the titanic sea ! Your blessings we seek , your praises replicate you As the Protector of India 's fate ! Victory ! Victory ! Victory ! Victory forever to you ! History ( edit ) Rabindranath Tagore , the author and composer of the national anthem of India and Bangladesh . Jana Gana Mana was sung on 27 December 1911 at the Indian National Congress , Calcutta and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj . Though the Bengali song had been written in 1911 , it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal , Tattwabodhini Patrika , of which Tagore was the editor . Code of conduct ( edit ) The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions . Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem , the occasions on which these are to be played or sung , and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions . The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance . The approximate duration of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds . Controversies ( edit ) In Kerala , students belonging to the Jehovah 's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds , although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung . The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone 's religious susceptibilities , and upheld their expulsion . On 11 August 1986 , the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion . `` Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant '' The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief . Supreme Court observed in its ruling `` There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing . Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung . It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing . Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s . 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act '' . On 30 November 2016 , Supreme Court of India ordered the National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters , in order to instill `` committed patriotism and nationalism '' . On February 10 , 2017 , 2 Kashmiris were booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema , under provisions of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . This was the first arrest of its kind made by a state government in India . In January 2018 , the government reversed its stance and requested that the Supreme Court rescind the order until a government panel could consider the issue in more depth ; the court agreed , and so around 9 January 2018 the National Anthem ceased being compulsory in movie theaters . Historical significance ( edit ) The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911 . It was sung on the second day of the convention , and the agenda of that day devoted itself to a loyal welcome of George V on his visit to India . The event was reported thus in the British Indian press : `` The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor . '' ( Statesman , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) `` The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor . '' ( Englishman , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) `` When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911 , a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung . A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously . '' ( Indian , Dec. 29 , 1911 ) Counter arguments ( edit ) Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided . The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song , `` Badshah Humara '' written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary , was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch . The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly : `` The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God ( song of benediction ) . This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V . '' ( Amrita Bazar Patrika , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) `` The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore . Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed . A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls . '' ( The Bengalee , Dec. 28 , 1911 ) Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference : `` On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress , proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram . On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore . Messages from well wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung . '' On 10 November 1937 Tagore wrote a letter to Mr Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy . That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore 's biography Ravindrajivani , volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee . `` A certain high official in His Majesty 's service , who was also my friend , had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor . The request simply amazed me . It caused a great stir in my heart . In response to that great mental turmoil , I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata ( ed . God of Destiny ) of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India 's chariot through rise and fall , through the straight path and the curved . That Lord of Destiny , that Reader of the Collective Mind of India , that Perennial Guide , could never be George V , George VI , or any other George . Even my official friend understood this about the song . After all , even if his admiration for the crown was excessive , he was not lacking in simple common sense . '' Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes : `` I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind . '' ( Purvasa , Phalgun , 1354 , p. 738 . ) Moreover , Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from `` Jana Gana Mana '' lionising the Indian independence movement . He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre . The Knighthood ( i.e. the title of ' Sir ' ) was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for `` Gitanjali '' from the government of Sweden . Two of Tagore 's more politically charged compositions , `` Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo '' ( `` Where the Mind is Without Fear '' , Gitanjali Poem # 35 ) and `` Ekla Chalo Re '' ( `` If They Answer Not to Thy Call , Walk Alone '' ) , gained mass appeal , with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji . Regional aspects ( edit ) Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule , i.e. Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat , Maratha , Dravid ( South India ) , Odisha and Bengal , were mentioned . None of the princely states -- Kashmir , Rajasthan , Hyderabad , Mysore or Kerala -- or the states in Northeast India , which are now integral parts of India were mentioned . But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India . Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence . ' Dravida ' includes the people from the south ( though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then , the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named ) and ' Jolodhi ' ( Stanza 1 ) is Sanskrit for `` seas and oceans '' . Even North - East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm . India has 29 states , 7 union territories . In 2005 , there were calls to delete the word `` Sindh '' and substitute it with the word Kashmir . The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India , having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947 . Opponents of this proposal hold that the word `` Sindh '' refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture , and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India 's cultural fabric . The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged . On 17 December 2013 , MLA of Assam , Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited article of ' The Times of India ' published on 26 January 1950 , stating that in the originally the word ' Kamarup ' was included in the song , but was later changed to ' Sindhu ' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included . To this , the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper . The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey , mentioning ' Sanchayita ' ( edited by Tagore himself ) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned . See also ( edit ) Subh Sukh Chain , the National Anthem of the Provisional Government of Free India Vande Mataram , the National Song of India Amar Shonar Bangla , the National Anthem of Bangladesh Indian National Army Capt. Ram Singh Thakur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html Quote : `` Though written in Bengali , the language used was sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which was heavily sanskritised . Many of the words exist with the same meaning in different Indian languages and thus , all Indian people understand the words and meaning of the national anthem '' Jump up ^ `` National Symbol : National Anthem '' . National Portal of India . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Quote : `` The National Anthem of India Jana - gana - mana , composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore , was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950 . '' Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf Quote : `` The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore 's song known as `` Jana Gana Mana '' is the National Anthem of India '' Jump up ^ Britannica , Editors of Encyclopedia ( 2008 ) , Britannica Encyclopedia of India ( Set of 5 Volumes ) , Encyclopedia Britannica India , p. 167 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8131 - 008 - 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Quote : `` Adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the national anthem of India on January 24 , 1950 , the song Jana - gana - mana , in its Hindi version of the first stanza , was originally composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore '' ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem - National Identity Elements of India - Know India : National Portal of India '' . knowindia.gov.in ( in Hindi ) . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Arunangsu Roy . `` 100 years since ' Jana Gana Mana ' was born '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bharat Bhagya Bidhata ' from ' Rajkahini ' is a Tagore song and not an extended version of the national anthem '' . IBNliveNews . Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Sabyasachi ( 2011 ) . Rabindranath Tagore : an interpretation . New Delhi : Viking , Penguin Books India . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0670084555 . Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest . It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911 . On December 12 , 1911 the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day . The song was actually sung at the twenty - seventh session of the Indian National Congress , Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day 's proceedings . Thereafter it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms , Brahma Sangit . Jump up ^ http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/ Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case Jump up ^ https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/ Jump up ^ `` To sing or not to sing Vande Mataram '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors ( 1986 ) INSC 167 '' . indiankanoon.org. 11 August 1986 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court orders National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters Jump up ^ 2 Kashmiris booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema Jump up ^ In a first , state govt employee amongst two arrested for not standing during national anthem Archived 12 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` India anthem not mandatory in cinemas '' . BBC News . 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tagore and Jana Gana Mana '' . Monish R. Chatterjee . Jump up ^ `` India : Are we still singing for the Empire ? '' . Pradip Kumar Datta . Jump up ^ `` Controversy Surrounding The Indian National Anthem '' . Rare India Fact . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 27 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : State to seek newspaper clarification on report . STAFF Reporter . Assam Tribune , 17 - 12 - 2013 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJana Gana Manaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Know India : National anthem , Government of India website The Morning Song of India . Wikisource . 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Rabindranath Tagore Life Early life Middle years Political views Chronology Timeline List of works Works Novels Nastanirh ( 1901 ) Chokher Bali ( 1901 or 1903 ) Noukadubi ( 1906 ) Gora ( 1909 ) Ghare Baire ( 1916 ) Chaturanga ( 1916 ) Jogajog ( 1929 ) Shesher Kabita ( 1929 ) Stories Hungry Stones Kabuliwala List of stories Poetry Bhanusimha Thakurer Padabali ( 1884 ) Gitanjali ( 1910 ) Poems and songs Rabindra Sangeet Gitabitan `` Amar Sonar Bangla '' `` Birpurush '' `` Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Jana Gana Mana '' `` Vocation '' Plays Valmiki - Pratibha ( 1888 ) Raja ( 1910 ) The Post Office ( 1912 ) Chitra ( 1913 ) Dance dramas Rabindra Nritya Natya Lectures The Religion of Man Essays The Cult of the Charkha Translations Songs of Kabir Film Natir Puja ( 1932 film ) Collections The Essential Tagore Adaptations Kabuliwala Dak Ghar Charulata Ghare Baire Rabindranath Tagore Teen Kanya Jogajog Stories by Rabindranath Tagore Robi Thakurer Golpo Places Jorasanko Thakur Bari Santiniketan Shahzadpur Shilaidaha Patisar Rabindra Bharati University Rabindra Sadan Rabindra Tirtha Visva - Bharati University Tagore museums Family Tagore family Dwarkanath Ramanath Debendranath Related Adi Brahmo Samaj Rabindra Jayanti The Last Harvest : Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore ( exhibition book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jana_Gana_Mana&oldid=827610395 '' Categories : Asian anthems Bengali - language literature Rabindra Sangeet Indian songs National symbols of India Indian patriotic songs Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore Bengali - language songs History of West Bengal History of Kolkata Bengali music National anthems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 51 . 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6606715114996202125	Making out	Making out - wikipedia Making out `` Snog '' redirects here . For the Australian band , see Snog ( band ) . `` Petting '' and `` Heavy petting '' redirect here . For stroking an animal , see Social grooming . For other uses , see Heavy Petting ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Making out ( disambiguation ) . A silhouette of a couple making out Making out is a term of American origin , dating back to at least 1949 , and is used variously to refer to kissing , petting , and necking , but may also refer to non-penetrative sex acts such as heavy petting . Snogging has roughly the same meaning in British English and in some related varieties of English , except in Hiberno - English ( spoken in Ireland ) , where it is more commonly known as shifting . Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The sexual connotations of the phrase `` make out '' appear to have developed in the 1930s and 1940s from the phrase 's other meanings of `` to succeed '' . Originally , it meant `` to seduce '' or `` to have sexual intercourse with '' . When performed in a car , it may be euphemistically referred to as parking . Studies indicate that at the beginning of the 20th century , premarital sex increased , and with it , petting behavior in the 1920s . The Continental experience at that time is amusingly illustrated by a letter that Sigmund Freud wrote to Sándor Ferenczi in 1931 playfully admonishing him to stop kissing his patients , in which Freud warned lest `` a number of independent thinkers in matters of technique will say to themselves : Why stop at a kiss ? Certainly one gets further when one adopts ' pawing ' as well , which , after all , does n't make a baby . And then bolder ones will come along who will go further , to peeping and showing -- and soon we shall have accepted in the technique of analysis the whole repertoire of demi - viergerie and petting parties '' . By the postwar period , necking and petting became accepted behavior in mainstream American culture , as long as the partners were dating . Characteristics ( edit ) Making out is usually considered an expression of affection or sexual attraction . An episode of making out is frequently referred to as a `` make - out session '' or simply `` making out , '' depending on the speaker 's vernacular . It covers a wide range of sexual behavior , and means different things to different age groups in different parts of the United States . It typically refers to kissing , including prolonged , passionate , open - mouth kissing ( also known as French kissing ) , and intimate skin - to - skin contact . The term can also refer to other forms of foreplay such as heavy petting , which typically involves some genital stimulation , but usually not the direct act of penetrative sexual intercourse . The perceived significance of making out may be affected by the age and relative sexual experience of the participants . Teenagers sometimes play party games in which making out is the main activity as an act of exploration . Games in this category include seven minutes in heaven and spin the bottle . Teenagers may have had social gatherings in which making out was the predominant event . In the United States , these events were referred to as `` make - out parties '' and would sometimes be confined to a specific area , called the `` make - out room '' . These make - out parties were generally not regarded as sex parties , though heavy petting may have been involved , depending on the group . See also ( edit ) Sexual slang References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lief , Harold I. ( 1975 ) . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality : 750 Questions Answered by 500 Authorities . Williams & Wilkins . p. 242 . Among the city kids of 13 to 17 who live along the Boston , New York , Philadelphia string , `` making out '' is heavy petting . ^ Jump up to : Bolin , Anne ( 1999 ) . Perspectives on Human Sexuality . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4133 - 4 . Making out usually refers to kissing or passionate physical contact , but it also may escalate into petting . ^ Jump up to : Partridge , Eric ( 2006 ) . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English . New York : Routledge . p. 1259 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25938 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't mind us : Jennifer O'Connell on the marvels of Hiberno - English '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moe , Albert F. ( 1966 ) `` ' Make out ' and Related Usages '' . American Speech 41 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Lindeke , Bill ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` The unwritten rules of making out in parks '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Hannah Brooks . `` How to Hook Up in Public '' . CityLab . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ quoted in Malcolm , Janet . Psychoanalysis : The Impossible Profession ( London 1988 ) p. 37 - 8 Jump up ^ Breines , Wini ( 2001 ) . Young , White , and Miserable : Growing Up Female in the Fifties . University of Chicago Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07261 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cann , Kate . Hard Cash ( London 2000 ) p. 262 and p. 237 Jump up ^ Lafollette , Hugh ( 2002 ) . Ethics in Practice . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22834 - 9 . `` making out , '' which can comprise a rather wide variety of activities Jump up ^ `` heavy petting - definition of heavy petting in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Crownover , Richard ( 2005 ) . Making out in English . Boston : Tuttle Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3681 - 7 . `` Making out , '' used in the title of this book is a colloquialism that can mean engaging in sexual intercourse , ... Jump up ^ `` Notes From the State of Virginia , '' with Wesley Hogan , in First of the Year , vol. II , edited by Benj DeMott ( New York : Transaction Publishers , 2010 ) p. 121 Jump up ^ From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century by Mansour , David . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0740751189 . p. 110 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Making_out&oldid=849387542 '' Categories : Euphemisms Sexual acts Kissing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the phrase making love come from	[]	[]
1881557756014042153	Tell Me a Story (TV series)	Tell Me a Story ( TV series ) - wikipedia Tell Me a Story ( TV series ) Tell Me a Story Genre Psychological thriller Created by Kevin Williamson Based on Érase una vez by Marcos Osorio Vidal Starring Billy Magnussen Kim Cattrall Danielle Campbell Paul Wesley James Wolk Dania Ramirez Sam Jaeger Davi Santos Zabryna Guevara Dorian Missick Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Williamson Aaron Kaplan Dana Honor Liz Friedlander Camera setup Single - camera Production company ( s ) Outerbanks Entertainment Kapital Entertainment Release Original network CBS All Access Tell Me a Story is an upcoming American psychological thriller web television series , based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez created by Marcos Osorio Vidal , that is set to premiere on October 31 , 2018 , on CBS All Access . The series was developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and stars Billy Magnussen , Kim Cattrall , Danielle Campbell , Paul Wesley , James Wolk , Dania Ramirez , Sam Jaeger , Davi Santos , Zabryna Guevara , and Dorian Missick . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Tell Me a Story takes `` the world 's most beloved fairy tales and reimagines them as a dark and twisted psychological thriller . Set in modern day New York City , the first season of this serialized drama interweaves The Three Little Pigs , Little Red Riding Hood , and Hansel and Gretel into an epic and subversive tale of love , loss , greed , revenge and murder . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Billy Magnussen as Nick Kim Cattrall as Colleen Danielle Campbell as Kayla Paul Wesley as Eddie James Wolk as Jordan Dania Ramirez as Hannah Sam Jaeger as Tim Davi Santos as Gabe Zabryna Guevara as Detective Renee Garcia Dorian Missick as Sam Spencer Grammer Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 30 , 2017 , it was announced that CBS All Access had given Tell Me a Story a series order . The show is being developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and is based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez created by Marcos Osorio Vidal . Williamson is also set to write the series and executive produce it alongside Aaron Kaplan and Dana Honor . The series is being produced by Kaplan 's production company Kapital Entertainment . On May 9 , 2018 , it was reported that Liz Friedlander would direct and executive produce the first two episodes . On August 5 , 2018 , it was announced during the Television Critics Association 's annual summer press tour that the series would premiere on October 31 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) In May 2018 , it was announced that Billy Magnussen and Kim Cattrall had been cast in the series ' lead roles . In June 2018 , it was reported that Danielle Campbell , Paul Wesley , James Wolk , Dania Ramirez , and Sam Jaeger had joined the main cast . In July 2018 , it was announced that Davi Santos , Zabryna Guevara , and Dorian Missick had been cast in series regular roles . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for season one began on June 28 , 2018 in New York City , New York . Release ( edit ) On July 19 , 2018 , the series held a panel at San Diego Comic - Con in San Diego , California moderated by Entertainment Weekly 's Henry Goldblatt and featuring executive producer Kevin Williamson as well as series stars Paul Wesley and James Wolk . The panel included the premiere of an exclusive teaser trailer for the series . On August 5 , 2018 , a `` sneak peek '' trailer for the series was released . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Billy Magnussen To Star In CBS All Access Thriller Series ; Liz Friedlander To Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` CBS All Access Orders ' Tell Me A Story ' Dark Fairytale Thriller Series From Kevin Williamson & Kapital Entertainment '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Williamson Fairy - Tale Thriller Lands CBS All Access Series Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burt , Kayti ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Tell Me A Story : Kevin Williamson to adapt Spanish series '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` CBS All Access Orders Dark Fairytale Series From ' Dawson 's Creek ' Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' Trailer : Dark Fairy Tales Come Knocking This Halloween On CBS All Access -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Kim Cattrall to Star in CBS All Access Series ' Tell Me a Story ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Danielle Campbell To Star In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Paul Wesley To Co-Star In CBS All Access Series ' Tell Me A Story ' , Reuniting With ' The Vampire Diaries ' EP Kevin Williamson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : James Wolk To Star In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Dania Ramirez To Co-Star In CBS All Access Thriller Series ' Tell Me A Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Sam Jaeger To Star In CBS All Access Thriller Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Davi Santos To Co-Star In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Zabryna Guevara & Dorian Missick Cast In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday , June 28 Filming Locations for Shameless , Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , The Kitchen , & more ! - On Location Vacations '' . On Location Vacations . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Friday , June 29 Filming Locations for Venom , The Chi , John Wick 3 , The Deuce , & more ! - On Location Vacations '' . On Location Vacations . June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2018 TV Schedule : When Are Your Favorite Shows Taking Over San Diego ? '' . Variety . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me a Story ' Will Showcase a Darker ( and More Age - Appropriate ) Version of Paul Wesley '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Tell Me a Story on IMDb CBS All Access original programming Current The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) After Trek ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Strange Angel ( since 2018 ) Former Big Brother : Over the Top ( 2016 ) Upcoming One Dollar ( 2018 ) Tell Me a Story ( 2018 ) Star Trek : Short Treks ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_a_Story_(TV_series)&oldid=854724775 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series English - language television programs Upcoming drama television series CBS All Access original programming Television shows set in New York City Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 10 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does tell me a story air on cbs	[ "Tell Me a Story is an upcoming American psychological thriller web television series, based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez created by Marcos Osorio Vidal, that is set to premiere on October 31, 2018, on CBS All Access. The series was developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and stars Billy Magnussen, Kim Cattrall, Danielle Campbell, Paul Wesley, James Wolk, Dania Ramirez, Sam Jaeger, Davi Santos, Zabryna Guevara, and Dorian Missick.\n" ]	[ "on October 31, 2018" ]
-8137660948316413303	Justify (horse)	Justify ( horse ) - wikipedia Justify ( horse ) Justify Justify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness Stakes Sire Scat Daddy Grandsire Johannesburg Dam Stage Magic Damsire Ghostzapper Sex Colt Foaled March 28 , 2015 Country United States Color Chestnut Breeder John D. Gunther Owner WinStar Farm ( Majority Owner ) , China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing Trainer Bob Baffert Record 6 : 6 - 0 - 0 Earnings $3,798,000 Major wins Santa Anita Derby ( 2018 ) Triple Crown wins : Kentucky Derby ( 2018 ) Preakness Stakes ( 2018 ) Belmont Stakes ( 2018 ) Awards 13th American Triple Crown winner ( 2018 ) Justify ( foaled March 28 , 2015 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who became the thirteenth American Triple Crown winner in 2018 . He first attracted attention with a win in his first start on February 18 , 2018 , followed by two more victories , including the Grade I Santa Anita Derby , to qualify for the 2018 Kentucky Derby . Justify then won that race , the 2018 Preakness Stakes , and the 2018 Belmont Stakes to win the Triple Crown . He was retired undefeated several weeks after the Belmont . Justify is only the second horse to win the American Triple Crown with an undefeated record , following Seattle Slew . Justify is descended from Seattle Slew , Secretariat , Count Fleet , War Admiral , Omaha , and Gallant Fox , all of whom also won the American Triple Crown . He is also a descendant of English Triple Crown winner Nijinsky . Of the 13 American Triple Crown winners , Justify is the first who did not race as a two - year - old . Contents 1 Background 2 Racing career 2.1 Kentucky Derby 2.2 Preakness Stakes 2.3 Belmont Stakes 2.3. 1 Controversy 2.4 Injury 3 Statistics 4 Pedigree 5 References 6 See also Background ( edit ) Justify is a chestnut colt with a large white blaze on his forehead . He was bred in Kentucky by Canadian John D. Gunther , who runs Glennwood Farm with his daughter Tanya . Although the Gunthers have a small breeding operation , their 2015 foals also included Without Parole , a Group I winner at Royal Ascot , and Vino Rosso , a graded stakes winner who raced against Justify in both the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes . Gunther also bred Justify 's dam , Stage Magic , a stakes - placed daughter of Ghostzapper . Justify was part of the second - last crop of Scat Daddy , who won the Champagne Stakes and Florida Derby . Although Scat Daddy ran in America on the dirt , as a stallion he first made his reputation in Europe as a turf sire , with Group 1 winners including Lady Aurelia and Caravaggio His stud fee when he was bred to Stage Magic in 2014 was only $35,000 , though it was scheduled to increase to $100,000 in 2016 . Scat Daddy died prematurely at the age of eleven in December 2015 . Justify was sold at the 2016 Keeneland September Yearling Sales for $500,000 to a recently formed partnership between WinStar Farm ( 60 % ownership ) , China Horse Club ( 25 % ) and SF Racing ( 15 % ) , the latter run by employees of George Soros 's investment firm . David Hanley , general manager of WinStar , said that Justify stood out at the sales . `` He was a beautiful yearling -- had great balance and leg , great shoulder , and lovely length and neck , and power , '' he said . `` For a big horse , he was very light on his feet , with good action and good energy . '' In early March 2018 , SF Racing sold a share to Starlight Racing , then Sol Kumin 's Head of Plains partners also bought a share in late March . Justify grew into a large horse , standing 16.3 hands ( 67 inches , 170 cm ) at the withers and weighing 1,380 pounds ( 630 kg ) . He was initially sent to trainer Rodolphe Brisset at Keeneland but pulled a muscle and was given time to recover and grow into his frame . In January 2018 , he was sent to Santa Anita to be trained by Bob Baffert . Racing career ( edit ) Justify did not make his first start until February 18 , 2018 , in a maiden special weight race for three - year - olds at Santa Anita Park over seven furlongs . Going off as the 1 - 2 favorite , he broke poorly then rushed up to challenge for the early lead . After completing the first quarter mile in a quick 21.80 seconds , he began to open up an advantage on the rest of the field , ultimately winning by 9 ⁄ lengths . The impressive win earned a Beyer Speed Figure of 104 and caused the Thoroughbred Daily News to designate the colt as a `` Rising Star '' . `` It 's not too late , '' said Baffert regarding the colt 's chances of qualifying for the Kentucky Derby . `` I 've got a plan ... We 're looking ( for a graded stakes race ) . He 's shown his brilliance in the morning . '' Justify made his next start on March 11 in an allowance race at Santa Anita , run at a distance of one mile . As the overwhelming 1 - 20 favorite , he broke slowly and settled behind the early leaders , On the far turn , he quickened and swept to an easy 6 ⁄ length win . `` I did n't ask him to move , '' said jockey Mike Smith , riding the colt for the first time . `` He came off that turn like it was a stroll . Just very , very impressed . I hate to compare him to other horses right now , but does n't he remind you of an Easy Goer way back in the day . Just a big ol ' red horse with a big , powerful stride . '' Despite never having raced in stakes company , Justify was subsequently ranked as one of the leading contenders for the Kentucky Derby , moving into seventh place in the March 12 NTRA poll . However , the colt first needed to qualify by earning points in the 2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby . Baffert originally planned to run stablemate McKinzie in the Santa Anita Derby and ship Justify to Oaklawn Park for the Arkansas Derby . But when McKinzie suffered a setback due to injury , Baffert decided to keep Justify at his home base for the Santa Anita Derby . On April 7 , Justify entered the Santa Anita Derby as part of a field of seven horses . His main rival was Bolt d'Oro , a multiple stakes winner and another top contender on the Derby trail . The two horses were almost evenly matched in the betting , with Justify going off as the slight favorite . He went to the early lead then set a comfortable pace down the backstretch , moving with a `` freak stride '' that helped him conserve energy . Around the final turn , the field started to close the gap , with Bolt d'Oro getting to within 1 ⁄ lengths in mid-stretch . Justify responded to the challenge and drew away for a three - length lead despite drifting somewhat down the stretch . Kentucky Derby ( edit ) The win moved Justify to the top position in the NTRA 3 - year - old poll and made him the favorite for the Derby . To win the race though , he would have to overcome the so - called `` Curse of Apollo '' -- no horse had won the Kentucky Derby without racing as a two - year - old since Apollo in 1882 . Baffert pointed to the horse 's natural ability but acknowledged the colt was still green . Furthermore , the field for the 2018 Kentucky Derby was considered one of the best in recent memory , with most of the major prep race winners given serious consideration by handicappers . In addition to Justify , the field included graded stakes winners Good Magic ( Breeders ' Cup Juvenile and Blue Grass Stakes ) , Mendelssohn ( Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Turf and UAE Derby ) , Audible ( Florida Derby ) , Magnum Moon ( Arkansas Derby ) , Noble Indy ( Louisiana Derby ) , Vino Rosso ( Wood Memorial ) , My Boy Jack ( Lexington Stakes ) , Free Drop Billy ( Breeders ' Futurity ) , Firenze Fire ( Champagne Stakes ) and Bolt d'Oro . Play media Justify in starting gate for Kentucky Derby The 2018 Kentucky Derby was held on May 5 on a rainy day at Churchill Downs . Although the surface had been sealed earlier in the day to minimize the effect of the rain on the footing , the track was still labeled as sloppy . Justify broke well and used his early speed to establish good position near the rail going into the first turn , running a length behind Promises Fulfilled in a fast opening quarter of 22.24 seconds . These two maintained their position for the first three - quarters of a mile , completed in 1 : 11 , followed closely by Bolt d'Oro , Flameaway , and Good Magic . Going into the final turn , Promises Fulfilled dropped back while first Bolt d'Oro and then Good Magic were put to a drive . Justify responded to the challenge and opened up a lead of 1 ⁄ lengths at the top of the stretch , widening to 2 ⁄ lengths at the finish line . Good Magic held on for second while Audible closed late to finish third . Justify came out of the race almost untouched by the mud due to his front - running style . The day after however , he appeared to be somewhat lame in his left hind leg -- a condition that Baffert attributed to `` scratches or whatever '' from the wet track . The sensitivity was later determined to have been caused by a heel bruise . To protect the heel , Justify was shod with a three - quarter horseshoe before he resumed galloping on May 10 . Preakness Stakes ( edit ) Justify narrowly wins in a blanket finish at the 2018 Preakness The track conditions for the 2018 Preakness Stakes , run on May 19 at Pimlico Racetrack in Baltimore , were even worse than for the Derby . After heavy rain over several days , the track was sloppy . The rain finally stopped shortly before the race but then a heavy fog descended , limiting visibility to about a sixteenth of a mile . The start was once again critical , and Justify broke well to go take the early lead . To his inside , Good Magic rushed up to challenge him and the two matched strides around the first turn and down the backstretch while setting moderate fractions . They picked up the pace rounding the final turn and opened a gap on the rest of the field . However in mid-stretch , Tenfold started closing ground rapidly to Justify 's outside while Bravazo , who had trailed by five lengths in mid-stretch , was moving fastest of all in the center of the track . Justify dug in to win by half a length over Bravazo , with Tenfold just a neck farther back in third , another neck in front of Good Magic . The win earned Justify a Beyer Speed Figure of 97 , the lowest of his career . Baffert felt that the colt had suffered a bit of a `` bounce '' , or regression , from a peak performance in the Derby . He was still impressed by Justify 's performance , pointing out that the colt had been pushed hard by Good Magic and had also reacted greenly by jumping several puddles during the race . `` You ca n't bring it all the time , '' he said . `` This will set him up for the next one . '' On May 24 , ESPN.com and the New York Times reported that Justify 's breeding rights had been sold prior to the running of the Preakness to Coolmore Stud ( which had owned his sire Scat Daddy ) for $60 million . Reportedly , a bonus of $25 million would kick in if Justify subsequently won the Triple Crown . WinStar Farm replied that they had received many inquiries but nothing would be finalized in the `` foreseeable future '' . Belmont Stakes ( edit ) Baffert was the trainer of the last Triple Crown winner , American Pharoah in 2015 , and followed a similar training regimen with Justify at Churchill Downs until shipping to New York a few days before the Belmont . Baffert noted that one of the main differences between the two horses was their attitude : American Pharoah is known as a kind , easy going horse whereas Justify is more dominant . `` You have to watch him , '' said Baffert . `` He likes to push you around . He 's not a mean horse , but his patience level with people is , like , five seconds . '' Justify wins the Belmont Stakes . The 2018 Belmont Stakes was run on June 9 over a fast track before a sold - out crowd of 90,000 . Justify drew post position one , which meant that a poor start would have resulted in him getting trapped on the rail . However , Justify broke well and Smith sent him to the lead with a quick opening quarter of 23.37 . He then slowed down the pace as they moved around the first turn and down the backstretch , leading by two lengths over Restoring Hope as he completed the mile in 1 : 38.09 . Around the far turn , Vino Rosso mounted a drive to move into second place , while Gronkowski and Hofburg started closing on Vino Rosso from far back . Despite drifting out slightly in the stretch , Justify increased a one length lead over the challengers after the final turn to win by 1 ⁄ lengths over Gronkowski . He completed the mile and a half race in 2 : 28.18 . Baffert was elated following the race . `` It 's just amazing , I 'm so proud to be an American , very emotional and a lot of help upstairs , '' he told Forbes . `` It never gets old . American Pharoah was my first love , but wow , Mike Smith deserves something like this . This horse is just amazing , he could have won every race on the undercard today . '' The win made Justify the thirteenth winner of the American Triple Crown , and just the second horse to accomplish the feat while still undefeated . Justify 's owners received a total of $2.94 million for winning all three Triple Crown races . Controversy ( edit ) Following the Belmont Stakes , observers questioned the tactics of jockey Florent Geroux aboard Restoring Hope , who was also trained by Baffert . Restoring Hope broke slowly from the starting gate but quickly headed for the lead in between horses , cutting in front of Noble Indy and drifting wide entering the first turn . He then veered left , pushing Bravazo towards the rail . Some of those connected to other horses in the race believed that Geroux 's actions helped give Justify an advantage by giving him an uncontested lead . Mike Repole , the co-owner of Vino Rosso and Noble Indy , told the Daily Racing Form that he was confused by seeing Restoring Hope `` rush up like he was a Quarter Horse '' . Vino Rosso 's rider John Velasquez said he felt like Geroux was trying to protect Justify . On the other hand , D. Wayne Lukas , the trainer of Bravazo , found the situation `` strange '' , but did not think Restoring Hope 's actions affected the outcome of the race . In response , Baffert said that his original plan was to have Restoring Hope sit behind Justify in second . Geroux stated that he wanted to be towards the front early but Restoring Hope became rank . `` When he broke a step slow - he 's kind of an aggressive horse to ride , he pulls very hard - I wanted to make sure I put him in the clear . I did n't want to break , get the horse covered up and then the horse starts getting aggressive behind horses . It would have been even worse if he was behind horses . '' Gary West , the owner of Restoring Hope , told the New York Post that he was unaware of any plan to have the colt near the pace . `` Maybe the horse was completely out of control and Florent had no choice . I will never know . '' The Belmont Park stewards spoke to Geroux about his ride the Thursday following the race . Geroux said he felt like the stewards were only talking to him because of the media attention . `` I did n't bother anybody , I did n't shut anybody off . If there was something , I think they would have contacted me right away to review the race , '' he said . Injury ( edit ) After the Belmont , Justify was returned to Churchill Downs where he was paraded before a large crowd on June 16 . He was then shipped back to Santa Anita , where he was paraded on June 23 . Baffert kept Justify in light training to give the colt time to recover from the grueling Triple Crown campaign . In early July , Baffert noticed a slight filling in the ankle of Justify 's left front leg . The filling subsided but then reappeared a few days later , so Baffert decided to send the colt for a detailed evaluation . Justify was officially retired from racing on July 25 , 2018 . Statistics ( edit ) Date Age Distance Race Grade Track Odds Field Finish Winning time Winning ( losing ) margin Jockey Ref Feb 18 , 2018 7 furlongs Maiden Special Weight Maiden Santa Anita 0.50 * 5 1 : 21.86 9 ⁄ lengths Drayden Van Dyke Mar 11 , 2018 1 mile Allowance Optional Claiming Allowance Santa Anita 0.05 * 5 1 : 35.73 6 ⁄ lengths Mike E. Smith Apr 7 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Santa Anita Derby Grade I Santa Anita 0.90 * 7 1 : 49.72 3 lengths Mike E. Smith May 5 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Kentucky Derby Grade I Churchill Downs 2.90 * 20 2 : 04.20 2 ⁄ lengths Mike E. Smith May 19 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Preakness Stakes Grade I Pimlico 0.40 * 8 1 : 55.93 ⁄ length Mike E. Smith June 9 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Belmont Stakes Grade I Belmont Park 0.80 * 10 2 : 28.18 1 ⁄ length Mike E. Smith An asterisk after the odds indicates that Justify was the post-time favorite . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Justify , chestnut colt , March 28 , 2015 Sire Scat Daddy Johannesburg 1999 Hennessy Storm Cat Island Kitty Myth Ogygian Yarn Love Style 1999 Mr. Prospector Raise a Native Gold Digger Likeable Style Nijinsky Personable Lady Dam Stage Magic 2007 Ghostzapper 2000 Awesome Again Deputy Minister Primal Force Baby Zip Relaunch Thirty Zip Magical Illusion 2001 Pulpit A.P. Indy Preach Voodoo Lily Baldski Cap the Moment ( family : 1 - h ) Justify is inbred 3 x 5 x 5 to Mr. Prospector , meaning this sire appears once in the third generation of the pedigree and twice in the fifth - generation as the sire of full sisters Yarn and Preach . Justify also has six crosses to Northern Dancer through Storm Cat , Yarn , Nijinsky , Deputy Minister , Preach , and Baldski . Further back , Justify 's pedigree contains multiple crosses to some of the greatest sires of the twentieth century , including Native Dancer , Nearco , and Man o ' War . Justify 's pedigree includes several Triple Crown winners . He is a fifth generation descendant of Seattle Slew through A.P. Indy ; a sixth generation descendant of Secretariat through both Storm Cat and A.P. Indy ; descends from Count Fleet through Mr. Prospector and Primal Force , and has multiple crosses to War Admiral through Ogygian 's daughter Myth , Personable Lady , and A.P. Indy . Even farther back in his pedigree are Omaha and Gallant Fox . Nijinsky , who appears several times in Justify 's pedigree , won the English Triple Crown in 1970 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justify - Equibase Profile '' . Equibase . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Ed . `` Lightly raced Justify early Kentucky Derby favorite '' . Newsday . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify born of Canadian father - daughter team 's horse - breeding passion - CBC News '' . Jump up ^ `` Tales from the Crib : Justify '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frary , Tom . `` Frankel 's Without Parole Remains Unbeaten In the St James 's Palace '' . thoroughbreddailynews.com . Jump up ^ `` Mendelssohn scores more Grade 1 success for late Scat Daddy '' . Racing Post . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Culpepper , Chuck ( 4 May 2018 ) . `` The Kentucky Derby field is dominated by a horse that died in 2015 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoppert , Melissa ; Goldstein , Matthew ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` A Secretive Investor in Triple Crown Contender Justify : George Soros '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify 's Victory Rewards Partnership Group '' ( PDF ) . The BloodHorse . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Starlight Acquires Interests in Audible , Justify '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kumin Buys Into Audible , Justify '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Liz ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Justify triumphs in Belmont Stakes to win the Triple Crown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Frakes , Jason . `` Bob Baffert on Triple Crown talk for Justify : ' Not yet , not yet ' '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TDN Rising Stars - Writeup Page '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Romps Again , Sets Sights on Derby '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Plenty of Movement in NTRA 3 - Year - Old Poll '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Work , Justify All - In for Santa Anita Derby '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Powers to Santa Anita Derby Victory '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart for the Santa Anita Derby '' ( PDF ) . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Ed . `` Lightly raced Justify early Kentucky Derby favorite '' . Newsday . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quality Runs Deep in Kentucky Derby Field '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the 2018 Kentucky Derby '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Untouchable in Kentucky Derby '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Privman , Jay . `` Curse of Apollo lifted as Justify cruises in Kentucky Derby '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify makes history in wettest ever Kentucky Derby '' . New York Post . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun staff . `` Preakness notes : ' Diaper rash ' - like condition not expected to derail Derby winner Justify '' . baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Kellie ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Justify ' galloped perfect ' in first track exercise since Kentucky Derby '' . Brisnet . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Justify enters Preakness Stakes chasing history in weather that could be biblical '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify wins Preakness ; Triple Crown in sight '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Balan , Jeremy . `` Justify Emerges From the Fog to Win Preakness '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the 2018 Preakness Stakes '' . Equibase . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Privman , Jay . `` For Baffert , a familiar routine ahead of Triple Crown bid '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoppert , Melissa ; Drape , Joe . `` Justify 's Breeding Rights Are Said to Be Sold to Coolmore for $60 Million '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WinStar Issues Statement '' . bloodhorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` Justify 's path to cusp of Triple Crown is unusual . But so is training a 1,380 - pound athlete '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the Belmont Stakes '' . Equibase . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wincze Hughes , Alicia . `` Justify 13th Triple Crown Winner After Belmont Victory '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Tim . `` Belmont Stakes 2018 Results : Justify Triple Crown Winner , Final Order , Final Payouts And Total Purse '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Bieler , Des ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Did Justify get undue help from another Bob Baffert horse in winning at Belmont ? '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horsemen question Geroux 's ride on Restoring Hope '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont controversy erupts : Did alliance ensure a Justify victory ? '' . New York Post . 2018 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stewards talk to Geroux over Belmont Stakes ride '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Parades Before Thousands at Churchill Downs '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winner Justify Parades at Santa Anita '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify to Undergo Evaluation '' . bloodhorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winner Justify Retires from Racing '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart for Race 2 , Santa Anita , February 18 , 2018 '' . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart for Race 5 , Santa Anita , March 11 , 2018 '' . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justify 's Pedigree '' . Equineline . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Experience Justify 's pedigree with this video tour of his greatest ancestors '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man o ' War 's Century Of Influence - Horse Racing News Paulick Report '' . www.paulickreport.com . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of A.P. Indy '' . www.pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Storm Cat '' . www.pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Primal Force '' . pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Personable Lady Horse Pedigree '' . www.pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Nijinsky '' . Pedigreequery . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Storm Bird '' . Pedigreequery . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses Media related to Justify ( horse ) at Wikimedia Commons Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Preakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justify_(horse)&oldid=853932963 '' Categories : 2015 racehorse births Racehorses bred in Kentucky Northern Dancer bloodline Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 1 - h Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners Kentucky Derby winners Preakness Stakes winners Belmont Stakes winners Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Português Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns justify the winner of the triple crown	[ "Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)", "Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)", "Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)", "Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)" ]	[ "WinStar Farm (Majority Owner)", "China Horse Club", "Head of Plains Partners", "Starlight Racing" ]
-4067131679603032607	I Am Sam	I Am Sam - wikipedia I Am Sam Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Am Sam ( disambiguation ) . I Am Sam Theatrical release poster Directed by Jessie Nelson Produced by Jessie Nelson Richard Solomon Edward Zwick Marshall Herskovitz Written by Kristine Johnson Jessie Nelson Starring Sean Penn Michelle Pfeiffer Dianne Wiest Dakota Fanning Richard Schiff Loretta Devine Laura Dern Music by John Powell Cinematography Elliot Davis Edited by Richard Chew Production company The Bedford Falls Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date December 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $97,818,139 I Am Sam ( stylized i am sam ) is a 2001 American drama film written and directed by Jessie Nelson , and starring Sean Penn as a father with a developmental disability , Dakota Fanning as his inquisitive daughter , and Michelle Pfeiffer as his lawyer . Dianne Wiest , Loretta Devine , Richard Schiff , and Laura Dern appear in supporting roles . Jessie Nelson and Kristine Johnson , who co-wrote the screenplay , researched the issues facing adults with intellectual disabilities by visiting the non-profit organization L.A. GOAL ( Greater Opportunities for the Advanced Living ) . They subsequently cast two actors with disabilities , Brad Silverman and Joe Rosenberg , in key roles . For his role as Sam , Penn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 74th Academy Awards in 2002 . The film launched the career of child actress Dakota Fanning , who was then seven years old and had only acted in two small roles . She became the youngest actress to be nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award . The movie 's title is derived from the opening lines `` I am Sam / Sam I am '' of the book Green Eggs and Ham , which is read in the movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical reception 4 Awards and honors 5 Soundtrack 6 Remakes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Sam Dawson ( Sean Penn ) , a man with a developmental disability , is the single father of Lucy ( Dakota Fanning ) , following their abandonment by her mother , who is revealed to be a homeless woman who `` just needed a place to sleep '' . Despite his limitations , Sam is well - adjusted and has a supportive group of friends with developmental disabilities , as well as a kind , agoraphobic neighbor Annie ( Dianne Wiest ) who takes care of Lucy when Sam can not . Though Sam provides a loving and caring environment for precocious Lucy , she soon surpasses his mental ability . Other children tease her for having a `` retard '' as a father , and she becomes too embarrassed to accept that she is more intellectually advanced than Sam . After his parenting abilities come into question , and on the advice of his friends , Sam approaches a high - powered lawyer , Rita Harrison ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) , whose brusque manner , fast - paced schedule and difficult personal life have earned her a reputation as cold and unfeeling . In an attempt to prove to others that she is not heartless , Rita surprisingly agrees to take on Sam 's case pro bono . As they work together to secure Sam 's parental rights , Sam unwittingly helps Rita with her family problems , including encouraging her to leave her philandering husband and repairing her fractious relationship with her son . She and Sam have a physical and emotional moment together when they reveal that they never feel good enough . At the trial , Sam breaks down after opposing counsel convinces him that he is not capable of being a father . After the trial , Lucy resides in a foster home with Randy Carpenter ( Laura Dern ) , but tries to convince Sam to help her run away , and continually escapes in the middle of the night to go to Sam 's apartment , whereupon ( having learned from the failed attempt to run away ) he immediately returns her . Ultimately , the foster family decide not to adopt her like they initially planned . They decide to return her to Sam , Randy will tell the judge that Sam is a suitable and better parent for Lucy . Sam also made an arrangement that Randy will help him raise her . The final scene depicts a soccer game , which Sam referees and in which Lucy participates as a player . In attendance are Lucy 's former foster family , Sam 's friendship group , and a newly single Rita with her son . Cast ( edit ) Sean Penn as Samuel John `` Sam '' Dawson Michelle Pfeiffer as Rita Harrison Williams Dakota Fanning as Lucy Diamond Dawson Allison and Jillian Thormahlen as infant Lucy Ryan Williams as 6 month old Lucy Felicity Ann and Makindra Sherry Forbes as 18 month old Lucy Elle Fanning as 2 year old Lucy Amanda Lehaf as 4 year old Lucy Dianne Wiest as Annie Cassell Loretta Devine as Margaret Calgrove Richard Schiff as Mr. Turner Laura Dern as Miranda `` Randy '' Carpenter Marin Hinkle as Patricia Stanley DeSantis as Robert Doug Hutchison as Ifty Rosalind Chao as Lily Ken Jenkins as Judge Philip McNeily Wendy Phillips as Miss Wright Scott Paulin as Duncan Rhodes Kimberly Scott as Gertie Michael B. Silver as Dr. Jaslow Eileen Ryan as Estelle Mary Steenburgen as Dr. Blake Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed - to - negative reviews from critics . I Am Sam holds a rating of 34 % on Rotten Tomatoes , and a score of 28 on Metacritic . The New York Times wrote that `` I Am Sam is not a bad movie , and its intentions are unimpeachable . But its sentimentality is so relentless and its narrative so predictable that the life is very nearly squeezed out of it . '' Variety wrote : `` Undone by its best intentions , I Am Sam is an especially insipid example of the Hollywood message movie '' . The Chicago Sun - Times wrote that `` every device of the movie 's art is designed to convince us Lucy must stay with Sam , but common sense makes it impossible to go the distance with the premise . '' Roger Ebert also criticized the morality tale character of the movie , saying that `` you ca n't have heroes and villains when the wrong side is making the best sense . '' On the other hand , the Los Angeles Times reviewed it positively as a `` most inviting and accessible film that turns upon a mental condition that most people would prefer not to think about . '' The San Francisco Chronicle commended Sean Penn for his performance : `` Penn 's accuracy , his lack of condescension or sentiment , and his willingness to inhabit his character without any implicit commentary take what might have been the equivalent of an inflated TV movie and elevate it to the level of art . '' The New Yorker , however , found Michelle Pfeiffer to be the standout : `` Pfeiffer , enormously likable in the role , almost saves the movie . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) Sean Penn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor ( the Oscar ) , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor and the Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama . Dakota Fanning won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Performer , the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Youth in Film , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Actress , the Satellite Special Achievement Award for Outstanding New Talent , and the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Age Ten or Under . She was also nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role . The soundtrack was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The film won the inaugural Stanley Kramer Award from the Producers Guild of America , and was nominated for the Humanitas Prize and the Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film . Awarding Body Award Nominee Result Academy Awards Best Actor Sean Penn Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Actor Sean Penn Nominated Best Young Performer Dakota Fanning Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated Humanitas Prize Nominated Japanese Academy Awards Outstanding Foreign Language Film Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Youth in Film Dakota Fanning Won Producers Guild of America Stanley Kramer Award Jessie Nelson Edward Zwick Marshall Herskovitz Richard Solomon Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Actress Dakota Fanning Won Satellite Awards Best Actor Sean Penn Nominated Special Achievement Award for Outstanding New Talent Dakota Fanning Won Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Sean Penn Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Dakota Fanning Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film - Drama Won Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Age Ten or Under Dakota Fanning Won The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : I Am Sam ( soundtrack ) The Grammy Award - nominated soundtrack , in addition to a John Powell score , also has cover versions of songs by the Beatles . Penn commissioned artists such as the Black Crowes , Nick Cave , Stereophonics , Eddie Vedder , Sheryl Crow , Sarah McLachlan , Rufus Wainwright , the Wallflowers , Ben Harper , the Vines and Ben Folds , to cover the songs for the soundtrack . Penn 's brother , Michael Penn , is also featured on a duet with his wife Aimee Mann . As the movie was shot and produced to the original Beatles music , the artists had to record their covers to the same musical timing ( tempo ) as the Beatles ' original pieces had . Remakes ( edit ) I Am Sam ( 2001 ) ( English ) Main Aisa Hi Hoon ( 2005 ) ( Hindi ) Deiva Thirumagal ( 2011 ) ( Tamil ) Sean Penn Ajay Devgn Chiyan Vikram Michelle Pfeiffer Sushmita Sen Anushka Shetty References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for I Am Sam . The Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Sam ( 2001 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vedder , Crowes Cover Beatles for ' I Am Sam ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Sam Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Sam reviews at Metacritic.com '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 28 , 2001 ) . `` Movie Review - ' I Am Sam ' - A Retarded Man Tries to Keep His Child '' . nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Koehler , Robert ( December 20 , 2001 ) . `` I Am Sam Review '' . variety.com . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( January 25 , 2002 ) . `` I Am Sam : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . rogerebert.suntimes.com . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( December 28 , 2001 ) . `` In ' I Am Sam , ' Skillful Players Embrace a Heartfelt Family Tale '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( January 25 , 2002 ) . `` Penn plays sad ' Sam ' / He 's full of integrity as retarded father '' . sfgate.com . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( February 4 , 2002 ) . `` I Am Sam '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Sam ( 2001 ) - Awards '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Am Sam Official website I Am Sam on IMDb I Am Sam at Rotten Tomatoes I Am Sam at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Sam&oldid=798321111 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s drama films American films American drama films Courtroom films Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles New Line Cinema films Films about mental disability Developmental disabilities Film scores by John Powell Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why did laura sit on sam's side	[]	[]
5200143529064163490	The Danny Thomas Show	The Danny Thomas show - wikipedia The Danny Thomas show Jump to : navigation , search The Danny Thomas Show Danny Thomas and Marjorie Lord , 1962 Also known as Make Room For Daddy Genre Sitcom Directed by Sheldon Leonard William Asher Danny Thomas Starring Danny Thomas Jean Hagen Marjorie Lord Sherry Jackson Rusty Hamer Angela Cartwright Composer ( s ) Herbert W. Spencer Earle Hagen ( MSI ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 90 ( MRFD ) 254 ( TDTS ) 344 ( total ) 24 ( MRFG ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Louis F. Edelman Producer ( s ) Sheldon Leonard Charles Stewart Running time 23 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Marterto Enterprises ( 1953 -- 1962 ) T&L Productions ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Release Original network ABC ( 1953 -- 1957 ) CBS ( 1957 -- 1964 ) Original release September 29 , 1953 ( 1953 - 09 - 29 ) -- April 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 04 - 27 ) Chronology Followed by Make Room for Granddaddy Related shows I Love Lucy The Andy Griffith Show The Joey Bishop Show The Dick Van Dyke Show The Danny Thomas Show ( called Make Room for Daddy for its first three seasons ) is an American sitcom which ran from 1953 to 1957 on ABC and from 1957 to 1964 on CBS . Episodes regularly featured music by Danny Thomas , guest stars and occasionally other cast members as part of the plot . In March 1953 , Danny Thomas first signed the contract for the show with ABC and chose Desilu Studios to film it using its three - camera method . Two proposed titles during preproduction were The Children 's Hour and Here Comes Daddy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Series changes 2 Cast 2.1 Supporting 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Theme song 5 Spin - off and crossovers 6 Sequel 7 Reruns 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Thomas with television daughter Terry ( Sherry Jackson ) Thomas played the role of Danny Williams , a successful comedian and nightclub entertainer at the Copa Club , based on the iconic New York City nightclub the Copacabana . Jean Hagen played his serious and loving wife Margaret . Their daughter Terry was played by Sherry Jackson , and their son Rusty by Rusty Hamer . The show 's premise involved Danny rarely having time to spend with his family and Margaret having to deal with the children virtually on her own . She often felt neglected by Danny , and on several occasions felt like leaving him . Margaret was a society woman and strict with the children , but loved her family . Louise Beavers made several appearances during this era as the Williams ' maid , Louise Evans , and often was at odds with Danny and sided with Margaret in most of the couple 's arguments . Nana Bryant often appeared as Margaret 's kind mother , of whom Danny and the children were fond , but Margaret , who had been raised by her aunt and uncle because of her mother often being away on stage tours , was not as warm to her mother . ( Bryant died in late 1955 , and rather than the character being recast , it simply disappeared . When Louise Beavers became ill in 1955 , Amanda Randolph assumed the role of Louise . ) Series changes ( edit ) For its first three years , Make Room For Daddy garnered decent ratings , but failed to make the list of the top 30 programs . Shortly after the third season finished filming , Jean Hagen left the show over dissatisfaction with her role and frequent clashes with Danny Thomas . Thomas was upset with her for leaving , and felt the show would not last without her . However , he decided to push on . At the start of the fourth season , the series title was changed to The Danny Thomas Show . Both Thomas and producer Sheldon Leonard were faced with a serious dilemma -- how to explain Hagen 's absence . To have `` Danny '' and `` Margaret '' divorce in that era would have been unacceptable to television audiences , so it was explained that Margaret suddenly had died off - screen . It was a risky move because until this time , no character on a TV situation comedy had died . Danny now was a widower juggling a performing career while raising two children on his own . He had Louise and his friends often looking after the children while he was touring . He decided to move them to a boarding school , but later relented and the family moved into a new apartment . During the fourth season , the Danny character dated a few other women and nearly got engaged to a widowed singer until he found out she did not like children . By season 's end , the ratings had suffered and it was decided that a wife and mother was needed to complete the family unit . In a four - part story arc that began airing in April 1957 , son Rusty fell ill with the measles and Danny hired Kathy O'Hara ( Marjorie Lord ) , a young Irish nurse , to look after him . Kathy was a widow with a little girl ( played by Lelani Sorenson ) . Danny and Kathy became fast friends and , not surprisingly , Danny quickly fell in love with her , as did the kids . In the season finale , the two became engaged . In a curious twist , ABC at this point canceled the series , which proved to be fortunate . In the spring of 1957 , I Love Lucy , which had reigned as the top - rated show for almost all of its six - year run on CBS , was ending production . When CBS heard that ABC was cancelling The Danny Thomas Show , it picked it up as part of its 1957 - 58 schedule . The Danny Thomas Show made its debut on CBS on Monday , October 7 , 1957 at 9 : 00 p.m. , inheriting the time slot vacated by I Love Lucy . The fifth - season premiere episode , `` Lose Me In Las Vegas , '' had Danny and Kathy already married and on their honeymoon . The Williams family moved into a larger brand - new apartment and , with the change of network , the producers also changed Kathy 's daughter . Lelani Sorenson was dropped from the cast and replaced by Angela Cartwright as Linda . Linda then was adopted by Danny , and the show 's ratings dramatically increased . In fact , at the end of its fifth season , The Danny Thomas Show posted its highest rating , ranking at No. 2 . During this season , Amanda Randolph was sick and rarely appeared as Louise , who was said to be recovering from the flu , with Kathy doing most of the housework . In the early part of the sixth season , Sherry Jackson left the show and the character of Terry was said to have gone to a girls school in Paris . Jackson commented on her close friendship with Jean Hagen and why she left the series , saying , `` The major perk was Jean Hagen . I adored her . We had a great time . She and I were best buddies ; she was my only friend from the Make Room for Daddy cast . What made me specifically want to leave the show ? I had a five - year contract , Jean had a three - year contract . Jean was thoroughly fed up with the series and made it clear that she did n't want to come back . When she left , I was devastated . I did n't want to continue , either . I wanted to break my contract . They would n't let me leave , but gave me less to do ; that 's why I 'm in fewer shows from ages 14 -- 16 . '' In Season 7 , the character of Terry was brought back , but recast with Penney Parker . Terry was featured in a seven - episode story arc that had her engaged and eventually married to Pat Hannigan ( Pat Harrington , Jr . ) , a nightclub friend of Danny 's . After the wedding , the Hannigans moved to California and Terry was rarely mentioned , never to be seen on the show again . In the last two seasons , with Thomas and Lord tired of their roles , Danny and Kathy both regularly traveled , and for much of the tenth season they toured Europe ( with a handful of episodes featuring location footage ) . Rusty and Linda were looked after by Danny 's manager , Charlie Halper ( Sid Melton ) and his wife Bunny ( Pat Carroll ) . During the 11th and final season , Thomas decided to retire from the show and the program ended in the spring of 1964 , finishing as still one of the most popular television programs and ranking at number nine . Cast ( edit ) Danny and Margaret Williams Milton Berle spends some time with Linda and Rusty after Danny and he quit show business . Danny Thomas as Danny Williams Jean Hagen as Margaret Williams ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Marjorie Lord as Kathy `` Clancey '' O'Hara Williams ( 1957 -- 1964 ) Rusty Hamer as Rusty Williams Angela Cartwright as Linda Williams ( 1957 -- 1964 ) Sherry Jackson as Terry Williams ( 1953 -- 1958 ) Penney Parker as Terry Williams ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Louise Beavers as Louise ( 1953 -- 1955 ) Amanda Randolph as Louise ( 1955 -- 1964 ) Supporting ( edit ) Uncle Tonoose ( Hans Conried ) gets a lecture from his older brother , Tufik ( played by Danny Thomas ) . The supporting cast included : Sid Melton as Charlie Halper Pat Carroll as Bunny Halper ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Sheldon Leonard as Phil Brokaw ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Ben Lessy as Benny ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Mary Wickes as Liz O'Neal ( 1955 -- 1957 ) Pat Harrington , Jr. as Pat Hannigan ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Jesse White as Jesse Leeds ( 1953 -- 1957 ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Hans Conried had frequent guest appearances as Danny 's eccentric Lebanese `` Uncle Tonoose '' . ( In real life , Thomas was Lebanese , Conried was not . ) Other frequent guests included Bill Dana as Jose Jimenez , Annette Funicello as an Italian exchange student named Gina Manelli , and Thomas ' protégée Italian teenaged singer Piccola Pupa . Other notable guest stars included band leader and musician Harry James , who appeared in the episode `` The Trumpet Player '' , and the legendary Jimmy Durante , who appeared as himself in the episode `` Danny and Durante '' . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Danny Thomas Show episodes Season Title Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Rating Tied with Make Room for Daddy 30 September 29 , 1953 ( 1953 - 09 - 29 ) April 20 , 1954 ( 1954 - 04 - 20 ) ABC N / A N / A N / A 30 September 28 , 1954 ( 1954 - 09 - 28 ) April 26 , 1955 ( 1955 - 04 - 26 ) N / A N / A N / A 30 September 13 , 1955 ( 1955 - 09 - 13 ) April 17 , 1956 ( 1956 - 04 - 17 ) N / A N / A N / A The Danny Thomas Show 30 October 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 10 - 01 ) April 25 , 1957 ( 1957 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A 5 33 October 7 , 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 07 ) May 26 , 1958 ( 1958 - 05 - 26 ) CBS 35.3 N / A 6 33 October 6 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 06 ) May 25 , 1959 ( 1959 - 05 - 25 ) 5 32.8 N / A 7 33 October 5 , 1959 ( 1959 - 10 - 05 ) May 23 , 1960 ( 1960 - 05 - 23 ) 31.1 N / A 8 32 October 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 22 ) 12 25.9 N / A 9 31 October 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 02 ) May 7 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 07 ) 8 26.1 N / A 10 32 October 1 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 1963 ( 1963 - 05 - 06 ) 7 28.7 Ben Casey 11 30 September 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 30 ) April 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 04 - 27 ) 9 26.7 N / A Theme song ( edit ) The theme music was various versions ( changing over the years ) of the traditional Irish song , `` Danny Boy '' . Spin - off and crossovers ( edit ) The series was responsible for the creation of another long - running sitcom , The Andy Griffith Show . In the seventh season , Danny Thomas is arrested by Sheriff Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) and detained in the small town of Mayberry in an episode entitled `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' . The episode aired on February 15 , 1960 , and The Andy Griffith Show premiered later that year on October 3 . The series also crossed over to several other series , including The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour and The Joey Bishop Show . Morey Amsterdam guest - starred as Buddy Sorrell of The Dick Van Dyke Show in the episode `` The Women Behind the Jokes '' . Some episodes featured Bill Dana as Jose Jimenez , which led to the spinoff series The Bill Dana Show . Danny Thomas played himself in one episode . Sequel ( edit ) The Make Room for Granddaddy cast Guest star Diana Ross with Roosevelt Grier and Thomas in 1971 The show ended in 1964 , but Danny Thomas , Marjorie Lord , Angela Cartwright , Rusty Hamer , Sherry Jackson , Amanda Randolph and Hans Conried returned in 1965 for a two - hour - long `` reunion '' special on NBC , The Danny Thomas TV Family Reunion , considered the first TV reunion show , and Make More Room for Daddy , which aired as an episode of The Danny Thomas Hour in November 1967 . Shortly after filming the second special in 1967 , Randolph died suddenly of a stroke at the age of 70 . A CBS reunion special , Make Room for Granddaddy , was aired in 1969 . The special did so well that it was picked up as a series by CBS , but Thomas considered its assigned time slot to be too quiet and pulled the show . ABC brought it back on a weekly basis in 1970 , in Make Room for Granddaddy . For the series premiere , Sherry Jackson reprised her role of oldest daughter Terry . No mention was made of her husband Pat Hannigan . Instead , for this new version of the series , Terry 's husband was named Bill , who was a soldier . In this episode , Terry left her son , six - year - old Michael ( played by Michael Hughes ) , in the care of grandparents Danny and Kathy so she could join Bill , who was stationed overseas . In addition to Lord , Hamer and Cartwright , the only other returning regulars were Sid Melton as Charley Halper and Hans Conried as Uncle Tonoose . During that season , new characters were played by Stanley Myron Handelman and former football player Roosevelt Grier . The show lasted only one year , producing 24 episodes ; its cancellation came at a time when the networks were purging content favoring older , rural and other less affluent viewers after to the loss of a half - hour of daily program time in 1971 . According to Lord , the series faced many obstacles , including the unprofessionalism and inexperience of the child actor Michael Hughes , the absence of Sheldon Leonard as producer / director to control Thomas and improve the quality of the scripts , and the fact that ABC switched the time slot of the show from Wednesday nights at 8 : 00 pm to Thursday nights at 9 : 00 pm . As a result , the ratings went from mediocre to poor . Reruns ( edit ) Reruns of the ABC episodes were aired weekdays on NBC from October 4 , 1960 to March 26 , 1965 . CBS aired primetime repeats April 19 through September 6 , 1965 , on Monday nights at 9 : 30 p.m ( Eastern time ) . Subsequently , most of the CBS episodes were then syndicated and offered to local stations . The first four seasons from ABC were not put into syndication . From February 1 , 1987 to 1991 , the show 's fifth through ninth seasons were shown on Nick at Nite . TV Land has also shown several of the Marjorie Lord episodes . GoodLife Television aired the majority of the episodes from the fourth season through the seventh season ( and select episodes from seasons eight and nine ) . Me - TV aired the show from Labor Day of 2012 to December 31 , 2014 . In 2014 , the series joined the weekday line up of Cozi TV , where it currently airs all 1957 - 1964 episodes featuring Marjorie Lord . Episodes of the show can be seen on TVS Nostalgia Network.Com . George Carlin referred to the reruns as `` Daddy has had room made for '' . DVD releases ( edit ) On September 28 , 2004 , Questar released the complete fifth season on Region 1 DVD . The set includes two special episodes : the fourth - season finale , `` Danny 's Proposal '' , and the pilot for The Andy Griffith Show . The complete sixth season on DVD was released on January 22 . 2008 . It was released by a different company than the one that had handled the fifth - season package , and contained uncut episodes with vintage second - run opening titles from the early 1960s NBC network daytime reruns . Several of the early episodes with Jean Hagen can be purchased on discount DVDs , as these episodes have entered public domain because of lapsed copyright . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The I Love Lucy Book by Bart Andrews ( revised and updated Broadway Books trade paperback edition , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 385 - 19033 - 6 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Weiner , Ed ; Editors of TV Guide ( 1992 ) . The TV Guide TV Book : 40 Years of the All - Time Greatest Television Facts , Fads , Hits , and History . New York : Harper Collins . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096914 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ClassicTVHits.com TV Ratings : 1957 - 1958 Jump up ^ `` Sherry Jackson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1681 - 1683 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Danny Thomas Show , `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' Jump up ^ The Danny Thomas Show / Make Room For Daddy and I Love Lucy / The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour Jump up ^ The Joey Bishop Show , `` This Is Your Life '' Jump up ^ Geoffrey Mark Fidelman , The Lucy Book , Renaissance Books , page 269 . ) Jump up ^ DVD details , Make Room for Daddy season five Jump up ^ DVD details , Make Room for Daddy season six Jump up ^ Make Room for Daddy , Volume 1 Jump up ^ Make Room for Daddy , Volume 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Danny Thomas Show . Make Room For Daddy / The Danny Thomas Show on IMDb Make Room For Daddy / The Danny Thomas Show at TV.com Make Room for Granddaddy on IMDb Make Room for Granddaddy at TV.com Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Danny_Thomas_Show&oldid=843509466 '' Categories : 1953 American television series debuts 1964 American television series endings 1970 American television series debuts 1971 American television series endings 1950s American sitcoms 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Television series about families Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 16 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happened to the mother on make room for daddy	[ "For its first three years, Make Room For Daddy garnered decent ratings, but failed to make the list of the top 30 programs. Shortly after the third season finished filming, Jean Hagen left the show over dissatisfaction with her role and frequent clashes with Danny Thomas. Thomas was upset with her for leaving, and felt the show would not last without her. However, he decided to push on. At the start of the fourth season, the series title was changed to The Danny Thomas Show. Both Thomas and producer Sheldon Leonard were faced with a serious dilemma—how to explain Hagen's absence. To have \"Danny\" and \"Margaret\" divorce in that era would have been unacceptable to television audiences, so it was explained that Margaret suddenly had died off-screen. It was a risky move because until this time, no character on a TV situation comedy had died." ]	[ "Margaret suddenly had died off-screen" ]
-6243396160858850801	Ashokamitran	Ashokamitran - wikipedia Ashokamitran Jump to : navigation , search This biographical article needs more biographical information on the subject . Statistical information , such as date and place of birth , information on historical significance , and information on accomplishments is desired . Please remove this message when done . See this article 's talk page for more information . ( March 2017 ) Ashokamithran Thyagarajan ( 1931 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1931 Secunderabad , Andhra Pradesh 23 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) ( aged 85 ) Chennai , Tamil Nadu Nationality Indian Occupation Novelist Children Awards Sahitya Akademi Award Ashokamitran ( September 22 , 1931 -- March 23 , 2017 ) was the pen name of Jagadisa Thyagarajan , an Indian writer regarded one of the most influential figures in post-independent Tamil literature . He began his prolific literary career with the prize winning play `` Anbin Parisu '' and went on to author more than two hundred short stories , and a dozen novellas and novels . A distinguished essayist and critic , he was the editor of the literary journal `` Kanaiyaazhi '' . He has written over 200 short stories , eight novels , some 15 novellas besides other prose writings . Most of his works have also been translated into English and other Indian languages , including Hindi , Malayalam , and Telugu . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Death 3 Writing style 4 Legacy 5 Honours and awards 6 Works 6.1 Novels 6.2 Short stories 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Life ( edit ) Born in Secunderabad in 1931 , Ashokamitran spent the first twenty years of his life there . His real name was Jagadisa Thyagarajan . He moved to Chennai in 1952 after the death of his father , following an invitation from his father 's friend , the film director S.S. Vasan to come work at Vasan 's Gemini Studios . He worked for more than a decade at the Gemini Studios . While working there he often acted as an `` unofficial scribe '' ( in his own words ) for people working in the film industry , and said that his efforts consisted of `` writing most heart rending appeals for loans and salary advances . '' He also began writing about his experiences working in the film industry in a set of columns for the Illustrated Weekly of India ; these columns later became his book , My Years with Boss ( sometimes translated as Fourteen Years with Boss ) . The ' boss ' referred to was S.S. Vasan , the owner of Gemini Studios . His experiences here and his interaction with people from the Tamil filmdom later took the form of his book `` My Years with Boss '' . In 1966 , he left his work in the film industry , and has since said that he felt he `` should not continue with a system which had built - in inequities . '' It was from 1966 that he became a full - time writer and he took up the pseudonym of `` Ashokamitran '' . In 1973 he was invited and took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa , United States . In the 1980s most of his works were translated into English and he and his works became well - known all over India . Some of his works were translated into other European languages and most Indian languages as well . Death ( edit ) Ashokamitran died on 23 March 2017 at the age of 85 . At the time of his death , he was survived by his wife and three sons . Writing style ( edit ) His works are characterized by simplicity and clarity of thought and drew from his professional and personal experiences . His novel Karainta nilalkal ( Star - Crossed ) , for instance , drew from his experiences with working in public relations in the film industry at Gemini Studios . He has cited a number of writers as influencing his style , including Tamil writers B.R. Rajam Iyer , Subramania Bharti , and KN Subramaniam . Legacy ( edit ) Ashokamitran 's life and work have been the subject of three documentary films , made by Amshan Kumar , Kandasamy , and Gnani . His novel Thanneer is being adapted for film by the director , Vasanth . Honours and Awards ( edit ) Ashokamitran was given many awards and honours . Some of them are He was given the Government of Tamil Nadu Award thrice and the `` Illakiya Chinthani '' award twice in 1977 and 1984 . The K.K. Birla Fellowship to do a study in comparative Indian literature 1973 - 74 : The University of Iowa Creative Writing Fellowship 1992 : Lily Memorial Award . 1993 : Ramkrishna Jaidayal Harmony Award by the Dalmia Trust for promoting religious harmony . 1996 : Akshara Award . 1996 : Sahitya Akademi Award for Appavin Snegidhar , a collection of short stories . January 2007 : The MGR Award May 2012 : NTR National Literary Award by NTR Vignan Trust . February 10 , 2013 : The inaugural Kaa Na Su award at a function in Chennai . March 30 , 2013 : National award instituted by the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad at Kolkata Works ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Anbin Parisu ( 1953 ) Thanneer Manasarovar 18 - vadhu Atchakkodu ( 1977 ) - ( This has been translated into English in the name `` The Eighteenth Parallel '' ) . This novel is a kind of biographical look back at his early years at Secundarabad . It describes the life of a young man set against the backdrop of the political unrest that was developing in Hyderabad in the late Forties . My Years with Boss Karainta nilalkal ( translated to English as Star Crossed , by V. Ramnarayan . Otran Paavam Dalpathado ( translated to English as The Ghost of Meenambakkan by N. Kalyan Raman ) Short stories ( edit ) Appavin Snegidhar . In 1995 , he won the Sahitya Akademi Award for this collection of short stories . Still Bleeding from the Wound ( a collection of stories translated to English by N. Kalyan Raman ) . See also ( edit ) Jayakanthan Sundara Ramaswamy Ka . Naa . Subramanyam Jeyamohan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Three popular Ashokamitran books now in English '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Charukesi . `` ' I 'll write as long as I 'm physically able to ' '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmad , Omair . `` Reading Ashokamitran , a Subtle Genius of the Normal and the Absurd - The Wire '' . thewire.in . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ashokamitran - Tamil Writer : The South Asian Literary Recordings Project ( Library of Congress New Delhi Office ) '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Down a literary lane '' . The Hindu . India . 13 February 2004 . Jump up ^ Desk , Internet . `` Tamil writer Ashokamitran passes away '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Recipients of Harmony Awards '' . Organisation of Understanding and Fraternity -- Dalmia Bros. Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Writers celebrate Sahitya Akademi Foundation Day '' . Indian Express . Chennai , India . 14 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NTR National Literary Award for Ashokamitran '' . The Hindu . Hyderabad , India . 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A very human picture '' . The Hindu . India . 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A writer of two cities '' . The Hindu . Hyderabad , India . 12 September 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Boss Will See You Now '' . Outlook . India . 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Record - Star - crossed = Karainda nizhalgal / Ashokamitran ; translated from Tamil by V. Ramnarayan '' . franklin.library.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Translating Ashokamitran 's words -- and his silences '' . Times of India Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Ashokamitran page in Tamil Friends Ashokamitran Special edition by Solvanam B. Meenakshi , Sundaram Portraying Realities of Contemporary Life ( hide ) Sahitya Akademi Award for Tamil language 1955 -- 1975 R.P. Sethu Pillai ( 1955 ) Kalki Krishnamurthy ( 1956 ) C. Rajagopalachari ( 1958 ) Mu . Varadarajan ( 1961 ) Mi . Pa . Somasundaram ( 1962 ) Akilan ( 1963 ) P. Sri Acharya ( 1965 ) Ma . Po . Si. ( 1966 ) K.V. Jagannathan ( 1967 ) A. Srinivasa Raghavan ( 1968 ) Bharatidasan ( 1969 ) Ku . Alagirisami ( 1970 ) Na . Parthasarathy ( 1971 ) D. Jayakanthan ( 1972 ) Rajam Krishnan ( 1973 ) K.D. Thirunavukkarasu ( 1974 ) R. Dhandayudham ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Indira Parthasarathy ( 1977 ) Vallikannan ( 1978 ) Thi . Janakiraman ( 1979 ) Kannadasan ( 1980 ) M. Ramalingam ( 1981 ) B.S. Ramaiya ( 1982 ) T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan ( 1983 ) Lakshmi Thiripurasundari ( 1984 ) A.S. Gnanasambandan ( 1985 ) Ka . Naa . Subramaniam ( 1986 ) Aadhavan Sundaram ( 1987 ) V.C. Kulandaiswamy ( 1988 ) La Sa Ra ( 1989 ) Su . Samuthiram ( 1990 ) Ki . Rajanarayanan ( 1991 ) Kovi . Manisekaran ( 1992 ) M.V. Venkatram ( 1993 ) Ponneelan ( 1994 ) Prapanchan ( 1995 ) Ashoka Mitran ( 1996 ) Thoppil Mohamed Meeran ( 1997 ) Sa . Kandasamy ( 1998 ) S. Abdul Rahman ( 1999 ) Thi . Ka . Sivasankaran ( 2000 ) 2001 - present C.S. Chellappa ( 2001 ) Sirpi Balasubramaniam ( 2002 ) Vairamuthu ( 2003 ) Tamilanban ( 2004 ) G. Thilakavathi ( 2005 ) Mu . Metha ( 2006 ) Neela Padmanabhan ( 2007 ) Melanmai Ponnusamy ( 2008 ) Puviarasu ( 2009 ) Nanjil Nadan ( 2010 ) Su . Venkatesan ( 2011 ) D. Selvaraj ( 2012 ) Joe D'Cruz ( 2013 ) Poomani ( 2014 ) A. Madhavan ( 2015 ) Vannadasan ( 2016 ) Inkulab ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashokamitran&oldid=802125274 '' Categories : 1931 births 2017 deaths Tamil - language writers Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil International Writing Program alumni Hidden categories : Biographies with insufficient biographical information Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 04 : 17 . About Wikipedia	ashok mitran was noted literature of which language	[]	[]
3094375063152097014	Everything's Gonna Be Alright	Everything 's Gonna Be Alright - wikipedia Everything 's Gonna Be Alright Jump to : navigation , search Everything 's Gonna Be Alright may refer to : `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' , a song by Tammy Wynette and George Jones from their 1972 album We Love to Sing About Jesus `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' , a song by England Dan & John Ford Coley from their 1976 album Nights Are Forever `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' , a 1987 song by Al Green from his album Soul Survivor `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( Naughty by Nature song ) , 1992 `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' , a song by Aaliyah from her 1996 album One in a Million `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( Sweetbox song ) , 1997 `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' , a song by Barry Manilow from his 2011 album 15 Minutes `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' , a song by Jolin Tsai from her 2000 album Do n't Stop Everything 's Gonna Be Alright ( album ) , a 1998 album by Deana Carter See also ( edit ) `` Three Little Birds '' , a 1980 song by Bob Marley & The Wailers which features the refrain `` every little thing gon na be all right '' This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Everything 's Gonna Be Alright . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything%27s_Gonna_Be_Alright&oldid=718972950 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2016 , at 19 : 35 . About Wikipedia	bob marley everything's gonna be alright album	[]	[]
3793380293780828488	Primary source	Primary source - Wikipedia Primary source Original source of information created at the time under study For Wikipedia 's policy on the use of primary sources , see WP : PRIMARY . Not to be confused with Primary sector . This wall painting found in the Roman city of Pompeii is an example of a primary source about people in Pompeii in Roman times . ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) In the study of history as an academic discipline , a Primary Source ( also called an original source or evidence ) is an artifact , document , diary , manuscript , autobiography , recording , or any other source of information that was created at the time under study . It serves as an original source of information about the topic . Similar definitions can be used in library science , and other areas of scholarship , although different fields have somewhat different definitions . In journalism , a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation , or a document written by such a person . Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources , which cite , comment on , or build upon primary sources . Generally , accounts written after the fact with the benefit ( and possible distortions ) of hindsight are secondary . A secondary source may also be a primary source depending on how it is used . For example , a memoir would be considered a primary source in research concerning its author or about his or her friends characterized within it , but the same memoir would be a secondary source if it were used to examine the culture in which its author lived . `` Primary '' and `` secondary '' should be understood as relative terms , with sources categorized according to specific historical contexts and what is being studied . Contents 1 Significance of source classification 1.1 History 1.2 Other fields 2 Finding primary sources 3 Using primary sources 4 Strengths and weaknesses 5 Classifying sources 6 Forgeries 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Significance of source classification ( edit ) History ( edit ) From a letter of Philip II , King of Spain , 16th century In scholarly writing , an important objective of classifying sources is to determine their independence and reliability . In contexts such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources and that `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' Sreedharan believes that primary sources have the most direct connection to the past and that they `` speak for themselves '' in ways that can not be captured through the filter of secondary sources . Other fields ( edit ) In scholarly writing , the objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources . Though the terms primary source and secondary source originated in historiography as a way to trace the history of historical ideas , they have been applied to many other fields . For example , these ideas may be used to trace the history of scientific theories , literary elements and other information that is passed from one author to another . In scientific literature , a primary source is the original publication of a scientist 's new data , results and theories . In political history , primary sources are documents such as official reports , speeches , pamphlets , posters , or letters by participants , official election returns and eyewitness accounts . In the history of ideas or intellectual history , the main primary sources are books , essays and letters written by intellectuals ; these intellectuals may include historians , whose books and essays are therefore considered primary sources for the intellectual historian , though they are secondary sources in their own topical fields . In religious history , the primary sources are religious texts and descriptions of religious ceremonies and rituals . A study of cultural history could include fictional sources such as novels or plays . In a broader sense primary sources also include artifacts like photographs , newsreels , coins , paintings or buildings created at the time . Historians may also take archaeological artifacts and oral reports and interviews into consideration . Written sources may be divided into three types . Narrative sources or literary sources tell a story or message . They are not limited to fictional sources ( which can be sources of information for contemporary attitudes ) but include diaries , films , biographies , leading philosophical works and scientific works . Diplomatic sources include charters and other legal documents which usually follow a set format . Social documents are records created by organizations , such as registers of births and tax records . In historiography , when the study of history is subject to historical scrutiny , a secondary source becomes a primary source . For a biography of a historian , that historian 's publications would be primary sources . Documentary films can be considered a secondary source or primary source , depending on how much the filmmaker modifies the original sources . The Lafayette College Library , provides a synopsis of primary sources in several areas of study : `` The definition of a primary source varies depending upon the academic discipline and the context in which it is used . In the humanities , a primary source could be defined as something that was created either during the time period being studied or afterward by individuals reflecting on their involvement in the events of that time . In the social sciences , the definition of a primary source would be expanded to include numerical data that has been gathered to analyze relationships between people , events , and their environment . In the natural sciences , a primary source could be defined as a report of original findings or ideas . These sources often appear in the form of research articles with sections on methods and results . '' Finding primary sources ( edit ) Although many primary sources remain in private hands , others are located in archives , libraries , museums , historical societies , and special collections . These can be public or private . Some are affiliated with universities and colleges , while others are government entities . Materials relating to one area might be spread over a large number of different institutions . These can be distant from the original source of the document . For example , the Huntington Library in California houses a large number of documents from the United Kingdom . In the US , digital copies of primary sources can be retrieved from a number of places . The Library of Congress maintains several digital collections where they can be retrieved . Some examples are American Memory and Chronicling America . The National Archives and Records Administration also has digital collections in Digital Vaults . The Digital Public Library of America searches across the digitized primary source collections of many libraries , archives , and museums . The Internet Archive also has primary source materials in many formats . In the UK , the National Archives provides a consolidated search of its own catalogue and a wide variety of other archives listed on the Access to Archives index . Digital copies of various classes of documents at the National Archives ( including wills ) are available from DocumentsOnline . Most of the available documents relate to England and Wales . Some digital copies of primary sources are available from the National Archives of Scotland . Many County Record Offices collections are included in Access to Archives , while others have their own on - line catalogues . Many County Record Offices will supply digital copies of documents . In other regions , Europeana has digitized materials from across Europe while the World Digital Library and Flickr Commons have items from all over the world . Trove has primary sources from Australia . Most primary source materials are not digitized and may only be represented online with a record or finding aid . Both digitized and not digitized materials can be found through catalogs such as WorldCat , the Library of Congress catalog , the National Archives catalog , and so on . Using primary sources ( edit ) History as an academic discipline is based on primary sources , as evaluated by the community of scholars , who report their findings in books , articles and papers . Arthur Marwick says `` Primary sources are absolutely fundamental to history . '' Ideally , a historian will use all available primary sources that were created by the people involved at the time being studied . In practice some sources have been destroyed , while others are not available for research . Perhaps the only eyewitness reports of an event may be memoirs , autobiographies , or oral interviews taken years later . Sometimes the only evidence relating to an event or person in the distant past was written or copied decades or centuries later . Manuscripts that are sources for classical texts can be copies of documents , or fragments of copies of documents . This is a common problem in classical studies , where sometimes only a summary of a book or letter has survived . Potential difficulties with primary sources have the result that history is usually taught in schools using secondary sources . Historians studying the modern period with the intention of publishing an academic article prefer to go back to available primary sources and to seek new ( in other words , forgotten or lost ) ones . Primary sources , whether accurate or not , offer new input into historical questions and most modern history revolves around heavy use of archives and special collections for the purpose of finding useful primary sources . A work on history is not likely to be taken seriously as scholarship if it only cites secondary sources , as it does not indicate that original research has been done . However , primary sources -- particularly those from before the 20th century -- may have hidden challenges . `` Primary sources , in fact , are usually fragmentary , ambiguous and very difficult to analyse and interpret . '' Obsolete meanings of familiar words and social context are among the traps that await the newcomer to historical studies . For this reason , the interpretation of primary texts is typically taught as part of an advanced college or postgraduate history course , although advanced self - study or informal training is also possible . The following questions are asked about primary sources : What is the tone ? Who is the intended audience ? What is the purpose of the publication ? What assumptions does the author make ? What are the bases of the author 's conclusions ? Does the author agree or disagree with other authors of the subject ? Does the content agree with what you know or have learned about the issue ? Where was the source made ? ( questions of systemic bias ) Strengths and weaknesses ( edit ) In many fields and contexts , such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources if possible , and `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' In addition , primary sources avoid the problem inherent in secondary sources in which each new author may distort and put a new spin on the findings of prior cited authors . `` A history , whose author draws conclusions from other than primary sources or secondary sources actually based on primary sources , is by definition fiction and not history at all . '' -- Kameron Searle However , a primary source is not necessarily more of an authority or better than a secondary source . There can be bias and tacit unconscious views which twist historical information . `` Original material may be ... prejudiced , or at least not exactly what it claims to be . '' -- David Iredale The errors may be corrected in secondary sources , which are often subjected to peer review , can be well documented , and are often written by historians working in institutions where methodological accuracy is important to the future of the author 's career and reputation . Historians consider the accuracy and objectiveness of the primary sources that they are using and historians subject both primary and secondary sources to a high level of scrutiny . A primary source such as a journal entry ( or the online version , a blog ) , at best , may only reflect one individual 's opinion on events , which may or may not be truthful , accurate , or complete . Participants and eyewitnesses may misunderstand events or distort their reports , deliberately or not , to enhance their own image or importance . Such effects can increase over time , as people create a narrative that may not be accurate . For any source , primary or secondary , it is important for the researcher to evaluate the amount and direction of bias . As an example , a government report may be an accurate and unbiased description of events , but it may be censored or altered for propaganda or cover - up purposes . The facts can be distorted to present the opposing sides in a negative light . Barristers are taught that evidence in a court case may be truthful but may still be distorted to support or oppose the position of one of the parties . Classifying sources ( edit ) Many sources can be considered either primary or secondary , depending on the context in which they are examined . Moreover , the distinction between primary and secondary sources is subjective and contextual , so that precise definitions are difficult to make . A book review , when it contains the opinion of the reviewer about the book rather than a summary of the book , becomes a primary source . If a historical text discusses old documents to derive a new historical conclusion , it is considered to be a primary source for the new conclusion . Examples in which a source can be both primary and secondary include an obituary or a survey of several volumes of a journal counting the frequency of articles on a certain topic . Whether a source is regarded as primary or secondary in a given context may change , depending upon the present state of knowledge within the field . For example , if a document refers to the contents of a previous but undiscovered letter , that document may be considered `` primary '' , since it is the closest known thing to an original source ; but if the letter is later found , it may then be considered `` secondary '' In some instances , the reason for identifying a text as the `` primary source '' may devolve from the fact that no copy of the original source material exists , or that it is the oldest extant source for the information cited . Forgeries ( edit ) Historians must occasionally contend with forged documents that purport to be primary sources . These forgeries have usually been constructed with a fraudulent purpose , such as promulgating legal rights , supporting false pedigrees , or promoting particular interpretations of historic events . The investigation of documents to determine their authenticity is called diplomatics . For centuries , Popes used the forged Donation of Constantine to bolster the Papacy 's secular power . Among the earliest forgeries are false Anglo - Saxon charters , a number of 11th - and 12th - century forgeries produced by monasteries and abbeys to support a claim to land where the original document had been lost or never existed . One particularly unusual forgery of a primary source was perpetrated by Sir Edward Dering , who placed false monumental brasses in a parish church . In 1986 , Hugh Trevor - Roper `` authenticated '' the Hitler Diaries , which were later proved to be forgeries . Recently , forged documents have been placed within the UK National Archives in the hope of establishing a false provenance . However , historians dealing with recent centuries rarely encounter forgeries of any importance . See also ( edit ) Examples Monograph Others Archival research Historiography Source criticism Source literature Source text Historical document Library and information science portal Secondary source Tertiary source Original research UNISIST model Scientific journalism Scholarly method References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Journalism : Primary Sources '' . Pepperdine University . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Primary , secondary and tertiary sources '' . University Libraries , University of Maryland . Jump up ^ `` Primary and secondary sources '' . Ithaca College Library . ^ Jump up to : Oscar Handlin and Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Harvard Guide to American History ( 1954 ) ^ Jump up to : Kragh , Helge ( 1989 ) . An Introduction to the Historiography of Science . Cambridge University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38921 - 6 . ( T ) he distinction is not a sharp one . Since a source is only a source in a specific historical context , the same source object can be both a primary or secondary source according to what it is used for . ^ Jump up to : Cipolla , Carlo M. ( 1992 ) . Between Two Cultures : An Introduction to Economic History . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30816 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sreedharan , E. ( 2004 ) . A Textbook of Historiography , 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 . Orient Longman . p. 302 . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2657 - 6 . ( I ) t is through the primary sources that the past indisputably imposes its reality on the historian . That this imposition is basic in any understanding of the past is clear from the rules that documents should not be altered , or that any material damaging to a historian 's argument or purpose should not be left out or suppressed . These rules mean that the sources or the texts of the past have an integrity and that they do indeed ' speak for themselves ' , and that they are necessary constraints through which past reality imposes itself on the historian . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources - Religion '' . Research Guides at Tufts University . 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Martha C. ; Prevenier , Walter . ( 2001 ) . From reliable sources : an introduction to historical method . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8560 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Thomas ( 1995 ) . `` Historical Truth : An Interview with Ken Burns '' . American Historical Review . The American Historical Review , Vol. 100 , No. 3 . 100 ( 3 ) : 741 -- 764 . doi : 10.2307 / 2168603 . JSTOR 2168603 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources : what are they ? '' Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Lafayette College Library . ^ Jump up to : Marwick , Arthur . `` Primary Sources : Handle with Care '' . In Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians : A Handbook edited by Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46580 - X Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey Ian ( 2004 ) . `` Taking Stock of Research Methods and Analysis on Oppositional Political Terrorism '' . The American Sociologist. 35 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 37 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02692395 . The analysis of secondary source information is problematic . The further an investigator is from the primary source , the more distorted the information may be . Again , each new person may put his or her spin on the findings . Jump up ^ Iredale , David ( 1973 ) . Enjoying archives : what they are , where to find them , how to use them . Newton Abbot , David and Charles , . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5669 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barbara W. Sommer and Mary Kay Quinlan , The Oral History Manual ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress , `` Analysis of Primary Sources '' online 2007 Jump up ^ Dalton , Margaret Stieg ; Charnigo , Laurie ( September 2004 ) . `` Historians and Their Information Sources '' . College & Research Libraries. 65 ( 5 ) : 419 . doi : 10.5860 / crl. 65.5. 400 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Delgadillo , Roberto ; Lynch , Beverly ( May 1999 ) . `` Future Historians : Their Quest for Information '' . College & Research Libraries. 60 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 259 , at 253 . ( T ) he same document can be a primary or a secondary source depending on the particular analysis the historian is doing . Jump up ^ Princeton ( 2011 ) . `` Book reviews '' . Scholarly definition document . Princeton . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( 2011 ) . `` Book reviews '' . Scholarly definition document . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Archived from the original on 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Duffin , Jacalyn ( 1999 ) . History of Medicine : A Scandalously Short Introduction . University of Toronto Press . p. 366 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7912 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henige , David ( 1986 ) . `` Primary Source by Primary Source ? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation '' . Ethnohistory . Ethnohistory , Vol. 33 , No. 3 . 33 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 312 , at 292 . doi : 10.2307 / 481816 . JSTOR 481816 . ( T ) he term ' primary ' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process in the present state of our knowledge . Indeed , in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative. ... ( H ) istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as ' primary ' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure Jump up ^ Henige 1986 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Ambraseys , Nicholas ; Melville , Charles Peter ; Adams , Robin Dartrey ( 1994 ) . The Seismicity of Egypt , Arabia , and the Red Sea . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39120 - 2 . The same chronicle can be a primary source for the period contemporary with the author , a secondary source for earlier material derived from previous works , but also a primary source when these earlier works have not survived Jump up ^ Everyone has Roots : An Introduction to English Genealogy by Anthony J. Camp , published by Genealogical Pub. Co. , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to record class R4 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Leppard , David ( 4 May 2008 ) . `` Forgeries revealed in the National Archives -- Times Online '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Benjamin , Jules R ( 2004 ) . A Student 's Guide to History . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 40356 - 9 . Craver , Kathleen W ( 1999 ) . Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in History . Westwood , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30749 - 0 . Wood Gray ( 1991 ) ( 1964 ) . Historian 's Handbook : A Key to the Study and Writing of History . 2nd ed . Waveland Press ; 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88133 - 626 - 9 . Marius , Richard ; Page , Melvin Eugene ( 2005 ) . A short guide to writing about history . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 22716 - 4 . Sebastian Olden - Jørgensen ( 2005 ) . Til kilderne ! : introduktion til historisk kildekritik ( in Danish ) . ( To the sources : Introduction to historical source criticism ) . København : Gads Forlag . ISBN 978 - 87 - 12 - 03778 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Primary sources repositories Primary Sources from World War One and Two : War-letters.com Database of mailed letters to and from soldiers during major world conflicts from the Napoleonic Wars to World War Two . Fold3.com -- Over 60,000,000 Primary Source Documents created by Ancestry.com A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts , archives , rare books , historical photographs , and other primary sources from the University of Idaho . Find primary sources in the collections of major research libraries using ArchiveGrid Shapell Manuscript Foundation Digitalized Primary Sources and Historical Artifacts from 1786 -- present Sacred Texts.com A collection of religious texts and books from the Internet Sacred Text Archive All sources repositories Wikisource -- The Free Library -- the Wikimedia Foundation project that collects , edits , and catalogs all source texts Essays and descriptions of primary , secondary and other sources `` Research Using Primary Sources '' from the University of Maryland Libraries ( accessed 16 Jul 2013 ) `` How to distinguish between primary and secondary sources '' from the University of California , Santa Cruz Library Joan of Arc : Primary Sources Series -- Example of a publication focusing on primary source documents - the Historical Association of Joan of Arc Studies Finding Historical Primary Sources from the University of California , Berkeley library `` Primary versus secondary sources '' from the Bowling Green State University library Finding primary sources in world history from the Center for History and New Media , George Mason University Guide to Terminology used when describing archival and other primary source materials on Archivopedia Thehistorysite.org Links to many online history archival sources . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_source&oldid=865581084 '' Categories : Works about history Sources Historiography Information science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why might it be important for historians and researchers to notice who wrote this primary source	[]	[]
4949638613124608547	Last Tango in Halifax	Last Tango in Halifax - wikipedia Last Tango in Halifax Last Tango in Halifax Genre Comedy - drama Written by Sally Wainwright Starring Derek Jacobi Anne Reid Sarah Lancashire Nicola Walker Composer ( s ) Murray Gold Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Nicola Shindler Production location ( s ) Yorkshire Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Red Production Company Release Original network BBC One Original release 20 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) -- 20 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) External links Website Production website Last Tango in Halifax is a British comedy - drama series that broadcast on BBC One , beginning November 2012 and ending with a two - part Christmas special in December 2016 . Screenwriter Sally Wainwright loosely adapted the story of her mother 's second marriage . Starring Sir Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid as Alan and Celia , former childhood sweethearts , who are now in their seventies . Reunited via Facebook , they meet , fall in love , and plan to marry . Reid and Jacobi enjoyed having the chance to play out a love story between older people . Sarah Lancashire and Nicola Walker star as Caroline , Celia 's daughter , and Gillian , Alan 's daughter , respectively . Other characters are played by Nina Sosanya , Tony Gardner , Ronni Ancona , Dean Andrews , Sacha Dhawan and Josh Bolt . The series has been praised for its depiction of the older generation , strong acting , and believable dialogue . A critic for The Daily Telegraph summarised the series as `` a triumph against TV 's ageism '' , and it has been endorsed by an executive member of the charity Age UK . Ahead of the American premiere , a critic for the Los Angeles Times described it as `` the best new show of the fall '' . Last Tango in Halifax accrued four nominations for the 2013 British Academy Television Awards and won the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series . The United States broadcast television network PBS began airing the first series in September 2013 . A second series was commissioned , and filming began in summer 2013 . It was broadcast on BBC One from 19 November 2013 to 24 December 2013 . A third series was commissioned prior to the final episode of the second , aired between 28 December 2014 and 1 February 2015 . Immediately following the end of Series Three , the BBC announced that a fourth series had been commissioned . The fourth series consists of only two episodes , described as Christmas Specials . They were broadcast on 19 and 20 December 2016 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Production 2.1 Concept and writing 2.2 Characters and casting 2.3 Filming 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast and reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 Possible adaptations 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Celia Dawson and Alan Buttershaw are both widowed and in their seventies . They were attracted to each other in the 1950s , but never expressed their feelings , and Celia moved away with her parents . In the present day , they are reunited after being persuaded to join Facebook by their respective grandchildren . Alan has loved Celia since he was 16 years old , whilst Celia is described as a woman who is `` unfulfilled '' and was unhappily married to a man she grew to hate . After their reunion , Alan and Celia discover that they still feel as passionately for each other as they did when they were teenagers . Their story is described as a `` testament of the uplifting power of love at any age '' . Alan and Celia 's romance is depicted alongside the troubles of their own grown - up daughters , and the series ' official description says that its portrayal of family is `` as dark as it is comic '' . Alan 's daughter Gillian and Celia 's daughter Caroline are complete opposites : widowed Gillian runs a farm and works part - time in a supermarket , whilst Oxford - educated Caroline is the headmistress of a successful school . Their parents ' engagement affects both daughters ' lives . Gillian wonders how she and her son will cope without her father around to help , whilst Caroline , struggling with depression and her feelings for a female colleague , feels that her mother 's unconventional romance gives her `` permission to finally admit to being who she really is '' . Production ( edit ) Concept and writing ( edit ) The series is based on lead writer Sally Wainwright 's personal experiences . She described it as `` the most personal thing I 've ever written '' . Her mother , Dorothy , lost contact with a childhood friend , Alec Walker , when she was 15 , but they reconnected on the social networking website Friends Reunited 60 years later and within six months were married . Wainwright said the relationship between her mother and Alec `` was so beautiful and uplifting that it inspired everyone around them '' . When she told the story to her colleague Nicola Shindler , Shindler suggested she turn her experience into a television series . Shindler became the series ' executive producer and according to Wainwright , the script was sold `` instantly '' . The character of Celia is based on Dorothy ; Wainwright has noted that her mother `` became so passionate and emotional '' after falling in love again . Some scenes in the series are based on true events . In one episode Celia and Alan are shown laughing at an argument between Caroline and her husband in the next room ; Wainwright recalls discovering her mother and stepfather in the same situation after Wainwright had had an argument with her husband Austin . Caroline 's discomfort with Celia 's discussing her sex life is based on a conversation Wainwright had with her mother . Alec died three years into their marriage , but according to Wainwright she was `` delighted '' to have their relationship dramatised ; Wainwright believes Last Tango in Halifax is `` a celebration of how fantastic the whole thing was '' . Though largely biographical , the series does contain some invented story lines . In real life , Alec and Dorothy 's families had a good relationship from the start ; in the TV series , Caroline and Gillian initially have a feud . Whilst Jacobi and Reid 's storyline is predominantly uplifting , the actions of their onscreen families were intended to provide a contrast . With regard to Alan and Celia 's dysfunctional families , Wainwright states that they `` bring drama and chaos at every turn '' and that the series aims to `` get under the skin of these characters '' . Through Caroline , the series explores various LGBT themes . A source of contention for Celia is her daughter entering into a same sex relationship and later coming out to her . Anne Reid spoke positively of the storyline , stating that she believes a lot of people of her own generation are homophobic . She felt that her own character `` might show them ( and ) might change them '' just as Celia must become more accepting to avoid losing Alan . Jacobi concurred : Alan has `` a streak of tolerance in him ... that perhaps Celia does n't '' . In series three , the division between Celia and Caroline widens after Celia refuses to attend Caroline 's wedding to another woman . Wainwright felt that killing off Caroline 's partner Kate would be the most effective way to propel the drama onwards and to develop the emotional lives of the remaining characters going forward . She was conflicted over this decision , having grown attached to the character of Kate , and actress Nina Sosanya , and wrote two versions of the fourth episode ; the unaired one would have seen Kate survive . Characters and casting ( edit ) Derek Jacobi , renowned for his theatre work , enjoyed the chance to explore a different type of character . Discussing the casting of Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid , Wainwright stated : `` we went for the best and we got them '' . The Guardian felt that one of the series ' successes was the unlikely casting of a `` theatrical knight '' ( Jacobi ) and a `` TV Stalwart '' ( Reid ) . Wainwright had not anticipated being able to secure an actor of Jacobi 's calibre for the role of Alan , stating that she `` never imagined getting someone like him in one of my dramas '' , believing him to be in `` a different stratosphere '' . Upon casting Jacobi , Wainright felt that in addition to looking similar to Alec Walker , Jacobi embodied his personality perfectly , particularly his sense of humour . Jacobi was surprised to be offered the role of Alan ; as his reputation centred on parts that were either `` posh '' , `` classical '' or `` costume '' . He enjoyed having the chance to play someone who is `` an ordinary fellow '' . He also felt the series provided a chance to depict a `` love story between two older characters that is n't patronising or stereotyped in any way '' . Wainwright felt that the two lead actors had a palpable chemistry that reflected her mother 's second marriage . Reid and Jacobi also influenced the creative process -- after Reid discovered Jacobi could jive , they implored Wainright to include a dance scene in an episode . Jacobi also inspired a scene in which two of Alan 's friends ( played by Roy Barraclough and Paul Copley ) vie to be his best man . A teenage version of Alan is portrayed in flashback by Nico Mirallegro . Reid was Wainwright 's personal choice for the role of Celia , describing the actress as `` so down to earth and compelling to watch '' . Reid had tired of playing older characters for whom their age was a defining characteristic , stating that she had been sent lots of scripts wherein `` where the minute anyone 's over 65 , they turn into a doddering old idiot '' . She hoped that Last Tango in Halifax would `` give hope to older people '' , opining that the relationship between Celia and Alan was free from ageism . Reid identified herself with Celia 's personality -- believing herself to be quite reckless and outgoing -- though stated that unlike her character she has no desire to enter another relationship . She enjoyed working with her friend Sarah Lancashire , who previously played her onscreen daughter in Rose and Maloney , and suggested that the two share similar looks . Reid described filming the series as `` one of the best times in my career '' and stated that she was proud of the work put in . Amelia Young plays a teenage Celia during a flashback sequence in episode six . Sarah Lancashire portrays Celia 's daughter Caroline , whose lesbian relationship forms a prominent subplot . Lancashire opted to focus on the `` humanity '' of her character instead of her sexuality . Lancashire discerned that the series was `` very special '' within reading two pages of the script . Other factors that persuaded her to commit to the series included the casting of Reid and Jacobi , and the series ' juxtaposition of a heart - warming story with elements of humour . In terms of her character , Lancashire identified with Caroline being `` a working woman trying to keep everything under control '' . She stated the series ' ensemble cast was `` the closest I 've come to being in a theatre company on television '' due to how well the actors worked together . The cast had all assumed that Last Tango in Halifax would only run for one series . Filming of the second series clashed with filming of the second series of the BBC One period drama The Paradise , which also starred Sarah Lancashire . This necessitated her having to leave her role in The Paradise halfway through the second series in order to reprise her role as Caroline in Last Tango in Halifax . In an interview in 2013 Lancashire stated that the decision to return to Last Tango in Halifax was the easiest she had made in her working life stating `` as an actor you can wait an entire career to be involved in a project like this . '' The role resulted in her receiving the most fan mail of her career . Lancashire was surprised and humbled by the responses from women stating that Caroline 's same sex relationship had personally inspired them . She stated that in her approach to the character she did not focus on Caroline 's sexuality , but the `` humanity of her '' . Due to the underrepresentation of gay characters on television , Lancashire felt it particularly important that Caroline 's experience would not be portrayed inaccurately . In 2014 Wainwright recalled being `` blown away '' by Lancashire 's performances in the rushes for the series , which partly inspired her to script the series Happy Valley in which Lancashire plays the lead role . Nicola Walker completes the main cast as Gillian . She admired the character 's honesty , bravery and lack of self - pity , and identified strongly with her tendency to speak before thinking things through and her deep love for her father . In 2014 The Daily Telegraph described the role as a `` game - changer '' in the trajectory of Walker 's career . Though ultimately successful in winning the role Walker initially believed that she would not get the part due to a lack of confidence in her northern accent , and the presence of northern actresses in the audition . Her approach to the character saw her delve into Gillian 's psychology with Walker particularly interested in the contradiction between Gillian 's sexual confidence and her use of sex as a form of self - punishment . She felt the series showed a very adult approach to storytelling , stating that she had `` never come across a character like Gillian before '' and praising the variety of strong female roles . The Independent noted the significance of the series having three female leads over the age of 40 , stating that this , alongside Caroline 's lesbian storyline and Gillian 's attitude towards sex made the series `` quietly subversive '' when compared against primetime television as a whole . In addition to its main characters , Last Tango in Halifax features a regular supporting cast . Nina Sosanya plays Caroline 's romantic partner Kate , who she decides to marry over the course of the series . Gerard Gilbert of The Independent describes the relationship between the couple as `` one of the most normalised lesbian relationships ever shown on the small screen . '' Nina Sosanya noted that she enjoyed filming with Sarah Lancashire and that the pair would `` giggle a lot like completely juvenile idiots '' whilst filming their love scenes . Other characters introduced in the first series include Caroline 's husband John ( Tony Gardner ) and his lover Judith ( Ronni Ancona ) , Gillian 's brother - in - law , Robbie ( Dean Andrews ) , and Paul ( Sacha Dhawan ) , a youth with whom Gillian has a sexual relationship . Josh Bolt plays Gillian 's son Raff , whilst Edward Ashley and Louis Greatorex play Caroline 's teenage sons William and Lawrence . The second series expanded the families of Alan and Celia . Timothy West appears as Alan 's brother Ted whilst Gemma Jones plays Celia 's sister Muriel . The third series later introduces Rupert Graves as Gary , who is revealed to be Alan 's illegitimate son , and Michelle Hurst as Kate 's mother Ginika . Filming ( edit ) The first series was filmed in Yorkshire and in Altrincham between January and April 2012 . Altrincham was used to represent scenes set in Harrogate , such as those set at Caroline 's house . The second series began filming in July 2013 . Filming took place at Holdsworth House in Halifax in August 2013 and also at Hoghton Tower , a fortified manor house in Lancashire , in August 2013 . This resulted in the Tower 's being closed to the public between 19 and 28 August . In September the University of York supplied ten students from the Department of Theatre , Film and Television to work as extras on the series . Filming for the third series began in Yorkshire and at Peover Hall , near Knutsford , Cheshire in July 2014 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Tango in Halifax episodes Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 6 20 November 2012 19 December 2012 6 19 November 2013 24 December 2013 6 28 December 2014 1 February 2015 19 December 2016 20 December 2016 Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Consolidated viewing figures The series premièred to overnight ratings of 6.160 million viewers , 25.6 % of the available audience , as the highest rated show at 9 pm on 20 November . The series finale , airing 19 December 2012 , also won its time - slot , achieving an overnight series high of 6.290 million viewers , 26.6 % of the available audience . Consolidated figures released by the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( BARB ) revealed that the series première achieved a consolidated rating of 7.304 million viewers , whilst the finale had 7.480 million . The overall series average in terms of viewing figures was 7.316 million viewers . The Independent reported that the early consolidated ratings received by the programme made it the highest rated new mid-week television drama of 2012 . In September 2013 , the series began airing on the American broadcast television network PBS . Critical reception ( edit ) The series has attracted mostly positive reviews , largely focused on the depiction of its two septuagenarian lead characters . Jane Shilling of The Daily Telegraph labelled the series `` a triumph against TV 's ageism '' in an examination of the portrayal of elderly people in the media . Shilling singled out Jacobi and Reid 's performances , stating that they provide a `` mixture of gravity and levity '' that `` brings a transcendent quality to their characters ' resolute ordinariness '' . Lucy Harmer , an executive member of the charity Age UK , also praised the series for portraying two `` normal , healthy and sane '' older characters , citing the depiction of Internet use by the elderly as something ordinary . She compared the treatment of older characters in the series to Hilary Boyd 's novel Thursdays in the Park and the film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ( 2012 ) . The Huffington Post 's Caroline Frost thought the series was reminiscent of the dialogue and sensibility of the playwright Alan Bennett . She wrote the story was poignant and praised a central theme underlining `` how many people make do with their day - to - day business and responsibilities , while still holding on to their private dreams '' , Andrew Anthony of The Guardian had his `` low expectations ... squarely confounded '' , giving particular praise to the dialogue and the central performances . Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror felt that Last Tango in Halifax experienced a mid-series dip , though she praised what she felt was a triumphant finale . She also praised Wainwright 's script and the lead quartet of Jacobi , Reid , Lancashire , and Walker for creating `` characters you can believe in even when they 're behaving appallingly '' . The series was reviewed favourably by the American website AfterEllen , which reports on the depiction of gay and bisexual women in the media . Correspondent Jill Guccini stated that she `` started off watching this series thinking it was a cute little show about some oldies falling in love '' , but at the end of the series believed it was `` some of the finest television I 've seen , anywhere , ever '' . Critical reception in the United States was also largely positive following PBS ' acquisition of the show . Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times labelled the series as `` the best new show of the fall '' describing it as `` a rapturous mix of absurdly fairy - tale - romance and frantic modern complications , set in the picturesque drear of Yorkshire and brought to life by masterfully shaded performances . '' She opined that Reid and Jacobi `` are capable of doing more with a startled look or careful smile ... than most actors can do in seven pages of dialogue '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe acknowledged that the public might not find the series appealing based on its title and premise alone , stating that PBS ' description of the programme made it sound `` as saccharine and hackneyed as a Geritol commercial '' . Upon viewing the series however , he praised the added dimensions of the series and wrote that it was `` so much more interesting '' than the central premise suggested . He also felt that Walker and Lancashire played an important part ; `` both add ( ing ) a necessary amount of bitter to the sweet '' . Mike Hale of The New York Times was more cynical about the series , describing it as a `` warm comforter of a series '' and `` treacle '' . However he felt that series also distinguished itself from this category of media by its `` relatively dry style and careful modulation of tone and volume '' in addition to `` a crackerjack cast '' . Accolades ( edit ) The first series of Last Tango in Halifax was nominated for four awards at the 2013 British Academy Television Awards , which took place on 12 May 2013 . Actors Derek Jacobi , Anne Reid , and Sarah Lancashire earned respective nominations in the Best Actor , Best Actress , and Best Supporting Actress categories . The series itself was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series , and ultimately won . Additionally , Wainwright was named best Drama Writer at the 2013 British Academy Television Craft Awards for her writing of the series . The series was nominated for Best Drama Series at the 2013 Broadcasting Press Guild Awards whilst Sally Wainwright was nominated for the writer 's award for her contribution to both Last Tango in Halifax and Scott & Bailey . In 2014 , Sarah Lancashire and Nicola Walker were both nominated for a British Academy Television Award in the category for `` Best Supporting Actress '' for their roles in Last Tango in Halifax . Lancashire won the award for her role as Caroline . Possible adaptations ( edit ) In October 2013 , it was reported in news outlets that American actress , screenwriter , and producer Diane Keaton had acquired the rights to remake Last Tango in Halifax for American audiences on the subscription cable channel HBO . Sally Wainwright mentioned this development at a Broadcasting Press Guild event and stated that though she did not expect to be closely involved in the remake , she would have an associate producer role . However , the following day Red Production Company released a statement stating that a remake would likely be delayed since the original series was still airing on American channel PBS . In April 2014 , it was reported that the series would be remade for French television by BBC Worldwide France and the production company NEWEN . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calculated by combining the individual viewing figures for each episode , sourced from the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( 7.304 million , 6.779 million , 7.508 million , 7.334 million , 7.492 million , 7.480 million ) and dividing by six . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Derek Jacobi says Last Tango in Halifax ' is finished ' '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with writer , Sally Wainwright '' . BBC Press Office . BBC Online . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax : Anne Reid interview '' . The Telegraph . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Reid 's slow - burn success : The Our Zoo star on the surgeon 's knife , bedding Daniel Craig and having a late - blooming career '' . The Independent . 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax on BBC1 tonight with Sarah Lancashire , Derek Jacobi , Anne Reid and Nicola Walker '' . Scunthorpe Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One commissions third series of Last Tango In Halifax '' . BBC Media Centre . 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03h4107/episodes/guide Jump up ^ Gill , James ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax series four confirmed '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Tango In Halifax - Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid lead cast in a new drama series for BBC One '' . BBC Press Office . BBC Online . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast interviews '' . BBC Press Office . BBC Online . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gillian '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Charlotte ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` My mother 's late - life love is charming the nation '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wainwright , Sally ( 9 November 2012 ) . `` Can you fall in love at 75 ? Screenwriter Sally Wainwright on how her mother 's sweet late - life romance inspired her new drama '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Halterman , J. ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` '' Last Tango in Halifax '' stars talk about its lesbian component `` . AfterEllen . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyell , Carrie ( 16 January 2015 ) . `` Last Tango writer : Why I killed off lesbian character '' . Diva . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Andrew ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` Rewind TV : Last Tango in Halifax ; Homeland ; The Aristocrats : Blenheim Palace ; Gadget Man ; Supersized Earth -- review '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Gerard ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Sir Derek Jacobi on ' Last Tango in Halifax ' and being just an ordinary fella '' . The Independent . Independent Media Group . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fiaca , Nick ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` Anne Reid '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Tango in Halifax -- episode five '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Tango in Halifax -- episode six '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brent , Katy ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` Two to tango '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Andrew ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` Anne Reid : `` I hope Last Tango in Halifax gives hope to older people '' `` . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Andrew ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Sarah Lancashire on Happy Valley : I 'm my own harshest critic '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Chris ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` It 's trouble in Paradise after star Sarah Lancashire quits in the middle of series , blaming clash with other BBC show '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Myall , Steve ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Sarah Lancashire says her latest role has had a much bigger impact than Corrie 's Raquel '' . Irish Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Hannah ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` Happy Valley : Writer Sally Wainwright on TV 's most talked about show '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rees , Jasper ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Nicola Walker : ' I 've got a feisty face ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mounford , Fiona ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Nicola Walker interview : ' There 's more pressure in feeling rated ' '' . The Independent . Independent Media Group . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax -- episode one '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax -- episode two '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax -- episode three '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax -- episode four '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango In Halifax '' . BBC online . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward , Rachel ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax , series 2 , episode five , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Benji ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` Rupert Graves : ' If I need cash I 'll do anything , I do n't really care ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax : Series 3 - Episode 4 '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lancashire , Sarah ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax ? Let 's try Venice next time , says BBC star Sarah Lancashire '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filming starts on Last Tango in Halifax 2 '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrouther , Bridget ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` We 've Been Tangoed ... By the Romance of Yorkshire : Following in the Footsteps of the Stars of Last Tango in Halifax '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango at the Tower this Autumn '' . Lancashire Evening Post . Johnston Press . 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax '' . The University of York . 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax filming gets underway with Sarah Lancashire , Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid '' . Radio Times . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Tango in Halifax , Series 3 Episode 1 '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Cheryl Cole 's ITV2 show attracts more than 800,000 viewers '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Last Tango in Halifax ' ends on high note for BBC One '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viewing Data -- Top Tens '' . BARB . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Daisy ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` BBC One drama Last Tango in Halifax re-commissioned for second series '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Premieres New 6 - Part Drama Last Tango In Halifax Tonight '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shilling , Jane ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax : a triumph against TV 's ageism '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Laura ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax : an Age UK executive 's view '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Frost , Caroline ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` TV Review : Last Tango In Halifax -- A Love That Blooms Late And Twice As Sweet '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Wednesday 's must - see TV : Family in a spin in Last Tango In Halifax plus The Town and Snow Babies '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Guccini , Gill ( 26 March 2013 ) . `` '' Last Tango in Halifax '' recap : Infected with Lesbian Spores ( Ep. 6 ) `` . AfterEllen . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Last Tango in Halifax ' on PBS is the fall 's best new show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` The dimensions of ' Last Tango in Halifax ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` After 60 Years , Weak - Kneed and Starry - Eyed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ; Halliday , Josh ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Last Tango dances off with Bafta prize for ' love story about people over 35 ' '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Bafta TV craft awards : BBC London Olympics coverage takes two '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Torin , Douglas ( 7 February 2013 ) . `` Parade 's End leads TV nominations for 39th Broadcasting Press Guild Awards '' . Broadcasting Press Guild . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television in 2014 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Maggie ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Diane Keaton plans US remake of BBC 's Last Tango in Halifax '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Diane Keaton 's Last Tango in Halifax US remake delayed '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax to get remake on French television '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Last Tango in Halifax at BBC Programmes Last Tango in Halifax at British Comedy Guide Last Tango in Halifax on IMDb Last Tango in Halifax at TV.com Last Tango in Halifax at epguides.com Last Tango in Halifax on PBS BAFTA TV Award for Best Drama Series Inspector Morse ( 1992 ) Inspector Morse ( 1993 ) Between the Lines ( 1994 ) Cracker ( 1995 ) Cracker ( 1996 ) EastEnders ( 1997 ) Jonathan Creek ( 1998 ) The Cops ( 1999 ) The Cops ( 2000 ) Clocking Off ( 2001 ) Cold Feet ( 2002 ) Spooks ( 2003 ) Buried ( 2004 ) Shameless ( 2005 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 ) The Street ( 2007 ) The Street ( 2008 ) Wallander ( 2009 ) Misfits ( 2010 ) Sherlock ( 2011 ) The Fades ( 2012 ) Last Tango in Halifax ( 2013 ) Broadchurch ( 2014 ) Happy Valley ( 2015 ) Wolf Hall ( 2016 ) Happy Valley ( 2017 ) Peaky Blinders ( 2018 ) Television series created by Sally Wainwright At Home with the Braithwaites ( 2000 -- 03 ) Sparkhouse ( 2002 ) Jane Hall ( 2006 ) The Amazing Mrs Pritchard ( 2006 ) Bonkers ( 2007 ) Unforgiven ( 2009 ) Scott & Bailey ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Last Tango in Halifax ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Happy Valley ( 2014 -- ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Other works The Canturbury Tales : The Wife of Bath ( 2003 ) ShakespeaRe - Told : The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ) Dead Clever ( 2007 television film ) To Walk Invisible ( 2016 television film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Tango_in_Halifax&oldid=849351974 '' Categories : 2012 British television programme debuts 2016 British television programme endings 2010s British drama television series BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas British comedy - drama television programmes British LGBT - related television shows Lesbian - related television programs Television series created by Sally Wainwright Television shows set in West Yorkshire BAFTA winners ( television series ) English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2016 TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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4604087094747339646	Quantum number	Quantum number - wikipedia Quantum number Jump to : navigation , search `` Q - number '' redirects here . For the Q - theory concept , see Q - analog . Part of a series of articles about Quantum mechanics i ħ ∂ ∂ t ψ ( t ) ⟩ = H ^ ψ ( t ) ⟩ ( \ displaystyle i \ hbar ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial t ) ) \ psi ( t ) \ rangle = ( \ hat ( H ) ) \ psi ( t ) \ rangle ) Schrödinger equation Introduction Glossary History Background ( show ) Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Bra -- ket notation Hamiltonian Interference Fundamentals ( hide ) Casimir effect Coherence Decoherence Complementarity Energy level Entanglement Hamiltonian Uncertainty principle Ground state Interference Measurement Nonlocality Observable Operator Quantum Quantum fluctuation Quantum foam Quantum levitation Quantum number Quantum noise Quantum realm Quantum state Quantum system Quantum teleportation Qubit Spin Superposition Symmetry ( Spontaneous ) symmetry breaking Tunnelling Vacuum state Wave propagation Wave function Wave function collapse Wave -- particle duality Matter wave Experiments ( show ) Afshar Bell 's inequality Davisson -- Germer Double - slit Elitzur -- Vaidman Franck -- Hertz Leggett -- Garg inequality Mach -- Zehnder Popper Quantum eraser ( delayed - choice ) Schrödinger 's cat Quantum suicide and immortality Stern -- Gerlach Wheeler 's delayed - choice Formulations ( show ) Overview Heisenberg Interaction Matrix Phase - space Schrödinger Sum - over-histories ( path integral ) Equations ( show ) Dirac Klein -- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations ( show ) Overview Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie -- Bohm Ensemble Hidden - variable Many - worlds Objective collapse Bayesian Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Scale relativity Transactional Advanced topics ( show ) Quantum annealing Quantum chaos Quantum computing Density matrix Quantum field theory Fractional quantum mechanics Quantum gravity Quantum information science Quantum machine learning Perturbation theory ( quantum mechanics ) Relativistic quantum mechanics Scattering theory Spontaneous parametric down - conversion Quantum statistical mechanics Scientists ( show ) Aharonov Bell Blackett Bloch Bohm Bohr Bose de Broglie Candlin Compton Dirac Davisson Debye Ehrenfest Einstein Everett Fock Fermi Feynman Glauber Gutzwiller Heisenberg Hilbert Jordan Kramers Pauli Lamb Landau Laue Moseley Millikan Onnes Planck Rabi Raman Rydberg Schrödinger Sommerfeld von Neumann Weyl Wien Wigner Zeeman Zeilinger Quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system . In the case of electrons , the quantum numbers can be defined as `` the sets of numerical values which give acceptable solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation for the hydrogen atom '' . An important aspect of quantum mechanics is the quantization of observable quantities , since quantum numbers are discrete sets of integers or half - integers , although they could approach infinity in some cases . This distinguishes quantum mechanics from classical mechanics where the values that characterize the system such as mass , charge , or momentum , range continuously . Quantum numbers often describe specifically the energy levels of electrons in atoms , but other possibilities include angular momentum , spin , etc . An important family is flavour quantum numbers -- internal quantum numbers which determine the type of a particle and its interactions with other particles through the forces . Any quantum system can have one or more quantum numbers ; it is thus difficult to list all possible quantum numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 How many quantum numbers exist ? 2 Spatial and angular momentum numbers 2.1 Traditional nomenclatures 2.1. 1 Hund - Mulliken molecular orbital theory 3 Total angular momenta numbers 3.1 Total momentum of a particle 3.2 Nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers 4 Elementary particles 5 Multiplicative quantum numbers 6 See also 7 References and external links 7.1 General principles 7.2 Atomic physics 7.3 Particle physics How many quantum numbers exist ? ( edit ) Main article : Quantum system The question of how many quantum numbers are needed to describe any given system has no universal answer . Hence for each system one must find the answer for a full analysis of the system . A quantized system requires at least one quantum number . The dynamics of any quantum system are described by a quantum Hamiltonian , H. There is one quantum number of the system corresponding to the energy , i.e. , the eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian . There is also one quantum number for each operator O that commutes with the Hamiltonian . These are all the quantum numbers that the system can have . Note that the operators O defining the quantum numbers should be independent of each other . Often , there is more than one way to choose a set of independent operators . Consequently , in different situations different sets of quantum numbers may be used for the description of the same system . Spatial and angular momentum numbers ( edit ) Single electron orbitals for hydrogen - like atoms with quantum numbers n = 1 , 2 , 3 ( blocks ) , l ( rows ) and m ( columns ) . The spin s is not visible , because it has no spatial dependence . Four quantum numbers can describe an electron in an atom completely . As per the following model , these nearly - compatible quantum numbers are : Principal quantum number ( n ) Azimuthal quantum number ( l ) Magnetic quantum number ( m ) Spin quantum number ( s ) The spin - orbital interaction , however , relates these numbers . Thus , a complete description of the system can be given with fewer quantum numbers , if orthogonal choices are made for these basis vectors . Traditional nomenclatures ( edit ) Hund - Mulliken molecular orbital theory ( edit ) Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics , but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund - Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund , Robert S. Mulliken , and contributions from Schrödinger , Slater and John Lennard - Jones . This system of nomenclature incorporated Bohr energy levels , Hund - Mulliken orbital theory , and observations on electron spin based on spectroscopy and Hund 's rules . This model describes electrons using four quantum numbers , n , l , m , m , given below . It is also the common nomenclature in the classical description of nuclear particle states ( e.g. protons and neutrons ) . A quantum description of molecular orbitals require different quantum numbers , because the Hamiltonian and its symmetries are quite different . The principal quantum number ( n ) describes the electron shell , or energy level , of an electron . The value of n ranges from 1 to the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom , i.e. n = 1 , 2 , ... For example , in caesium ( Cs ) , the outermost valence electron is in the shell with energy level 6 , so an electron in caesium can have an n value from 1 to 6 . For particles in a time - independent potential ( see Schrödinger equation ) , it also labels the nth eigenvalue of Hamiltonian ( H ) , i.e. the energy , E with the contribution due to angular momentum ( the term involving J ) left out . This number therefore has a dependence only on the distance between the electron and the nucleus ( i.e. , the radial coordinate , r ) . The average distance increases with n , and hence quantum states with different principal quantum numbers are said to belong to different shells . The azimuthal quantum number ( l ) ( also known as the angular quantum number or orbital quantum number ) describes the subshell , and gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation L = ħ l ( l + 1 ) . In chemistry and spectroscopy , `` l = 0 '' is called an s orbital , `` l = 1 '' ap orbital , `` l = 2 '' ad orbital , and `` l = 3 '' an f orbital . The value of l ranges from 0 to n − 1 , so the first p orbital ( l = 1 ) appears in the second electron shell ( n = 2 ) , the first d orbital ( l = 2 ) appears in the third shell ( n = 3 ) , and so on : l = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n − 1 . A quantum number beginning in 3 , 0 , ... describes an electron in the s orbital of the third electron shell of an atom . In chemistry , this quantum number is very important , since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles . The magnetic quantum number ( m ) describes the specific orbital ( or `` cloud '' ) within that subshell , and yields the projection of the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis : L = m ħ . The values of m range from − l to l , with integer intervals : The s subshell ( l = 0 ) contains only one orbital , and therefore the m of an electron in an s orbital will always be 0 . The p subshell ( l = 1 ) contains three orbitals ( in some systems , depicted as three `` dumbbell - shaped '' clouds ) , so the m of an electron in ap orbital will be − 1 , 0 , or 1 . The d subshell ( l = 2 ) contains five orbitals , with m values of − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , and 2 . The spin projection quantum number ( m ) describes the spin ( intrinsic angular momentum ) of the electron within that orbital , and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum S along the specified axis : S = m ħ . In general , the values of m range from − s to s , where s is the spin quantum number , an intrinsic property of particles : m = − s , − s + 1 , − s + 2 , ... , s − 2 , s − 1 , s . An electron has spin number s = 1⁄2 , consequently m will be ± 1⁄2 , referring to `` spin up '' and `` spin down '' states . Each electron in any individual orbital must have different quantum numbers because of the Pauli exclusion principle , therefore an orbital never contains more than two electrons . Note that there is no universal fixed value for m and m values . Rather , the m and m values are random . The only requirement is that the naming schematic used within a particular set of calculations or descriptions must be consistent ( e.g. the orbital occupied by the first electron in ap orbital could be described as m = − 1 or m = 0 or m = 1 , but the m value of the next unpaired electron in that orbital must be different ; yet , the m assigned to electrons in other orbitals again can be m = − 1 or m = 0 , or m = 1 ) . These rules are summarized as follows : Name Symbol Orbital meaning Range of values Value examples principal quantum number n shell 1 ≤ n n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... azimuthal quantum number ( angular momentum ) l subshell ( s orbital is listed as 0 , p orbital as 1 etc . ) 0 ≤ l ≤ n − 1 for n = 3 : l = 0 , 1 , 2 ( s , p , d ) magnetic quantum number , ( projection of angular momentum ) m energy shift ( orientation of the subshell 's shape ) − l ≤ m ≤ l for l = 2 : m = − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 spin projection quantum number m spin of the electron ( − 1⁄2 = `` spin down '' , 1⁄2 = `` spin up '' ) − s ≤ m ≤ s for an electron s = 1⁄2 , so m = − 1⁄2 , 1⁄2 Example : The quantum numbers used to refer to the outermost valence electrons of the Carbon ( C ) atom , which are located in the 2p atomic orbital , are ; n = 2 ( 2nd electron shell ) , l = 1 ( p orbital subshell ) , m = 1 , 0 or − 1 , m = 1⁄2 ( parallel spins ) . Results from spectroscopy indicated that up to two electrons can occupy a single orbital . However two electrons can never have the same exact quantum state nor the same set of quantum numbers according to Hund 's rules , which addresses the Pauli exclusion principle . A fourth quantum number with two possible values was added as an ad hoc assumption to resolve the conflict ; this supposition could later be explained in detail by relativistic quantum mechanics and from the results of the renowned Stern -- Gerlach experiment . Total angular momenta numbers ( edit ) Total momentum of a particle ( edit ) Further information : Clebsch -- Gordan coefficients See also : Azimuthal quantum number § Total angular momentum of an electron in the atom When one takes the spin -- orbit interaction into consideration , the L and S operators no longer commute with the Hamiltonian , and their eigenvalues therefore change over time . Thus another set of quantum numbers should be used . This set includes The total angular momentum quantum number : j = l ± s , which gives the total angular momentum through the relation J = ħ j ( j + 1 ) . The projection of the total angular momentum along a specified axis : m = − j , − j + 1 , − j + 2 , ... , j − 2 , j − 1 , j analogous to the above and satisfies m = m + m and m + m ≤ j . Parity This is the eigenvalue under reflection : positive ( + 1 ) for states which came from even l and negative ( − 1 ) for states which came from odd l . The former is also known as even parity and the latter as odd parity , and is given by P = ( − 1 ) . For example , consider the following 8 states , defined by their quantum numbers : # n l m m l + s l − s m + m 1 . + 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 3 / 2 2 . − 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 3 . 0 + 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 4 . 0 − 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 5 . − 1 + 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 6 . − 1 − 1 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 − 3 / 2 7 . 0 0 + 1 / 2 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 1 / 2 8 . 0 0 − 1 / 2 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 The ( quantum state ) s in the system can be described as linear combination of these 8 states . However , in the presence of spin -- orbit interaction , if one wants to describe the same system by 8 states that are eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian ( i.e. each represents a state that does not mix with others over time ) , we should consider the following 8 states : j m parity 3 / 2 3 / 2 odd ( coming from state ( 1 ) above ) 3 / 2 1 / 2 odd ( coming from states ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) above ) 3 / 2 − 1 / 2 odd ( coming from states ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) above ) 3 / 2 − 3 / 2 odd ( coming from state ( 6 ) above ) 1 / 2 1 / 2 odd ( coming from states ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) above ) 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 odd ( coming from states ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) above ) 1 / 2 1 / 2 even ( coming from state ( 7 ) above ) 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 even ( coming from state ( 8 ) above ) Nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers ( edit ) In nuclei , the entire assembly of protons and neutrons ( nucleons ) has a resultant angular momentum due to the angular momenta of each nucleon , usually denoted ' I ' . If the total angular momentum of a neutron is j = l + s and for a proton is j = l + s ( where s for protons and neutrons happens to be 1⁄2 again ) then the nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers I are given by : I = j − j , j − j + 1 , j − j + 2 , ... , ( j + j ) − 2 , ( j + j ) − 1 , ( j + j ) Parity with the number I is used to label nuclear angular momentum states , examples for some isotopes of Hydrogen ( H ) , Carbon ( C ) , and Sodium ( Na ) are ; H I = ( 1 / 2 ) I = ( 3 / 2 ) Na I = 2 I = 1 I = 0 Na I = ( 3 / 2 ) I = ( 1 / 2 ) I = ( 3 / 2 ) Na I = 3 I = 0 Na I = ( 3 / 2 ) I = ( 1 / 2 ) Na I = 4 I = 0 Na I = ( 5 / 2 ) I = ( 1 / 2 ) Na I = 3 The reason for the unusual fluctuations in I , even by differences of just one nucleon , are due to the odd / even numbers of protons and neutrons - pairs of nucleons have a total angular momentum of zero ( just like electrons in orbitals ) , leaving an odd / even numbers of unpaired nucleons . The property of nuclear spin is an important factor for the operation of NMR spectroscopy in organic chemistry , and MRI in nuclear medicine , due to the nuclear magnetic moment interacting with an external magnetic field . Elementary particles ( edit ) For a more complete description of the quantum states of elementary particles , see Standard model and Flavour ( particle physics ) . Elementary particles contain many quantum numbers which are usually said to be intrinsic to them . However , it should be understood that the elementary particles are quantum states of the standard model of particle physics , and hence the quantum numbers of these particles bear the same relation to the Hamiltonian of this model as the quantum numbers of the Bohr atom does to its Hamiltonian . In other words , each quantum number denotes a symmetry of the problem . It is more useful in quantum field theory to distinguish between spacetime and internal symmetries . Typical quantum numbers related to spacetime symmetries are spin ( related to rotational symmetry ) , the parity , C - parity and T - parity ( related to the Poincaré symmetry of spacetime ) . Typical internal symmetries are lepton number and baryon number or the electric charge . ( For a full list of quantum numbers of this kind see the article on flavour . ) Multiplicative quantum numbers ( edit ) A minor but often confusing point is as follows : most conserved quantum numbers are additive , so in an elementary particle reaction , the sum of the quantum numbers should be the same before and after the reaction . However , some , usually called a parity , are multiplicative ; i.e. , their product is conserved . All multiplicative quantum numbers belong to a symmetry ( like parity ) in which applying the symmetry transformation twice is equivalent to doing nothing ( involution ) . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Electron configuration References and external links ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chemistry , Matter , and the Universe , R.E. Dickerson , I. Geis , W.A. Benjamin Inc . ( USA ) , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 855148 - 7 Jump up ^ Concepts of Modern Physics ( 4th Edition ) , A. Beiser , Physics , McGraw - Hill ( International ) , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 100144 - 1 Jump up ^ Molecular Quantum Mechanics Parts I and II : An Introduction to Quantum Chemistry ( Volume 1 ) , P.W. Atkins , Oxford University Press , 1977 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 855129 - 0 Jump up ^ Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei , and Particles ( 2nd Edition ) , R. Eisberg , R. Resnick , John Wiley & Sons , 1985 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 87373 - 0 Jump up ^ Quantum Mechanics ( 2nd edition ) , Y . Peleg , R. Pnini , E. Zaarur , E. Hecht , Schuam 's Outlines , McGraw Hill ( USA ) , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 162358 - 2 Jump up ^ Molecular Quantum Mechanics Parts I and II : An Introduction to QUANTUM CHEMISTRY ( Volume 1 ) , P.W. Atkins , Oxford University Press , 1977 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 855129 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Molecular Quantum Mechanics Part III : An Introduction to QUANTUM CHEMISTRY ( Volume 2 ) , P.W. Atkins , Oxford University Press , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Introductory Nuclear Physics , K.S. Krane , 1988 , John Wiley & Sons Inc , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 80553 - 3 General principles ( edit ) Dirac , Paul A.M. ( 1982 ) . Principles of quantum mechanics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852011 - 5 . Atomic physics ( edit ) Quantum numbers for the hydrogen atom Lecture notes on quantum numbers Particle physics ( edit ) Griffiths , David J. ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Quantum Mechanics ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 805326 - X . Halzen , Francis & Martin , Alan D. ( 1984 ) . QUARKS AND LEPTONS : An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 88741 - 2 . The particle data group ( hide ) Electron configuration Introduction to quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum numbers Principal quantum number ( n ) Azimuthal quantum number ( l ) Magnetic quantum number ( m ) Spin quantum number ( s ) Periodic table Periodic table ( electron configurations ) Others Pauli exclusion principle Hund 's rule Octet rule Aufbau principle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_number&oldid=840579394 '' Categories : Quantum mechanics Quantum measurement Concepts in physics Quantum numbers Dimensionless numbers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 19 : 40 . 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739767816627698297	2015–16 Golden State Warriors season	2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season - wikipedia 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season Jump to : navigation , search 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season Conference Champions Division Champions Head coach Steve Kerr Luke Walton ( interim ) General manager Bob Myers Owner ( s ) Peter Guber Joe Lacob Arena Oracle Arena Results Record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) Place Division : 1st ( Pacific ) Conference : 1st ( Western ) Playoff finish NBA Finals ( Lost to Cavaliers 3 -- 4 ) Stats @ Basketball-Reference.com Local media Television Comcast SportsNet Bay Area Radio KNBR < 2014 -- 15 2016 -- 17 > The 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season was the 70th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and its 54th in the San Francisco Bay Area . The Warriors entered the season as the defending NBA champions and they set the best ever regular - season record of 73 -- 9 , breaking the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls record of 72 -- 10 . Golden State broke over twenty - five NBA records and more than ten franchise records this season , including most wins ever recorded in a season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) ; with 88 . This team 's regular season is considered to be one of the greatest in NBA and professional sports history . In the postseason , the Warriors beat the Houston Rockets 4 -- 1 in the first round of the playoffs , the Portland Trail Blazers 4 -- 1 in the Western Conference Semi-finals and they won the Western Conference Championship by beating the Oklahoma City Thunder 4 -- 3 , becoming just the 10th team to come back from a 1 -- 3 deficit . The Warriors played the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals for the second consecutive year , where they lost in seven games and became the first team in NBA history to give up a 3 -- 1 lead in the Finals . The Warriors began the 2015 -- 16 season by winning their first 24 games , eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history , set by the 1993 -- 94 Houston Rockets and the 1948 -- 49 Washington Capitols at 15 -- 0 . Their record - setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12 , 2015 . The Warriors broke a 131 - year - old record of 20 -- 0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team , to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America . They also won 28 consecutive regular - season games dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season , eclipsing the 2012 -- 13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history . The team set an NBA record 54 - straight regular - season home game winning streak , which spanned from January 31 , 2015 to March 29 , 2016 . The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls . Golden State broke their franchise record of 28 road wins in a season which they set in 2014 -- 15 ; they ended the season with 34 , passing the same mid-90s Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan for the most road wins in NBA history . The team became the first in NBA history to go the entire regular - season without back - to - back losses and without losing to the same team twice . The team 's record - setting roster will be featured in NBA 2K18 . Steve Kerr was named Coach of the Year , the third coach in Warriors history to win the award . Stephen Curry was named Most Valuable Player for a second successive season and is the first unanimous winner in NBA history . Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All - Star Game , the first time the Warriors have had three All - Stars since 1976 . Curry broke his own NBA record for made three - pointers in a season of 286 , finishing with 402 . Curry won the scoring title , averaging 30.1 points per game and led the league in steals and had the best free throw percentage . He became the seventh player to enter the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club ( he shot 50 % for field goals , 45 % for three - pointers and 91 % for free throws during the entire regular season ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season Synopsis 1.1 Preseason 1.2 Regular season 1.2. 1 October / November 1.2. 2 December 1.2. 3 January / February 1.2. 4 March 1.2. 5 April 1.3 Postseason 1.3. 1 May 1.3. 2 June 1.3. 2.1 NBA Finals 2 Records 2.1 NBA records 2.1. 1 Team 2.1. 2 Individual 2.2 Franchise records 2.2. 1 Team 2.2. 2 Individual 3 Draft 4 Pre-season 5 Regular season 5.1 Standings 5.1. 1 Division 5.1. 2 Conference 5.2 Game log 6 Playoffs 6.1 Game log 7 Player statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Roster 9 Transactions 9.1 Trades 9.2 Free agency 9.2. 1 Additions 9.2. 2 Subtractions 10 Awards 11 Notes 12 References Season synopsis ( edit ) Preseason ( edit ) The 2015 NBA draft took place on June 25 at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . Golden State chose power forward Kevon Looney with the 30th pick of the first round . On July 27 , the Warriors traded David Lee to the Boston Celtics for Gerald Wallace and Chris Babb . Four days later , Wallace was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for Jason Thompson . Regular season ( edit ) October / November ( edit ) Stephen Curry made 402 three - pointers this season , breaking his own NBA record of 286 . The Warriors opened the regular season on October 27 with assistant coach Luke Walton coaching for the team after it was confirmed that coach Steve Kerr 's back would not heal in time for the beginning of the regular season . Before the opener , the Golden State Warriors revealed their first title banner in 40 years and received their championship rings during a ceremony acknowledging the 2014 -- 15 champions . Every player on the roster , with the exception of traded player David Lee , was in attendance with also the full coaching staff to celebrate the winningest season for the franchise . Golden State opened the season with four wins and a combined margin - of - victory of 100 points , surpassing the 1961 -- 62 Boston Celtics ( 99 points ) for the largest win - margin over the first four games . On November 27 , the Warriors set new franchise records for longest winning streak ( 17 ) and three - point field goals made ( 22 ) in a 135 -- 116 victory over the Phoenix Suns . December ( edit ) On December 5 , the Warriors beat the Toronto Raptors 112 -- 109 to improve to 21 -- 0 and set a new record for best start to a season in all major professional sports in America , eclipsing the 20 -- 0 mark set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team of the Union Association . Also , with this 11th straight road victory , the Warriors set a new franchise - record for the longest road winning streak in their history . Golden State 's 131 -- 123 win on December 8 over the Pacers in Indianapolis improved their road record to 13 -- 0 , the best such start to a season in NBA history . The win improved their overall record to 23 -- 0 . On December 11 , Golden State defeated the Boston Celtics 124 -- 119 ( 2OT ) to improve to 24 -- 0 and move into second place on the NBA 's longest winning streaks list ( 28 ) , five games behind the Los Angeles Lakers ' 33 - game win streak . During this game Draymond Green recorded a five - by - five game , with 24 points , 11 rebounds , 8 assists , 5 steals and 5 blocks . The feat of recording at least 20 points , 10 rebounds , five assists , five steals and five blocks has only been achieved seven times by three different players ( including five times by Hakeem Olajuwon ) . Since the 1983 -- 84 NBA season , only 16 players have recorded a 5x5 line . The winning streak to start the season ended at 24 games when they were beaten by the Milwaukee Bucks , 108 -- 95 . The loss also ended their 28 - game winning streak ( dating to the 2014 -- 15 regular season ) , the second - longest in NBA history . The Warriors finished the 2015 calendar year with a 72 - 12 (. 857 ) record between two seasons , the second - best winning percentage in NBA history . They went 88 -- 17 (. 838 ) including play - off games . January / February ( edit ) President Barack Obama welcomed the Golden State Warriors to the White House on February 4 , 2016 , to honor their 2015 NBA Championship win . In a win against the New York Knicks on January 31 , Green tied Hall of Famer Tom Gola 's franchise record of nine triple - doubles in a season . Golden State reached the NBA All - Star break at 48 -- 4 , the best start to an NBA season at this juncture . On February 13 , Klay Thompson won the Three - Point Contest at the All - Star weekend , beating Stephen Curry 27 -- 23 in the final round . The 27 points tied Curry 's record set the previous year for most points scored in a round . By defeating the Atlanta Hawks on February 22 , the Warriors became the fastest team to reach 50 wins in a season , accomplishing this in just 55 games . Golden State also had 30 assists in a game for the 29th time this season , setting a new franchise record . On February 27 , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder and won their 29th road game of the season , breaking the franchise record of 28 which they set last season . They also became the fastest team ever in NBA history to clinch a playoff berth , accomplishing it in just 58 games . They bettered the 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics by just one day . This was also the earliest a team had clinched a playoff spot in February since the 1987 -- 88 Los Angeles Lakers ( although the 2015 -- 16 season started almost two weeks earlier than the 1987 -- 88 season did within their respective calendar years ) . In this game Stephen Curry also broke the single season three - point record ( 286 ) , a record that he himself held , by making his 287th and 288th three - pointers of the season as two of his 12 three - pointers of the game , tying the single game NBA three - point record ( jointly holding it with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall ) . March ( edit ) On March 3 , the Warriors tied the 1995 -- 1996 Chicago Bulls for the longest regular season home game winning streak in NBA history ( 44 games ) with a 121 -- 106 victory at home against the Oklahoma City Thunder . The Warriors ' streak dated back to the previous year . Entering the game on March 6 , the Los Angeles Lakers (. 190 ) and Golden State (. 917 ) had a . 727 difference in win percentage , making the Lakers ' blowout 112 -- 95 win the biggest upset in NBA history . On March 7 , the Warriors won their 45th - straight regular season home game over the Orlando Magic , eclipsing the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls 44 wins in a row , to claim the NBA record . Stephen Curry became the first player in NBA history to score 300 three - pointers in a single season . In a 128 -- 112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers on March 11 , both teams combined for 37 made three - pointers ( 18 by the Warriors , 19 by the Blazers ) , an all - time NBA record . With a Los Angeles Clippers ' loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers on March 13 , the Warriors officially clinched the Pacific Division title for second consecutive season and fourth time overall . By defeating the New Orleans Pelicans on March 14 , the Warriors became the fastest team to reach 60 wins in a season , accomplishing this in just 66 games . With a road win over the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 21 , Golden State became only the ninth team in NBA history to achieve 31 wins on the road in the regular season . The Warriors finished the Pacific Division with a 15 -- 1 (. 938 ) record , the best intradivisional record in franchise history . In a 128 -- 120 win over the Dallas Mavericks on March 25 , both teams combined for 39 made three - pointers ( 21 by the Warriors , 18 by the Mavericks ) , an all - time NBA record , which beat the 37 set by the Warriors and Blazers two weeks earlier . Golden State also eclipsed the previous record for most three - pointers in a single season by a team in NBA history ( 933 ) that had been set by the Houston Rockets the previous year . The Warriors dished out 32 assists against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 27 , the 39th time this season the team has had a 30 - assist game ; the most in the NBA since the 1991 -- 92 Chicago Bulls finished with 40 . With their 102 -- 94 win against the Washington Wizards on March 29 , the Warriors tied their franchise record of most wins in a single season ( 67 ) which had been set the previous year . The Warriors earned their franchise record 68th victory of the season with a 103 -- 96 win in overtime against the Utah Jazz on March 30 . They improved to 6 -- 0 in overtime this season , extending a franchise record for OT wins in a single season . Draymond Green became the first player in NBA history with 1,000 points , 500 rebounds , 500 assists , 100 steals and 100 blocks in a season . April ( edit ) On April 1 , Golden State lost at home for the first time since January 27 , 2015 . They fell to the Boston Celtics 109 -- 106 and snapped a 54 - game regular - season home winning streak . Their home record for this season dropped to 36 -- 1 with the loss . Golden State became the first team in NBA history to score 1,000 three - pointers in a single season during their 136 -- 111 win against the Portland Trail Blazers . The win was Golden State 's 69th of the season , making them the fourth team in NBA history to record at least 69 wins in a season , along with the 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers and 1995 -- 96 / 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls teams . The Warriors became the first team since the 1991 -- 92 Chicago Bulls to record 40 games with at least 30 assists in a single season . By defeating the San Antonio Spurs on April 7 , the Warriors became only the 2nd team in NBA history to reach 70 wins in a season , joining the 72 - win 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls . After defeating the Spurs again on April 10 , the Warriors tied the NBA record for most regular - season wins with 72 , previously set by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls . Golden State snapped a 33 - game regular season losing streak against the Spurs in San Antonio ( lasting since February 14 , 1997 ) , the second longest such streak against one team in NBA history . The Warriors also ended the Spurs ' NBA record 39 home wins to start the season ( in total a 48 - game home winning streak dating back to the previous season . ) Golden State became the first team in NBA history to go the entire regular season without back - to - back losses and the first team in NBA history to go the entire regular season without losing to the same team twice . The Warriors broke the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls ' record for best regular season in NBA history after defeating the Memphis Grizzles 125 -- 104 on April 13 , finishing with a record of 73 -- 9 . With the win , Golden State tied their franchise record for home wins with 39 , which they set last season . The Warriors finished the season at an NBA - record 64 games above . 500 . Curry made 10 three - pointers against Memphis , making him the first player in NBA history to hit 400 threes in a single season ; he finished with 402 . Curry finished the season averaging 30.1 points per game , making him the first Warriors NBA scoring champion since Rick Barry in the 1966 -- 67 NBA season . Curry became the seventh player to enter the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , where he shot 50 % for field goals , 45 % for three - pointers and 91 % for free throws during an entire regular season . This feat has only been achieved eleven times by seven players ( Steve Nash having done it four times ) . Postseason ( edit ) Coach Steve Kerr led the Warriors to an NBA record 73 -- 9 regular season , eclipsing the 72 -- 10 of the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls team he was a player on . Golden State beat the Houston Rockets 121 -- 94 on April 24 to go up 3 -- 1 in the first round series , in doing so they set the NBA record for threes made in a playoff game , hitting 21 - of - 40 (. 525 ) . Steve Kerr was named Coach of the Year on April 26 , the third Warriors coach to win the award after Alex Hannum in 1963 -- 64 and Don Nelson in 1991 -- 92 . Under Kerr 's leadership the Warriors led the league in scoring ( 114.9 points ) , field goal percentage (. 487 ) , three - point percentage (. 416 ) , assists ( 28.9 ) , point differential ( + 10.8 ) and offensive rating ( 112.5 points per 100 possessions ) , while becoming the first team in league history to hit 1,000 three - pointers in a single season with an NBA - record 1,077 triples . Kerr holds an overall regular - season record of 140 -- 24 (. 854 ) in his two seasons with the Warriors . The Warriors eliminated the Houston Rockets on April 27 with a blowout victory of 114 -- 81 , winning the series 4 -- 1 and progressing to the Western Conference Semi-finals to face the Portland Trail Blazers . Klay Thompson became the first player in NBA history to make at least seven three - pointers in consecutive playoff games . May ( edit ) On May 9 , a 132 -- 125 OT win over the Portland Trail Blazers put Golden State up 3 -- 1 in the series , Steph Curry scored 40 points in his first game back after being out injured for 15 days with an MCL sprain . He scored 17 of his points in overtime , which broke the NBA record of 16 held by Gilbert Arenas for most points scored in an overtime period ( regular - season or postseason ) . Stephen Curry was named Most Valuable Player on May 10 , making it the third time a Warrior had won the award after Wilt Chamberlain won in the 1959 -- 60 NBA season and Curry in 2014 -- 15 . Curry is the 11th player to win back - to - back MVP honors and is the first unanimous winner in NBA history with all 131 first - place votes . On May 11 , the Warriors beat the Trail Blazers 125 -- 121 in Game 5 to clinch the series and advance to the Western Conference Finals for the second consecutive year , where they faced the Oklahoma City Thunder . In the game , Curry continued his streak of making a three - pointer in every playoff game he 's ever played in and tied the NBA playoff record set by Reggie Miller of 44 - straight . In their 95th and 96th games of the season , Golden State lost back - to - back games for the first time all season ( 105 -- 133 and 94 -- 118 losses to the Thunder , putting them down 1 -- 3 in the Western Conference Finals ) . On May 26 , Stephen Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were named to the 2015 -- 16 All - NBA Team , the first time three Warriors have earned the accolade since the 1955 -- 56 season when Neil Johnston , Paul Arizin , and Jack George were selected . Curry was unanimously selected for first team honors , Green for the second team and Thompson got third team recognition . The Warriors tied the Western Conference Finals series at 3 -- 3 on May 28 , with a 108 -- 101 road win over the Thunder . Klay Thompson made eleven three - pointers , breaking the NBA playoff record of nine . Golden State tied their franchise record for most three - pointers made in a playoff game with 21 . Golden State also set a new franchise record for wins with their 84th of the season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) , surpassing the 83 from the 2014 -- 15 season . In Game 7 , the Warriors defeated the Thunder 96 -- 88 , becoming only the 10th team ( out of 233 teams ) in NBA history to overcome a 3 -- 1 series deficit . The win was their 85th of the year . It was the second time in NBA history that the defending champions came back from a 3 -- 1 deficit in the conference finals , after the 1978 -- 79 Washington Bullets . Golden State reached the NBA Finals for the second straight year , making this the franchise 's first appearances in back - to - back NBA Finals since the 1946 -- 47 season and 1947 -- 48 season . The Warriors faced the Cleveland Cavaliers in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals . June ( edit ) NBA Finals ( edit ) Further information : 2016 NBA Finals In Game 1 on June 2 , Golden State beat Cleveland 104 -- 89 . The Warriors were led by their bench , with Shaun Livingston scoring a team - high 20 points . The 35 - point bench advantage ( 45 - 10 ) the Warriors had over the Cavs is the largest by any team in the Finals in the last 50 years . The Warriors won Game 2 by a blowout 110 -- 77 , to go up 2 -- 0 in the series . Golden State won the first 2 games by a combined 48 points , the largest point - differential through first 2 games in NBA Finals history . After Golden State lost Game 3 by a blowout 90 -- 120 , they came back in Game 4 to win 108 -- 97 , to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Warriors made 17 three - pointers , an NBA record for a single Finals game . The Warriors ' win in Game 4 was their 88th of the season , which broke the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) . Late in the fourth quarter of Game 4 , Draymond Green and LeBron James got into a scuffle . Green was retroactively charged with a Flagrant Foul 1 for swiping James in the groin and received a one - game suspension for Game 5 , after accumulating his fourth flagrant foul point in the playoffs , and James was given a technical foul for taunting Green . The Cavaliers capitalized on Green 's absence by beating the Warriors in Game 5 by a score of 112 -- 97 . After serving his suspension , Green returned to play in Game 6 . Game 6 was played on June 16 , exactly one year after Golden State won Game 6 of the 2015 NBA Finals , which was also played in Cleveland . Unlike in the 2015 NBA Finals , however , the Warriors failed to clinch the title in Game 6 . The Warriors were outscored 11 -- 31 by the Cavaliers in the first quarter , and Cleveland never relinquished their lead as Golden State lost 101 -- 115 . This was only the second time in 105 games this season ( regular - season and postseason ) that the Warriors lost at least two games in a row . The loss evened the series at three games apiece , forcing a Game 7 , the first Game 7 in an NBA Finals appearance in Golden State franchise history . During the fourth quarter of Game 6 , Stephen Curry , who set the record for most three - pointers in an NBA Finals series during the game ( 28 ) , fouled out with his sixth personal foul . Curry angrily responded by throwing his mouthguard into the stands and hit a fan , which resulted in a technical foul and the first ejection of his career . It was the first time in 20 years that a player had been ejected from an NBA Finals game . After the game , Curry received a $25,000 fine for his actions , but was not suspended for Game 7 . Warriors head coach Steve Kerr also received a $25,000 fine for his criticism of the officiating , which he felt was biased against Curry , in the post-game press conference . On June 19 , 2016 , Golden State lost Game 7 by a score of 89 -- 93 , becoming the first team in NBA history to squander a 3 -- 1 lead in the NBA Finals . They also became the first team in NBA history to overcome a 1 -- 3 deficit and lose a 3 -- 1 lead in the same playoffs . The Warriors are the 11th team in NBA history to lose a 3 -- 1 series lead and just the fourth team in NBA history to lose an NBA Finals ' Game 7 on their home court . The loss marked the first time since Steve Kerr became head coach that the Warriors had lost three straight games . Golden State became the first team in NBA history to finish with the same number of regular - season and postseason losses ( 9 ) . Golden State also became the first team in NBA history with 69 or more regular season wins that failed to win the NBA Championship . Records ( edit ) See also : NBA regular season records and NBA post-season records . Golden State broke numerous regular - season , postseason and franchise records this year , both as a team and individually . Klay Thompson set an NBA record for most three - pointers made in a playoff game with eleven . NBA records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Best regular - season record : 73 -- 9 Most wins ( regular - season and postseason combined ) : 88 ( 88 -- 18 overall record ( 0.830 ) , the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls went 87 -- 13 (. 870 ) , holding a better win percentage with fewer postseason losses . ) Most road wins in a regular season : 34 Most road wins ( regular - season and postseason combined ) : 38 ( tied with the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls ) Best start : 24 -- 0 Best road start : 14 -- 0 Best start ( number of losses ) : Golden State has the best start in NBA history for every number of losses from 0 to 9 except 3 . The Warriors stand alone holding the best record in NBA history for 51 of the total 82 games in the regular season . They slipped off their record setting pace for only four games of the regular season , and were tied for the other 27 games with the pace of such championship winning teams as the 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers , 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers and 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls . 0 : 24 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 (. 967 ) 2 : 36 -- 2 (. 947 ) 4 : 48 -- 4 (. 923 ) 5 : 55 -- 5 (. 917 ) 6 : 62 -- 6 (. 912 ) 7 : 68 -- 7 (. 907 ) 8 : 69 -- 8 (. 896 ) 9 : 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) Longest home winning streak : 54 ( dating back to 2014 -- 15 season ) Most home wins ( regular - season and postseason combined ) : 50 ( tied with the 1985 -- 86 and 1986 -- 87 Boston Celtics ) Most three - pointers made in a regular season : 1,077 ( averaging an NBA record 13.1 per game , while shooting . 416 ) Most three - pointers made in a postseason : 306 ( surpassing their own playoff record of 240 from their 2015 Championship run ) Most three - pointers made in a playoff game : 21 ( on April 24 , 2016 against the Houston Rockets . The Cleveland Cavaliers broke the record by making 25 against the Atlanta Hawks two weeks later . ) Most three - pointers made in a seven - game series : 90 ( against the Oklahoma City Thunder ) Most three - pointers made in a single NBA Finals game : 17 ( Game 4 against the Cavaliers ) Back - to - back losses in regular season : 0 ( only team in NBA history to go the whole regular season without consecutive losses . ) Multiple losses to same opponent in regular season : 0 ( only team in NBA history to go the whole regular season without losing to the same opponent twice . ) Individual ( edit ) Most three - pointers made in a regular season : 402 ( Stephen Curry ) Most three - pointers made in a single game : 12 ( Stephen Curry , tied with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall ) Most three - pointers made in a single playoff game : 11 ( Klay Thompson ) Most consecutive games ( regular - season and postseason combined ) with a made three - pointer : 191 ( Stephen Curry , finished season with streak still active ) Most consecutive regular - season games with a made three - pointer : 152 ( Stephen Curry , previous record of 127 held by Kyle Korver . Finished season with streak still active ) Most consecutive playoff games with a made three - pointer : 58 ( Stephen Curry , previous record of 44 held by Reggie Miller . Finished season with streak still active ) Most three - pointers made in a playoff series : 32 ( Stephen Curry ) ( accomplished in both Western Conference Finals and again in NBA Finals ) Most three - pointers made in an NBA Finals series : 32 ( Stephen Curry ) Most three - pointers made in an NBA Finals Game 7 : 6 ( Draymond Green , tied with Shane Battier ) Most points scored in an overtime period : 17 ( Stephen Curry ) Franchise records ( edit ) Draymond Green had thirteen triple - doubles this season , which broke the Golden State franchise record of nine . Team ( edit ) Most home wins in a regular season : 39 ( tied with 2014 -- 15 season ) Best home start in a regular season : 36 -- 0 Most consecutive road wins : 14 Most wins in a single month : 16 in November , 2015 ( tied with March , 2015 ) Best intradivisional record : 15 -- 1 (. 938 ) in the Pacific Division Most assists in a regular season : 2,373 ( 28.9 assists per game ) , the 13th most in NBA history . Most games with 30 + assists in a regular season : 43 ( record was 28 set in 2014 -- 15 season ) Point - differential per game in regular season : + 10.76 ( the 6th largest winning margin in NBA history ) Points per game in regular season : 114.5 ( the 12th best points average per game in NBA history ) Most overtime wins in a regular season : 6 ( 6 -- 1 overall record ) Most three - pointers made in a single game : 22 ( against the Phoenix Suns on November 29 , 2015 ) Three - point field goal percentage : . 416 ( second best in NBA history behind the 1996 -- 97 Charlotte Hornets ' . 428 ) Individual ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a regular season : 13 ( Draymond Green ) Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2015 NBA draft Round Pick Player Position Nationality College 30 Kevon Looney PF United States UCLA Pre-season ( edit ) 2015 pre-season game log Total : 3 -- 4 ( Home : 2 -- 1 ; Road : 1 -- 3 ) Pre-season : 3 -- 4 ( Home : 2 -- 1 ; Road : 1 -- 3 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record October 5 Toronto 95 -- 87 Leandro Barbosa ( 15 ) Green , Ezeli ( 6 ) Draymond Green ( 5 ) SAP Center 18,223 1 -- 0 October 8 @ Portland 101 -- 118 Stephen Curry ( 30 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) Moda Center 19,303 1 -- 1 October 13 Denver 103 -- 114 Leandro Barbosa ( 16 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 1 -- 2 October 15 Houston 123 -- 101 Stephen Curry ( 19 ) Marreese Speights ( 8 ) Stephen Curry ( 6 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 2 -- 2 5 October 17 @ L.A. Lakers 70 -- 85 Stephen Curry ( 19 ) Jason Thompson ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 4 ) Valley View Casino Center 14,100 2 -- 3 6 October 20 @ L.A. Clippers 95 -- 130 Klay Thompson ( 21 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Klay Thompson ( 5 ) STAPLES Center 15,889 2 -- 4 7 October 22 @ L.A. Lakers 136 -- 97 Curry , Thompson ( 24 ) Marreese Speights ( 7 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Honda Center 16,222 3 -- 4 2015 -- 16 season schedule Regular season ( edit ) Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP z -- Golden State Warriors 73 9 . 890 0.0 39 -- 2 34 -- 7 15 -- 1 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 53 29 . 646 20.0 29 -- 12 24 -- 17 9 -- 7 82 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 40.0 18 -- 23 15 -- 26 8 -- 8 82 Phoenix Suns 23 59 . 280 50.0 14 -- 27 9 -- 32 6 -- 10 82 Los Angeles Lakers 17 65 . 207 56.0 12 -- 29 5 -- 36 2 -- 14 82 Conference ( edit ) Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Golden State Warriors * 73 9 . 890 -- 82 y -- San Antonio Spurs * 67 15 . 817 6.0 82 y -- Oklahoma City Thunder * 55 27 . 671 18.0 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 53 29 . 646 20.0 82 5 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 44 38 . 537 29.0 82 6 x -- Dallas Mavericks 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 7 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 8 x -- Houston Rockets 41 41 . 500 32.0 82 9 Utah Jazz 40 42 . 488 33.0 82 10 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 11 Denver Nuggets 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 12 New Orleans Pelicans 30 52 . 366 43.0 82 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 29 53 . 354 44.0 82 14 Phoenix Suns 23 59 . 280 50.0 82 15 Los Angeles Lakers 17 65 . 207 56.0 82 Game log ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 game log Total : 73 -- 9 ( Home : 39 -- 2 ; Road : 34 -- 7 ) October : 3 -- 0 ( Home : 1 -- 0 ; Road : 2 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record October 27 New Orleans W 111 -- 95 Stephen Curry ( 40 ) Harrison Barnes ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 1 -- 0 October 30 @ Houston W 112 -- 92 Stephen Curry ( 25 ) 3 players tied ( 7 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Toyota Center 18,142 2 -- 0 October 31 @ New Orleans W 134 -- 120 Stephen Curry ( 53 ) Barnes , Iguodala ( 7 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Smoothie King Center 18,406 3 -- 0 November : 16 -- 0 ( Home : 9 -- 0 ; Road : 7 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record November 2 Memphis W 119 -- 69 Stephen Curry ( 30 ) Festus Ezeli ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 4 -- 0 5 November 4 L.A. Clippers W 112 -- 108 Stephen Curry ( 31 ) Harrison Barnes ( 9 ) 3 players tied ( 5 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 5 -- 0 6 November 6 Denver W 119 -- 104 Stephen Curry ( 34 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 6 -- 0 7 November 7 @ Sacramento W 103 -- 94 Stephen Curry ( 24 ) Festus Ezeli ( 12 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Sleep Train Arena 17,317 7 -- 0 8 November 9 Detroit W 109 -- 95 Klay Thompson ( 24 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 8 -- 0 9 November 11 @ Memphis W 100 -- 84 Stephen Curry ( 28 ) Bogut , Thompson ( 7 ) Stephen Curry ( 5 ) FedEx Forum 18,119 9 -- 0 10 November 12 @ Minnesota W 129 -- 116 Stephen Curry ( 46 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Target Center 16,130 10 -- 0 11 November 14 Brooklyn W 107 -- 99 ( OT ) Stephen Curry ( 34 ) Andrew Bogut ( 18 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 11 -- 0 12 November 17 Toronto W 115 -- 110 Stephen Curry ( 37 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 12 -- 0 13 November 19 @ L.A. Clippers W 124 -- 117 Stephen Curry ( 40 ) Stephen Curry ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) STAPLES Center 19,528 13 -- 0 14 November 20 Chicago W 106 -- 94 Stephen Curry ( 27 ) 3 players tied ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 5 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 14 -- 0 15 November 22 @ Denver W 118 -- 105 Klay Thompson ( 21 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Curry , Thompson ( 7 ) Pepsi Center 17,689 15 -- 0 16 November 24 L.A. Lakers W 111 -- 77 Stephen Curry ( 24 ) Andre Iguodala ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 16 -- 0 17 November 27 @ Phoenix W 135 -- 116 Stephen Curry ( 41 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Talking Stick Resort Arena 18,055 17 -- 0 18 November 28 Sacramento W 120 -- 101 Stephen Curry ( 19 ) Ezeli , Green ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 18 -- 0 19 November 30 @ Utah W 106 -- 103 Stephen Curry ( 26 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Vivint Smart Home Arena 19,911 19 -- 0 December : 11 -- 2 ( Home : 5 -- 0 ; Road : 6 -- 2 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 20 December 2 @ Charlotte W 116 -- 99 Stephen Curry ( 40 ) Bogut , Green ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Time Warner Cable Arena 19,542 20 -- 0 21 December 5 @ Toronto W 112 -- 109 Stephen Curry ( 44 ) Festus Ezeli ( 10 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) Air Canada Centre 20,160 21 -- 0 22 December 6 @ Brooklyn W 114 -- 98 Stephen Curry ( 28 ) Green , Iguodala ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Barclays Center 17,732 22 -- 0 23 December 8 @ Indiana W 131 -- 123 Klay Thompson ( 39 ) Andrew Bogut ( 10 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Bankers Life Fieldhouse 18,165 23 -- 0 24 December 11 @ Boston W 124 -- 119 ( 2OT ) Stephen Curry ( 38 ) Festus Ezeli ( 12 ) Curry , Green ( 8 ) TD Garden 18,624 24 -- 0 25 December 12 @ Milwaukee L 95 -- 108 Stephen Curry ( 28 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) 3 players tied ( 5 ) BMO Harris Bradley Center 18,717 24 -- 1 26 December 16 Phoenix W 128 -- 103 Klay Thompson ( 43 ) Andrew Bogut ( 12 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 25 -- 1 27 December 18 Milwaukee W 121 -- 112 Klay Thompson ( 27 ) Curry , Ezeli ( 10 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 26 -- 1 28 December 23 Utah W 103 -- 85 Klay Thompson ( 20 ) Andrew Bogut ( 13 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 27 -- 1 29 December 25 Cleveland W 89 -- 83 Draymond Green ( 22 ) Draymond Green ( 15 ) Curry , Green ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 28 -- 1 30 December 28 Sacramento W 122 -- 103 Klay Thompson ( 29 ) Stephen Curry ( 14 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 29 -- 1 31 December 30 @ Dallas L 91 -- 114 Ian Clark ( 21 ) Andrew Bogut ( 10 ) Green , Livingston ( 4 ) American Airlines Center 20,494 29 -- 2 32 December 31 @ Houston W 114 -- 110 Klay Thompson ( 38 ) Bogut , Green , ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 16 ) Toyota Center 18,313 30 -- 2 January : 14 -- 2 ( Home : 7 -- 0 ; Road : 7 -- 2 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 33 January 2 Denver W 111 -- 108 ( OT ) Draymond Green ( 29 ) Draymond Green ( 17 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 31 -- 2 34 January 4 Charlotte W 111 -- 101 Curry , Thompson ( 30 ) Draymond Green ( 15 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 32 -- 2 35 January 5 @ L.A. Lakers W 109 -- 88 Klay Thompson ( 36 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Clark , Curry ( 6 ) STAPLES Center 18,997 33 -- 2 36 January 8 @ Portland W 128 -- 108 Klay Thompson ( 36 ) Draymond Green ( 13 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Moda Center 20,035 34 -- 2 37 January 9 @ Sacramento W 128 -- 116 Stephen Curry ( 38 ) Andrew Bogut ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 11 ) Sleep Train Arena 17,317 35 -- 2 38 January 11 Miami W 111 -- 103 Stephen Curry ( 31 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) 3 players tied ( 6 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 36 -- 2 39 January 13 @ Denver L 110 -- 112 Stephen Curry ( 38 ) Andrew Bogut ( 7 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Pepsi Center 18,004 36 -- 3 40 January 14 L.A. Lakers W 116 -- 98 Stephen Curry ( 26 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 5 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 37 -- 3 41 January 16 @ Detroit L 95 -- 113 Stephen Curry ( 38 ) Festus Ezeli ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) The Palace of Auburn Hills 21,584 37 -- 4 42 January 18 @ Cleveland W 132 -- 98 Stephen Curry ( 35 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 38 -- 4 43 January 20 @ Chicago W 125 -- 94 Stephen Curry ( 25 ) Andrew Bogut ( 12 ) Stephen Curry ( 11 ) United Center 23,152 39 -- 4 44 January 22 Indiana W 122 -- 110 Stephen Curry ( 39 ) Barnes , Green ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 12 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 40 -- 4 45 January 25 San Antonio W 120 -- 90 Stephen Curry ( 37 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 6 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 41 -- 4 46 January 27 Dallas W 127 -- 107 Klay Thompson ( 45 ) Andrew Bogut ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 42 -- 4 47 January 30 @ Philadelphia W 108 -- 105 Klay Thompson ( 32 ) Andrew Bogut ( 16 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Wells Fargo Center 20,798 43 -- 4 48 January 31 @ New York W 116 -- 95 Klay Thompson ( 34 ) Andrew Bogut ( 12 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 44 -- 4 February : 9 -- 1 ( Home : 2 -- 0 ; Road : 7 -- 1 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 49 February 3 @ Washington W 134 -- 121 Stephen Curry ( 51 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Verizon Center 20,356 45 -- 4 50 February 6 Oklahoma City W 116 -- 108 Stephen Curry ( 26 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 46 -- 4 51 February 9 Houston W 123 -- 110 Stephen Curry ( 35 ) Andrew Bogut ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 47 -- 4 52 February 10 @ Phoenix W 112 -- 104 Stephen Curry ( 26 ) Bogut , Curry ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Talking Stick Resort Arena 18,055 48 -- 4 All - Star Break 53 February 19 @ Portland L 105 -- 137 Stephen Curry ( 31 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Moda Center 20,100 48 -- 5 54 February 20 @ L.A. Clippers W 115 -- 112 Klay Thompson ( 32 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) STAPLES Center 19,585 49 -- 5 55 February 22 @ Atlanta W 102 -- 92 Stephen Curry ( 36 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Philips Arena 19,330 50 -- 5 56 February 24 @ Miami W 118 -- 112 Stephen Curry ( 42 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) American Airlines Arena 19,899 51 -- 5 57 February 25 @ Orlando W 130 -- 114 Stephen Curry ( 51 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) Curry , Green ( 8 ) Amway Center 19,189 52 -- 5 58 February 27 @ Oklahoma City W 121 -- 118 ( OT ) Stephen Curry ( 46 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 53 -- 5 March : 15 -- 2 ( Home : 12 -- 0 ; Road : 3 -- 2 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 59 March 1 Atlanta W 109 -- 105 ( OT ) Klay Thompson ( 26 ) Draymond Green ( 13 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 54 -- 5 60 March 3 Oklahoma City W 121 -- 106 Stephen Curry ( 33 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Shaun Livingston ( 8 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 55 -- 5 61 March 6 @ L.A. Lakers L 95 -- 112 Stephen Curry ( 18 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) STAPLES Center 18,997 55 -- 6 62 March 7 Orlando W 119 -- 113 Stephen Curry ( 41 ) Stephen Curry ( 13 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 56 -- 6 63 March 9 Utah W 115 -- 94 Klay Thompson ( 23 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 57 -- 6 64 March 11 Portland W 128 -- 112 Klay Thompson ( 37 ) Draymond Green ( 13 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 58 -- 6 65 March 12 Phoenix W 123 -- 116 Stephen Curry ( 35 ) Barnes , Speights ( 9 ) 3 players tied ( 6 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 59 -- 6 66 March 14 New Orleans W 125 -- 107 Stephen Curry ( 27 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Stephen Curry ( 5 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 60 -- 6 67 March 16 New York W 121 -- 85 Stephen Curry ( 34 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 61 -- 6 68 March 18 @ Dallas W 130 -- 112 Klay Thompson ( 39 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) American Airlines Center 20,515 62 -- 6 69 March 19 @ San Antonio L 79 -- 87 Klay Thompson ( 15 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) AT&T Center 18,825 62 -- 7 70 March 21 @ Minnesota W 109 -- 104 Draymond Green ( 24 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 11 ) Target Center 19,452 63 -- 7 71 March 23 L.A. Clippers W 114 -- 98 Stephen Curry ( 33 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Stephen Curry ( 5 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 64 -- 7 72 March 25 Dallas W 128 -- 120 Klay Thompson ( 40 ) Stephen Curry ( 8 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 65 -- 7 73 March 27 Philadelphia W 117 -- 105 Klay Thompson ( 40 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 66 -- 7 74 March 29 Washington W 102 -- 94 Stephen Curry ( 26 ) Draymond Green ( 16 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 67 -- 7 75 March 30 @ Utah W 103 -- 96 ( OT ) Stephen Curry ( 31 ) Harrison Barnes ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 6 ) Vivint Smart Home Arena 19,911 68 -- 7 April : 5 -- 2 ( Home : 3 -- 2 ; Road : 2 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 76 April 1 Boston L 106 -- 109 Stephen Curry ( 29 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 68 -- 8 77 April 3 Portland W 136 -- 111 Stephen Curry ( 39 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 69 -- 8 78 April 5 Minnesota L 117 -- 124 ( OT ) Klay Thompson ( 28 ) Andrew Bogut ( 15 ) Stephen Curry ( 15 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 69 -- 9 79 April 7 San Antonio W 112 -- 101 Stephen Curry ( 27 ) Andrew Bogut ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 70 -- 9 80 April 9 @ Memphis W 100 -- 99 Draymond Green ( 23 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 8 ) FedEx Forum 18,119 71 -- 9 81 April 10 @ San Antonio W 92 -- 86 Stephen Curry ( 37 ) Andre Iguodala ( 7 ) Stephen Curry ( 5 ) AT&T Center 18,658 72 -- 9 82 April 13 Memphis W 125 -- 104 Stephen Curry ( 46 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Shaun Livingston ( 10 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 73 -- 9 2015 -- 16 season schedule Playoffs ( edit ) Game log ( edit ) 2016 playoff game log Total : 15 -- 9 ( Home : 11 -- 3 ; Road : 4 -- 6 ) First Round : 4 -- 1 ( Home : 3 -- 0 ; Road : 1 -- 1 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Series April 16 Houston W 104 -- 78 Stephen Curry ( 24 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Andre Iguodala ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 1 -- 0 April 18 Houston W 115 -- 106 Klay Thompson ( 34 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 2 -- 0 April 21 @ Houston L 96 -- 97 Marreese Speights ( 22 ) Klay Thompson ( 8 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Toyota Center 18,200 2 -- 1 April 24 @ Houston W 121 -- 94 Klay Thompson ( 23 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Shaun Livingston ( 9 ) Toyota Center 18,200 3 -- 1 5 April 27 Houston W 114 -- 81 Klay Thompson ( 27 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 4 -- 1 Conference Semifinals : 4 -- 1 ( Home : 3 -- 0 ; Road : 1 -- 1 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Series May 1 Portland W 118 -- 106 Klay Thompson ( 37 ) Draymond Green ( 13 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 1 -- 0 May 3 Portland W 110 -- 99 Klay Thompson ( 27 ) Draymond Green ( 14 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 2 -- 0 May 7 @ Portland L 108 -- 120 Draymond Green ( 37 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Shaun Livingston ( 10 ) Moda Center 19,673 2 -- 1 May 9 @ Portland W 132 -- 125 ( OT ) Stephen Curry ( 40 ) 3 players tied ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 8 ) Moda Center 19,583 3 -- 1 5 May 11 Portland W 125 -- 121 Klay Thompson ( 33 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 11 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 4 -- 1 Conference Finals : 4 -- 3 ( Home : 3 -- 1 ; Road : 1 -- 2 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Series May 16 Oklahoma City L 102 -- 108 Stephen Curry ( 26 ) Stephen Curry ( 10 ) Stephen Curry ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 0 -- 1 May 18 Oklahoma City W 118 -- 91 Stephen Curry ( 28 ) Draymond Green ( 8 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 1 -- 1 May 22 @ Oklahoma City L 105 -- 133 Stephen Curry ( 24 ) Brandon Rush ( 7 ) 5 players tied ( 3 ) Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 1 -- 2 May 24 @ Oklahoma City L 94 -- 118 Klay Thompson ( 26 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Stephen Curry ( 5 ) Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 1 -- 3 5 May 26 Oklahoma City W 120 -- 111 Stephen Curry ( 31 ) Andrew Bogut ( 14 ) Andre Iguodala ( 8 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 2 -- 3 6 May 28 @ Oklahoma City W 108 -- 101 Klay Thompson ( 41 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 3 -- 3 7 May 30 Oklahoma City W 96 -- 88 Stephen Curry ( 36 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Stephen Curry ( 8 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 4 -- 3 NBA Finals : 3 -- 4 ( Home : 2 -- 2 ; Road : 1 -- 2 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Series June 2 Cleveland W 104 -- 89 Shaun Livingston ( 20 ) Draymond Green ( 11 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 1 -- 0 June 5 Cleveland W 110 -- 77 Draymond Green ( 28 ) Stephen Curry ( 9 ) 3 players tied ( 5 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 2 -- 0 June 8 @ Cleveland L 90 -- 120 Stephen Curry ( 19 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Draymond Green ( 7 ) Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 2 - 1 June 10 @ Cleveland W 108 -- 97 Stephen Curry ( 38 ) Draymond Green ( 12 ) Andre Iguodala ( 7 ) Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 3 -- 1 5 June 13 Cleveland L 97 -- 112 Klay Thompson ( 37 ) Andre Iguodala ( 11 ) Andre Iguodala ( 6 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 3 -- 2 6 June 16 @ Cleveland L 101 -- 115 Stephen Curry ( 30 ) Draymond Green ( 10 ) Draymond Green ( 6 ) Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 3 -- 3 7 June 19 Cleveland L 89 -- 93 Draymond Green ( 32 ) Draymond Green ( 15 ) Draymond Green ( 9 ) Oracle Arena 19,596 3 -- 4 2016 playoff schedule Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Regular season ( edit ) Bold -- Leaders ( Qualified ) * -- Recorded statistics when playing for Golden State Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry 79 79 34.2 50.4 45.4 90.8 5.4 6.7 2.1 0.2 30.1 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson 80 80 33.3 47.0 42.5 87.3 3.8 2.1 0.8 0.6 22.1 Green , Draymond Draymond Green 81 81 34.7 49.0 38.8 69.6 9.5 7.4 1.5 1.4 14.0 Barnes , Harrison Harrison Barnes 66 59 30.9 46.6 38.3 76.1 4.9 1.8 0.6 0.2 11.7 Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala 65 26.6 47.8 35.1 61.4 4.0 3.4 1.1 0.3 7.0 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 70 66 20.7 62.7 100.0 48.0 7.0 2.3 0.5 1.6 5.4 Ezeli , Festus Festus Ezeli 46 13 16.7 54.8 0.0 53.0 5.6 0.7 0.4 1.1 7.0 Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston 78 19.5 53.6 16.7 86.0 2.2 3.0 0.7 0.3 6.3 Speights , Marreese Marreese Speights 72 0 11.6 43.2 38.7 82.5 3.3 0.8 0.3 0.5 7.1 Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa 68 0 15.9 46.2 35.5 83.9 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.1 6.4 Rush , Brandon Brandon Rush 72 25 14.7 42.7 41.4 64.3 2.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 4.2 Clark , Ian Ian Clark 66 8.8 44.1 35.7 82.4 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.2 3.6 McAdoo , James Michael James Michael McAdoo 41 6.4 53.6 50.0 53.1 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 2.9 Looney , Kevon Kevon Looney 5 0 4.2 57.1 50.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 Varejão , Anderson Anderson Varejão * 22 0 8.5 43.8 0.0 55.2 2.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 2.6 Thompson , Jason Jason Thompson * 28 6.4 47.6 0.0 62.5 1.9 0.7 0.1 0.3 2.1 Playoffs ( edit ) Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry 18 17 34.1 43.8 40.4 91.6 5.5 5.2 1.4 0.3 25.1 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson 24 24 35.4 44.4 42.4 85.4 3.7 2.3 1.1 0.4 24.3 Green , Draymond Draymond Green 23 23 38.2 43.1 36.5 73.8 9.9 6.0 1.6 1.8 15.4 Barnes , Harrison Harrison Barnes 24 23 31.0 38.5 34.2 76.5 4.7 1.3 0.7 0.2 9.0 Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala 24 32.0 47.6 38.5 56.1 4.4 3.8 1.2 0.4 8.9 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 22 22 16.6 62.3 0.0 35.7 5.7 1.4 0.6 1.6 4.6 Ezeli , Festus Festus Ezeli 23 8.8 53.6 0.0 43.2 2.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 4.0 Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston 24 7 21.4 48.8 0.0 86.5 3.2 3.3 0.5 0.2 8.2 Speights , Marreese Marreese Speights 24 0 8.4 39.0 41.9 77.4 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 5.6 Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa 23 0 11.0 58.0 39.3 76.2 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.0 5.6 Rush , Brandon Brandon Rush 14 0 7.9 45.0 33.3 50.0 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.6 Clark , Ian Ian Clark 16 0 9.6 49.1 33.3 80.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.0 4.1 McAdoo , James Michael James Michael McAdoo 8 0 4.8 50.0 0.0 25.0 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 Varejão , Anderson Anderson Varejão 17 0 5.5 35.7 0.0 52.6 1.2 0.8 0.1 0.1 1.2 Roster ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Barbosa , Leandro 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1982 -- 11 -- 28 Brazil 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Barnes , Harrison 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 30 North Carolina 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Bogut , Andrew 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 28 Utah 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Ezeli , Festus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1989 -- 10 -- 21 Vanderbilt 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre ( C ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 McAdoo , James Michael 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 04 North Carolina 2.5 ! G / F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rush , Brandon 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 07 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Speights , Marreese 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1987 -- 08 -- 04 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 5.5 ! F / C 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Varejão , Anderson 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 273 lb ( 124 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Brazil Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Luke Walton Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 06 -- 14 Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2015 -- 16 NBA season transactions Trades ( edit ) July 27 , 2015 To Golden State Warriors Gerald Wallace Chris Babb To Boston Celtics David Lee July 31 , 2015 To Golden State Warriors Jason Thompson To Philadelphia 76ers Gerald Wallace Cash and draft consideration Free agency ( edit ) Additions ( edit ) Player Signed Former team Ian Clark 1 - year contract Denver Nuggets Anderson Varejão 1 - year contract Portland Trail Blazers ( never officially played for Portland and was waived on February 18 ) Subtractions ( edit ) Player Reason left New team Justin Holiday 2 - year contract worth $1.9 million Atlanta Hawks Ognjen Kuzmić -- Panathinaikos B.C. Jason Thompson Waived Toronto Raptors Awards ( edit ) Recipient Award Date awarded Ref . Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Week November 2 , 2015 Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Week November 23 , 2015 Luke Walton Western Conference Coach of the Month ( October / November ) December 1 , 2015 Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Month ( October / November ) December 3 , 2015 Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Week December 7 , 2015 Draymond Green Western Conference Player of the Week January 4 , 2016 Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Week February 29 , 2016 Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Month ( February ) March 3 , 2016 Stephen Curry Western Conference Player of the Week March 14 , 2016 Klay Thompson Western Conference Player of the Week March 28 , 2016 Steve Kerr Western Conference Coach of the Month ( March ) April 1 , 2016 Steve Kerr Coach of the Year April 26 , 2016 Stephen Curry Most Valuable Player May 10 , 2016 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luke Walton served as interim head coach from October 27 , 2015 to January 20 , 2016 while Steve Kerr recovered from back surgery complications . He led Golden State to a 39 -- 4 start . Jump up ^ Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Stat based on records since 1983 -- 84 season . There may be other players who achieved this before that date . Jump up ^ The longest , 33 games won by the Los Angeles Lakers , also ended in Milwaukee . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kerr Named 2015 - 16 NBA Coach of the Year '' . Warriors.com. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com Warriors History '' . Golden State Warriors . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best NBA starts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors '' ( PDF ) . nba.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Golden State Warriors the Greatest Team Ever ? '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden State Warriors are the Greatest NBA Team Ever and the Most Likable '' . Slate . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Warriors the best regular season pro team in sports history ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Warriors Are Officially The Best Team In NBA Regular Season History '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers become first team to rally from 3 -- 1 series deficit in NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Make History With 16th `` Straight Win '' `` . New York Times . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Over '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Daily Dish '' . NBA . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry Named 2015 - 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player '' . Warriors.com . May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors Set NBA Record With 73rd Win of the Regular Season '' . Warriors.com. April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors receive 2015 title rings , raise 1st banner in 40 years '' . Yahoo ! Sports . October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` With 50 - point win over Grizzlies , Warriors set NBA record '' . NBC Sports . November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors drain franchise - record 22 3 - pointers , torch Suns , improve to 17 - 0 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors focused on repeating as champs , not a start that rivals best in sports history '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson , Warriors improve to 23 - 0 , beat Pacers 131 - 123 '' . Associated Press . December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 -- via The San Francisco Examiner . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Draymond Green joins rare ' 5X5 ' club vs. Celtics , continues ascent into elite '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Draymond Green records first 5x5 line since 2012 in Warriors ' 2OT win '' . SI . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player game finder ( 5x5 ) '' . Basketball - reference . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Rusty ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors fall to Bucks as win streak ends at 28 games '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lou , William ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors beat Rockets , improve to 72 -- 12 for 2015 '' . The Score . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The President Honors the Golden State Warriors , 2015 NBA Champions '' . The White House . February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of NBA : Green ties Gola for Warriors ' triple - double record '' . CSN Philly . January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson edges Stephen Curry in Three - Point Contest '' . Sports Illustrated . February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors slip past Hawks , become fastest team to 50 wins in NBA history '' . USA Today . February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe , Lakers take down Steph Curry and the Warriors in Golden State upset '' . FOX Sports . March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers stun Warriors for one of largest upsets in NBA history '' . ESPN . March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Out - splash Trailblazers on Record Setting Night '' . Warriors.com . March 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors break all - time record for 3 - pointers in one season '' . CSN Bay Area . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to replace superstars ? Warriors find a way . Clippers struggle '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry Carries Warriors to Dramatic Game 4 Victory '' . Warriors.com . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most points scored in an overtime period by a single player '' . Official Warriors Stats Twitter . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry , Draymond Green & Klay Thompson Named to 2015 - 16 All - NBA Team '' . Warriors.com . May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors Stay Alive After Game 6 Thriller '' . Warriors.com . May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors Silence the Thunder in Game 7 , Series '' . Warriors.com . May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Livingston paces Dubs in drubbing of Cavs '' . SF Examiner . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors tie more Bulls records in Game 2 rout of Cavaliers '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Splish , splash : Curry , Thompson lead Warriors to Game 4 win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Stave Off Elimination in N.B.A. Finals '' . New York Times . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Road Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green stats '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors trade David Lee to Boston in exchange for Gerald Wallace & Chris Babb '' . nba.com/warriors . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors acquire Jason Thompson from Philadelphia in exchange for Gerald Wallace '' . nba.com/warriors . July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors sign Ian Clark , Jarell Eddie , Tony Mitchell & Juwan Staten '' . nba.com/warriors . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors sign free agent center Anderson Varejao '' . nba.com/warriors . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks sign Justin Holiday to multi-year contract '' . nba.com/hawks . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deal with Kuzmic '' . paobc.gr . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors waive Jason Thompson '' . nba.com/warriors . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drummond , Curry named Players of the Week Jump up ^ LeBron , Curry named Players of the Week Jump up ^ Cavs ' Blatt , Warriors ' Walton named Coaches of Month Jump up ^ Stephen Curry named Player of the Month Jump up ^ Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week Jump up ^ Draymond Green Named Western Conference Player of the Week Jump up ^ Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week Jump up ^ Stephen Curry Named Kia Western Conference Player of the Month Jump up ^ Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week Jump up ^ Klay Thompson Named Kia Western Conference Player of the Week Jump up ^ Steve Kerr Named Western Conference Coach of the Month National Basketball Association portal 2015 -- 16 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015 -- 16_Golden_State_Warriors_season&oldid = 826029505 '' Categories : Golden State Warriors seasons 2015 -- 16 NBA season by team Western Conference ( NBA ) championship seasons 2015 in sports in California 2016 in sports in California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 20 : 08 . 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2127685444849173453	List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress	List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress - wikipedia List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress This article is part of a series on the Indian National Congress About Presidents History Election history Committees All India Central Election Pradesh Working Frontals Mahila Minority Students Youth Trade The Indian National Congress ( INC ) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India . The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party 's relationship with the general public , developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms . The President of the All India Congress Committee , and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party ( INC ) as a whole , is known as the Congress President . Since the party was established in 1885 , 60 people have served as president . The first , Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December . The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi . The president of INC at the time of India 's independence was J.B. Kripalani . Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas , Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president . There are six members of Nehru -- Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents . Contents 1 History 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) During 1885 -- 1933 , the presidency had a term of 1 year only . Traditionally , the post rotated between prominent members of the party , successive terms for the same person being frowned upon . During Jawaharlal Nehru 's premiership , he rarely held the Presidency of INC , even though he was always head of the Legislative Party . Indira Gandhi however , institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969 . Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice . Narasimha Rao too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister 's posts . Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out . But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership , he did n't hold the two posts together . During 2000 -- 09 , INC did not host a conference for the first time in history . In 2004 , when the INC was voted back into power , Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister , not to be the president of the party . Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party , having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017 . Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President . Presidents ( edit ) No . Name of President Picture Life span Year of Presidency Place of Conference W.C. Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1885 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1886 Calcutta Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 -- 1906 1887 Madras George Yule 1829 -- 1892 1888 Allahabad 5 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1889 Bombay 6 Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 -- 1915 1890 Calcutta 7 Anandacharlu August 1843 -- 1908 1891 Nagpur 8 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1892 Allahabad 9 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1893 Lahore 10 Alfred Webb 1834 -- 1908 1894 Madras 11 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 -- 1925 1895 Poona 12 Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 -- 1902 1896 Calcutta 13 C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 -- 1934 1897 Amravati 14 Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 -- 1906 1898 Madras 15 Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 -- 1909 1899 Lucknow 16 N.G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 -- 1923 1900 Lahore 17 Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 -- 1936 1901 Calcutta 18 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 -- 1917 1902 Ahmedabad 19 Lalmohan Ghosh 1848 -- 1909 1903 Madras 20 Henry Cotton 1845 -- 1915 1904 Bombay 21 Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 -- 1915 1905 Benares 22 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1906 Calcutta 23 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1907 Surat 24 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1908 Madras 25 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1909 Lahore 26 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1910 Allahabad 27 Bishan Narayan Dar 1864 -- 1916 1911 Calcutta 28 Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857 -- 1921 1912 Bankipore 29 Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ? -- 1919 1913 Karachi 30 Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859 -- 1924 1914 Madras 31 Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 -- 1928 1915 Bombay 32 Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850 -- 1922 1916 Lucknow 33 Annie Besant 1 October 1847 -- 1933 1917 Calcutta 34 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1918 Delhi 35 Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 -- 1933 1918 Bombay ( Special Session ) 36 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar 37 Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 -- 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta ( Special Session ) 38 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 -- 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur 39 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das ( President ) Hakim Ajmal Khan ( Acting President ) 1863 -- 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad 40 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 -- 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya 41 Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 -- 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada 42 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi ( Special Session ) 43 Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 -- 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum 44 Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 -- 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur 45 S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11 , 1874 -- 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati 46 Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 -- 10 May 1936 1927 Madras 47 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta 48 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore 49 Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 -- 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi 50 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1932 Delhi 51 Nellie Sengupta 1886 -- 1973 1933 Calcutta 52 Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 -- 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay 53 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow 54 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Faizpur 55 Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura 56 Subhas Chandra Bose ( resigned ) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session . 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1939 Tripuri near Jabalpur 57 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1940 -- 46 Ramgarh 58 J.B. Kripalani 1888 -- 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut 59 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 -- 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur 60 Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 -- 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik 61 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi 62 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad 63 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta 64 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1955 Avadi 65 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1956 Amritsar 66 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1957 Indore 67 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1958 Gauhati 68 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1959 Nagpur 69 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi ( Special Session ) 70 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore 71 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar 72 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna 73 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar 74 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur 75 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur 76 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad 77 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad 78 Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 -- 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay 79 Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 -- 26 December 1999 1972 -- 74 Calcutta 80 Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 -- 1996 1975 -- 77 Chandigarh 81 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1978 -- 83 Delhi 82 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta 83 Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 -- 21 May 1991 1985 -- 91 Bombay 84 P.V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 -- 23 December 2004 1992 -- 96 Tirupati 85 Sitaram Kesri November 1919 -- 24 October 2000 1996 -- 98 Calcutta 86 Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 1998 -- 2017 Calcutta 87 Rahul Gandhi 19 June 1970 2017 - Present Delhi See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sonia Gandhi ( Indian politician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Official Indian National Congress website Indian National Congress Seva Dal Minority Congress Mahila Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Congress Karma Parishad Congress core group Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC , RCC & TCC ) Andaman & Nicobar TCC Andhra Arunachal Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Chandigarh TCC Dadra & Nagar Haveli TCC Daman & Diu TCC Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai RCC Nagaland Odisha Puducherry PCC Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijaya Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=856940608 '' Categories : Presidents of the Indian National Congress 1885 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 14 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who was the first president of i n c	[ "\n\n\nNo.\n\nName of President\n\nPicture\n\nLife span\n\nYear of Presidency\n\nPlace of Conference\n\n\n1\n\nW. C. Bonnerjee\n\n\n\n29 December 1844 – 1906\n\n1885\n\nBombay\n\n\n2\n\nDadabhai Naoroji\n\n\n\n4 September 1825 – 1917\n\n1886\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n3\n\nBadruddin Tyabji\n\n\n\n10 October 1844 – 1906\n\n1887\n\nMadras\n\n\n4\n\nGeorge Yule\n\n\n\n1829–1892\n\n1888\n\nAllahabad\n\n\n5\n\nWilliam Wedderburn\n\n\n\n1838–1918\n\n1889\n\nBombay\n\n\n6\n\nPherozeshah Mehta\n\n\n\n4 August 1845 – 1915\n\n1890\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n7\n\nAnandacharlu\n\n\n\nAugust 1843 – 1908\n\n1891\n\nNagpur\n\n\n8\n\nWomesh Chunder Bonnerjee\n\n\n\n29 December 1844 – 1906\n\n1892\n\nAllahabad\n\n\n9\n\nDadabhai Naoroji\n\n\n\n4 September 1825 – 1917\n\n1893\n\nLahore\n\n\n10\n\nAlfred Webb\n\n\n\n1834–1908\n\n1894\n\nMadras\n\n\n11\n\nSurendranath Banerjee\n\n\n\n10 November 1848 – 1925\n\n1895\n\nPoona\n\n\n12\n\nRahimtulla M. Sayani\n\n\n\n5 April 1847 – 1902\n\n1896\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n13\n\nC. Sankaran Nair\n\n\n\n11 July 1857 – 1934\n\n1897\n\nAmravati\n\n\n14\n\nAnandamohan Bose\n\n\n\n23 September 1847 – 1906\n\n1898\n\nMadras\n\n\n15\n\nRomesh Chunder Dutt\n\n\n\n13 August 1848 – 1909\n\n1899\n\nLucknow\n\n\n16\n\nN. G. Chandavarkar\n\n\n\n2 December 1855 – 1923\n\n1900\n\nLahore\n\n\n17\n\nDinshaw Edulji Wacha\n\n\n\n2 August 1844 – 1936\n\n1901\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n18\n\nSurendranath Banerjee\n\n\n\n10 November 1825 – 1917\n\n1902\n\nAhmedabad\n\n\n19\n\nLalmohan Ghosh\n\n\n\n1848–1909\n\n1903\n\nMadras\n\n\n20\n\nHenry Cotton\n\n\n\n1845–1915\n\n1904\n\nBombay\n\n\n21\n\nGopal Krishna Gokhale\n\n\n\n9 May 1866 – 1915\n\n1905\n\nBenares\n\n\n22\n\nDadabhai Naoroji\n\n\n\n4 September 1825 – 1917\n\n1906\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n23\n\nRashbihari Ghosh\n\n\n\n23 December 1845 – 1921\n\n1907\n\nSurat\n\n\n24\n\nRashbihari Ghosh\n\n\n\n23 December 1845 – 1921\n\n1908\n\nMadras\n\n\n25\n\nMadan Mohan Malaviya\n\n\n\n25 December 1861 – 1946\n\n1909\n\nLahore\n\n\n26\n\nWilliam Wedderburn\n\n\n\n1838–1918\n\n1910\n\nAllahabad\n\n\n27\n\nBishan Narayan Dar\n\n\n\n1864–1916\n\n1911\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n28\n\nRaghunath Narasinha Mudholkar\n\n\n\n1857–1921\n\n1912\n\nBankipore\n\n\n29\n\nNawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur\n\n\n\n?–1919\n\n1913\n\nKarachi\n\n\n30\n\nBhupendra Nath Bose\n\n\n\n1859–1924\n\n1914\n\nMadras\n\n\n31\n\nLord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha\n\n\n\nMarch 1863 – 1928\n\n1915\n\nBombay\n\n\n32\n\nAmbica Charan Mazumdar\n\n\n\n1850–1922\n\n1916\n\nLucknow\n\n\n33\n\nAnnie Besant\n\n\n\n1 October 1847 – 1933\n\n1917\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n34\n\nMadan Mohan Malaviya\n\n\n\n25 December 1861 – 1946\n\n1918\n\nDelhi\n\n\n35\n\nSyed Hasan Imam\n\n\n\n31 August 1871 – 1933\n\n1918\n\nBombay (Special Session)\n\n\n36\n\nMotilal Nehru\n\n\n\n6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931\n\n1919\n\nAmritsar\n\n\n37\n\nLala Lajpat Rai\n\n\n\n28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928\n\n1920\n\nCalcutta (Special Session)\n\n\n38\n\nC. Vijayaraghavachariar\n\n\n\n1852 – 19 April 1944\n\n1920\n\nNagpur\n\n\n39\n\nDeshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (President)\nHakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President)\n\n\n\n\n1863 – 29 December 1927\n\n1921\n\nAhmedabad\n\n\n40\n\nDeshbandhu Chittaranjan Das\n\n\n\n5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925\n\n1922\n\nGaya\n\n\n41\n\nMohammad Ali Jouhar\n\n\n\n10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931\n\n1923\n\nKakinada\n\n\n42\n\nAbul Kalam Azad\n\n\n\n1888 – 22 February 1958\n\n1923\n\nDelhi (Special Session)\n\n\n43\n\nMohandas Gandhi\n\n\n\n2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948\n\n1924\n\nBelgaum\n\n\n44\n\nSarojini Naidu\n\n\n\n13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949\n\n1925\n\nKanpur\n\n\n45\n\nS. Srinivasa Iyengar\n\n\n\nSeptember 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941\n\n1926\n\nGauhati\n\n\n46\n\nMukhtar Ahmed Ansari\n\n\n\n25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936\n\n1927\n\nMadras\n\n\n47\n\nMotilal Nehru\n\n\n\n6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931\n\n1928\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n48\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1929 & 30\n\nLahore\n\n\n49\n\nVallabhbhai Patel\n\n\n\n31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950\n\n1931\n\nKarachi\n\n\n50\n\nMadan Mohan Malaviya\n\n\n\n25 December 1861 – 1946\n\n1932\n\nDelhi\n\n\n51\n\nNellie Sengupta\n\n\n\n1886–1973\n\n1933\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n52\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n\n\n3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963\n\n1934 & 35\n\nBombay\n\n\n53\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1936\n\nLucknow\n\n\n54\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1936\n\nFaizpur\n\n\n55\n\nSubhas Chandra Bose\n\n\n\n23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945\n\n1938\n\nHaripura\n\n\n56\n\nSubhas Chandra Bose (resigned) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session.\n\n\n\n23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945\n\n1939\n\nTripuri near Jabalpur\n\n\n57\n\nAbul Kalam Azad\n\n\n\n1888 – 22 February 1958\n\n1940–46\n\nRamgarh\n\n\n58\n\nJ. B. Kripalani\n\n\n\n1888 – 19 March 1982\n\n1947\n\nMeerut\n\n\n59\n\nPattabhi Sitaraimayya\n\n\n\n24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959\n\n1948 & 49\n\nJaipur\n\n\n60\n\nPurushottam Das Tandon\n\n\n\n1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961\n\n1950\n\nNasik\n\n\n61\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1951 & 52\n\nDelhi\n\n\n62\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1953\n\nHyderabad\n\n\n63\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1954\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n64\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1955\n\nAvadi\n\n\n65\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1956\n\nAmritsar\n\n\n66\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1957\n\nIndore\n\n\n67\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1958\n\nGauhati\n\n\n68\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1959\n\nNagpur\n\n\n69\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984\n\n1959\n\nDelhi (Special Session)\n\n\n70\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\n\n\n\n19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996\n\n1960\n\nBangalore\n\n\n71\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\n\n\n\n19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996\n\n1961\n\nBhavnagar\n\n\n72\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\n\n\n\n19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996\n\n1962 & 63\n\nPatna\n\n\n73\n\nK. Kamaraj\n\n\n\n15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975\n\n1964\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\n74\n\nK. Kamaraj\n\n\n\n15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975\n\n1965\n\nDurgapur\n\n\n75\n\nK. Kamaraj\n\n\n\n15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975\n\n1966 & 67\n\nJaipur\n\n\n76\n\nS. Nijalingappa\n\n\n\n10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000\n\n1968\n\nHyderabad\n\n\n77\n\nS. Nijalingappa\n\n\n\n10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000\n\n1969\n\nFaridabad\n\n\n78\n\nJagjivan Ram\n\n\n\n5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986\n\n1970 & 71\n\nBombay\n\n\n79\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n\n\n19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999\n\n1972–74\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n80\n\nDevakanta Barua\n\n\n\n22 February 1914 – 1996\n\n1975–77\n\nChandigarh\n\n\n81\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984\n\n1978–83\n\nDelhi\n\n\n82\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984\n\n1983 & 84\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n83\n\nRajiv Gandhi\n\n\n\n20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991\n\n1985–91\n\nBombay\n\n\n84\n\nP. V. Narasimha Rao\n\n\n\n28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004\n\n1992–96\n\nTirupati\n\n\n85\n\nSitaram Kesri\n\n\n\nNovember 1919 – 24 October 2000\n\n1996–98\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n86\n\nSonia Gandhi\n\n\n\n9 December 1946\n\n1998–2017\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n87\n\nRahul Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 June 1970\n\n2017 -Present\n\nDelhi\n" ]	[ "W. C. Bonnerjee" ]
-1529725332967125663	Sun Goes Down (Robin Schulz song)	Sun Goes Down ( Robin Schulz song ) - wikipedia Sun Goes Down ( Robin Schulz song ) `` Sun Goes Down '' Single by Robin Schulz featuring Jasmine Thompson from the album Prayer Released 24 October 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Deep house tropical house Length 2 : 59 Label Tonspiel ( Warner Music Group ) Songwriter ( s ) Robin Schulz Tom Havelock Producer ( s ) Robin Schulz Robin Schulz singles chronology `` Willst Du '' ( 2014 ) `` Sun Goes Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Headlights '' ( 2015 ) `` Willst Du '' ( 2014 ) `` Sun Goes Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Headlights '' ( 2015 ) Jasmine Thompson singles chronology `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 2013 ) Ai n't Nobody 2013 `` Sun Goes Down '' ( 2014 ) Sun Goes Down2014 `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( 2015 ) Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) 2015 Music video `` Sun Goes Down '' on YouTube `` Sun Goes Down '' is a song by German DJ and record producer Robin Schulz . It features the vocals from British singer Jasmine Thompson . The song was released in Germany as a digital download on 24 October 2014 . The song peaked at number two on the German Singles Chart . It served as the official song of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup . The song 's composition consists of a piano , and a saxophone drop , accompanied by Schulz 's beats , and Thompson 's vocals . At the beginning of the song , the vocals and the drop , a loud , horn - like sound effect is played . Contents 1 Music video 2 Formats and track listings 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Release history 6 References Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Sun Goes Down '' was made in September 2014 by director Lilja and shows various protagonists in different places all over Europe . The video is a collage of intimate everyday moments that could n't be more different . However , one thing that they all share is the moment in which time seems to stand still and let the world take a deep breath . Filmed in four locations around Europe , the video features actress and model Milla Puolakanaho in Turku , Finland , a group of friends around cinematographer Karol Łakomiec and singer Kasia Zielińska on a rooftop in Warsaw , Poland , terra - cotta artist Dino Daddiego in the old town of Sassi di Matera , Italy , as well as both artists of the song , Robin Schulz and Jasmine Thompson in London , England . The gathering of Jasmine Thompson and her friends was shot in Burgess Park in Southwark , the DJ set with Robin Schulz was shot during a regular gig of his at the club EGG LDN . The aerials were filmed by Markus Gelhard of Zebraworkz on location in Turku and Matera . The total length of the video is two minutes and fifty - four seconds . The video was released on 1 October 2014 on Robin Schulz 's YouTube channel and has received more than 280 million views as of November 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download -- single No . Title Length 1 . `` Sun Goes Down '' ( featuring Jasmine Thompson ) 2 : 57 Digital download -- remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` Sun Goes Down '' ( featuring Jasmine Thompson ) ( Tocadisco Remix ) 5 : 54 2 . `` Sun Goes Down '' ( featuring Jasmine Thompson ) ( TEEMID Remix ) 3 : 41 3 . `` Sun Goes Down '' ( featuring Jasmine Thompson ) ( Pingpong Remix ) 6 : 13 4 . `` Sun Goes Down '' ( featuring Jasmine Thompson ) ( Kris Menace Remix ) 4 : 00 5 . `` Sun Goes Down '' ( featuring Jasmine Thompson ) ( ManiezzL Remix ) 4 : 50 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Colombia ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 15 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 62 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 5 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 57 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 94 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 70 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 58 Poland ( ZPAV ) 49 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Germany 24 October 2014 Digital download Tonspiel ( Warner Music Group ) United Kingdom 7 June 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz ft Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down Remixes -- WMG '' . April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Video - Premiere of `` Sun Goes Down '' - Warner Music , Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robin Schulz -- Sun Goes Down feat . Jasmine Thompson ( Official Video ) -- YouTube Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Charts monitorLATINO '' . Archived from the original on 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson : Sun Goes Down '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 19 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:digital/year:2015/id:1959/page:1 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Enter Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson in the field Interpret . Enter Sun Goes Down in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson ; ' Sun Goes Down ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Sun Goes Down '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Robin Schulz feat . Jasmine Thompson ; ' Sun Goes Down ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ iTunes -- Musik -- `` Sun Goes Down ( feat . Jasmine Thompson ) ( Remix ) -- EP `` von Robin Schulz Robin Schulz Discography Studio albums Prayer ( 2014 ) Sugar ( 2015 ) Uncovered ( 2017 ) Singles `` Waves '' `` Prayer in C '' `` Willst Du '' `` Sun Goes Down '' `` Headlights '' `` Sugar '' `` Show Me Love '' `` Heatwave '' `` Shed a Light '' `` OK '' `` Right Now '' 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Knockout stage Final General information Discipline Squads Theme song Qualification Caribbean Cup qualification Copa Centroamericana CFU -- UNCAF playoff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Goes_Down_(Robin_Schulz_song)&oldid=864137670 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles Jasmine Thompson songs 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Tropical house songs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 10 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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-2384453346717088830	United States Bill of Rights	United States Bill of Rights - wikipedia United States Bill of Rights Jump to : navigation , search United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25 , 1789 Ratified December 15 , 1791 Location National Archives Author ( s ) James Madison This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689 , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification . On June 8 , 1789 , Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives . Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One , Section 9 . Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments . Ultimately , on September 25 , 1789 , Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution , each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph , and submitted them to the states for ratification . Contrary to Madison 's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution , they were proposed as supplemental additions ( codicils ) to it . Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15 , 1791 , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution . Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , as the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Article One is technically still pending before the states . Although Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s , following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment . Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments . The process is known as incorporation . There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence . One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention 1.2 The Anti-Federalists 1.3 The Federalists 1.4 Massachusetts compromise 2 Proposal and ratification 2.1 Anticipating amendments 2.2 Crafting amendments 2.3 Ratification process 3 Application and text 3.1 First Amendment 3.2 Second Amendment 3.3 Third Amendment 3.4 Fourth Amendment 3.5 Fifth Amendment 3.6 Sixth Amendment 3.7 Seventh Amendment 3.8 Eighth Amendment 3.9 Ninth Amendment 3.10 Tenth Amendment 4 Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Philadelphia convention Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution , the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781 . However , the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states . The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded . The convention took place from May 14 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles , the intention of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House , and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention . The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation . Thomas Jefferson , who was Minister to France during the convention , characterized the delegates as an assembly of `` demi - gods . '' Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention . On September 12 , George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion . However , the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion . Madison , then an opponent of a Bill of Rights , later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights `` parchment barriers '' that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny . Another delegate , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous , because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist ; Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84 . Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution , their motion -- introduced five days before the end of the convention -- may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic . The quick rejection of this motion , however , later endangered the entire ratification process . Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as `` a political blunder of the first magnitude '' while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it `` the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification '' . Thirty - nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution . Thirteen delegates left before it was completed , and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it : Mason , Gerry , and Edmund Randolph of Virginia . Afterward , the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates , chosen in each State by the people , for their assent and ratification . The Anti-Federalists On June 5 , 1788 , Patrick Henry spoke before Virginia 's ratification convention in opposition to the Constitution . Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote , We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution . He continued with this observation : Ought not a government , vested with such extensive and indefinite authority , to have been restricted by a declaration of rights ? It certainly ought . So clear a point is this , that I can not help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States , are wilfully endeavoring to deceive , and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage . The Federalists Supporters of the Constitution , known as Federalists , opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period , in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create . Madison argued against such an inclusion , suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty , in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays promoting the Federalist position . Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84 , stating that `` the constitution is itself in every rational sense , and to every useful purpose , a bill of rights . He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights , making protections unnecessary : `` Here , in strictness , the people surrender nothing , and as they retain everything , they have no need of particular reservations . '' Patrick Henry criticized the federalist point of view , writing that the legislature must be firmly informed `` of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty , they will assume rather than give up powers by implication . '' Other anti-federalists pointed out that earlier political documents , in particular the Magna Carta had protected specific rights . In response , Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different : Bills of rights are in their origin , stipulations between kings and their subjects , abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege , reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince . Such was the Magna Charta , obtained by the Barons , swords in hand , from King John . Massachusetts compromise Main article : Massachusetts Compromise George Washington 's 1788 letter to the Marquis de Lafayette observed , `` the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto ; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations . '' Source : Library of Congress In December 1787 and January 1788 , five states -- Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia , and Connecticut -- ratified the Constitution with relative ease , though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated . In contrast to its predecessors , the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious , at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak . The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments . The convention 's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases , which would form part of the Fifth Amendment , and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government , which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment . Following Massachusetts ' lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress , twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states ' rights . The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade . A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying . Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established . The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states . Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it . Following contentious battles in several states , the proposed Constitution reached that nine state ratification plateau in June 1788 . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year . On March 4 , 1789 , the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating . Proposal and ratification Anticipating amendments James Madison , primary author and chief advocate for the Bill of Rights in the First Congress . The 1st United States Congress , which met in New York City 's Federal Hall , was a triumph for the Federalists . The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists , both from Virginia . The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists , the latter of whom were from only four states : Massachusetts , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison , Patrick Henry 's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle . In retaliation for Madison 's victory in that battle at Virginia 's ratification convention , Henry and other Anti-Federalists , who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison 's planned congressional run and recruited Madison 's future presidential successor , James Monroe , to oppose him . Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments comprising a Bill of Rights at the First Congress . Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution , he had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates . By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress , he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might , it was feared , undo the difficult compromises of 1787 , and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration , thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government . Writing to Jefferson , he stated , `` The friends of the Constitution , some from an approbation of particular amendments , others from a spirit of conciliation , are generally agreed that the System should be revised . But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty . '' He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would `` give to the Government its due popularity and stability '' . Finally , he hoped that the amendments `` would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion '' . Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary , and to what degree he considered them politically expedient ; in the outline of his address , he wrote , `` Bill of Rights -- useful -- not essential -- '' . On the occasion of his April 30 , 1789 inauguration as the nation 's first president , George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution . He urged the legislators , whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience ; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen , and a regard for public harmony , will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question , how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Crafting amendments James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration . Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble . Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government . Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress . Like Washington , Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution `` a moderate one '' , limited to protecting individual rights . Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments . The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury , for example , while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms ( although this applied only to Protestants ) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The greatest influence on Madison 's text , however , was existing state constitutions . Many of his amendments , including his proposed new preamble , were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776 . To reduce future opposition to ratification , Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states . He did provide one , however , that no state had requested : `` No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for , one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions . James Madison 's proposed amendments to the Constitution : First . That there be prefixed to the constitution a declaration that all power is originally vested in , and consequently derived from the people . That government is instituted , and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people ; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the right of acquiring and using property , and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . That the people have an indubitable , unalienable , and indefeasible right to reform or change their government , whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution . Secondly . That in article 1st , section 2 , clause 3 , these words be struck out , to wit : `` The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand , but each State shall have at least one Representative , and until such enumeration shall be made ; '' and in place thereof be inserted these words , to wit : `` After the first actual enumeration , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number amounts to -- , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that the number shall never be less than -- , nor more than -- , but each State shall , after the first enumeration , have at least two Representatives ; and prior thereto . '' Thirdly . That in article 2nd , section 6 , clause 1 , there be added to the end of the first sentence , these words , to wit , `` But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of representatives . '' Fourthly . That in article 2nd , section 9 , between clauses 3 and 4 , be inserted these clauses , to wit , The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience by in any manner , or on any pretext infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good , nor from applying to the legislature by petitions , or remonstrances for redress of their grievances . The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed , and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor at any time , but in a manner warranted by law . No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment , or one trial for the same office ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without a just compensation . Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The rights of the people to be secured in their persons , their houses , their papers , and their other property from all unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause , supported by oath or affirmation , or not particularly describing the places to be searched , or the persons or things to be seized . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation , to be confronted with his accusers , and the witnesses against him ; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense . The exceptions here or elsewhere in the constitution , made in favor of particular rights , shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people ; or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the constitution ; but either as actual limitations of such powers , or as inserted merely for greater caution . Fifthly . That in article 2nd , section 10 , between clauses 1 and 2 , be inserted this clause , to wit : No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases Sixthly . That article 3rd , section 2 , be annexed to the end of clause 2nd , these words to wit : but no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to -- dollars : nor shall any fact triable by jury , according to the course of common law , be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law . Seventhly . That in article 3rd , section 2 , the third clause be struck out , and in its place be inserted the classes following , to wit : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites ; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary , provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State , as near as may be to the seat of the offence . In cases of crimes committed not within any county , the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed . In suits at common law , between man and man , the trial by jury , as one of the best securities to the rights of the people , ought to remain inviolate . Eighthly . That immediately after article 6th , be inserted , as article 7th , the clauses following , to wit : The powers delegated by this constitution , are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed : so that the legislative department shall never exercise the powers vested in the executive or judicial ; nor the executive exercise the powers vested in the legislative or judicial ; nor the judicial exercise the powers vested in the legislative or executive departments . The powers not delegated by this constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states , are reserved to the States respectively . Ninthly . That article 7th , be numbered as article 8th . Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison 's proposal , fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government . The House , unlike the Senate , was open to the public , and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged `` dissection of the constitution '' before the galleries could shake public confidence . A procedural battle followed , and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision , the House agreed to take Madison 's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21 , 1789 . The eleven - member committee made some significant changes to Madison 's nine proposed amendments , including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase `` freedom of speech , and of the press '' . The House debated the amendments for eleven days . Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution 's end so that the document would `` remain inviolate '' , rather than adding them throughout , as Madison had proposed . The amendments , revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen , were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24 , 1789 . The Senate edited these amendments still further , making 26 changes of its own . Madison 's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated , and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve , which were approved on September 9 , 1789 . The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison 's proposed changes to the preamble . On September 21 , 1789 , a House - Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued this report , which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider . This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25 , 1789 , to be forwarded to the states on September 28 . By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done , many personal opinions had shifted . A number of Federalists came out in support , thus silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective critique . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , were now opposed , realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that `` there is no question that it was Madison 's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights . '' ( hide ) Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25 , 1789 Ratification Status First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first Article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred ; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand , until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred , to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . Pending : Congressional Apportionment Amendment Second Article : No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Third Amendment Seventh Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fourth Amendment Eighth Article : No person shall be subject , except in case of impeachment , to more than one trial , or one punishment for the same offense , nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia , when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witnesses against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Sixth Amendment Tenth Article : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger ) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accostomed ( sic ) requisites ; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherways ( sic ) infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury ; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . ( see Seventh Article above ) Eleventh Article : No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States , shall be allowed , where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars , nor shall any fact , triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law , be otherwise re-examinable , than according to the rules of common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Seventh Amendment Twelfth Article : In suits at common law , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . ( see Ninth Article above ) Thirteenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Article : No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases , nor the rights of conscience , nor the freedom of speech , or of the press . Fifteenth Article : The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Ninth Amendment Sixteenth Article : The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States , shall be exercised as therein appropriated , so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial ; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial ; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . Seventeenth Article : The powers not delegated by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it , to the States , are reserved to the States respectively . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Tenth Amendment Ratification process The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28 , 1789 . The following states ratified some or all of the amendments : New Jersey : Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20 , 1789 , and Article Two on May 7 , 1992 Maryland : Articles One through Twelve on December 19 , 1789 North Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on December 22 , 1789 South Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on January 19 , 1790 New Hampshire : Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25 , 1790 , and Article Two on March 7 , 1985 Delaware : Articles Two through Twelve on January 28 , 1790 New York : Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24 , 1790 Pennsylvania : Articles Three through Twelve on March 10 , 1790 , and Article One on September 21 , 1791 Rhode Island : Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7 , 1790 , and Article Two on June 10 , 1993 Vermont : Articles One through Twelve on November 3 , 1791 Virginia : Article One on November 3 , 1791 , and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15 , 1791 ( After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session . ) Having been approved by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 14 States in the Union at the time ( as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4 , 1791 ) , the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution . President Washington informed Congress of this on December 30 , 1791 . As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states , the ratification of Article One ( ratified by 10 ) and Article Two ( ratified by 6 ) remained incomplete . The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union ( June 1 , 1792 ) . On June 27 , 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments , however this action did not come to light until 1996 . Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803 . Despite coming close to ratification early on , it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution . As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article , it is still technically pending before the states . Since no state has approved it since 1792 , ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted . Article Two , initially ratified by seven states through 1792 ( including Kentucky ) , was not ratified by another state for eighty years . The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6 , 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise . A century later , on March 6 , 1978 , the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article . Gregory Watson , a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student , started a new push for the article 's ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . As a result , by May 1992 , enough states had approved Article Two ( 38 of the 50 states in the Union ) for it to become the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . The amendment 's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20 , 1992 . Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively . Application and text The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence ; in the words of Gordon S. Wood , `` After ratification , most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution . '' The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights , for example , until 1931 . Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill 's long legal dormancy to three factors : first , it took time for a `` culture of tolerance '' to develop that would support the Bill 's provisions with judicial and popular will ; second , the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power ; and third , the Bill initially only applied to the federal government , a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) . In the twentieth century , however , most of the Bill 's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment -- a process known as incorporation -- beginning with the freedom of speech clause , in Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) . In Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) , the Court ruled that Constitutional protections , including the provisions of the Bill of Rights , do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments . Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' First Amendment Main article : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th - and 21st - century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Second Amendment Main article : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( t ) he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment `` ( protects arms that had a ) reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment `` codified a pre-existing right '' and that it `` protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home '' but also stated that `` the right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose '' . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . Third Amendment Main article : Third Amendment to the United States Constitution No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2016 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision . Fourth Amendment Main article : Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures , along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance , which is a type of general search warrant , in the American Revolution . Search and seizure ( including arrest ) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court , usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it . The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule , which mandates that evidence obtained illegally can not be introduced into a criminal trial . The amendment 's interpretation has varied over time ; its protections expanded under left - leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right - leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist . Fifth Amendment Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self - incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process , grand jury screening of criminal indictments , and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain . The amendment was the basis for the court 's decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self - incrimination prior to interrogation by police . Sixth Amendment Main article : Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial : to a speedy and public trial to trial by an impartial jury to be informed of criminal charges to confront witnesses to compel witnesses to appear in court to assistance of counsel In Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts . Seventh Amendment Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars . It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials . In Colgrove v. Battin ( 1973 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment 's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members . The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated ( applied to the states ) . Eighth Amendment Main article : Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines , though it leaves the term `` excessive '' open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last , which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s , generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia ( 1972 ) , some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment , arguing that the clause could reflect `` evolving standards of decency '' as public opinion changed ; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary , resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia ( 1976 ) , which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment , as in Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) and Brown v. Plata ( 2011 ) . Ninth Amendment Main article : Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century , when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) . The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was , in turn , the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases , including , Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . Tenth Amendment Main article : Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution , nor prohibited to the states , are reserved to the states or the people . The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states , but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government . Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States , as in South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) . Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 . After fifty years on display , signs of deterioration in the casing were noted , while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved . Accordingly , the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17 , 2003 . In his dedicatory remarks , President George W. Bush stated , `` The true ( American ) revolution was not to defy one earthly power , but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power -- the equality of each person before God , and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all . '' In 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day , commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights . In 1991 , the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial , visiting the capitals of all fifty states . See also United States portal Law portal Human rights portal Anti-Federalism Constitutionalism in the United States Four Freedoms Institute of Bill of Rights Law Patients ' ( bill of ) rights Second Bill of Rights Substantive due process Taxpayer Bill of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom We Hold These Truths References Notes Jump up ^ Probably Robert Yates Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution . Annals of Congress . June 8 , 1789 . https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 08 . ISBN 9781615307555 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights -- Facts & Summary '' . History.com . 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Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Loveland , Ian ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 18 - Human Rights I : Traditional Perspectives '' . Constitutional Law , Administrative Law , and Human Rights : A Critical Introduction ( Seventh ed . ) . London : Oxford University Press . p. 559 . ISBN 9780198709039 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayawickrama , Nihal ( 2002 ) . The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law : National , Regional and International Jurisprudence . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 98 . ISBN 9780521780421 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) ( `` '' The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections. `` '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Obergefell v. Hodges , No. 14 - 556 , slip op . at 24 ( U.S. June 26 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill of Rights Transcript '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Archibald ( 1986 ) . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ McAffee , Thomas B. ; Michael J. Quinlan ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms : Do Text , History , Or Precedent Stand In The Way ? '' . North Carolina Law Review : 781 . Jump up ^ 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third Amendment '' . U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusionary rule '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Amendment '' . Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sixth Amendment '' . Constitutional Amendments : From Freedom of Speech to Flag Burning . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Seventh Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bessler , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Krantz , Sheldon ( 1986 ) . `` Cruel and Unusual Punishment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History '' . UXL Encyclopedia of American History . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weisberg , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` Capital Punishment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Alalysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 1738 -- 39 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Richard A. ( 2014 ) . The Classical Liberal Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72489 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frieden , Terry ( March 19 , 2003 ) . `` FBI recovers original copy of Bill of Rights '' . CNN . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights FAQs '' ( PDF ) . constitutioncenter.org . National Constitution Center . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the Bill of Rights and the New York Ratification of the Bill of Rights '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History : The Bill of Rights '' . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` History of the Bill of Rights '' History of the Bill of Rights : Where are they today ? Jump up ^ `` Treasures of Carolina : Stories from the State Archives Opens Oct. 24 '' . ncdcr.gov . North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Marshals Service Takes Possession of North Carolina 's Copy of the Bill of Rights '' . U.S. Marshals Service . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Hilary ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` A homecoming for six pages of parchment '' . The National Archives . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler and Catherine Nicholson , `` A New Era Begins for the Charters of Freedom . '' . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Prologue , Fall 2003 . Jump up ^ For Know - It - Alls ( 2008 ) . The United States Bill of Rights for Know - It - Alls . Filiquarian Publishing , LLC . p. 27 . ISBN 1599862255 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bill of Rights Day : what Obama says about it '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Tour Opens in Kansas City '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . September 18 , 1991 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Berkin , Carol ( 2015 ) . The Bill of Rights : The Fight to Secure America 's Liberties . Simon & Schuster . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) . Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . University Press of New England . Brookhiser , Richard ( 2011 ) . James Madison . Basic Books . Brutus ( 1787 ) `` To the Citizens of the State of New York '' . In The Complete Anti-Federalist , Volume 1 ( 2008 ) . Ed . Herbert J. Storing . University of Chicago Press . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2015 ) . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780385353410 -- via Google Books . Hamilton , Alexander , Madison , James , and Jay , John ( 2003 ) The Federalist : With Letters of Brutus . Ed . Terence Ball . Cambridge University Press . Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0931 - 8 -- via Google Books . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1996 ) . Original Meanings . Alfred A. Knopf . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . Simon & Schuster . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . Further reading Barnett , Randy ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n20 -- via Google Books . Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 -- via Google Books . Bordewich , Fergus M. The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government ( 2016 ) on 1789 -- 1791 . Cogan , Neil H. ( 2015 ) . The Complete Bill of Rights : The Drafts , Debates , Sources , and Origins . Second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The great rights of mankind : a history of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 28 - 5 -- via Google Books . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 -- via Google Books . Stair , Nancy L. ( 2003 ) . The Bill of Rights : a primary source investigation into the first ten amendments of the Constitution . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3800 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bill of Rights . 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4357344260510809450	Gone with the Wind (film)	Gone with the Wind ( film ) - wikipedia Gone with the Wind ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date December 15 , 1939 ( 1939 - 12 - 15 ) ( Atlanta premiere ) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes ( with overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music ) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film , adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel of the same name . The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming . Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era , the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara , the strong - willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner , from her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes , who is married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , to her marriage to Rhett Butler . The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh ( Scarlett ) , Clark Gable ( Rhett ) , Leslie Howard ( Ashley ) , and Olivia de Havilland ( Melanie ) . Production was difficult from the start . Filming was delayed for two years because of Selznick 's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler , and the `` search for Scarlett '' led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part . The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard and underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length . The original director , George Cukor , was fired shortly after filming began and was replaced by Fleming , who in turn was briefly replaced by Sam Wood while Fleming took some time off because he was exhausted . The film received positive reviews upon its release , in December 1939 , although some reviewers found it overlong . The casting was widely praised , and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett . At the 12th Academy Awards , it received ten Academy Awards ( eight competitive , two honorary ) from thirteen nominations , including wins for Best Picture , Best Director ( Fleming ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard ) , Best Actress ( Leigh ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Hattie McDaniel , becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award ) . It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time . The film was immensely popular , becoming the highest - earning film made up to that point , and held the record for over a quarter of a century . When adjusted for monetary inflation , it is still the most successful film in box - office history . Gone with the Wind has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery , and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically . It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture . The film is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time ; it has placed in the top ten of the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 American films since the list 's inception , in 1998 ; and , in 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Preview , premiere and initial release 4.2 Later releases 4.3 Television and home video 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 Reactions from African - Americans 5.4 Audience response 5.5 Critical re-evaluation 5.6 Industry recognition 6 Analysis 6.1 Racial criticism 6.2 Depiction of marital rape 7 Legacy 7.1 In popular culture 7.2 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861 , Scarlett O'Hara lives at Tara , her family 's cotton plantation in Georgia , with her parents and two sisters . Scarlett learns that Ashley Wilkes -- whom she secretly loves -- is to be married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and the engagement is to be announced the next day at a barbecue at Ashley 's home , the nearby plantation Twelve Oaks . At the Twelve Oaks party , Scarlett privately declares her feelings to Ashley , but he rebuffs her by responding that he and Melanie are more compatible . Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest , Rhett Butler , has overheard their conversation . The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist . As Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye , Melanie 's younger brother Charles proposes to her . Although she does not love him , Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight . Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army . Scarlett 's mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up , although the O'Haras ' outspoken housemaid Mammy tells Scarlett she knows she is going there only to wait for Ashley 's return . Scarlett , who should not attend a party while in mourning , attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she meets Rhett again , now a blockade runner for the Confederacy . Celebrating a Confederate victory and to raise money for the Confederate war effort , gentlemen are invited to bid for ladies to dance with them . Rhett makes an inordinately large bid for Scarlett and , to the disapproval of the guests , she agrees to dance with him . The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarlett 's town are killed . Scarlett makes another unsuccessful appeal to Ashley while he is visiting on Christmas furlough , although they do share a private and passionate kiss in the parlor on Christmas Day , just before he returns to war . Eight months later , as the city is besieged by the Union Army in the Atlanta Campaign , Scarlett and her young house slave Prissy must deliver Melanie 's baby without medical assistance after she goes into premature labor . Afterwards , Scarlett calls upon Rhett to take her home to Tara with Melanie , her baby , and Prissy ; he collects them in a horse and wagon , but once out of the city chooses to go off to fight , leaving Scarlett and the group to make their own way back to Tara . Upon her return home , Scarlett finds Tara deserted , except for her father , her sisters , and two former slaves : Mammy and Pork . Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of typhoid fever and her father has become incompetent . With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended , Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself . Part 2 As the O'Haras work in the cotton fields , Scarlett 's father is killed after he is thrown from his horse in an attempt to chase away a scalawag from his land . With the defeat of the Confederacy Ashley also returns , but finds he is of little help at Tara . When Scarlett begs him to run away with her , he confesses his desire for her and kisses her passionately , but says he can not leave Melanie . Unable to pay the taxes on Tara implemented by Reconstructionists , Scarlett dupes her younger sister Suellen 's fiancé , the middle - aged and wealthy mill owner Frank Kennedy , into marrying her , by saying Suellen got tired of waiting and married another beau . Frank , Ashley , Rhett and several other accomplices make a night raid on a shanty town after Scarlett is attacked while driving through it alone , resulting in Frank 's death . With Frank 's funeral barely over , Rhett proposes to Scarlett and she accepts . They have a daughter whom Rhett names Bonnie Blue , but Scarlett , still pining for Ashley and chagrined at the perceived ruin of her figure , lets Rhett know that she wants no more children and that they will no longer share a bed . One day at Frank 's mill , Scarlett and Ashley are seen embracing by Ashley 's sister , India , and harboring an intense dislike of Scarlett she eagerly spreads rumors . Later that evening , Rhett , having heard the rumors , forces Scarlett to attend a birthday party for Ashley ; incapable of believing anything bad of her beloved sister - in - law , Melanie stands by Scarlett 's side so that all know that she believes the gossip to be false . After returning home from the party , Scarlett finds Rhett downstairs drunk , and they argue about Ashley . Rhett kisses Scarlett against her will , stating his intent to have sex with her that night , and carries the struggling Scarlett to the bedroom . The next day , Rhett apologizes for his behavior and offers Scarlett a divorce , which she rejects , saying that it would be a disgrace . When Rhett returns from an extended trip to London , Scarlett informs him that she is pregnant , but an argument ensues which results in her falling down a flight of stairs and suffering a miscarriage . As she is recovering , tragedy strikes when Bonnie dies while attempting to jump a fence with her pony . Scarlett and Rhett visit Melanie , who has suffered complications arising from a new pregnancy , on her deathbed . As Scarlett consoles Ashley , Rhett returns to their home in Atlanta ; realizing that Ashley only ever truly loved Melanie , Scarlett dashes after Rhett to find him preparing to leave for good . She pleads with him , telling him she realizes now that it was him she loved all along and never really Ashley , but Rhett says they lost any chance at reconciliation after Bonnie 's death . Scarlett begs him to stay but Rhett rebuffs her and walks out the door and into the early morning fog , leaving her weeping on the staircase and vowing to one day win back his love . Cast ( edit ) Despite receiving top - billing in the opening credits , Gable -- along with Leigh , Howard , and de Havilland who receive second , third and fourth billing respectively -- has a relatively low placing in the cast list , due to its unusual structure . Rather than ordered by conventional billing , the cast is broken down into three sections : the Tara plantation , Twelve Oaks , and Atlanta . The cast 's names are ordered according to the social rank of the characters ; therefore Thomas Mitchell , who plays Gerald O'Hara , leads the cast list as the head of the O'Hara family , while Barbara O'Neil as his wife receives the second credit and Vivien Leigh as the eldest daughter the third credit , despite having the most screen time . Similarly , Howard C. Hickman as John Wilkes is credited over Leslie Howard who plays his son , and Clark Gable , who plays only a visitor at Twelve Oaks , receives a relatively low credit in the cast list , despite being presented as the `` star '' of the film in all the promotional literature . Following the death of Mary Anderson -- who played Maybelle Merriwether -- in April 2014 , there are only two surviving credited cast members from the film : Olivia de Havilland who played Melanie Wilkes and Mickey Kuhn , who played her son Beau Wilkes . Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Tara plantation Thomas Mitchell as Gerald O'Hara Barbara O'Neil as Ellen O'Hara ( his wife ) Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara ( daughter ) Evelyn Keyes as Suellen O'Hara ( daughter ) Ann Rutherford as Carreen O'Hara ( daughter ) George Reeves as Brent Tarleton ( actually as Stuart ) Fred Crane as Stuart Tarleton ( actually as Brent ) Hattie McDaniel as Mammy ( house servant ) Oscar Polk as Pork ( house servant ) Butterfly McQueen as Prissy ( house servant ) Victor Jory as Jonas Wilkerson ( field overseer ) Everett Brown as Big Sam ( field foreman ) At Twelve Oaks Howard Hickman as John Wilkes Alicia Rhett as India Wilkes ( his daughter ) Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes ( his son ) Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Hamilton ( their cousin ) Rand Brooks as Charles Hamilton ( Melanie 's brother ) Carroll Nye as Frank Kennedy ( a guest ) Clark Gable as Rhett Butler ( a visitor from Charleston ) In Atlanta Laura Hope Crews as Aunt Pittypat Hamilton Eddie Anderson as Uncle Peter ( her coachman ) Harry Davenport as Doctor Meade Leona Roberts as Mrs. Meade Jane Darwell as Mrs. Merriwether Ona Munson as Belle Watling Minor supporting roles Paul Hurst as the Yankee deserter Cammie King Conlon as Bonnie Blue Butler J.M. Kerrigan as Johnny Gallagher Jackie Moran as Phil Meade Lillian Kemble - Cooper as Bonnie 's nurse in London Marcella Martin as Cathleen Calvert Mickey Kuhn as Beau Wilkes Irving Bacon as the Corporal William Bakewell as the mounted officer Isabel Jewell as Emmy Slattery Eric Linden as the amputation case Ward Bond as Tom , the Yankee captain Cliff Edwards as the reminiscent soldier Yakima Canutt as the renegade Louis Jean Heydt as the hungry soldier holding Beau Wilkes Olin Howland as the carpetbagger businessman Robert Elliott as the Yankee major Mary Anderson as Maybelle Merriwether Production ( edit ) Before publication of the novel , several Hollywood executives and studios declined to create a film based on it , including Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) , Pandro Berman at RKO Pictures , and David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures . Jack L. Warner liked the story , but Warner Bros. 's biggest star Bette Davis was uninterested , and Darryl Zanuck of 20th Century - Fox did not offer enough money . Selznick changed his mind after his story editor Kay Brown and business partner John Hay Whitney urged him to buy the film rights . In July 1936 -- a month after it was published -- Selznick bought the rights for $50,000 . Casting ( edit ) Publicity photo of Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh as Rhett and Scarlett The casting of the two lead roles became a complex , two - year endeavor . For the role of Rhett Butler , Selznick wanted Clark Gable from the start , but Gable was under contract to MGM , who never loaned him to other studios . Gary Cooper was considered , but Samuel Goldwyn -- to whom Cooper was under contract -- refused to loan him out . Warner offered a package of Bette Davis , Errol Flynn , and Olivia de Havilland for lead roles in return for the distribution rights . By this time , Selznick was determined to get Gable and eventually struck a deal with MGM . Selznick 's father - in - law , MGM chief Louis B. Mayer , offered in August 1938 to provide Gable and $1,250,000 for half of the film 's budget but for a high price : Selznick would have to pay Gable 's weekly salary , and half the profits would go to MGM while Loew 's , Inc -- MGM 's parent company -- would release the film . The arrangement to release through MGM meant delaying the start of production until the end of 1938 , when Selznick 's distribution deal with United Artists concluded . Selznick used the delay to continue to revise the script and , more importantly , build publicity for the film by searching for the role of Scarlett . Selznick began a nationwide casting call that interviewed 1,400 unknowns . The effort cost $100,000 and was useless for the film , but created `` priceless '' publicity . Early frontrunners included Miriam Hopkins and Tallulah Bankhead , who were regarded as possibilities by Selznick prior to the purchase of the film rights ; Joan Crawford , who was signed to MGM , was also considered as a potential pairing with Gable . After a deal was struck with MGM , Selznick held discussions with Norma Shearer -- who was MGM 's top female star at the time -- but she withdrew herself from consideration . Katharine Hepburn lobbied hard for the role with the support of her friend , George Cukor , who had been hired to direct , but she was vetoed by Selznick who felt she was not right for the part . Many famous -- or soon - to - be-famous -- actresses were considered , but only thirty - one women were actually screen - tested for Scarlett including Ardis Ankerson , Jean Arthur , Tallulah Bankhead , Diana Barrymore , Joan Bennett , Nancy Coleman , Frances Dee , Ellen Drew ( as Terry Ray ) , Paulette Goddard , Susan Hayward ( under her real name of Edythe Marrenner ) , Vivien Leigh , Anita Louise , Haila Stoddard , Margaret Tallichet , Lana Turner and Linda Watkins . Although Margaret Mitchell refused to publicly name her choice , the actress who came closest to winning her approval was Miriam Hopkins , who Mitchell felt was just the right type of actress to play Scarlett as written in the book . However , Hopkins was in her mid-thirties at the time and was considered too old for the part . Four actresses , including Jean Arthur and Joan Bennett , were still under consideration by December 1938 ; however , only two finalists , Paulette Goddard and Vivien Leigh , were tested in Technicolor , both on December 20 . Goddard almost won the role , but controversy over her marriage with Charlie Chaplin caused Selznick to change his mind . Selznick had been quietly considering Vivien Leigh , a young English actress who was still little known in America , for the role of Scarlett since February 1938 when Selznick saw her in Fire Over England and A Yank at Oxford . Leigh 's American agent was the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency ( headed by David Selznick 's brother , one of the owners of Selznick International ) , and she had requested in February that her name be submitted for consideration as Scarlett . By the summer of 1938 the Selznicks were negotiating with Alexander Korda , to whom Leigh was under contract , for her services later that year . Selznick 's brother arranged for them to meet for the first time on the night of December 10 , 1938 , when the burning of Atlanta was filmed . In a letter to his wife two days later , Selznick admitted that Leigh was `` the Scarlett dark horse '' , and after a series of screen tests , her casting was announced on January 13 , 1939 . Just before the shooting of the film , Selznick informed newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan : `` Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish . Identically , Miss Leigh 's parents are French and Irish . '' Screenplay ( edit ) Of original screenplay writer Sidney Howard , film historian Joanne Yeck writes , `` reducing the intricacies of Gone with the Wind 's epic dimensions was a herculean task ... and Howard 's first submission was far too long , and would have required at least six hours of film ; ... ( producer ) Selznick wanted Howard to remain on the set to make revisions ... but Howard refused to leave New England ( and ) as a result , revisions were handled by a host of local writers '' . Selznick dismissed director George Cukor three weeks into filming and sought out Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz at the time . Fleming was dissatisfied with the script , so Selznick brought in famed writer Ben Hecht to rewrite the entire screenplay within five days . Hecht returned to Howard 's original draft and by the end of the week had succeeded in revising the entire first half of the script . Selznick undertook rewriting the second half himself but fell behind schedule , so Howard returned to work on the script for one week , reworking several key scenes in part two . David O. Selznick in 1940 `` By the time of the film 's release in 1939 , there was some question as to who should receive screen credit , '' writes Yeck . `` But despite the number of writers and changes , the final script was remarkably close to Howard 's version . The fact that Howard 's name alone appears on the credits may have been as much a gesture to his memory as to his writing , for in 1939 Sidney Howard died at age 48 in a farm - tractor accident , and before the movie 's premiere . '' Selznick , in a memo written in October 1939 , discussed the film 's writing credits : `` ( Y ) ou can say frankly that of the comparatively small amount of material in the picture which is not from the book , most is my own personally , and the only original lines of dialog which are not my own are a few from Sidney Howard and a few from Ben Hecht and a couple more from John Van Druten . Offhand I doubt that there are ten original words of ( Oliver ) Garrett 's in the whole script . As to construction , this is about eighty per cent my own , and the rest divided between Jo Swerling and Sidney Howard , with Hecht having contributed materially to the construction of one sequence . '' According to Hecht biographer , William MacAdams , `` At dawn on Sunday , February 20 , 1939 , David Selznick ... and director Victor Fleming shook Hecht awake to inform him he was on loan from MGM and must come with them immediately and go to work on Gone with the Wind , which Selznick had begun shooting five weeks before . It was costing Selznick $50,000 each day the film was on hold waiting for a final screenplay rewrite and time was of the essence . Hecht was in the middle of working on the film At the Circus for the Marx Brothers . Recalling the episode in a letter to screenwriter friend Gene Fowler , he said he had n't read the novel but Selznick and director Fleming could not wait for him to read it . They would act out scenes based on Sidney Howard 's original script which needed to be rewritten in a hurry . Hecht wrote , `` After each scene had been performed and discussed , I sat down at the typewriter and wrote it out . Selznick and Fleming , eager to continue with their acting , kept hurrying me . We worked in this fashion for seven days , putting in eighteen to twenty hours a day . Selznick refused to let us eat lunch , arguing that food would slow us up . He provided bananas and salted peanuts ... thus on the seventh day I had completed , unscathed , the first nine reels of the Civil War epic . '' MacAdams writes , `` It is impossible to determine exactly how much Hecht scripted ... In the official credits filed with the Screen Writers Guild , Sidney Howard was of course awarded the sole screen credit , but four other writers were appended ... Jo Swerling for contributing to the treatment , Oliver H.P. Garrett and Barbara Keon to screenplay construction , and Hecht , to dialogue ... '' Filming ( edit ) Play media The `` burning '' of Atlanta from the film trailer Principal photography began January 26 , 1939 , and ended on July 1 , with post-production work continuing until November 11 , 1939 . Director George Cukor , with whom Selznick had a long working relationship , and who had spent almost two years in pre-production on Gone with the Wind , was replaced after less than three weeks of shooting . Selznick and Cukor had already disagreed over the pace of filming and the script , but other explanations put Cukor 's departure down to Gable 's discomfort at working with him . Emanuel Levy , Cukor 's biographer , claimed that Clark Gable had worked Hollywood 's gay circuit as a hustler and that Cukor knew of his past , so Gable used his influence to have him discharged . Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland learned of Cukor 's firing on the day the Atlanta bazaar scene was filmed , and the pair went to Selznick 's office in full costume and implored him to change his mind . Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz , was called in from MGM to complete the picture , although Cukor continued privately to coach Leigh and De Havilland . Another MGM director , Sam Wood , worked for two weeks in May when Fleming temporarily left the production due to exhaustion . Although some of Cukor 's scenes were later reshot , Selznick estimated that `` three solid reels '' of his work remained in the picture . As of the end of principal photography , Cukor had undertaken eighteen days of filming , Fleming ninety - three , and Wood twenty - four . Cinematographer Lee Garmes began the production , but on March 11 , 1939 -- after a month of shooting footage that Selznick and his associates regarded as `` too dark '' -- was replaced with Ernest Haller , working with Technicolor cinematographer Ray Rennahan . Garmes completed the first third of the film -- mostly everything prior to Melanie having the baby -- but did not receive a credit . Most of the filming was done on `` the back forty '' of Selznick International with all the location scenes being photographed in California , mostly in Los Angeles County or neighboring Ventura County . Tara , the fictional Southern plantation house , existed only as a plywood and papier - mâché facade built on the Selznick studio lot . For the burning of Atlanta , new false facades were built in front of the Selznick backlot 's many old abandoned sets , and Selznick himself operated the controls for the explosives that burned them down . Sources at the time put the estimated production costs at $3.85 million , making it the second most expensive film made up to that point , with only Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) having cost more . Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word `` damn '' in Butler 's exit line , in fact the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1 , 1939 , that forbade use of the words `` hell '' or `` damn '' except when their use `` shall be essential and required for portrayal , in proper historical context , of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work , provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste . '' With that amendment , the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett 's closing line . Music ( edit ) `` Tara 's Theme '' from the film trailer To compose the score , Selznick chose Max Steiner , with whom he had worked at RKO Pictures in the early 1930s . Warner Bros. -- who had contracted Steiner in 1936 -- agreed to lend him to Selznick . Steiner spent twelve weeks working on the score , the longest period that he had ever spent writing one , and at two hours and thirty - six minutes long it was also the longest that he had ever written . Five orchestrators were hired , including Hugo Friedhofer , Maurice de Packh , Bernard Kaun , Adolph Deutsch and Reginald Bassett . The score is characterized by two love themes , one for Ashley 's and Melanie 's sweet love and another that evokes Scarlett 's passion for Ashley , though notably there is no Scarlett and Rhett love theme . Steiner drew considerably on folk and patriotic music , which included Stephen Foster tunes such as `` Louisiana Belle , '' `` Dolly Day , '' `` Ringo De Banjo , '' `` Beautiful Dreamer , '' `` Old Folks at Home , '' and `` Katie Belle , '' which formed the basis of Scarlett 's theme ; other tunes that feature prominently are : `` Marching through Georgia '' by Henry Clay Work , `` Dixie , '' `` Garryowen '' and `` The Bonnie Blue Flag . '' The theme that is most associated with the film today is the melody that accompanies Tara , the O'Hara plantation ; in the early 1940s , `` Tara 's Theme '' formed the musical basis of the song `` My Own True Love '' by Mack David . In all , there are ninety - nine separate pieces of music featured in the score . Due to the pressure of completing on time , Steiner received some assistance in composing from Friedhofer , Deutsch and Heinz Roemheld , and in addition , two short cues -- by Franz Waxman and William Axt -- were taken from scores in the MGM library . Release ( edit ) Preview , premiere and initial release ( edit ) On September 9 , 1939 , Selznick , his wife , Irene , investor John `` Jock '' Whitney and film editor Hal Kern drove out to Riverside , California to preview it at the Fox Theatre . The film was still a rough cut at this stage , missing completed titles and lacking special optical effects . It ran for four hours and twenty - five minutes , but would later be cut down to under four hours for its proper release . A double bill of Hawaiian Nights and Beau Geste was playing , and after the first feature it was announced that the theater would be screening a preview ; the audience were informed they could leave but would not be readmitted once the film had begun , nor would phone calls be allowed once the theater had been sealed . When the title appeared on the screen the audience cheered , and after it had finished it received a standing ovation . In his biography of Selznick , David Thomson wrote that the audience 's response before the film had even started `` was the greatest moment of ( Selznick 's ) life , the greatest victory and redemption of all his failings '' , with Selznick describing the preview cards as `` probably the most amazing any picture has ever had . '' When Selznick was asked by the press in early September how he felt about the film , he said : `` At noon I think it 's divine , at midnight I think it 's lousy . Sometimes I think it 's the greatest picture ever made . But if it 's only a great picture , I 'll still be satisfied . '' The premiere of the film at Loew 's Grand , Atlanta About 300,000 people came out in Atlanta for the film 's premiere at the Loew 's Grand Theatre on December 15 , 1939 . It was the climax of three days of festivities hosted by Mayor William B. Hartsfield , which included a parade of limousines featuring stars from the film , receptions , thousands of Confederate flags and a costume ball . Eurith D. Rivers , the governor of Georgia , declared December 15 a state holiday . An estimated three hundred thousand residents and visitors to Atlanta lined the streets for up to seven miles to watch a procession of limousines bring the stars from the airport . Only Leslie Howard and Victor Fleming chose not to attend : Howard had returned to England due to the outbreak of World War II , and Fleming had fallen out with Selznick and declined to attend any of the premieres . Hattie McDaniel was also absent , as she and the other black cast members were prevented from attending the premiere due to Georgia 's Jim Crow laws , which would have kept them from sitting with their white colleagues . Upon learning that McDaniel had been barred from the premiere , Clark Gable threatened to boycott the event , but McDaniel convinced him to attend . President Jimmy Carter would later recall it as `` the biggest event to happen in the South in my lifetime . '' Premieres in New York and Los Angeles followed , the latter attended by some of the actresses that had been considered for the part of Scarlett , among them Paulette Goddard , Norma Shearer and Joan Crawford . From December 1939 to July 1940 , the film played only advance - ticket road show engagements at a limited number of theaters at prices upwards of $1 -- more than double the price of a regular first - run feature -- with MGM collecting an unprecedented 70 percent of the box office receipts ( as opposed to the typical 30 -- 35 percent of the period ) . After reaching saturation as a roadshow , MGM revised its terms to a 50 percent cut and halved the prices , before it finally entered general release in 1941 at `` popular '' prices . Along with its distribution and advertising costs , total expenditure on the film was as high as $7 million . 1967 re-release poster Later releases ( edit ) In 1942 , Selznick liquidated his company for tax reasons , and sold his share in Gone with the Wind to his business partner , John Whitney , for $500,000 . In turn , Whitney sold it on to MGM for $2.8 million , so that the studio owned the film outright . MGM immediately re-released the film in spring 1942 , and again in 1947 and 1954 ; the 1954 reissue was the first time the film was shown in widescreen , compromising the original Academy ratio and cropping the top and bottom to an aspect ratio of 1.75 : 1 . In doing so , a number of shots were optically re-framed and cut into the three - strip camera negatives , forever altering five shots in the film . A 1961 release commemorated the centennial anniversary of the start of the Civil War , and included a gala `` premiere '' at the Loew 's Grand Theater . It was attended by Selznick and many other stars of the film , including Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland ; Clark Gable had died the previous year . For its 1967 re-release , it was blown up to 70mm , and issued with updated poster artwork featuring Gable -- with his white shirt ripped open -- holding Leigh against a backdrop of orange flames . There were further re-releases in 1971 , 1974 and 1989 ; for the fiftieth anniversary reissue in 1989 , it was given a complete audio and video restoration . It was released theatrically one more time in the United States , in 1998 . In 2013 , a 4K digital restoration was released in the United Kingdom to coincide with Vivien Leigh 's centenary . In 2014 , special screenings were scheduled over a two - day period at theaters across the United States to coincide with the film 's 75th anniversary . Television and home video ( edit ) The film received its world television premiere on the HBO cable network on June 11 , 1976 , and played on the channel for a total of fourteen times throughout the rest of the month . It made its network television debut in November later that year : NBC paid $5 million for a one - off airing , and it was broadcast in two parts on successive evenings . It became at that time the highest - rated television program ever presented on a single network , watched by 47.5 percent of the households sampled in America , and 65 percent of television viewers , still the record for the highest rated film to ever air on television . In 1978 , CBS signed a deal worth $35 million to broadcast the film twenty times over as many years . Turner Entertainment acquired the MGM film library in 1986 , but the deal did not include the television rights to Gone with the Wind , which were still held by CBS . A deal was struck in which the rights were returned to Turner Entertainment and CBS 's broadcast rights to The Wizard of Oz were extended . It was used to launch two cable channels owned by Turner Broadcasting System : Turner Network Television ( 1988 ) and Turner Classic Movies ( 1994 ) . It debuted on videocassette in March 1985 , where it placed second in the sales charts , and has since been released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , consumer magazines and newspapers generally gave Gone with the Wind excellent reviews . However , while its production values , technical achievements , and scale of ambition were universally recognized , some reviewers of the time found the film to be too long and dramatically unconvincing . Frank S. Nugent for The New York Times best summed up the general sentiment by acknowledging that while it was the most ambitious film production made up to that point , it probably was not the greatest film ever made , but he nevertheless found it to be an `` interesting story beautifully told '' . Franz Hoellering of The Nation was of the same opinion : `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . There are moments when the two categories meet on good terms , but the long stretches between are filled with mere spectacular efficiency . '' `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . '' -- Franz Hoellering , reviewer for The Nation While the film was praised for its fidelity to the novel , this aspect was also singled out as the main factor in contributing to the lengthy running time . John C. Flinn wrote for Variety that Selznick had `` left too much in '' , and that as entertainment , the film would have benefited if repetitious scenes and dialog from the latter part of the story had been trimmed . The Manchester Guardian felt that the film 's one serious drawback was that the story lacked the epic quality to justify the outlay of time and found the second half , which focuses on Scarlett 's `` irrelevant marriages '' and `` domestic squabbles , '' mostly superfluous , and the sole reason for their inclusion had been `` simply because Margaret Mitchell wrote it that way '' . The Guardian believed that if `` the story had been cut short and tidied up at the point marked by the interval , and if the personal drama had been made subservient to a cinematic treatment of the central theme -- the collapse and devastation of the Old South -- then Gone With the Wind might have been a really great film . '' Likewise , Hoellering also found the second half of the film to be weaker than the first half : identifying the Civil War to be the driving force of the first part while the characters dominate in the second part , he concluded this is where the main fault of the picture lay , commenting that `` the characters alone do not suffice '' . Despite many excellent scenes , he considered the drama to be unconvincing and that the `` psychological development '' had been neglected . Much of the praise was reserved for the casting , with Vivien Leigh in particular being singled out for her performance as Scarlett . Nugent described her as the `` pivot of the picture '' and believed her to be `` so perfectly designed for the part by art and nature that any other actress in the role would be inconceivable '' . Similarly , Hoellering found her `` perfect '' in `` appearance and movements '' ; he felt her acting best when she was allowed to `` accentuate the split personality she portrays '' and thought she was particularly effective in such moments of characterization like the morning after the marital rape scene . Flinn also found Leigh suited to the role physically and felt she was best in the scenes where she displays courage and determination , such as the escape from Atlanta and when Scarlett kills a Yankee deserter . Leigh won in the Best Actress category for her performance at the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Awards . Of Clark Gable 's performance as Rhett Butler , Flinn felt the characterization was `` as close to Miss Mitchell 's conception -- and the audience 's -- as might be imagined '' , a view which Nugent concurred with , although Hoellering felt that Gable did n't quite convince in the closing scenes , as Rhett walks out on Scarlett in disgust . Of the other principal cast members , both Hoellering and Flinn found Leslie Howard to be `` convincing '' as the weak - willed Ashley , with Flinn identifying Olivia de Havilland as a `` standout '' as Melanie ; Nugent was also especially taken with de Havilland 's performance , describing it as a `` gracious , dignified , tender gem of characterization '' . Hattie McDaniel 's performance as Mammy was singled out for praise by many critics : Nugent believed she gave the best performance in the film after Vivien Leigh , with Flinn placing it third after Leigh 's and Gable 's performances . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 12th Academy Awards , Gone with the Wind set a record for Academy Award wins and nominations , winning in eight of the competitive categories it was nominated in , from a total of thirteen nominations . It won for Best Picture , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Editing , and received two further honorary awards for its use of equipment and color ( it also became the first color film to win Best Picture ) . Its record of eight competitive wins stood until Gigi ( 1958 ) won nine , and its overall record of ten was broken by Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) which won eleven . Gone with the Wind also held the record for most nominations until All About Eve ( 1950 ) secured fourteen . It was the longest American sound film made up to that point , and may still hold the record of the longest Best Picture winner depending on how it is interpreted . The running time for Gone with the Wind is just under 221 minutes , while Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) runs for just over 222 minutes ; however , including the overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music , Gone with the Wind lasts for 234 minutes ( although some sources put its full length at 238 minutes ) while Lawrence of Arabia comes in slightly shorter at 232 minutes with its additional components . Hattie McDaniel became the first African - American to win an Academy Award -- beating out her co-star Olivia de Havilland who was also nominated in the same category -- but was racially segregated from her co-stars at the awards ceremony at the Coconut Grove ; she and her escort were made to sit at a separate table at the back of the room . Meanwhile , screenwriter Sidney Howard became the first posthumous Oscar winner and Selznick personally received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his career achievements . Academy Awards and nominations Award Recipient ( s ) Result Best Picture Selznick International Pictures Won Best Director Victor Fleming Won Best Adapted Screenplay Sidney Howard Won Best Actor Clark Gable Nominated Best Actress Vivien Leigh Won Best Supporting Actress Hattie McDaniel Won Best Supporting Actress Olivia de Havilland Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Ernest Haller and Ray Rennahan Won Best Film Editing Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom Won Best Art Direction Lyle Wheeler Won Best Visual Effects Jack Cosgrove , Fred Albin and Arthur Johns Nominated Best Music , Original Score Max Steiner Nominated Best Sound Recording Thomas T. Moulton ( Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department ) Nominated Special Award William Cameron Menzies For outstanding achievement in the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood in the production of Gone with the Wind . Honorary Technical Achievement Award Don Musgrave and Selznick International Pictures For pioneering in the use of coordinated equipment in the production Gone with the Wind . Honorary Reactions from African - Americans ( edit ) Hattie McDaniel , the first African - American Oscar winner Black commentators criticised the film for its depiction of black people and as a glorification of slavery . Carlton Moss , a black dramatist , complained in an open letter that whereas The Birth of a Nation was a `` frontal attack on American history and the Negro people '' , Gone with the Wind was a `` rear attack on the same '' . He went on to dismiss it as a `` nostalgic plea for sympathy for a still living cause of Southern reaction '' . Moss further criticized the stereotypical black characterizations , such as the `` shiftless and dull - witted Pork '' , the `` indolent and thoroughly irresponsible Prissy '' , Big Sam 's `` radiant acceptance of slavery '' , and Mammy with her `` constant haranguing and doting on every wish of Scarlett '' . Following Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar win , Walter Francis White , leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , accused her of being an Uncle Tom . McDaniel responded that she would `` rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one '' ; she further questioned White 's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks , since he was light - skinned and only one - eighth black . Opinion in the black community was generally divided upon release , with the film being called by some a `` weapon of terror against black America '' and an insult to black audiences , and demonstrations were held in various cities . Even so , some sections of the black community recognized McDaniel 's achievements to be representative of progression : some African - Americans crossed picket lines and praised McDaniel 's warm and witty characterization , while others hoped that the industry 's recognition of her work would lead to increased visibility on screen for other black actors . In its editorial congratulation to McDaniel on winning her Academy Award , Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life used the film as reminder of the `` limit '' put on black aspiration by old prejudices . Malcolm X would later recall that `` when Butterfly McQueen went into her act , I felt like crawling under the rug '' . Audience response ( edit ) Upon its release , Gone with the Wind broke attendance records everywhere . At the Capitol Theatre in New York alone , it was averaging eleven thousand admissions per day in late December , and within four years of its release had sold an estimated sixty million tickets across the United States -- sales equivalent to just under half the population at the time . It repeated its success overseas , and was a sensational hit during the Blitz in London , opening in April 1940 and playing for four years . By the time MGM withdrew it from circulation at the end of 1943 its worldwide distribution had returned a gross rental ( the studio 's share of the box office gross ) of $32 million , making it the most profitable film ever made up to that point . Line up to see Gone with the Wind in Pensacola , Florida ( 1947 ) Even though it earned its investors roughly twice as much as the previous record - holder , The Birth of a Nation , the box - office performances of the two films were likely much closer . The bulk of the earnings from Gone with the Wind came from its roadshow and first - run engagements , which represented 70 percent and 50 percent of the box - office gross respectively , before entering general release ( which at the time typically saw the distributor 's share set at 30 -- 35 percent of the gross ) . In the case of The Birth of a Nation , its distributor , Epoch , sold off many of its distribution territories on a `` states rights '' basis -- which typically amounted to 10 percent of the box - office gross -- and Epoch 's accounts are only indicative of its own profits from the film , and not the local distributors . Carl E. Milliken , secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , estimated that The Birth of a Nation had been seen by fifty million people by 1930 . When it was re-released in 1947 , it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada , and was one of the top ten releases of the year . Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry 's top earner , despite strong challenges from more recent films such as Ben - Hur , but it was finally overtaken by The Sound of Music in 1966 . The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it , a decision that turned it into the most successful re-release in the history of the industry . It generated a box - office gross of $68 million , making it MGM 's most lucrative picture after Doctor Zhivago from the latter half of the decade . MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release , with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million , placing it second only to The Graduate for that year . Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue , it was the fourth highest - earner of the decade in the North American market , with only The Sound of Music , The Graduate and Doctor Zhivago making more for their distributors . A further re-release in 1971 allowed it to briefly recapture the record from The Sound of Music , bringing its total worldwide gross rental to about $116 million by the end of 1971 -- more than trebling its earnings from its initial release -- before losing the record again the following year to The Godfather . Across all releases , it is estimated that Gone with the Wind has sold over 200 million tickets in the United States and Canada , generating more theater admissions in that territory than any other film . The film was phenomenally successful in Western Europe too , generating approximately 35 million tickets in the United Kingdom and over 16 million in France , respectively becoming the biggest and sixth - biggest ticket - sellers in those markets . In total , Gone with the Wind has grossed over $390 million globally at the box office ; in 2007 Turner Entertainment estimated the gross to be equivalent to approximately $3.3 billion when adjusted for inflation to current prices , while Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014 , making it the most successful film in cinema history . The film remains immensely popular with audiences into the 21st century , having been voted the most popular film in two nationwide polls of Americans undertaken by Harris Interactive in 2008 , and again in 2014 . The market research firm surveyed over two thousand U.S. adults , with the results weighted by age , sex , race / ethnicity , education , region and household income so their proportions matched the composition of the adult population . Critical re-evaluation ( edit ) AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Rhett Butler , Hero -- Nominated Scarlett O'Hara , Hero -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn . '' -- # 1 `` After all , tomorrow is another day ! '' -- # 31 `` As God is my witness , I 'll never be hungry again . '' -- # 59 `` Fiddle - dee - dee . '' -- Nominated `` I do n't know nothin ' ' bout birthin ' babies . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 6 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Epic film American Film Institute In revisiting the film in the 1970s , Arthur Schlesinger noted that Hollywood films generally age well , revealing an unexpected depth or integrity , but in the case of Gone with the Wind time has not treated it kindly . Richard Schickel posits that one measure of a film 's quality is to ask what you can remember of it , and the film falls down in this regard : unforgettable imagery and dialogue are simply not present . Stanley Kauffmann , likewise , also found the film to be a largely forgettable experience , claiming he could only remember two scenes vividly . Both Schickel and Schlesinger put this down to it being `` badly written '' , in turn describing the dialogue as `` flowery '' and possessing a `` picture postcard '' sensibility . Schickel also believes the film fails as popular art , in that it has limited rewatch value -- a sentiment that Kauffmann also concurs with , stating that having watched it twice he hopes `` never to see it again : twice is twice as much as any lifetime needs '' . Both Schickel and Andrew Sarris identify the film 's main failing is in possessing a producer 's sensibility rather than an artistic one : having gone through so many directors and writers the film does not carry a sense of being `` created '' or `` directed '' , but rather having emerged `` steaming from the crowded kitchen '' , where the main creative force was a producer 's obsession in making the film as literally faithful to the novel as possible . Sarris concedes that despite its artistic failings , the film does hold a mandate around the world as the `` single most beloved entertainment ever produced '' . Judith Crist observes that , kitsch aside , the film is `` undoubtedly still the best and most durable piece of popular entertainment to have come off the Hollywood assembly lines '' , the product of a showman with `` taste and intelligence '' . Schlesinger notes that the first half of the film does have a `` sweep and vigor '' that aspire to its epic theme , but -- finding agreement with the film 's contemporary criticisms -- the personal lives take over in the second half , and it ends up losing its theme in unconvincing sentimentality . Kauffmann also finds interesting parallels with The Godfather , which had just replaced Gone with the Wind as the highest - grosser at the time : both were produced from `` ultra-American '' best - selling novels , both live within codes of honor that are romanticized , and both in essence offer cultural fabrication or revisionism . The critical perception of the film has shifted in the intervening years , which resulted in it being ranked 235th in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll in 2012 , and in 2015 sixty - two international film critics polled by the BBC voted it the 97th best American film . Industry recognition ( edit ) The film has featured in several high - profile industry polls : in 1977 it was voted the most popular film by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) , in a poll of the organization 's membership ; the AFI also ranked the film fourth on its `` 100 Greatest Movies '' list in 1998 , with it slipping down to sixth place in the tenth anniversary edition in 2007 . Film directors ranked it 322nd in the 2012 edition of the decennial Sight & Sound poll , and in 2016 it was selected as the ninth best `` directorial achievement '' in a Directors Guild of America members poll . In 2014 , it placed fifteenth in an extensive poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which ballotted every studio , agency , publicity firm and production house in the Hollywood region . Gone with the Wind was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress in 1989 for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Analysis ( edit ) Racial criticism ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been criticized as having perpetuated Civil War myths and black stereotypes . David Reynolds writes that `` The white women are elegant , their menfolk noble or at least dashing . And , in the background , the black slaves are mostly dutiful and content , clearly incapable of an independent existence . '' Reynolds likened Gone with the Wind to The Birth of a Nation and other re-imaginings of the South during the era of segregation , in which white Southerners are portrayed as defending traditional values and the issue of slavery is largely ignored . The film has been described as a `` regression '' that promotes the myth of the black rapist and the honourable and defensive role of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction , and as a `` social propaganda '' film offering a `` white supremacist '' view of the past . From 1972 to 1996 , the Atlanta Historical Society held a number of Gone with the Wind exhibits , among them a 1994 exhibit titled , `` Disputed Territories : Gone with the Wind and Southern Myths '' . One of the questions explored by the exhibit was `` How True to Life Were the Slaves in GWTW ? '' This section showed slave experiences were diverse and concluded that the `` happy darky '' was a myth , as was the belief that all slaves experienced violence and brutality . W. Bryan Rommel Ruiz has argued that despite factual inaccuracies in its depiction of the Reconstruction period , Gone with the Wind nevertheless reflects contemporary interpretations that were common in the early 20th century . One such viewpoint is reflected in a brief scene in which Mammy fends off a leering freedman : a government official can be heard offering bribes to the emancipated slaves for their votes . The inference is taken to be that freedmen are ignorant about politics and unprepared for freedom , unwittingly becoming the tools of corrupt Reconstruction officials . While perpetuating some Lost Cause myths , the film makes concessions in regard to others . After the attack on Scarlett in the shanty town , a group of men including Scarlett 's husband Frank , Rhett Butler and Ashley raid the town ; in the novel they belong to the Ku Klux Klan , representing the common trope of protecting the white woman 's virtue , but the filmmakers consciously neutralize the presence of the Klan in the film by referring to it only as a `` political meeting '' . Thomas Cripps reasons that the film in some respects undercuts racial stereotypes ; in particular , the film created greater engagement between Hollywood and black audiences , with dozens of movies making small gestures in recognition of the emerging trend . Only a few weeks after its initial run , a story editor at Warner wrote a memorandum to Walter Wanger about Mississippi Belle , a script that contained the worst excesses of plantation films , suggesting that Gone with the Wind had made the film `` unproducible '' . More than any film since The Birth of a Nation , it unleashed a variety of social forces that foreshadowed an alliance of white liberals and blacks who encouraged the expectation that blacks would one day achieve equality . According to Cripps , the film eventually became a template for measuring social change . In 2017 , Gone with the Wind was pulled from the schedule at the Orpheum Theatre in Memphis , Tennessee after a 34 - year run of annual showings due to its perceived racially insensitive content . Depiction of marital rape ( edit ) One of the most notorious and widely condemned scenes in Gone with the Wind depicts what is now legally defined as `` marital rape '' . The scene begins with Scarlett and Rhett at the bottom of the staircase , where he begins to kiss her , refusing to be told ' no ' by the struggling and frightened Scarlett ; Rhett overcomes her resistance and carries her up the stairs to the bedroom , where the audience is left in no doubt that she will `` get what 's coming to her '' . The next scene , the following morning , shows Scarlett glowing with barely suppressed sexual satisfaction ; Rhett apologizes for his behavior , blaming it on his drinking . The scene has been accused of combining romance and rape by making them indistinguishable from each other , and of reinforcing a notion about forced sex : that women secretly enjoy it , and it is an acceptable way for a man to treat his wife . Molly Haskell has argued that nevertheless , women are mostly uncritical of the scene , and that by and large it is consistent with what women have in mind if they fantasize about being raped . Their fantasies revolve around love and romance rather than forced sex ; they will assume that Scarlett was not an unwilling sexual partner and wanted Rhett to take the initiative and insist on having sexual intercourse . Legacy ( edit ) First Archivist of the United States R.D.W. Connor receiving the film Gone with the Wind from Senator Walter F. George of Georgia ( on the left ) and Loew 's Eastern Division Manager Carter Barron , 1941 In popular culture ( edit ) Gone with the Wind and its production have been explicitly referenced , satirized , dramatized and analyzed on numerous occasions across a range of media , from contemporaneous works such as Second Fiddle -- a 1939 film spoofing the `` search for Scarlett '' -- to current television shows , such as The Simpsons . The Scarlett O'Hara War ( a 1980 television dramatization of the casting of Scarlett ) , Moonlight and Magnolias ( a 2007 play by Ron Hutchinson that dramatizes Ben Hecht 's five - day re-write of the script ) , and `` Went with the Wind ! '' ( a sketch on The Carol Burnett Show that parodied the film in the aftermath of its television debut in 1976 ) are among the more noteworthy examples of its enduring presence in popular culture . It was also the subject of a 1988 documentary , The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind , detailing the film 's difficult production history . In 1990 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp depicting Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh embracing in a scene from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Following publication of her novel , Margaret Mitchell was inundated with requests for a sequel but claimed to not have a notion of what happened to Scarlett and Rhett , and that she had `` left them to their ultimate fate '' . Mitchell continued to resist pressure from Selznick and MGM to write a sequel until her death in 1949 . In 1975 , her brother , Stephens Mitchell ( who assumed control of her estate ) , authorized a sequel to be jointly produced by MGM and Universal Studios on a budget of $12 million . Anne Edwards was commissioned to write the sequel as a novel which would then be adapted into a screenplay , and published in conjunction with the film 's release . Edwards submitted a 775 - page manuscript entitled Tara , The Continuation of Gone with the Wind , set between 1872 and 1882 focusing on Scarlett 's divorce from Rhett ; MGM was not satisfied with the story and the deal collapsed . The idea was revived in the 1990s , when a sequel was finally produced in 1994 , in the form of a television miniseries . Scarlett was based upon the novel by Alexandra Ripley , itself a sequel to Mitchell 's book . British actors Joanne Whalley and Timothy Dalton were cast as Scarlett and Rhett , and the series follows Scarlett 's relocation to Ireland after again becoming pregnant by Rhett . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring slavery References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Loews was the parent company of MGM . ^ Jump up to : The credits at the start of the film contain an error : George Reeves is listed `` as Brent Tarleton '' , but plays Stuart , while Fred Crane is listed `` as Stuart Tarleton '' , but plays Brent . Jump up ^ From a private letter from journalist and on - set technical advisor Susan Myrick to Margaret Mitchell in February 1939 : George ( Cukor ) finally told me all about it . He hated ( leaving the production ) very much he said but he could not do otherwise . In effect he said he is an honest craftsman and he can not do a job unless he knows it is a good job and he feels the present job is not right . For days , he told me he has looked at the rushes and felt he was failing ... the thing did not click as it should . Gradually he became convinced that the script was the trouble ... David ( Selznick ) , himself , thinks HE is writing the script ... And George has continually taken script from day to day , compared the ( Oliver ) Garrett - Selznick version with the ( Sidney ) Howard , groaned and tried to change some parts back to the Howard script . But he seldom could do much with the scene ... So George just told David he would not work any longer if the script was not better and he wanted the Howard script back . David told George he was a director -- not an author and he ( David ) was the producer and the judge of what is a good script ... George said he was a director and a damn good one and he would not let his name go out over a lousy picture ... And bull - headed David said `` OK get out ! '' Selznick had already been unhappy with Cukor ( `` a very expensive luxury '' ) for not being more receptive to directing other Selznick assignments , even though Cukor had remained on salary since early 1937 . In a confidential memo written in September 1938 , Selznick flirted with the idea of replacing him with Victor Fleming. Louis B. Mayer had been trying to have Cukor replaced with an MGM director since negotiations between the two studios began in May 1938 . In December 1938 , Selznick wrote to his wife about a phone call he had with Mayer : `` During the same conversation , your father made another stab at getting George off of Gone With the Wind . '' Jump up ^ Time also reports that Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) -- directed by Howard Hughes -- cost more , but this was later revealed to be a fallacy ; the accounts for Hell 's Angels show it cost $2.8 million , but Hughes publicized it as costing $4 million , selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made up to that point . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Gone With the Wind '' . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ; Pafort - Overduin , Clara ( 2011 ) . Movie History : A Survey ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 144 . ISBN 9781136835254 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedrich , Otto ( 1986 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20949 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Purchase '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Chronology '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( February 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part I '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Notes '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff . `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Girls Tested for the Role of Scarlett '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1980 ) . David O. Selznick 's Hollywood . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 42595 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratt , William ( 1977 ) . Scarlett Fever . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 73 -- 74 , 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 598560 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marianne ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind . Peachtree Publishers . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56145 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Selznick , David O. ( January 7 , 1939 ) . `` The Search for Scarlett : Vivien Leigh -- Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeck , Joanne ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of Literary Biography . American Screenwriters . Gale . ^ Jump up to : Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . pp. 64 -- 69 , 127 & 161 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Selznick , David O. ( 1938 -- 1939 ) . Behlmer , Rudy , ed . Memo from David O. Selznick : the creation of Gone with the wind and other motion picture classics , as revealed in the producer 's private letters , telegrams , memorandums , and autobiographical remarks . New York : Modern Library ( published 2000 ) . pp. 179 -- 180 & 224 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75531 - 6 . Jump up ^ MacAdams , William ( 1990 ) . Ben Hecht . New York : Barricade Books . pp. 199 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 028 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Myrick , Susan ( 1982 ) . White Columns in Hollywood : Reports from the GWTW Sets . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 044 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 2005 ) . Lion of Hollywood : The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer . Robson Books . pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 892 - 8 . Jump up ^ Capua , Michelangelo ( 2003 ) . Vivien Leigh : A Biography . McFarland & Company . pp. 59 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1497 - 0 . Jump up ^ Turner , Adrian ( 1989 ) . A celebration of Gone with the wind . Dragon 's World . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Molt , Cynthia Marylee ( 1990 ) . Gone with the Wind on Film : A Complete Reference . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . pp. 272 -- 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Herb ( 1998 ) . The Filming of Gone with the Wind . Mercer University Press . PT4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 621 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema : G With the W '' . Time . December 25 , 1939 . pp. 1 -- 2 & 7 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The speed of sound : Hollywood and the talkie revolution , 1926 -- 1930 . Simon & Schuster . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81162 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leff , Leonard J. ; Simmons , Jerold L. ( 2001 ) . The Dame in the Kimono : Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code . University Press of Kentucky . p. 108 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence E. ( 1998 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880157 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alison ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Inland Empire cities were once ' in ' with Hollywood for movie previews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 1992 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56833 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( March 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part II '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 265 ( 6 ) . pp. 56 -- 72 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Warren G. ( 2002 ) . Clark Gable : A Biography . Harmony Books . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Cravens , Hamilton ( 2009 ) . Great Depression : People and Perspectives . Perspectives in American Social History . ABC - CLIO . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 093 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22130 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1993 ) . David O. Selznick 's Gone with the wind . New York : Random House . pp. 84 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ellen F. ; Wiley , John , Jr. ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 287 , 293 & 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 527 - 3 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 2000 ) . Historical Dictionary of the 1950s . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30619 - 8 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 2005 ) . The New Hollywood : From Bonnie And Clyde To Star Wars . Short Cuts. 30 . Wallflower Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904764 - 58 - 8 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Geoff . `` Gone with the Wind '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fristoe , Roger . `` Gone with the Wind : 75th Anniversary -- Screenings and Events '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth R. ( September 29 , 1988 ) . `` Tnt Rides In On ' Gone With Wind ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert , Osborne . `` Robert Osborne on TCM 's 15th Anniversary '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; David Selznick 's ' Gone With the Wind ' Has Its Long - Awaited Premiere at Astor and Capitol , Recalling Civil War and Plantation Days of South -- Seen as Treating Book With Great Fidelity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hoellering , Franz ( 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Nation ( published December 16 , 2008 ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Flinn , John C. , Sr. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From the archive , 28 May 1940 : Gone with the wind at the Gaiety '' . The Manchester Guardian ( published May 28 , 2010 ) . May 28 , 1940 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Critics Circle Awards -- 1939 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results page -- 1939 ( 12th ) '' . Academy Awards database . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Randall , David ; Clark , Heather ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Oscars -- cinema 's Golden Night : The ultimate bluffer 's guide to Hollywood 's big night '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cutler , David ( February 22 , 2013 ) . Goldsmith , Belinda ; Zargham , Mohammad , eds . `` Factbox : Key historical facts about the Academy Awards '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Page : Famous Quotes '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Academy Awards : Best Picture -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . AMC Networks . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` 17 Unusual Oscar Records -- Longest Film ( Running Time ) to Win an Award : 431 Minutes '' . Time . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 2010 ) . Frankly , My Dear : Gone With the Wind Revisited . Icons of America . Yale University Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16437 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lupack , Barbara Tepa ( 2002 ) . Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema : From Oscar Micheaux to Toni Morrison . University of Rochester Press . pp. 209 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 103 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , David ( 2009 ) . America , Empire of Liberty : A New History . Penguin UK . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 190856 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' vs. ' Gone With the Wind '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the 1940 Census '' . Official 1940 Census Website . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Movie Doings '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 1944 . X3 . ^ Jump up to : Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . pp. 47 , 356 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Melvyn ( 2008 ) . D.W. Griffith 's the Birth of a Nation : A History of the Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 & 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533678 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grieveson , Lee ( 2004 ) . Policing Cinema : Movies and Censorship in Early - Twentieth - Century America . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . Cambridge University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , spectacles , and blockbusters : a Hollywood history . Wayne State University Press . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( May 6 , 1971 ) . `` Reissues playing big role in movie marketing today '' . The Register - Guard . Associated Press . p. 9E . Jump up ^ Kay , Eddie Dorman ( 1990 ) . Box office champs : the most popular movies of the last 50 years . Random House Value Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 69212 - 7 . Jump up ^ Akhmatova , Anna ( 1973 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses -- Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind tops film list '' . BBC News . November 28 , 2004 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Film Chart '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 tous les temps en France ( Reprises incluses ) '' . JP 's Box - Office . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highest box office film gross -- inflation adjusted '' . Guinness World Records . 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corso , Regina A. ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon - Missal , Larry ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Gone but Not Forgotten : Gone with the Wind is Still America 's Favorite Movie '' ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur ( March 1973 ) . `` Time , alas , has treated Gone With the Wind cruelly '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 64 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schickel , Richard ( March 1973 ) . `` Glossy , Sentimental , Chuckle - headed '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 71 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kauffman , Stanley ( March 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Is Still Popular '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 61 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarris , Andrew ( March 1973 ) . `` This moviest of All Movies '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 58 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( March 1973 ) . `` Glorious Excesses '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 67 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Votes for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Culture ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . June 1998 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 Best - Directed Films '' . Directors Guild of America . Spring 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Nominate '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vera , Hernán ; Gordon , Andrew Mark ( 2003 ) . Screen Saviors : Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. viii & 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9947 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silk , Catherine ; Silk , Johnk ( 1990 ) . Racism and Anti-Racism in American Popular Culture : Portrayals of African - Americans in Fiction and Film . Manchester University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3070 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Jennifer W. ( 2014 ) . A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory . University of Arkansas Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 657 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , W. Bryan Rommel ( 2010 ) . American History Goes to the Movies : Hollywood and the American Experience . Taylor & Francis . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 83373 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Reconstructing American Historical Cinema : From Cimarron to Citizen Kane . University Press of Kentucky . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 7147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gone With the Wind ' screenings pulled from Memphis theater for racially ' insensitive ' content '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian staff and agencies ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Theatre in Memphis pulls ' racially insensitive ' Gone With the Wind '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , John ; Haenni , Sabine , eds. ( 2009 ) . Fifty Key American Films . Routledge Key Guides . Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 89113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Eugene W. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Bill of Rights : Original Meaning and Current Understanding . University of Virginia Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1336 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Paludi , Michele A. ( 2012 ) . The Psychology of Love . Women 's Psychology . 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. xxvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39315 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Julie A. ; Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 1993 ) . Rape : The Misunderstood Crime ( 2 ed . ) . Sage Publications . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 3707 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pagelow , Mildred Daley ; Pagelow , Lloyd W. ( 1984 ) . Family Violence . Praeger special studies . ABC - CLIO . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 91623 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frus , Phyllis ( 2001 ) . `` Documenting Domestic Violence in American Films '' . In Slocum , J. David . Violence in American Cinema . Afi Film Readers . Routledge . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( July 1 , 1939 ) . `` Second Fiddle ( 1939 ) The Screen ; ' Second Fiddle , ' With Tyrone Power and Sonja Heine , Opens at the Roxy -- Reports on New Foreign Films '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gómez - Galisteo , M. Carmen ( 2011 ) . The Wind Is Never Gone : Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . McFarland & Company . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5927 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarlett O'Hara War ( 1980 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Moonlight and Magnolias : Comedy captures the birth of a movie classic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thames , Stephanie . `` The Making Of A Legend : Gone With The Wind ( 1988 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Postal Service Goes Hollywood , Puts Legendary Stars on Stamp '' . The Daily Gazette . p . B9 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett ( 1994 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Further reading Bridges , Herb ( 1999 ) . Gone with the Wind : The Three - Day Premiere in Atlanta . Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 672 - 1 . Cameron , Judy ; Christman , Paul J ( 1989 ) . The Art of Gone with the Wind : The Making of a Legend . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 046740 - 9 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1996 ) . On the Road to Tara : The Making of Gone with the Wind . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3684 - 3 . Lambert , Gavin ( 1973 ) . GWTW : The Making of Gone With the Wind . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51284 - 8 . Vertrees , Alan David ( 1997 ) . Selznick 's Vision : Gone with the Wind and Hollywood Filmmaking . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78729 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gone with the Wind ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone with the Wind ( film ) Gone with the Wind on IMDb Gone with the Wind at the TCM Movie Database Gone with the Wind at the TCM Mediaroom Gone with the Wind at Rotten Tomatoes William Hartsfield and Russell Bellman premiere films at the Atlanta History Center . Producing Gone with the Wind web exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center Gone with the Wind article series at The Atlantic Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Filmography of David O. Selznick Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) VIAF : 316751645 LCCN : n79066095 GND : 4157913 - 6 SUDOC : 029532302 BNF : cb121139094 ( data ) BNE : XX3849848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)&oldid=833079963 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films Works based on Gone with the Wind 1930s historical films 1930s romance films 1930s romantic drama films American films American Civil War films American epic films Epic films based on actual events American romantic drama films Best Picture Academy Award winners Culture of Atlanta Films scored by Max Steiner Films about American slavery Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by David O. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did gone with the wind won 10 academy awards	[ "The film received positive reviews upon its release, in December 1939, although some reviewers found it overlong. The casting was widely praised, and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett. At the 12th Academy Awards, it received ten Academy Awards (eight competitive, two honorary) from thirteen nominations, including wins for Best Picture, Best Director (Fleming), Best Adapted Screenplay (posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard), Best Actress (Leigh), and Best Supporting Actress (Hattie McDaniel, becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film was immensely popular, becoming the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history." ]	[ "At the 12th Academy Awards" ]
5363788310191655935	Probability mass function	Probability mass function - wikipedia Probability mass function Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The graph of a probability mass function . All the values of this function must be non-negative and sum up to 1 . In probability and statistics , a probability mass function ( pmf ) is a function that gives the probability that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value . The probability mass function is often the primary means of defining a discrete probability distribution , and such functions exist for either scalar or multivariate random variables whose domain is discrete . A probability mass function differs from a probability density function ( pdf ) in that the latter is associated with continuous rather than discrete random variables ; the values of the probability density function are not probabilities as such : a pdf must be integrated over an interval to yield a probability . The value of the random variable having the largest probability mass is called the mode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formal definition 2 Measure theoretic formulation 3 Examples 3.1 Finite 3.2 Countably infinite 4 Multivariate case 5 References 6 Further reading Formal definition ( edit ) Suppose that X : S → A ( A ⊆ ( \ displaystyle \ subseteq ) R ) is a discrete random variable defined on a sample space S. Then the probability mass function f : A → ( 0 , 1 ) for X is defined as f X ( x ) = Pr ( X = x ) = Pr ( ( s ∈ S : X ( s ) = x ) ) . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) ( x ) = \ Pr ( X = x ) = \ Pr ( \ ( s \ in S : X ( s ) = x \ ) ) . ) Thinking of probability as mass helps to avoid mistakes since the physical mass is conserved as is the total probability for all hypothetical outcomes x : ∑ x ∈ A f X ( x ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( x \ in A ) f_ ( X ) ( x ) = 1 ) When there is a natural order among the potential outcomes x , it may be convenient to assign numerical values to them ( or n - tuples in case of a discrete multivariate random variable ) and to consider also values not in the image of X . That is , f may be defined for all real numbers and f ( x ) = 0 for all x ∉ ( \ displaystyle \ notin ) X ( S ) as shown in the figure . Since the image of X is countable , the probability mass function f ( x ) is zero for all but a countable number of values of x . The discontinuity of probability mass functions is related to the fact that the cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable , when it is meaningful because there is a natural ordering , is also discontinuous . Where it is differentiable , the derivative is zero , just as the probability mass function is zero at all such points . Measure theoretic formulation ( edit ) A probability mass function of a discrete random variable X can be seen as a special case of two more general measure theoretic constructions : the distribution of X and the probability density function of X with respect to the counting measure . We make this more precise below . Suppose that ( A , A , P ) ( \ displaystyle ( A , ( \ mathcal ( A ) ) , P ) ) is a probability space and that ( B , B ) ( \ displaystyle ( B , ( \ mathcal ( B ) ) ) ) is a measurable space whose underlying σ - algebra is discrete , so in particular contains singleton sets of B. In this setting , a random variable X : A → B ( \ displaystyle X \ colon A \ to B ) is discrete provided its image is countable . The pushforward measure X ∗ ( P ) ( \ displaystyle X_ ( * ) ( P ) ) -- - called a distribution of X in this context -- - is a probability measure on B whose restriction to singleton sets induces a probability mass function f X : B → R ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) \ colon B \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) since f X ( b ) = P ( X − 1 ( b ) ) = ( X ∗ ( P ) ) ( ( b ) ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) ( b ) = P ( X ^ ( - 1 ) ( b ) ) = ( X_ ( * ) ( P ) ) ( \ ( b \ ) ) ) for each b in B . Now suppose that ( B , B , μ ) ( \ displaystyle ( B , ( \ mathcal ( B ) ) , \ mu ) ) is a measure space equipped with the counting measure μ . The probability density function f of X with respect to the counting measure , if it exists , is the Radon - Nikodym derivative of the pushforward measure of X ( with respect to the counting measure ) , so f = d X ∗ P / d μ ( \ displaystyle f = dX_ ( * ) P / d \ mu ) and f is a function from B to the non-negative reals . As a consequence , for any b in B we have P ( X = b ) = P ( X − 1 ( ( b ) ) ) : = ∫ X − 1 ( ( b ) ) d P = ( \ displaystyle P ( X = b ) = P ( X ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ ( b \ ) ) ) : = \ int _ ( X ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ ( b \ ) ) ) dP = ) ∫ ( b ) f d μ = f ( b ) , ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( \ ( b \ ) ) fd \ mu = f ( b ) , ) demonstrating that f is in fact a probability mass function . Examples ( edit ) Finite ( edit ) The probability mass function of a fair die . All the numbers on the die have an equal chance of appearing on top when the die stops rolling . If the discrete distribution has two or more categories one of which may occur , whether or not these categories have a natural ordering , when there is only a single trial ( draw ) this is a categorical distribution . Suppose that S is the sample space of all outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin , and X is the random variable defined on S assigning 0 to the category `` tails '' and 1 to the category `` heads '' . Since the coin is fair , the probability mass function is f X ( x ) = ( 1 2 , x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , 0 , x ∉ ( 0 , 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) , &x \ in \ ( 0 , 1 \ ) , \ \ 0 , &x \ notin \ ( 0 , 1 \ ). \ end ( cases ) ) ) This is a special case of the binomial distribution , the Bernoulli distribution . An example of a multivariate discrete distribution , and of its probability mass function , is provided by the multinomial distribution . Here the multiple random variables are the numbers of successes in each of the categories after a given number of trials , and each non-zero probability mass gives the probability of a certain combination of numbers of successes in the various categories . Countably infinite ( edit ) The following exponentially declining distribution is an example of a distribution with an infinite number of possible outcomes -- all the positive integers : Pr ( X = i ) = 1 2 i for i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Pr ) ) ( X = i ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( i ) ) ) \ quad ( \ text ( for ) ) \ quad i = 1 , 2 , 3 , \ dots . ) Despite the infinite number of possible outcomes , the total probability mass is 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + ... = 1 , satisfying the unit total probability requirement for a probability distribution . Multivariate case ( edit ) Main article : Joint probability distribution Two or more discrete random variables have a joint probability mass function , which gives the probability of each possible combination of realizations for the random variables . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , William J. ( 2011 ) . Probability , Markov Chains , Queues , and Simulation : The Mathematical Basis of Performance Modeling . Princeton University Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 3281 - 1 . Jump up ^ Probability Function at Mathworld Jump up ^ Kumar , Dinesh ( 2006 ) . Reliability & Six Sigma . Birkhäuser . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 30255 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rao , S.S. ( 1996 ) . Engineering optimization : theory and practice . John Wiley & Sons . p. 717 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 55034 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Johnson , N.L. , Kotz , S. , Kemp A. ( 1993 ) Univariate Discrete Distributions ( 2nd Edition ) . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54897 - 9 ( p 36 ) ( hide ) Theory of probability distributions probability mass function ( pmf ) probability density function ( pdf ) cumulative distribution function ( cdf ) quantile function raw moment central moment mean variance standard deviation skewness kurtosis L - moment moment - generating function ( mgf ) characteristic function probability - generating function ( pgf ) cumulant combinant Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probability_mass_function&oldid=803218519 '' Categories : Types of probability distributions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 05 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	state the difference between pdf and pmf in probability distribution	[]	[]
-2150641637173487522	Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup	Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Costa Rica 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final . Costa Rica have qualified for five FIFA World Cup finals , namely in 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 and 2018 . Their best performance to date was in the 2014 edition , where they reached the quarter - finals . Contents 1 Record 1.1 FIFA World Cup Record by Country 2 Matches 2.1 1990 FIFA World Cup 2.2 2002 FIFA World Cup 2.3 2006 FIFA World Cup 2.4 2014 FIFA World Cup 2.5 2018 FIFA World Cup 3 Record Players 4 Top Goalscorers 5 Individual Awards 6 References 7 External links Record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 Round of 16 13th 0 6 Did not qualify 1998 2002 Group stage 19th 5 6 2006 Group stage 31st 0 0 9 Did not qualify 2014 Quarter - finals 8th 5 0 5 2018 Group stage 29th 0 5 2022 To be determined Total 5 / 21 -- 15 5 5 8 19 28 FIFA World Cup Record by Country ( edit ) FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent Wins Draws Losses Total Goals Scored Goals Conceded Brazil 0 0 8 China PR 0 0 0 Czechoslovakia 0 0 Ecuador 0 0 0 England 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 Greece 0 0 Italy 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 Poland 0 0 Scotland 0 0 0 Serbia 0 0 0 Sweden 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 Turkey 0 0 Uruguay 0 0 Matches ( edit ) 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Costa Rica v Scotland 11 June 1990 Group Stage Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Scotland show Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 17 : 00 Cayasso 49 ' Report Attendance : 30,867 Referee : Juan Carlos Loustau ( Argentina ) Brazil v Costa Rica 16 June 1990 Group Stage Brazil 1 -- 0 Costa Rica show Stadio Delle Alpi , Turin 17 : 00 Müller 33 ' Report Attendance : 58,007 Referee : Neji Jouini ( Tunisia ) Costa Rica v Sweden 20 June 1990 Group Stage Costa Rica 2 -- 1 Sweden show Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 21 : 00 Flores 75 ' Medford 88 ' Report Ekström 32 ' Attendance : 30,223 Referee : Zoran Petrović ( Yugoslavia ) Czechoslovakia v Costa Rica 23 June 1990 Round of 16 Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Costa Rica show Stadio San Nicola , Bari 21 : 00 Skuhravý 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Kubík 75 ' Report González 54 ' Attendance : 47,673 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Costa Rica v China PR 4 June 2002 Group Stage Costa Rica 2 -- 0 China PR show Gwangju , South Korea 15 : 30 Gómez 61 ' Wright 65 ' Report Stadium : Gwangju World Cup Stadium Attendance : 27,217 Referee : Kyros Vassaras ( Greece ) Costa Rica v Turkey 9 June 2002 Group Stage Costa Rica 1 -- 1 Turkey show Incheon , South Korea 18 : 00 Parks 86 ' Report 56 ' Belözoğlu Stadium : Incheon Munhak Stadium Attendance : 42,299 Referee : Coffi Codjia ( Benin ) Costa Rica v Brazil 13 June 2002 Group Stage Costa Rica 2 -- 5 Brazil show Suwon , South Korea 15 : 30 Wanchope 22 ' Gómez 56 ' Report 10 ' , 13 ' Ronaldo 38 ' Edmílson 62 ' Rivaldo 64 ' Júnior Stadium : Suwon World Cup Stadium Attendance : 38,524 Referee : Gamal Al - Ghandour ( Egypt ) 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany v Costa Rica 9 June 2006 Group Stage Germany 4 -- 2 Costa Rica show Munich 18 : 00 Lahm 6 ' Klose 17 ' , 61 ' Frings 87 ' Report 12 ' , 73 ' Wanchope Stadium : FIFA WM Stadion München Attendance : 66,000 Referee : Horacio Elizondo ( Argentina ) Ecuador v Costa Rica 15 June 2006 Group Stage Ecuador 3 -- 0 Costa Rica show Hamburg 15 : 00 C. Tenorio 8 ' Delgado 54 ' Kaviedes 90 + 2 ' Report Stadium : FIFA WM Stadion Hamburg Attendance : 50,000 Referee : Coffi Codjia ( Benin ) Costa Rica v Poland 20 June 2006 Group Stage Costa Rica 1 -- 2 Poland show Hanover 16 : 00 Gómez 25 ' Report 33 ' , 65 ' Bosacki Stadium : FIFA WM Stadion Hannover Attendance : 43,000 Referee : Shamsul Maidin ( Singapore ) 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Uruguay v Costa Rica 14 June 2014 Group Stage Uruguay 1 -- 3 Costa Rica show Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Cavani 24 ' ( pen . ) Report Campbell 54 ' Duarte 57 ' Ureña 84 ' Attendance : 58,679 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Italy v Costa Rica 20 June 2014 Group Stage Italy 0 -- 1 Costa Rica show Arena Pernambuco , Recife 13 : 00 UTC − 3 Report Ruiz 44 ' Attendance : 40,285 Referee : Enrique Osses ( Chile ) Costa Rica v England 24 June 2014 Group Stage Costa Rica 0 -- 0 England show Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte 13 : 00 UTC − 3 Report Attendance : 57,823 Referee : Djamel Haimoudi ( Algeria ) Costa Rica v Greece 29 June 2014 Round of 16 Costa Rica 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) Greece show Arena Pernambuco , Recife 17 : 00 Ruiz 52 ' Report Papastathopoulos 90 + 1 ' Attendance : 41,242 Referee : Ben Williams ( Australia ) Penalties Borges Ruiz González Campbell Umaña Mitroglou Christodoulopoulos Holebas Gekas Netherlands v Costa Rica 5 July 2014 Quarter - finals Netherlands 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Costa Rica show Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador 17 : 00 Report Attendance : 51,179 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Penalties Van Persie Robben Sneijder Kuyt Borges Ruiz González Bolaños Umaña 2018 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Costa Rica v Serbia 17 June 2018 Group Stage Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia show Cosmos Arena , Samara 16 : 00 UTC + 4 Report Kolarov 56 ' Attendance : 41,432 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Brazil v Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Group Stage Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica show Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg 15 : 00 UTC + 3 Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Switzerland v Costa Rica 27 June 2018 Group Stage Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica show Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod 21 : 00 UTC + 3 Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. ) Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Record Players ( edit ) Christian Bolaños , Costa Rica 's record World Cup player No . Name Matches World Cups Christian Bolaños 9 2006 , 2014 and 2018 Celso Borges 8 2014 and 2018 Cristian Gamboa 8 2014 and 2018 Giancarlo González 8 2014 and 2018 Keylor Navas 8 2014 and 2018 Bryan Ruiz 8 2014 and 2018 7 Michael Umaña 7 2006 and 2014 Joel Campbell 7 2014 and 2018 9 Walter Centeno 6 2002 and 2006 Rónald Gómez 6 2002 and 2006 Luis Marín 6 2002 and 2006 Mauricio Solís 6 2002 and 2006 Paulo Wanchope 6 2002 and 2006 Óscar Duarte 6 2014 and 2018 Yeltsin Tejeda 6 2014 and 2018 Marco Ureña 6 2014 and 2018 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad 2018 FIFA World Cup squad Top goalscorers ( edit ) A list of the top goalscorers for Costa Rica in the FIFA World Cup . Joel Campbell , Óscar Duarte , Marco Ureña and Bryan Ruiz all scored in Costa Rica 's 2014 World Cup campaign . No . Name Goals World Cup Rónald Gómez 2002 ( 2 ) and 2006 ( 1 ) Paulo Wanchope 2002 ( 1 ) and 2006 ( 2 ) Bryan Ruiz 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 1 ) Juan Cayasso 1990 Róger Flores 1990 Rónald González 1990 Hernán Medford 1990 Winston Parks 2002 Mauricio Wright 2002 Joel Campbell 2014 Óscar Duarte 2014 Marco Ureña 2014 Kendall Waston 2018 Individual Awards ( edit ) Golden Glove 1990 : Luis Gabelo Conejo ( shared ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) FIFA.com -- Costa Rica on FIFA.com Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rica_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850798215 '' Categories : Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Costa Rica national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does costa rica play in world cup	[]	[]
-4854947599188609321	TNT equivalent	TNT equivalent - wikipedia TNT equivalent `` Kiloton '' redirects here . For the similarly named weight measurements , see Tonne . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diagram of explosive yield vs mushroom cloud height , illustrating the difference between 22 kiloton Fat Man and 15 megaton Castle Bravo explosions TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy , typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion . The `` ton of TNT '' is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184 gigajoules , which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton ( 1,000 kilograms or one megagram ) of TNT . In other words , for each gram of TNT exploded , 4,184 joules of energy are released . This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of traditional explosive materials , of which TNT is a typical example , although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kiloton and megaton 2 Historical derivation of the value 3 Conversion to other units 4 Examples 5 Relative effectiveness factor 5.1 RE factor examples 5.2 Nuclear examples 6 See also 7 References Kiloton and megaton ( edit ) The `` kiloton ( of TNT ) '' is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 tera joules . The `` megaton ( of TNT ) '' is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 peta joules . The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output , and hence the destructive power , of a nuclear weapon . The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties , and has been used to characterize the energy released in such other highly destructive events as an asteroid impact . Historical derivation of the value ( edit ) A gram of TNT releases 2673 -- 6702 J ( joules ) upon explosion . The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184 J , which is exactly one kilocalorie . An explosive 's energy is normally expressed as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation , which for TNT has been accurately measured as 4686 J / g from a large sample of air blast experiments , and theoretically calculated to be 4853 J / g . The measured , pure heat output of a gram of TNT is only 2724 J , but this is not the important value for explosive blast effect calculations . Alternative TNT equivalency can be calculated as a function of when in the detonation the value is measured and which property is being compared . A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres ( 27.8 ft ) on a side . Grams TNT Symbol Tons TNT Symbol Energy ( Joules ) Energy ( Wh ) Corresponding mass loss gram of TNT g microton of TNT μt 4.184 × 10 J or 4.184 kilojoules 1.163 Wh 46.55 pg kilogram of TNT kg milliton of TNT mt 4.184 × 10 J or 4.184 megajoules 1.163 kWh 46.55 ng megagram of TNT Mg ton of TNT 4.184 × 10 J or 4.184 gigajoules 1.163 MWh 46.55 μg gigagram of TNT Gg kiloton of TNT kt 4.184 × 10 J or 4.184 terajoules 1.163 GWh 46.55 mg teragram of TNT Tg megaton of TNT Mt 4.184 × 10 J or 4.184 petajoules 1.163 TWh 46.55 g petagram of TNT Pg gigaton of TNT Gt 4.184 × 10 J or 4.184 exajoules 1.163 PWh 46.55 kg Conversion to other units ( edit ) 1 ton TNT equivalent is approximately : 1.0 × 10 calories 4.184 × 10 joules 3.96831 × 10 British thermal units 3.08802 × 10 foot pounds 1.162 × 10 kilowatt hours Examples ( edit ) Further information : Orders of magnitude ( energy ) Megatons of TNT Energy ( Wh ) Description 6988100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 ( i.e. 1 gram of TNT ) 1.162 Wh ≈ 1 food Calorie ( large calorie ) , which is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere . 6991100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 ( i.e. 1 kilogram of TNT ) 1.162 kWh Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy ( or even obliterate ) a small vehicle . 6992100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 11.62 kWh The approximate radiant heat energy released during 3 - phase , 600 V , 100 kA arcing fault in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m ( 20 in × 20 in × 20 in ) compartment within a 1 - second period . 6992120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 × 10 13.94 kWh Amount of TNT used ( 12 kg ) in Coptic church explosion in Cairo , Egypt on December 11 , 2016 that left 25 dead 6994100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 ( i.e. 1 ton of TNT ) -- 6995440000000000000 ♠ 44 × 10 1.16 -- 51.14 MWh Conventional bombs yield from less than one ton to FOAB 's 44 tons . The yield of a Tomahawk cruise missile is equivalent to 500 kg of TNT , or approximately 0.5 tons . 6994189999999999999 ♠ 1.9 × 10 2.90 MWh The television show MythBusters used 2.5 tons of ANFO to make `` homemade '' diamonds . 6996500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 581 MWh A real 0.5 - kilotonne - of - TNT ( 2.1 TJ ) charge at Operation Sailor Hat . If the charge were a full sphere , it would be 1 kilotonne of TNT ( 4.2 TJ ) . 500 tons of TNT ( 5 by 10 m ( 17 by 34 ft ) ) awaiting detonation at Operation Sailor Hat . 6997100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 ( 1 kiloton of TNT ) -- 6997200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 1.16 -- 2.32 GWh Estimated yield of the Oppau explosion that killed more than 500 at a German fertilizer factory in 1921 . 6997230000000000000 ♠ 2.3 × 10 2.67 GWh Amount of solar energy falling on 4,000 m ( 1 acre ) of land in a year is 9.5 TJ ( 2,650 MWh ) ( an average over the Earth 's surface ) . 6997300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 3.49 GWh The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was the accidental detonation of 3,000 tons of TNT . 6997400000000000000 ♠ 4 × 10 9.3 GWh Minor Scale , a 1985 United States conventional explosion , using 4,744 tons of ANFO explosive to provide a scaled equivalent airblast of an eight kiloton ( 33.44 TJ ) nuclear device , is believed to be the largest planned detonation of conventional explosives in history . 6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 × 10 -- 6998200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 17.4 -- 23.2 GWh The Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6 , 1945 , exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ) , and the Fat Man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 , 1945 , exploded with an energy of about 20 kilotons of TNT ( 84 TJ ) . The modern nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal range in yield from 0.3 kt ( 1.3 TJ ) to 1.2 Mt ( 5.0 PJ ) equivalent , for the B83 strategic bomb . 1.16 TWh The energy contained in one megaton of TNT ( 4.2 PJ ) is enough to power the average American household for 103,000 years . The 30 Mt ( 130 PJ ) estimated upper limit blast power of the Tunguska event could power the same average home for more than 3,100,000 years . The energy of that blast could power the entire United States for 3.27 days . 3.5 TWh The total energy of all explosives used in World War II , including the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atom bombs , is estimated to have been three megatons of TNT . 8.6 10 TWh The energy released by a typical tropical cyclone in one minute , primarily from water condensation . Winds constitute 0.25 % of that energy . 21.5 25 TWh The complete conversion of 1 kg of matter into pure energy would yield the theoretical maximum ( E = mc ) of 89.8 petajoules , which is equivalent to 21.5 megatons of TNT . No such method of total conversion as combining 500 grams of matter with 500 grams of antimatter has yet been achieved . In the event of proton -- antiproton annihilation , approximately 50 % of the released energy will escape in the form of neutrinos , which are almost undetectable . Electron -- positron annihilation events emit their energy entirely as gamma rays . 24 28 TWh Approximate total yield of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . 25 , 50 , 100 29 TWh , 58 TWh , 116 TWh During the Cold War , the United States developed hydrogen bombs with maximum theoretical yields of 25 megatons of TNT ( 100 PJ ) . The Soviet Union developed a prototype weapon , nicknamed the Tsar Bomba , which was tested at 50 Mt ( 210 PJ ) , but had a maximum theoretical yield of 100 Mt ( 420 PJ ) . The effective destructive potential of such a weapon varies greatly , depending on such conditions as the altitude at which it is detonated , the characteristics of the target , the terrain , and the physical landscape upon which it is detonated . 26.3 30.6 TWh Megathrust earthquakes 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake released record M surface rupture energy , or potential for damage at 26.3 megatons of TNT ( 110 PJ ) . 200 232 TWh The total energy released by the eruption of Mt . Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883 . 540 628 TWh The total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat combined , from the 1940s till now is about 540 megatons . 1,460 1.69 PWh The total global nuclear arsenal is about 15,000 nuclear warheads with a destructive capacity of around 1460 megatons or 1.460 gigatons ( 1,460 million tons ) of TNT . 62,500 73 PWh The total solar energy received by Earth per minute is 440 exajoules . 875,000 1,000 PWh Approximate yield of the last eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano . 6,000,000 = 7006600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 6,973 PWh The estimated energy at impact when the largest fragment of Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 struck Jupiter is equivalent to 6 million megatons ( 6 trillion tons ) of TNT . 7006932000000000000 ♠ 9.32 × 10 10,831 PWh The energy released in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was over 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated by the USGS at 7022390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 × 10 joules , slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake . This is equivalent to 9,320 gigatons of TNT , or approximately 600 million times the energy of the Hiroshima bomb . 7006956000000000000 ♠ 9.56 × 10 11,110 PWh Megathrust earthquakes record huge M values , or total energy released . The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake released 9,560 gigatons TNT equivalent . 7008100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 116,222 PWh The approximate energy released when the Chicxulub impact caused the mass extinction 66 million years ago was estimated to be equal to 100 teratons ( i.e. 100 exagrams or approximately 220.462 quadrillion pounds ) of TNT . That is roughly 8 billion times stronger than each of the bombs that hit Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the most energetic event on the history of Earth for hundreds of millions of years , far more powerful than any volcanic eruption , earthquake or firestorm . Such an explosion annihilated everything within a thousand miles of the impact in a split second . Such energy is equivalent to that needed to power the whole Earth for several centuries . 7015597200000000000 ♠ 5.972 × 10 6.94 × 10 Wh The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT the mass of Earth . 7015789000000000000 ♠ 7.89 × 10 9.17 × 10 Wh Total solar output in all directions per day . 7021198000000000000 ♠ 1.98 × 10 2.3 × 10 Wh The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT the mass of the Sun . 7028239999999999999 ♠ 2.4 × 10 -- 7028479999999999999 ♠ 4.8 × 10 2.8 -- 5.6 × 10 Wh A type 1a supernova explosion gives off 1 -- 7044200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 joules of energy , which is about 2.4 to 4.8 hundred billion yottatons ( 24 to 48 octillion ( 2.4 -- 7028479999999999999 ♠ 4.8 × 10 ) megatons ) of TNT , equivalent to the explosive force of a quantity of TNT over a trillion ( 10 ) times the mass of the planet Earth . 7030240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 × 10 -- 7030480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 × 10 2.8 -- 7042560000000000000 ♠ 5.6 × 10 Wh The largest type of supernova observed , gamma - ray bursts ( GRBs ) release more than 10 joules of energy . 7032130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 × 10 7044150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 × 10 Wh A merger of two black holes , first observation of gravitational waves , released 7047530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 × 10 joules Relative effectiveness factor ( edit ) The relative effectiveness factor ( RE factor ) relates an explosive 's demolition power to that of TNT , in units of the TNT equivalent / kg ( TNTe / kg ) . The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent : The greater the RE , the more powerful the explosive . This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT . For example , if a timber - cutting formula calls for a charge of 1 kg of TNT , then based on octanitrocubane 's RE factor of 2.38 , it would take only 1.0 / 2.38 ( or 0.42 ) kg of it to do the same job . Using PETN , engineers would need 1.0 / 1.66 ( or 0.60 ) kg to obtain the same effects as 1 kg of TNT . With ANFO or ammonium nitrate , they would require 1.0 / 0.74 ( or 1.35 ) kg or 1.0 / 0.42 ( or 2.38 ) kg , respectively . RE factor examples ( edit ) Some RE factor examples Explosive , grade Density ( g / ml ) Detonation vel . ( m / s ) R.E. Ammonium nitrate ( AN + < 0.5 % H O ) 0.88 2700 0.42 Black powder ( 75 % KNO + 19 % C + 6 % S , ancient explosives ) 1.65 600 0.50 Mercury ( II ) fulminate 4.42 4250 0.51 Tanerit Simply ( 93 % granulated AN + 6 % red P + 1 % C ) 0.90 2750 0.55 Hexamine dinitrate ( HDN ) 1.30 5070 0.60 Dinitrobenzene ( DNB ) 1.50 6025 0.60 HMTD ( hexamine peroxide ) 0.88 4520 0.74 ANFO ( 94 % AN + 6 % fuel oil ) 0.92 5270 0.74 TATP ( acetone peroxide ) 1.18 5300 0.80 Tovex Extra ( AN water gel ) commercial product 1.33 5690 0.80 Hydromite 600 ( AN water emulsion ) commercial product 1.24 5550 0.80 ANNMAL ( 66 % AN + 25 % NM + 5 % Al + 3 % C + 1 % TETA ) 1.16 5360 0.87 Amatol ( 50 % TNT + 50 % AN ) 1.50 6290 0.91 Nitroguanidine 1.32 6750 0.95 Trinitrotoluene ( TNT ) 1.60 6900 1.00 Hexanitrostilbene ( HNS ) 1.70 7080 1.05 Nitrourea 1.45 6860 1.05 Tritonal ( 80 % TNT + 20 % aluminium ) * 1.70 6650 1.05 Nickel hydrazine nitrate ( NHN ) 2.12 7000 1.05 Amatol ( 80 % TNT + 20 % AN ) 1.55 6570 1.10 Nitrocellulose ( 13.5 % N , NC ; AKA guncotton ) 1.40 6400 1.10 Nitromethane ( NM ) 1.13 6360 1.10 PBXW - 126 ( 22 % NTO , 20 % RDX , 20 % AP , 26 % Al , 12 % PU 's system ) * 1.80 6450 1.10 Diethylene glycol dinitrate ( DEGDN ) 1.38 6610 1.17 PBXIH - 135 EB ( 42 % HMX , 33 % Al , 25 % PCP - TMETN 's system ) * 1.81 7060 1.17 PBXN - 109 ( 64 % RDX , 20 % Al , 16 % HTPB 's system ) * 1.68 7450 1.17 Triaminotrinitrobenzene ( TATB ) 1.80 7550 1.17 Picric acid ( TNP ) 1.71 7350 1.17 Trinitrobenzene ( TNB ) 1.60 7300 1.20 Tetrytol ( 70 % tetryl + 30 % TNT ) 1.60 7370 1.20 Dynamite , Nobel 's ( 75 % NG + 23 % diatomite ) 1.48 7200 1.25 Tetryl 1.71 7770 1.25 Torpex ( aka HBX , 41 % RDX + 40 % TNT + 18 % Al + 1 % wax ) * 1.80 7440 1.30 Composition B ( 63 % RDX + 36 % TNT + 1 % wax ) 1.72 7840 1.33 Composition C - 3 ( 78 % RDX ) 1.60 7630 1.33 Composition C - 4 ( 91 % RDX ) 1.59 8040 1.34 Pentolite ( 56 % PETN + 44 % TNT ) 1.66 7520 1.33 Semtex 1A ( 76 % PETN + 6 % RDX ) 1.55 7670 1.35 Hexal ( 76 % RDX + 20 % Al + 4 % wax ) * 1.79 7640 1.35 RISAL P ( 50 % IPN + 28 % RDX + 15 % Al + 4 % Mg + 1 % Zr + 2 % NC ) * 1.39 5980 1.40 Hydrazine mononitrate 1.59 8500 1.42 Mixture : 24 % nitrobenzene + 76 % TNM 1.48 8060 1.50 Mixture : 30 % nitrobenzene + 70 % nitrogen tetroxide 1.39 8290 1.50 Nitroglycerin ( NG ) 1.59 8100 1.54 Octol ( 80 % HMX + 19 % TNT + 1 % DNT ) 1.83 8690 1.54 Nitrotriazolon ( NTO ) 1.87 8120 1.60 DADNE ( 1 , 1 - diamino - 2 , 2 - dinitroethene , FOX - 7 ) 1.77 8330 1.60 Gelignite ( 92 % NG + 7 % nitrocellulose ) 1.60 7970 1.60 Plastics Gel ® ( in toothpaste tube : 45 % PETN + 45 % NG + 5 % DEGDN + 4 % NC ) 1.51 7940 1.60 Composition A-5 ( 98 % RDX + 2 % stearic acid ) 1.65 8470 1.60 Erythritol tetranitrate ( ETN ) 1.72 8100 1.60 Hexogen ( RDX ) 1.78 8700 1.60 PBXW - 11 ( 96 % HMX , 1 % HyTemp , 3 % DOA ) 1.81 8720 1.60 Penthrite ( PETN ) 1.71 8400 1.66 Ethylene glycol dinitrate ( EGDN ) 1.49 8300 1.66 TNAZ ( trinitroazetidine ) 1.85 8640 1.70 Octogen ( HMX grade B) 1.86 9100 1.70 HNIW ( CL - 20 ) 1.97 9380 1.80 Hexanitrobenzene ( HNB ) 1.97 9400 1.85 MEDINA ( Methylene dinitroamine ) 1.65 8700 1.93 DDF ( 4 , 4 ' - Dinitro - 3 , 3 ' - diazenofuroxan ) 1.98 10000 1.95 Heptanitrocubane ( HNC ) 1.92 9200 N / A Octanitrocubane ( ONC ) 1.95 10600 2.38 * : TBX ( thermobaric explosives ) or EBX ( enhanced blast explosives ) , in a small , confined space , may have over twice the power of destruction . The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of explosions . Nuclear examples ( edit ) Nuclear weapons and the most powerful non-nuclear weapon examples Weapon Total yield ( kilotons of TNT ) Weight ( kg ) R.E. ~ Davy Crockett ( nuclear device ) 0.022 23 1,000 Fat Man ( dropped on Nagasaki ) A-bomb 20 4600 4,500 Classic ( one - stage ) fission A-bomb 22 420 50,000 Hypothetical suitcase nuke 2.5 31 80,000 Typical ( two - stage ) nuclear bomb 500 -- 1000 650 -- 1120 900,000 W56 thermonuclear warhead 1,200 272 -- 308 4,960,000 W88 modern thermonuclear warhead ( MIRV ) 470 355 1,300,000 B53 nuclear bomb ( two - stage ) 9,000 4050 2,200,000 B41 nuclear bomb ( three - stage ) 25,000 4850 5,100,000 Tsar nuclear bomb ( three - stage ) 50,000 -- 56,000 26,500 2,100,000 GBU - 57 bomb ( Massive Ordnance Penetrator , MOP ) 0.0035 13,600 0.26 Grand Slam ( Earthquake bomb , M110 ) 0.0065 9,900 0.66 Bomb used in Oklahoma City ( ANFO based on racing fuel ) 0.0018 2,300 0.78 BLU - 82 ( Daisy Cutter ) 0.0075 6,800 1.10 MOAB ( non-nuclear bomb , GBU - 43 ) 0.011 9,800 1.13 FOAB ( advanced thermobaric bomb , ATBIP ) 0.044 9,100 4.83 See also ( edit ) Brisance Net explosive quantity Nuclear weapon yield Orders of magnitude ( energy ) Relative effectiveness factor Table of explosive detonation velocities Ton Tonne Tonne of oil equivalent , a unit of energy almost exactly 10 tonnes of TNT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tons ( Explosives ) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator '' . unitconversion.org . Jump up ^ `` Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator '' . unitconversion.org . Jump up ^ Blast effects of external explosions ( Section 4.8 . Limitations of the TNT equivalent method ) Archived August 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Appendix B8 -- Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically '' . In NIST SI Guide 2008 Jump up ^ Cooper , Paul W. ( 1996 ) . Explosives Engineering . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 406 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18636 - 8 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A. ( 2001 -- 2002 ) . `` Chapter 1 . Energy , Power , and Explosions '' . Physics for Future Presidents , a textbook . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4266 - 2459 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sorin Bastea , Laurence E. Fried , Kurt R. Glaesemann , W. Michael Howard , P. Clark Souers , Peter A. Vitello , Cheetah 5.0 User 's Manual , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maienschein , Jon L. ( 2002 ) . Estimating equivalency of explosives through a thermochemical approach ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . UCRL - JC - 147683 . Jump up ^ Maienschein , Jon L. ( 2002 ) . Tnt equivalency of different explosives -- estimation for calculating load limits in heaf firing tanks ( Technical report ) . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . EMPE - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Bruce J. ( 2001 ) . C - 4 / tnt equivalency ( Technical report ) . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . EMPE - 01 - 81 . Jump up ^ `` Arc blast Tri-Nitro - Toluene TNT Trotyl equivalent -- ARCAD INC '' . arcblasts.com . Jump up ^ Atassi , Basma ; Sirgany , Sarah ; Narayan , Chandrika ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Local media : Blast at Cairo cathedral kills at least 25 '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Homer - Dixon , Thomas F ; Homer - Dixon , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The Ingenuity Gap . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71328 - 6 . Jump up ^ TECH REPS INC ALBUQUERQUE NM ( 1986 ) . `` Minor Scale Event , Test Execution Report '' . hdl : 100.2 / ADA269600 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Electricity '' . United States Department of Energy . 2009 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . ( Calculated from 2007 value of 936 kWh monthly usage ) Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : Electricity -- consumption '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . ( Calculated from 2007 value of 3,892,000,000,000 kWh annual usage ) Jump up ^ `` NOAA FAQ : How much energy does a hurricane release ? '' . National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration . August 2001 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . cites 6e14 watts continuous . Jump up ^ Borowski , Stanley K. ( March 1996 ) . Comparison of Fusion / Antiproton Propulsion systems ( PDF ) . 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference . NASA Glenn Research Center . doi : 10.2514 / 6.1987 - 1814 . hdl : 2060 / 19960020441 . Jump up ^ See Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields Archived September 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tsar Bomba Archived June 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , all from Carey Sublette 's Nuclear Weapon Archive . Jump up ^ `` Status of World Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Weapons : Who Has What at a Glance '' . armscontrol.org . Jump up ^ `` Global nuclear weapons : downsizing but modernizing '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristensen , Hans M. ; Norris , Robert S. ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Russian nuclear forces , 2016 '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 72 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 134 . doi : 10.1080 / 00963402.2016. 1170359 -- via Taylor and Francis + NEJM . Jump up ^ Kristensen , Hans M ; Norris , Robert S ( 2015 ) . `` US nuclear forces , 2015 '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 71 ( 2 ) : 107 . doi : 10.1177 / 0096340215571913 . Jump up ^ http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab14.asp Jump up ^ Kristensen , Hans M ; Norris , Robert S ( 2015 ) . `` Chinese nuclear forces , 2015 '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 71 ( 4 ) : 77 . doi : 10.1177 / 0096340215591247 . Jump up ^ `` USGS.gov : USGS WPhase Moment Solution '' . Earthquake.usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Maselli , A. ; Melandri , A. ; Nava , L. ; Mundell , C.G. ; Kawai , N. ; Campana , S. ; Covino , S. ; Cummings , J.R. ; Cusumano , G. ; Evans , P.A. ; Ghirlanda , G. ; Ghisellini , G. ; Guidorzi , C. ; Kobayashi , S. ; Kuin , P. ; LaParola , V. ; Mangano , V. ; Oates , S. ; Sakamoto , T. ; Serino , M. ; Virgili , F. ; Zhang , B. - B. ; Barthelmy , S. ; Beardmore , A. ; Bernardini , M.G. ; Bersier , D. ; Burrows , D. ; Calderone , G. ; Capalbi , M. ; Chiang , J. ( 2013 ) . `` GRB 130427A : A Nearby Ordinary Monster '' . Science . 343 ( 6166 ) : 48 -- 51 . arXiv : 1311.5254 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 343 ... 48M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1242279 . PMID 24263134 . Jump up ^ US Army FM 3 - 34.214 : Explosives and Demolition , 2007 , page 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Whitehall Paraindistries Thompson , A. ; Taylor , B.N. ( July 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . NIST Special Publication. 811 . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Version 3.2 . Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3 Rhodes , Richard ( 2012 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 7761 - 4 . Cooper , Paul W. ( 1996 ) , Explosives Engineering , New York : Wiley - VCH , ISBN 0 - 471 - 18636 - 8 HQ Department of the Army ( 2004 ) ( 1967 ) , Field Manual 5 - 25 : Explosives and Demolitions , Washington , D.C. : Pentagon Publishing , pp. 83 -- 84 , ISBN 0 - 9759009 - 5 - 1 Explosives - Compositions , Alexandria , VA : GlobalSecurity.org , retrieved September 1 , 2010 Urbański , Tadeusz ( 1985 ) ( 1984 ) , Chemistry and Technology of Explosives , Volumes I -- IV ( second ed . ) , Oxford : Pergamon Mathieu , Jörg ; Stucki , Hans ( 2004 ) , `` Military High Explosives '' , CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry , Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft , 58 ( 6 ) : 383 -- 389 , doi : 10.2533 / 000942904777677669 , ISSN 0009 - 4293 3 . Thermobaric Explosives , Advanced Energetic Materials , 2004. , The National Academies Press , nap.edu , 2004 Nuclear technology Science Chemistry Engineering Physics Atomic nucleus Fission Fusion Radiation ionizing braking Fuel Tritium Deuterium Helium - 3 Fertile material Fissile material Isotope separation Nuclear material Uranium enriched depleted Plutonium Thorium Neutron Activation Capture Poison Cross section Generator Radiation Reflector Temperature Thermal Fast Fusion Power by country Power plant Economics Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Accidents and incidents Policy Fusion Radioisotope thermoelectric ( RTG ) Propulsion rocket Safety and security Medicine Imaging RadBall Scintigraphy Single - photon emission ( SPECT ) Positron - emission tomography ( PET ) Therapy Fast - neutron Neutron capture therapy of cancer Targeted alpha - particle Proton - beam Tomotherapy Brachytherapy Radiation therapy Radiosurgery Radiopharmacology Weapons Topics Arms race Delivery Design Disarmament Ethics Explosion effects History Proliferation Testing high - altitude underground Warfare Yield TNTe Lists Estimated death tolls from attacks States with nuclear weapons Tests United States WMD treaties Weapon - free zones Weapons Waste Products Actinide Reprocessed uranium Reactor - grade plutonium Minor actinide Activation Fission LLFP Actinide chemistry Disposal Fuel cycle High - level ( HLW ) Low - level ( LLW ) Repository Reprocessing Spent fuel pool cask Transmutation Debate Nuclear power Nuclear weapons Blue Ribbon Commission on America 's Nuclear Future Anti-nuclear movement Uranium mining Nuclear power phase - out hide Nuclear reactors Fission Moderator Light water Aqueous homogeneous Boiling BWR ABWR ESBWR Kerena Pressurized AP1000 APR - 1400 APR+ APWR ATMEA1 CAP1400 CPR - 1000 EPR HPR - 1000 ACPR1000 ACP1000 VVER many others Supercritical ( SCWR ) Natural fission Heavy water D O Pressurized CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR - 1000 AHWR CVTR IPHWR - X PHWR KWU MZFR R3 R4 Marviken H O HWLWR ATR HW BLWR 250 Steam - generating ( SGHWR ) Organic WR - 1 CO HWGCR EL - 4 KS 150 Graphite by coolant Water H O AM - 1 AMB - X EGP - 6 RBMK Gas CO Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz ( UNGG ) Magnox Advanced gas - cooled ( AGR ) He GTMHR MHR - T UHTREX VHTR ( HTGR ) PBR ( PBMR ) AVR HTR - 10 HTR - PM THTR - 300 PMR Molten - salt Fluorides Fuji MSR Liquid - fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) Molten - Salt Reactor Experiment ( MSRE ) Integral Molten Salt Reactor ( IMSR ) ThorCon None ( fast - neutron ) Breeder ( FBR ) Integral ( IFR ) Liquid - metal - cooled ( LMFR ) Small sealed transportable autonomous ( SSTAR ) Traveling - wave ( TWR ) Energy Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) Reduced - moderation ( RMWR ) Fast Breeder Test Reactor ( FBTR ) Dual fluid reactor ( DFR ) Generation IV Sodium ( SFR ) BN - 350 BN - 600 BN - 800 BN - 1200 Phénix Superphénix PFBR CEFR PFR PRISM Lead ( LFR ) Helium gas ( GFR ) Others Organically moderated and cooled reactor Aircraft Reactor Experiment Fusion by confinement Magnetic Field - reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak Inertial Bubble ( acoustic ) Fusor electrostatic Laser - driven Magnetized - target Z - pinch Other Dense plasma focus Migma Muon - catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric Portal Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNT_equivalent&oldid=846785193 '' Categories : Explosives Explosives engineering Scales Units of energy Equivalent units Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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-3060596418716915887	iOS version history	IOS version history - Wikipedia IOS version history Jump to : navigation , search iOS is a mobile operating system , developed by Apple Inc. for iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . Updates for iOS are released through the iTunes software , and , since iOS 5 , via over-the - air software updates . With the announcement of iOS 5.0 on June 6 , 2011 , a USB connection to iTunes was no longer needed to activate iOS devices ; data synchronization can happen automatically and wirelessly through Apple 's iCloud service . Major new iOS releases are announced yearly during the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) , and are usually released in September of the same year , usually coinciding with the release of new iPhone models . The current stable release , iOS 11.0. 3 , was released on October 11 , 2017 . The most recent beta release for iOS 11 was released on October 9 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Versions 3 Version history : iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch 3.1 iPhone OS 1 3.2 iPhone OS 2 3.3 iPhone OS 3 3.4 iOS 4 3.5 iOS 5 3.6 iOS 6 3.7 iOS 7 3.8 iOS 8 3.9 iOS 9 3.10 iOS 10 3.11 iOS 11 4 Version history : Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) onwards 4.1 iOS 4.1 4.2 iOS 5 4.3 iOS 6 4.4 iOS 7 4.5 iOS 8 4.6 tvOS 9 4.7 tvOS 10 4.8 tvOS 11 5 Notes 6 Notable software bugs and issues 6.1 iOS 4 6.2 iOS 5 6.3 iOS 6 6.4 iOS 7 6.5 iOS 8 6.6 iOS 9 6.7 iOS 11 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) iOS did not have an official name until the official release of the iPhone software development kit ( iPhone SDK ) on March 6 , 2008 . Before then , Apple marketing simply stated that iPhone ran a version of Mac OS X made specifically for iPhone . When iOS was introduced , it was named iPhone OS . It was officially renamed iOS on June 7 , 2010 with the announcement and introduction of iPad . The introduction of iPad , and the existence of iPod Touch , meant the iPhone was no longer the only device to run the mobile operating system . iOS 4 was the first major iOS release that reflected the name change . Apple licensed the `` iOS '' trademark from Cisco Systems . Versions ( edit ) Current versions Version Build Release date Device end - of - life Apple TV iPad iPhone iPod Touch 3.1. 3 7E18 000000002010 - 02 - 02 - 0000 Feb 2 , 2010 N / A N / A 1st gen 4.2. 1 8C148 000000002010 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 2010 N / A N / A 3G 5.1. 1 9B206 000000002012 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2012 N / A 1st gen N / A 6.1. 6 10B500 000000002014 - 02 - 21 - 0000 Feb 21 , 2014 N / A N / A 3GS 7.1. 2 7.1. 2 11D257 11D258 000000002014 - 06 - 30 - 0000 Jun 30 , 2014 N / A N / A 8.4. 2 12H606 000000002016 - 12 - 12 - 0000 Dec 12 , 2016 N / A N / A N / A 9.3. 5 13G36 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 Aug 25 , 2016 N / A Mini 1 4S 5 10.3. 3 14G60 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 Jul 19 , 2017 N / A 5 5C N / A 11.0. 3 15A432 000000002017 - 10 - 11 - 0000 Oct 11 , 2017 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11.1 beta 2 15B5078e 000000002017 - 10 - 09 - 0000 Oct 9 , 2017 N / A N / A N / A N / A Legend : Discontinued Current Beta June 2007 saw the official first version release of what eventually became iOS -- concurrently with the first iPhone . The final 1. x series release was 1.1. 5 , released shortly after iPhone OS 2.0 . July 11 , 2008 saw the public release of iPhone OS 2.0 , with upgrades through version 2.2. 1 made available . iPhone OS 3.0 was officially released on June 17 , 2009 for iPhone and iPod Touch . iPhone OS 3 had updates until version 3.1. 3 ( released on February 2 , 2010 ) . The first generation iPod Touch and iPhone have iPhone OS 3.1. 3 as their newest available version . iOS 3.2. x was made specifically for the iPad . On June 21 , 2010 , iOS 4.0 ( formerly iPhone OS ) was released to the public and was made available only to the iPod Touch and iPhone . iOS 4.0 was announced to have over 1500 new APIs for developers , and included the highly anticipated multitasking feature . iOS 4.2. 1 was the final version available for iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) and iPhone 3G . Many features that were included in iOS 4 were not available for the iPhone 3G or iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) , such as multitasking and home screen backgrounds due to hardware limitations . iOS 4.2 is the first version to bring major feature parity to iPhone and iPad . The release of the CDMA iPhone for Verizon Wireless saw a branching of iOS . The 4.2 version sequence continued for the CDMA phone while 4.3 was released for all other products On June 6 , 2011 , Apple previewed iOS 5 , Apple TV 4.4 beta and the iOS SDK 5 beta along with iCloud beta among other products . iOS 5 introduced various features such as the iMessage service which allows users to send messages between iOS devices , a revamped notification system known as Notification Center , Newsstand subscriptions , Twitter was integrated into iOS 5 , the Reminders app was introduced , AirPlay got various enhancements , the iCloud service was introduced and added , and over 200 other new features were added . iOS 5.0 supported all iPad models , iPhone 3GS , iPhone 4 GSM & CDMA , iPhone 4S , and the iPod Touch ( 3rd & 4th generation ) . iOS 5 had only three minor software updates , 5.0. 1 , 5.1 , and 5.1. 1 , which were all provided as OTA and iTunes software updates . Apple concurrently provides the same version of iOS for the comparable model of iPhone and iPod Touch , usually devices released in the same calendar year . iPhone users receive all software updates for free , while iPod Touch users paid for the 2.0 and 3.0 major software updates . As of iOS 4.0 , Apple no longer charges money for iPod Touch updates . As of October 23 , 2011 , two versions of iOS were never released . iPhone OS 1.2 , which after the first beta was replaced by a 2.0 version number ; the second beta was named 2.0 beta 2 instead of 1.2 beta 2 . The other was iOS 4.2 , replaced with 4.2. 1 due to a Wi - Fi bug in 4.2 beta 3 , causing Apple to release 2 golden masters ( 4.2 GM and 4.2. 1 GM ) . One version of iOS was pulled back by Apple after being released . iOS 8.0. 1 was pulled back by Apple because cellular service and Touch ID were disabled on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . Version history : iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch ( edit ) Legend : Obsolete Discontinued Current Beta IPhone OS 1 ( edit ) iPhone OS 1 is the first iteration of Apple 's touch - centric mobile operating system . No official name was given on its initial release ; Apple marketing literature simply stated the iPhone runs a version of Apple 's desktop operating system , OS X . On March 6 , 2008 , with the release of the iPhone software development kit ( iPhone SDK ) , Apple named it iPhone OS ( they went on to rename it `` iOS '' on June 7 , 2010 ) . Support of iPhone OS 1 ended in 2010 . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 1.0. x Version Build Baseband Release date Features 1.0 1A543a 03.11. 02_G June 29 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 06 - 29 ) Initial release of the original iPhone iPod : Create playlists , organized by albums , artists , and genres , listen to songs and audiobooks , and watch videos and podcasts Phone : Call people , add people to favorites , and group chat More apps like Texting , Photos , Mail , Safari , Maps , Stocks , and Weather Switch between EDGE and WiFi 1.0. 1 1C25 03.12. 08_G July 31 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) Safari security update . 1.0. 2 1C28 03.14. 08_G August 21 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 08 - 21 ) Bug fixes . Items deleted on phone no longer sync back to phone . Able to process multi-line addresses in Maps . Custom ringtones no longer lost on restore . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 1.1. x Version Build Baseband Release date Features 3A100a 3A101a N / A September 14 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 09 - 14 ) Initial release on iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) iTunes Store with home screen icon 1.1. 1 3A109a 3A110a 04.01. 13_G September 27 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) This update is also called the iPhone `` September ' 07 Update '' by Apple . Louder speakerphone and receiver volume . Home button double - click shortcut to phone favorites or music controls . Spacebar double - tap shortcut to insert full stop and space ( `` . `` ) . Mail attachments are viewable in portrait and landscape modes . Stocks and cities in Stocks and Weather can be reordered . Apple Bluetooth Headset battery status in the Status Bar . Support for TV out . Preferences to turn off EDGE / GPRS when roaming internationally ( Data Roaming on / off option ) . New Passcode lock time intervals . Adjustable alert volume . New interface for the Calculator application . 1.1. 2 3B48b 04.02. 13_G November 12 , 2007 ; 9 years ago ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) Battery charge level shown in iTunes . International language & keyboard support . Patched the TIFF security bug . Adds custom ringtone field . Bug fixes . 1.1. 3 4A93 04.03. 13_G January 15 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 01 - 15 ) Commonly called the iPhone `` January ' 08 Update '' and January Software Upgrade by Apple . Free update for iPhone ; $19.95 in iTunes for the iPod Touch . Mail , Maps , Stocks , Weather and Notes apps for iPod Touch . Recent calls contact details now show most recent call times . Google Maps on iPhone gains the ' Locate Me ' feature which can determine the phone 's approximate location , using a combination of cellular triangulation and Wi - Fi data from Skyhook Wireless ; also adds hybrid map support and the ' Drop Pin ' feature . Icons on the home screen can be rearranged and placed on multiple home screens ( up to nine ) . iTunes gift cards can be redeemed on the iTunes Store . Movies downloaded through iTunes have chapter support . Music has lyrics - support feature . Web Clips can be added to ( and subsequently removed from ) the home screen . SMS messages can be sent to multiple contacts using messages . SMS storage capacity increased from 1,000 to 75,000 messages . Default Gmail IMAP setup for new accounts ( formerly was defaulted as POP3 ) . Multi-touch keyboard ( e.g. simultaneously pressing `` Shift '' + `` a '' ) . The clock timer now remembers the last used options ( bug fix ) . Incoming SMS messages now prompts the user to `` Close '' or `` Reply '' ( formerly `` Ignore '' or `` Reply '' ) . Pressing either option now marks the message as `` seen '' . Labels for contact data can now be deleted . Applications on the phone no longer run as root ; they run as the user `` mobile '' instead . Ability to listen to music through a Bluetooth headset by going to the voicemail and choosing `` Bluetooth '' as the audio source no longer works ( still works as long as phone is not locked or voicemail screen is active ) . 1.1. 4 4A102 04.04. 05_G February 26 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 02 - 26 ) Bug fixes and enhancements . SMS scramble order fix . More carriers names now fit without scrolling ( for roaming on other carriers ) . The camera 's frame rate dramatically improved . Interface speed improvements . 1.1. 5 4B1 N / A July 15 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) iPod Touch only Security fixes for iPod Touch users who choose not to pay for upgrade to version 2.0 . IPhone OS 2 ( edit ) iPhone OS 2 , the second major release of iOS , became available on July 11 , 2008 , with the release of the iPhone 3G . Devices running 1. x are upgradable to this version . This version of the OS introduces the App Store , making third - party applications available to the iPhone and iPod Touch . Prior to the public release of iPhone OS 2.0 , Apple held a keynote event to announce the iPhone OS Software Development Kit ( `` SDK '' ) to developers . Support of iPhone OS 2 ended in 2011 . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 2.0. x Version Build Baseband Release date Features 2.0 5A347 04.05. 04_G 01.45. 00 July 11 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 07 - 11 ) Initial release on iPhone 3G $9.95 upgrade for iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) . Added language support . Norwegian , Swedish , Danish , Finnish , Polish , Dutch , Korean , and Brazilian Portuguese language interface in iPhone , formerly these languages were only in the iPod Touch since 1.1. 1 . Extra keyboard languages including Chinese and Korean and Russian . Support for Traditional and Simplified Chinese handwriting recognition . Mail , contacts , calendars Grouped settings . Mail Push e-mail . Ability to select an outgoing email account within Mail application . Support for BCC in Mail application . Multiple email delete / move . Ability to view MS Office attachments . Ability to view iWork attachments , including Pages , Numbers , and Keynote . Contacts Contacts icon on `` Home '' screen ( iPhone only , it was formerly on the iPod Touch ) . Ability to search contacts . Global Address List . Push contacts . Ability to import SIM contacts . Calendar Multiple calendars supported in Calendar with colour - coding ( desktop colours only preserved if using Mobile Me ) . New `` Calendar '' menu in `` Settings '' . Push calendar . Enterprise enhancements Enforced security policies . Device configuration . Remote wipe . iPod Video can be shown in either landscape orientation ( instead of just landscape left ) . Videos in playlists & music videos can be shown in portrait or landscape orientation . Sound fade - out when exiting a video . Other App Store ( to manage third - party applications ) with home screen icon - Store for apps . Certificates and Identities . WPA2 / 802.1 X . Ability to turn Wi - Fi back on while in Airplane mode . Cisco IPsec VPN support . Ability to take screen captures . Ability to save pics from Safari or Mail to Photos . Bonjour service discovery protocol . Support for SVG . Addition of Parental controls . Password letters are momentarily visible while typing . Ability to turn Location Services on or off . Applications that use Location Services now prompt user for confirmation 3 times . Tapping status bar to scroll to top shortcut . Updated calculator with extra features in portrait mode , a scientific calculator in landscape mode and an updated icon . Updated iTunes with a new icon and reordered category icons within iTunes application . Camera now supports Geotagging . YouTube plugin for Safari . 2.0. 1 5B108 04.05. 04_G 01.48. 02 August 4 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 08 - 04 ) Bug fixes Performance and stability of Contacts and Calendar applications dramatically improved . Performance while flipping to landscape mode in Safari improved . Performance in Mail app improved . Release improves application crash rates . Keyboard responsiveness improved . 2.0. 2 5C1 04.05. 04_G 02.08. 01 August 18 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) Bug fixes Improved communication with 3G networks . Transition from music list to Cover Flow has changed . Tilt to left from landscape no longer switch to portrait when watching video , fixes 2.0 bug . The `` Update All '' button in the App Store 's update tab has been removed . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 2.1. x Version Build Baseband Release date Features 2.1 / 2.1. 1 5F136 5F137 5F138 04.05. 04_G 02.11. 07 September 9 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 09 - 09 ) September 12 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 09 - 12 ) Initial release on iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) ( as 2.1. 1 ) Free for iPod Touch users who have upgraded to iPhone OS 2.0 . Companion changes in / with iTunes 8 for this release Displays capacity and used space of information on iPhone . Dramatically reduced time to back up to iTunes . Does not remove all media after restore . Faster firmware installation and data sync . Application updates downloaded from iTunes have new finder naming convention . Bug fixes , performance enhancements Security fix to prevent from bypassing the double home button exploit . Fixed bugs causing hangs and crashes for users with lots of third party applications . Faster installation and updating of 3rd party applications . Updating applications keeps their icons in place on the home screen . Improvements to Mail stability . Improved email reliability , notably fetching email from POP and Exchange accounts . Faster loading and searching of contacts . Auto - correct now appears above the text instead of below ( fixing a usability problem people were having where auto - correct would appear above the first row of keys ) . Smoother browsing in Safari , particularly when scrolling up / down on a web page . Significantly better battery life for most users . Decrease in call set - up failures and dropped calls . Improved accuracy of the 3G signal strength display . Calculator bug fixed affecting calculations involving Pi . OS enhancements Triple - click on the control button of headphones now jumps music to prior track played . SMS app can alert up to two additional times if you do n't acknowledge an incoming text message ( will play the alert sound / vibrate again after a period of time as if a new message just came in ) . Update supporting languages . Option to wipe data after ten failed passcode attempts ( after 5 attempts , the device will disable itself for 1 minute . After the 6th attempt , it will disable itself for 5 minutes . In the 10th attempt , it will wipe all data ) . 3G , EDGE , and GPRS indicators changed . The camera can now be turned off within the restrictions page . When taking a screenshot of your phone , there is now the camera shutter noise . iPhone never gets locked when placed in dock and playing music . New application features Genius playlist creation . More information provided within iPod Music lists ( artist and album are now shown below song title when selecting music in addition to remaining time on podcasts ) . More information is provided for audiobooks , such as displaying time left in active audiobook . New podcasts & videos had `` filled '' blue bubbles next to them to indicate that they were new , now if you have `` half - played '' a podcast or video , it will include a half filled blue bubble . Sound from iPod now fades out if you start syncing device with iTunes . Bookmarked home screen apps open in full screen . iPod Touch only Settings for individual speaker sounds . Sounds can no longer be turned off en masse . All sounds must be turned off individually to mute sounds . New speaker sound when sending mail . iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) only Nike+ Support . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 2.2. x Version Build Baseband Release date Features 5G77 5G77a 04.05. 04_G 02.28. 00 November 21 , 2008 ; 8 years ago ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) Free update for iPod Touch owners that upgraded to iPhone OS 2.0 or 2.1 . Maps Google Street View . Public transit and walking directions . Display address of dropped pins . Share location via email . Cache of recent locations . Mail Resolve isolated issues with scheduled fetching of email . Improved formatting of wide HTML email . App Store `` Categories '' section has been altered to display icons instead of a list . Individual applications pages now have ' Tell A Friend ' and ' Report A Problem ' buttons . In an app 's description , multiple screen shots can now be viewed , instead of just one . `` Update All '' button added to `` Updates '' section . Option added to rate an application that is about to be deleted . Improved touch response when purchasing or downloading an application . Application icons display the install progress `` in place '' while updating , rather than on the last position of the page . Safari Improved stability and performance of Safari Layout changes for the address bar in Safari iPod The edit / clear icons on the on - the - go playlist have been changed . Podcasts now are being shown in catalogs . Users can no longer delete audiobooks via the device . Audiobooks without artwork are now shown with a book icon instead of a note icon . Contacts US phone numbers now group correctly ( e.g. , 1111 2222 , formerly this would have shown as 1 111222 2 ) . Other Podcasts are now available for download or stream in the iTunes application ( over Wi - Fi and cellular networks ) . Decrease in call set - up failures and call drops . Improved sound quality of visual voicemail messages . Visual voicemail unavailability is shown in a screen instead of voicemail button not working . Improved performance overall , especially noticeable in Notes and Camera applications . Emoji for SoftBank users in Japan . Can also be enabled in all other countries using apps from the App Store . Pressing the Home button from any Home screen takes you to the first Home screen . Preference to turn on / off keyboard auto - correction . New languages are supported . Shows Update / Restore progress when update using iTunes . Security improvement . Developers can pipe video out to an external device . Better shift - key behavior . Automatic WebClip icon change . Locked screen screenshots . Ability to record from devices connected through the dock port . iTunes iTunes now works over EDGE and 3G networks and no longer needs a Wi - Fi network . iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) only Line - in audio has been enabled through the headphone jack . Add the Remote button to control other devices ( e.g. Apple TV , etc . ) on the Nike + iPod menu . 2.2. 1 5H11 5H11a 04.05. 04_G 02.30. 03 January 27 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) Improved general stability of Safari . Fixed issue where some images saved from Mail do not display correctly in the Camera Roll . Updates baseband . iPod Touch only Fixed issue that caused some Apple Lossless ( ALAC ) audio files to skip during playback . iTunes 8.1 Fixes calendar colour syncing issue ( Mac only ) . Uses a new baseband which patches the exploit formerly used to unlock the iPhone 3G . IPhone OS 3 ( edit ) iPhone OS 3 became available to users and developers and the iPhone 3GS to go with it . It was released on June 17 , 2009 . This release added features such as copy and paste , and MMS . Not all features were available on the very first iPhone . Devices running iPhone OS 2. x were upgradeable to this software . The final release supported on the original iPhone and iPod Touch is iPhone OS 3.1. 3 . The first iPad was introduced along with iOS 3.2 . Support of iPhone OS 3 ended in 2012 . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 3.0. x iPhone family : 1 3G 3GS iPod family : 1 2 Limited support on iPhone ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 3.0 7A341 04.05. 04_G 04.26. 08 June 17 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 06 - 17 ) Initial release on iPhone 3GS $4.95 upgrade for iPod Touch users . Cut , copy , paste added Tap and hold for select / select all menu ( copy menu in photos ) . Double tap for cut / copy / paste menu all over iOS ( SMS , email , Notes , etc . ) . Two point draggable selection handles displayed to better make a selection . Undo by shaking . In Photos options menu select the copy button to select multiple photos to copy . More / System / Navigation Turn - by - turn navigation . Lithium - ion polymer battery usage up to 5 % better . A-GPS accuracy improved ( + 5 % better ) . Earth magnetic compass support . Compass App . Maps Features iPhone users got in 2.2 now added for the iPod Touch ( e.g. Google Street View , public transit and walking directions , display address of dropped pin , share location via email , and cache of recent locations ) . Changed behaviour when routing directions and showing steps . Stocks Landscape mode that enabled viewing detailed price and change information by dragging one or two fingers across the full - screen chart . Metadata display for detailed information about the symbol , including full company / fund name , market capitalisation , price to earning ratio , dividend yield , and statistics about the day and year price range . Table of news stories from various internet sources related to the selected symbol . YouTube Can now log into account . View subscriptions , Favorites , My Videos , History , and Playlists Comment on videos , rate videos Phone Recent Calls now show more details ( call length , etc . ) . Ability to change / set `` own number '' ( my number ) in the SIM card . Will be displayed in the Contacts list and iTunes , and possibly used for MMS identification . Contacts are editable via Recent Calls . Camera and Photos Video recording in Camera app . Videos can be trimmed directly from Camera app . Camera now has a thumbnail of the prior photo captured , which also acts as a shortcut to `` Camera Roll '' allowing view / delete of photos without exiting the camera app . Camera gets autofocus . To change focus target , users tap on a different object ( iPhone 3GS only ) . Photos options menu changed ( new UI , added copy button ) . Can now delete multiple photos . App Store Installs new apps from the second home page on . You can still move the apps to the first home page manually . Screenshot browsing method has changed . SMS application renamed to Messages Application icon was slightly modified , it no longer has the letters `` SMS '' . Sending progress bar has been moved to the title bar and does not cover up the screen . Sending queue ( compose a new message ( s ) while sending others ) . Select single or multiple messages to forward or delete . SMS entry text box have unlimited lines ( actually limited by the screen ) . MMS functionality including sending vCards , pictures , audio files , video ( depends on mobile network availability ) . Optional Subject line in the Messages settings . Photos can be taken / sent directly from the Messages app . MMS messages are played / viewed in the Messages app . Mail , contacts , calendars , MobileMe MobileMe now has a `` Find My iPhone '' option , allowing MobileMe users ( via the online service ) to remotely locate device and wipe data . CalDAV Calendar support . LDAP Contacts support . iCalendar Subscription support . `` Load Remote Image '' option for mail , to prevent spam . iWork ' 09 attachment support . Mail several photos in the same message . Mail can now be composed in other apps without leaving the current app ( only if the developer allows this ) . It 's now possible to store IM account information for a contact for the following services : AIM , Yahoo ! , MSN , ICQ , and XMPP . Users can now view or create ' Invitees ' on a Calendar event. Safari Better support for Internet standards and now scores a 97 / 100 in the Acid3 test . Renders JavaScript from 3 to 16 times faster depending on circumstances . Support for HTML5 . New features in Settings such as AutoFill , and Anti phishing . Pressing and holding a link gives three options : Open , Open in New Page and Copy . View subscriptions . The last page is now closable , which will result in a new blank page opening ( wo n't save page info on exit , increases available memory ) . Bluetooth Bluetooth enabled for iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) . A2DP : stereo audio . AVRCP : Play / Pause / Stop for iPod app ( no Next / Back yet ) . Device side audio control still enabled but does not affect audio stream . PBAP : wireless phone book access ( for use with vehicle head units ) . PAN : personal networking for tethering and ad - hoc connections between mobile devices ( multi-player gaming ) . iPod Shake to shuffle songs in iPod app . Search through iPod . Scrubbing through tracks can now be done at 4 variable rates as user moves finger down the screen , and the speed is displayed on screen ( `` Hi - Speed '' , `` Half Speed '' , `` Quarter Speed '' , `` Fine '' ) . ( When Bluetooth is enabled and a paired audio device is present ) Audio output menu added to `` Now Playing '' screen and Home button iPod controls . Location dot while playing video / music now glows while you scrub the track / video . Podcasts More details shown : time remaining , etc . Can be played at `` 1⁄2x '' , 1x , or `` 2x '' speed ( actual speeds are 0.8 x , 1x , and 1.5 x ) . 30 second rewind button . Can be emailed . Improved language support . Added new language support such as Arabic , Greek , Hebrew , Indonesian , Malay , Portuguese , Romanian , Thai and more . Foreign language keyboards extended to cover additional characters . New Developer APIs Push notifications for 3rd party applications . Bluetooth services including A2DP , LDAP , P2P file sharing , and Bonjour . New APIs in the Maps application allow developers to build it into software . Developers can now use CoreLocation to make Turn by Turn applications . API support for serial I / O through the Dock Connector . 3rd party apps now have access to iPod music library . Support for outbound audio and video streaming . In - app additional payment API for paid applications ( free apps always remain free ) . Sign in with iTunes account . Buy service subscriptions or app add - ons . Spotlight Search Saves its last search results and offers options for excluding applications from searches . Partial search for mail , iPod , contacts , events , notes , apps , and web clips . iTunes / sync . iTunes version 8.2 . iTunes account creation on device . Can now sign out of iTunes account and use a different iTunes account . iTunes account info can be accessed and edited . Can now read and write reviews for content on iTunes . Movies , TV shows , audiobooks , and iTunes U content can now be purchased on iTunes Wi - Fi store . Notes syncing . Voice memos syncing ( audio files added to a `` Voice Memos '' playlist ) . Backups can now be encrypted and password protected . Tethering over USB and Bluetooth ( depends on mobile network ability ) . USB tethering auto activated when connected to USB on iTunes 8.2 + ( if tethering is enabled in iPhone settings and by phone 's carrier ) . iTunes 8.2 now includes a USB driver for iPhone tethering . Full access to iPhone possible while tethered . ( In Windows ) iPhone shows up as a standard ethernet connection . Accessibility settings ( for the visually / aurally impaired ) ( iPhone 3GS only ) . VoiceOver gesture - based screen reader . Touch screen to hear a description of the item under your finger , then double - tap , drag , or flick to control iPhone . Speaks 21 languages and works with all apps . Zoom , magnifies entire screen on any app up to 5 times normal size . Move left , right , up , and down to view any portion of the screen close - up . White on Black , changes display to white on black ( instead of the normal black on white ) , works in any app , and alongside with Zoom and VoiceOver . Mono Audio , if users hearing is limited in one ear , routes both right - and left - channel audio into both earbuds , so you can hear both channels in either ear . Speak Auto - text , works with VoiceOver to automatically speak auto - corrections and auto - capitalisations . Other Device automatically connects and authenticates to Wi - Fi hotspots which need username and password ( e.g. Starbucks , McDonald 's ) . Locate Me for the iPod Touch accuracy improved . Restrictions have been updated and now block `` Current Location '' and allows setting what content is appropriate for iPod music / videos / TV shows and apps . 11 home screen pages instead of 9 . Now can store 180 apps ( including native applications . i.e. Phone , iPod , Safari ) . Voice control ( ability to voice dial and control iPod ) . Nike+ Support . Stopwatch now shows both the total running time and the current lap time in the upper part of the clock app . Landscape mode added to several applications -- Messages ( SMS ) , Mail , Stocks , Contacts , and Notes . Right to left support . Numeric battery percentage view . Holding the home button will no longer force quit an unresponsive application . To force quit an application in 3.0 hold the sleep / wake button until the red power off slider appears . Then hold down the home button to quit the unresponsive application . Screen captures are no longer numbered separately from photos taken with the camera application ; all new images in the camera roll now use a common numbering sequence . Voice Memos New native app . Voice memos can be trimmed directly from app . 3.0. 1 7A400 04.05. 04_G 04.26. 08 July 31 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 07 - 31 ) Fixes SMS vulnerability Bug fixes ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 3.1. x iPhone family : 1 3G 3GS iPod family : 1 2 3 Limited support on iPhone ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 3.1 / 3.1. 1 7C144 7C145 7C146 04.05. 04_G 05.11. 07 September 9 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) Initial release on iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) ( 8 GB MC model ) and iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) . Version 3.1. 1 on iPod Touch ( iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) only ) . Free update for iPod Touch ( all models ) owners that upgraded to iPhone OS 3.0 . Free update for all iPhone owners and $4.95 for iPod Touch users who have not updated to iPhone OS 3.0 . Improved Wi - Fi for iPhone 3G with Bluetooth turned on . Ask to Join Networks toggle is hidden unless Wi - Fi is on . Faster boot up time and various speed improvements . Trimming video clips on the iPhone 3GS now offers the ability to save the edited version as a copy rather than simply overwriting the original file . Safari now has a toggle for `` Fraud Protection '' under its Settings pane . Bulgarian keyboard is in the Bulgarian State / National Standard layout , not QWERTY layout . On iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) the Voice Memos app now successfully records audio if you plug your microphone after you have started the application . Numbers inside Notes have more options when tap and hold is triggered : Call , Text Message , Create New Contact , Add to Existing Contact . Voice control over Bluetooth is now available , allowing users to initiate calls and control music playback via Bluetooth headsets ( however , voice control while plugged into car audio systems no longer works ) . Improves reception . Fast forward & rewind from headphones . Improved Exchange calendar syncing . Home screens can be customised on iTunes 9 . Developer Extras . Improvements to OpenGL and Quartz . APIs allow third party apps to access videos and edit them . Gives programmers their choice of video recording quality . A pair of new app interface classes that are known to relate to graphics , but which have n't had their functions identified . New camera APIs . Calendar event alerts will be shown also with a pop - up , much like push notifications . Enables connectivity to devices for development purposes wirelessly instead of needing tethering via the dock connector . Ability to save videos from Mail or MMS . Ability to copy and paste full quality videos from camera into email . Anti-Phishing in Safari . Under usage tab in settings , can view data sent and received over tethering . Instruments over Wi - Fi . New enhancements to Core Audio in iPhone . Failover support for HTTP live streaming . Added for iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) ( only 32 & 64 GB versions ) . Voice control . Added accessibility features from iPhone 3GS , including VoiceOver . Accessibility features can be toggled On or Off by triple - clicking the Home button . Option to practice VoiceOver gestures . Fixed an issue that caused app icons to display incorrectly . Genius Mixes . Genius Recommendations for Apps . Sync videos to albums . iTunes U content organisation . Redeem Gift Cards in App Store . Display available iTunes account credit . Enhanced iTunes support . Ability to copy and paste telephone numbers in dialer application . Sponsored links in Maps . Direct copy of contact info . Bug fixes . Security improvements . Now fully supports device encryption for Exchange . Uses a new baseband which patches the exploit formerly used to unlock the iPhone 3G / 3GS . Adds separate usage metering for tethering data . 3.1. 2 7D11 04.05. 04_G 05.11. 07 October 8 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) Attempt to resolve sporadic issue that may cause iPhone / iPod Touch to not wake from sleep . Resolves intermittent issue that may interrupt cellular network services until restart . Fixes bug that could cause occasional crash during video streaming . 3.1. 3 7E18 04.05. 04_G 05.12. 01 February 2 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) Final release supported on iPhone ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) Improves accuracy of reported battery level on iPhone 3GS . Resolves issue where third - party apps would not launch in some instances . Fixes bug that may cause an app to crash when using the Japanese Kana keyboard . Fixes security bugs in Core Audio , ImageIO , Recovery Mode and WebKit . Uses a new baseband which patches an exploit formerly used for jailbreaking the iPhone 3G / 3GS . Updates WebKit to 528.18 . ( show ) Table of versions : iPhone OS 3.2. x -- iPad only iPad family : 1 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 3.2 7B367 06.15. 00 April 3 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) Initial release on iPad ( 1st generation ) . Initial support for landscape home screens . Includes new frameworks for recognizing custom gestures , custom keyboards , etc . Allows display output to an externally connected display for compatible 3rd party apps . Allows user to change home screen background . Adds Terrain view in Maps application . Location - based services rely on Apple 's own databases instead services of Google and Skyhook Wireless . Allows transferring files between a computer and the device for a shared ( per app ) document store that all applications can access ( iOS file sharing ) . Only available for the iPad . Allows use of Apple Bluetooth keyboard ( possibly other keyboards ) . Includes a built - in dictionary which can be used in iWork , iBooks , and possibly other apps . The Dock can now hold up to six icons . The iPod app allows users to create and name custom playlists . Safari 's new thumbnail view allows users to navigate to up to nine active pages ( similar to Top Sites on Safari for OS X ) . Places in the Photos app allows the user to view their photos by location ( needs iPhoto ' 09 ) . 720p HD videos are available in the YouTube app . Share YouTube videos to Facebook . 3.2. 1 7B405 06.15. 00 July 15 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) Better Wi - Fi connection . Bug fix in Mail so it does not crash any more when doing copy - and - paste from a one - page PDF document . Bug fix in Video playback so that videos no longer freeze in certain situations . Better reliability when using the iPad Dock Adapter to VGA . Added Bing as a search engine in Safari . WebKit version 531.21. 10 . 3.2. 2 7B500 06.15. 00 August 11 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 08 - 11 ) Patches PDF exploit which allowed jailbreaking through Safari . IOS 4 ( edit ) iOS 4 was made available to the public for the iPhone and iPod Touch on June 21 , 2010 . This is the first major iOS release to drop support for some devices ( original iPhone and iPod Touch ) and that iPod Touch users do not have to pay for . The iPhone 3G and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) have limited features , including lack of multitasking capabilities and the ability to set a home screen wallpaper , while the iPhone 4 , iPhone 3GS , iPod Touch ( 3rd & 4th generation ) have all features enabled , such as multitasking . The iPhone and iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) can not run iOS 4.0 and above . iOS 4.2. 1 , released November 22 , 2010 , added iPad compatibility . It was the initial release on the iPad 2 . It also was the last version to support iPhone 3G and iPod touch ( 2nd generation ) . iOS 4.2. 1 replaced iOS 4.2 due to a Wi - Fi bug in iOS 4.2 beta 3 , causing Apple to release 2 golden masters ( 4.2 GM and 4.2. 1 GM ) . Support of iOS 4 ended in 2013 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 4.0. x -- iPod Touch and iPhone only iPhone family : 3G 3GS 4 iPod family : 2 3 Limited support on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 4.0 8A293 05.13. 04 01.59. 00 June 21 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 06 - 21 ) Initial release on iPhone 4 Multitasking . User interface for app switching by double clicking Home button . Portrait orientation lock . iPod control widget . FaceTime direct video calling ability over Wi - Fi ( iPhone 4 and later , iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) , iPad 2 , and OS X users ) . iBooks sync support through iTunes for iPhone and iPod Touch . iAd mobile advertising network . Settings App - specific location settings . Cellular data toggle ( on - off ) . `` Complex Password '' setting : passwords with alphabet characters and numbers . Simple Passcode Lock ( 4 digit number ) option . New wallpapers . Wallpaper available for Home screen . New wallpaper preview for Home screen and lock screen . Set up Internet tethering . New Gmail and Exchange icons in Mail , Contacts , Calendars account settings . Support multiple Exchange accounts . Custom Dictionary . Airplane Mode for iPod Touch . Separated Sounds settings from General settings . Home screen Ability to categorise apps into folders with default folder naming based on category name in App Store . Up to 2,160 instead of 180 visible apps ( 12 apps per folder ) . Folder name supports up to 13 characters . Custom Home screen wallpaper . Dock redesigned to that of the iPad . Rate on deleting app removed . Default Utilities folder which contains the Clock , Calculator , Voice Memos and Compass apps . Revised SpringBoard scrolling . Camera Up to 5x digital ( as opposed to optical ) zoom feature on the Camera app . Photos Categorised by Albums , Faces , Events and Places ( under iPhoto in OS X ) . Select multiple photos for mass deletion . Support landscape mode . Camera Roll Categorisation by All , Photos and Videos . Support landscape mode . App Store Ability to gift apps . Maps Unified `` locate me '' icon . Background location icon shown on status bar . iPod Playlist creation on device . Nested playlists . Lyrics and Podcast info on Setting . Volume control with Bluetooth headsets . Album art displayed in Album view . Notes Notes syncing with MobileMe , Gmail IMAP and Yahoo ! Mail . Accounts management appears if syncing is enabled . Notes setting below Mail , Contacts , Calendars Settings if syncing is enabled . Moved search box into title bar . Calendar Birthday calendar . CalDAV invitations . Ability to edit which calendar an event is located in after the initial saving . Ability to select any combination of calendar categories to view . Contacts Unified info by linking contacts from different accounts . CardDAV . Streamlined `` New Contact '' screen . Spotlight Search with Web or Wikipedia . Search Messages . Safari ( Webkit version 532.9 ) Bing is now a search option , along with Google and Yahoo ! . Recent searches below search field . Top hit in search . Suggestions appear below search field for all 3 search engines . Unified `` Search '' keyboard button when search field being used . In - page audio playback . Voice control The ability to ask what the current time is . YouTube Rotate & zoom videos in vertical and horizontal position . Latest 480p for smoother and quicker video playback . Accessibility Larger fonts in Mail , SMS & alerts . Automatically speak auto - corrections and auto - capitalisations . Message Include a Search bar . Character count ( can be enabled or disabled in Settings > Messages screen ) . Failed SMS notification . Option to toggle off the ability to send group messages . Mail Unified inboxes . Edit from outbox . Support for multiple Exchange accounts . File & delete Mail search results . Organise by thread in Mail . Quick look attachments . Open attachments by registered filetype with corresponding apps from the App Store . Smart links for dates and addresses . Contact pictures in emails . Create Calendar events from dates within emails . International Spell check . Added Cangjie and Wubihua keyboards for Simplified and Traditional Chinese . Text replacement between Simplified and Traditional Chinese . Switch keyboard shortcut ( holding the `` Earth '' button on keyboard for a while ) . Added support for Danish voice control . New languages added ( Catalan , Hungarian , Vietnamese ) . Other Support for Apple Bluetooth keyboards . Persistent Wi - Fi . Added support for iBooks application . Wake on wireless . Auto - join and auto - login and IPv6 on individual Wi - Fi networks setting . Enhanced data protection . Wireless app distribution . Mobile device management . SSL VPN support ( both Juniper and Cisco ) . Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 support . Improved Bluetooth driver for A2DP devices . Improved iOS animations . Note : iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) , and iPhone ( 1st generation ) devices are not supported , while iPhone 3G , and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) have limited support . iPhone 4 , iPhone 3GS , iPod Touch ( 3rd & 4th generation ) are all fully supported . 4.0. 1 8A306 05.13. 04 01.59. 00 July 15 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) iPhone only Updated carrier signal strength display . Increase in the length of the smaller signal bars . The method in which signal strength is calculated was modified ( as a result of the antennagate issue ) . Fixed Exchange ActiveSync issues . Only official SIM card number can be used for FaceTime identification . 4.0. 2 8A400 05.13. 04 01.59. 00 August 11 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 08 - 11 ) Patches a PDF exploit which allowed jailbreaking through Safari . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 4.1 -- iPod Touch and iPhone only iPhone family : 3G 3GS 4 iPod family : 2 3 4 Limited support on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 4.1 8B117 05.14. 02 02.10. 04 September 8 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) Initial release on iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) . Improved calendar colours . Bug fixes iPhone 4 proximity sensor issues . Bluetooth connectivity . Improved performance on iPhone 3G . Nike + iPod fixes and the Retina Display ( iPhone 4 only ) . Fixes white balance issue with iPhone 4 under certain lighting conditions . Fixes FaceTime error where iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS users could enter `` facetime : / / '' URLs in Safari . Game Center . no support for iPhone 3G Security updates to accessibility , FaceTime , ImageIO and WebKit . Enables FaceTime call connection via email contacts ( e.g. for iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) users who wo n't have a phone number ) and through favorites . Nike + iPod statistics submissions over Wi - Fi . High dynamic range imaging ( HDR ) ( only available for the iPhone 4 ) . HD video upload over Wi - Fi ( iPhone 4 , and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) only ) . iTunes adds Ping , a social music network and discovery tool ( only available in countries with iTunes Store ) . TV show rentals ( only available for iTunes US Store ) . Can move an existing appointment from one calendar to another . Notes syncing removed from iPhone 3G due to reported performance problems . Restores Field test mode . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 4.2. x iPad family : 1 2 iPhone family : 3G 3GS 4 iPod family : 2 3 4 Limited support on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 4.2. 1 8C148 8C148a 05.15. 04 03.10. 01 07.10. 00 November 22 , 2010 ; 6 years ago ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) Initial release on iPad 2 Final release supported on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) iOS 4.2 was replaced because of a Wi - Fi bug in beta 3 , causing Apple to release two golden master candidates ( 4.2 GM and 4.2. 1 GM ) Bug fixes Birthdays calendar does not display birthdays starting more than 77 years ago . AirPlay ( replacement of AirTunes , AirPlay will offer stream video , music , and photos over Wi - Fi ) . AirPrint wireless printing with Print Center ( select models ) . Import . ics calendar files directly for events . Improved battery performance . Birthdays icon has been changed in the Calendar app . Updated Carrier Settings ( US is AT&T 9.0 , UK is O2 9.1 , Germany is Deutsche Telekom 9.0 ) . Text search on web pages . 2 new fonts for Notes in Settings ( Helvetica and Chalkboard ) . Safari 6533.18. 5 , WebKit 533.17. 9 . Added support for Chinese URL over Safari . Added an indicator in the App Store which shows if an app supports Game Center . Support for CoreMIDI . YouTube voting . Minor improvements in UI graphics . New parental controls for deleting apps , changing mail accounts and location services . The font size of text in Calendar can now be changed in the Accessibility settings . Security fixes . Network - controlled fast dormancy implemented in baseband to improve battery life and reduce network congestion . Fixes intermittent Wi - Fi issues in iOS 4.2 beta 3 , which remained in the iOS 4.2 GM . Fixes VoIP issues . Find My iPhone location feature is free ( iPhone 4 , iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) , & iPad ) running on iOS 4.2. 1 . iPad only 4. x support for the iPad . iOS 4 features for iPad ( multitasking , folders , etc . ) . Up to 4,400 icons instead of 220 ( 20 apps a folder ) . Updated carrier signal strength display ( 3G iPad only ) . Increase in the length of the smaller signal bars . The method in which signal strength is calculated has been enhanced . Additions to the multitasking tray . Brightness . Volume control . AirPlay controls . Screen rotation lock switch . Physical iPad screen rotation lock switch is converted into a sound / silent switch in iOS 4.2 ( just like on the iPhones ) , with a virtual screen rotation lock switch added to the multitasking tray . More than 30 new keyboards and dictionaries , including Arabic , Greek , and Hebrew . New multitasking animation . New bookmarks design. iPhone and iPod Touch only Bug fixes . Fixes glitch that can let a user get into the Phone app while the phone is locked via `` Emergency Call '' by dialing a random number and quickly pressing the lock button after dialing that call . Fixes the alarm bug caused by daylight saving time changing , affected on a part of iPhone and iPod Touch owners living in various countries . Improved iPhone 3G and iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) performance . Additions to multitasking tray . Volume controls . AirPlay controls . New Voice Memos icon . Ability to initiate FaceTime calls from Voice Control . FaceTime shortcut from Messages app ( iPhone 4 only ) . New text tone alerts ( New & Original tone lists ) ( iPhone 4 only ) . Ringer & alerts on / off switch ( Settings > Sounds ) for volume buttons ( iPhone only ) . Assign different text tone alerts to each contact . Restores full field test mode . 4.2. 5 8E128 1.0. 05 February 7 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) Initial release on iPhone 4 ( CDMA , Verizon version ) CDMA ( Verizon ) iPhone 4 only Personal Hotspot feature . 4.2. 6 8E200 1.0. 05 February 10 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) CDMA ( Verizon ) iPhone 4 only Bug fixes Personal Hotspot bug fixes . 4.2. 7 8E303 1.0. 06 April 14 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) CDMA ( Verizon ) iPhone 4 only Security update . Baseband update . 4.2. 8 8E401 1.0. 06 May 4 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) CDMA ( Verizon ) iPhone 4 only Bug fixes Reduced size of the iOS crowd - sourced location database cache . No longer backs the cache up to iTunes . Deletes it entirely when Location Services is turned off . 4.2. 9 8E501 1.0. 06 July 15 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) CDMA ( Verizon ) iPhone 4 only Security Updates Disabled the possibility of viewing a maliciously crafted PDF file that may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution . Disabled a malicious code running as the user may gain system privileges . 4.2. 10 8E600 1.0. 06 July 25 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) CDMA ( Verizon ) iPhone 4 only Security Update Fixes a security vulnerability with certificate validation . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 4.3. x iPad family : 1 2 iPhone family : 3GS 4 iPod family : 3 4 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 4.3 8F190 8F191 05.16. 01 04.10. 01 07.11. 00 2.0. 4 March 9 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 03 - 09 ) Implementation of ASLR for increased security . AirPlay video support for third party apps . HTTP Live Streaming statistics . New font in Notes app ( `` Noteworthy '' ) . Improved Safari performance with `` Nitro '' JavaScript engine . Redesigned `` account '' section under the Store menu . Ability to switch on automatic downloads ( for iTunes Music and App Store applications ) . Location services have been shifted from General to Settings menu . New parental controls for use with Ping . New menu for scrubbing in videos . Fine scrubbing : adjust by seconds / frames . Quarter scrubbing : second . Half speed scrubbing : adjust by minute ( s ) . Hi - speed scrubbing : run fast through minutes . Ability to cancel and delete an app which is currently downloading . Before iOS 4.3 , it was only possible to delete an app which had already downloaded . Stream from an iTunes library to iOS using Home Sharing . In - app purchases always ask for a password , even if one was entered before . Internal system clock gets network time updated more often via NITZ ( part of the official GSM standard since phase 2 + release 96 ) and gives a more accurate time for the device , it updates about every five days. iPhone only Personal Hotspot feature ( Wi - Fi hotspot with up to 5 simultaneous devices ( Wi - Fi hotspot iPhone 4 only ) ) on supported carriers . Ability to set amount of times a text tone repeats ( up to 10 times ) . In field test mode refresh button has been removed & updated information has been displayed in bottom of the screen ( it updates every 4 -- 6 seconds ) . Slideshow options moved to Photos app . New look for taking a picture for a Contact . When receiving a text message , the iPhone now vibrates 2 times . Some SMS tones have been shortened. iPod Touch only New FaceTime icon ( iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) only ) . Added FaceTime command in voice control ( iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) only ) . New look for taking a picture for a Contact ( iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) only ) . SMS App access through sms : num links is disabled ( iPad only ) . Ability to choose function of iPads physical switch between rotation lock or mute . Fullscreen iAd banner format . Photo Booth & FaceTime app ( iPad 2 only ). Bug fixes Fixed issue that prevented controls from being dismissed in some cases . Addressed issue where the keyboard could not be brought back when highlighting and swiping through search results . VoiceOver now reads the entire chart in Stocks app while in landscape mode . Fixed slideshow stop after 15 images when using AirPlay . 05.16. 01 ( for iPhone 3GS ) , 04.10. 01 ( for iPhone 4 ) . Updated carrier settings ( US is AT&T 10.0 , UK is O2 , 10.0 , Portugal is Optimus 10.0 ) . Enabled traffic volume indicator IE. in cell update ( iPhone and iPad Wi - Fi + 3G only ) . Fixed canceled recurring calendar events still showing on the event list . Fixed deleting a recurring event make the alarm go away . Fixed all - day alarm fired an hour early . Fixed missing accented letters in European keyboard popups . Increase font size for China and Pinyin inputs . Fixed auto - correction issue when switch back from Emoji to English keyboard . Fixed orientation of mail application not following device orientation under specific conditions . Fixed mail message view and orientation when quickly selecting a message and hitting edit mode . Fixed MMS messages with vCards scrolling up . Added ( Address Space Layout Randomisation ) ( ASLR ) . Added new icon for Wi - Fi tethering for personal hotspot on status bar . Fixed issue that caused Safari and other apps to crash after loading certain heavy Web sites . Fixed Personal Hotspot password failure with 22 + characters . Added support for `` find '' in Safari . Fixed wallpaper titles for VoiceOver . 4.3. 1 8G4 05.16. 02 04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4 March 25 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 03 - 25 ) Bug fixes Fixed graphics glitches on iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) . Baseband updates for the iPhone 3GS and iPad ( 1st generation ) . Fixed memory hang that results in memory corruption when reading large files from USIM filesystem . Fixed problem with NTLM authentication in apps and on websites . Fixed issue with the Springboard and 3rd party apps not recognizing the gyroscope on the iPad 2 . Resolves bugs related to activating and connecting to some cellular networks . Fixes image flicker when using Apple Digital AV Adapter with some TVs . Resolves an issue authenticating with some enterprise web services . Changes the behaviour of the battery percentage . 4.3. 2 8H7 8H8 05.16. 02 04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4 April 14 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) Bug fixes Fixed issue with blank or frozen video during ( or before ) a FaceTime call . Fixed issue with connectivity to 3G networks on iPad Wi - Fi + 3G . Fixed issue where Exchange redirection does not occur when Activesync server is on an Exchange 2010 server and user mailbox is on Exchange 2007 . 4.3. 3 8J2 8J3 05.16. 02 04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4 May 4 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) Bug fixes This update contains changes to the iOS crowd - sourced location database cache . Reduced size of the iOS crowd - sourced location database cache . No longer backs the cache up to iTunes . Deletes it entirely when Location Services is turned off . No longer allows user to remove apps that have not been completely downloaded . 4.3. 4 8K2 05.16. 02 04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4 July 15 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) Re-introduced the ability to cancel and delete apps that are currently downloading . Jailbreaking patches . Disabled the possibility of viewing a maliciously crafted PDF file that may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution . Disabled a malicious code running as the user may gain system privileges . Disabled `` incomplete signing attacks '' , blocking `` Untethered '' jailbreak . 4.3. 5 8L1 04.10. 01 2.0. 4 July 25 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) Security Update Fixes a security vulnerability with certificate validation . IOS 5 ( edit ) iOS 5 was previewed to the public on June 6 , 2011 . It was released for iPhone 3GS , iPhone 4 ( GSM and CDMA ) , iPhone 4S , iPod Touch ( 3rd & 4th generation ) , iPad , and iPad 2 on October 12 , 2011 . iOS 5.1. 1 is the final release supported for the iPad ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) . Support of iOS 5 ended in 2014 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 5.0. x iPad family : 1 2 iPhone family : 3GS 4 4S iPod family : 3 4 Limited support on iPad ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 3rd Generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 5.0 9A334 04.11. 08 05.16. 05 07.11. 01 1.0. 11 3.00. 03 October 12 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) Initial release on iPhone 4S All notifications concentrated to Notification Center : swipe downwards from the status bar to open it . Notification center shows a list of all notifications and widgets ( widgets available only on iPhone & iPod Touch ) . Notification order can be arranged . Choose Notification Type : Banner notifications , the classic pop - up notifications , or no notification at all ( selectable on an app - by - app basis ) . Notification list on lock screen . Swipe an icon to unlock and go to the specific notification . Notifications announcing earthquakes with 2 minutes ( only in Japan ) . Messages Messaging between all iOS devices running iOS 5 through Wi - Fi or 3G . Allows to send text , photos , videos , contacts , and locations . All iMessages and conversations will be synced between all iOS devices linked under a single Apple ID . You can start a conversation on one device and continue it on another . Can message between multiple people simultaneously ( group messaging ) . Shows when other person ( s ) is typing . Delivery receipts . Optional read receipts ( enable in Settings ) . Animated GIF image support for iMessage . Ability to set how many times an alert will be shown when a new message is received ( ranges from once to ten times ) . The name of the person that responds appears in small light blue text directly above the response when SMS is sent to a group . Slight redesign for text messages . Font & time - stamp layout . Hide keyboard ; hidden by downwards scrolling in message screen ( after being used to type a message ) . Unhidden again by tapping in text entry field . Newsstand A new icon on the home screen , which opens to an iBooks - inspired folder which shows all papers and magazines downloaded from the App Store . Subscriptions to newspapers and magazines available for browsing and downloading in a dedicated section of the App Store , stored in the Newsstand folder . Reminders `` To - Do list '' functionality in Reminders app . Date - based reminder notifications . Location - based reminder notifications that can be set to when you leave , or arrive a specified area ( ) . Twitter integration Tweeting from native applications : Photos , Camera , YouTube , Maps , and Safari using new Tweet Sheet which supports multiple accounts . Music iPod app now split and renamed to Music and Videos ( iPhone and iPad only ; was always split on the iPod Touch ) . Video podcasts can only be found in the Videos app . Ability to play content while the device is synchronizing with iTunes . Ability to delete songs from device ( by swiping over the corresponding song ) . Tap and hold on a song to view extended song information ( iPhone & iPod Touch only ) . Long names scrolling in now playing . Album artwork now displays in full resolution ( Retina Display only ) on Now Playing screen . Broadcast song information on devices ( e.g. car stereo ) when connected over Bluetooth . Improved Sound Check for Music . `` Group by Album Artist '' option for Music . iTunes Store button has been added to the Music app . Removed ability to view lyrics ( on iPad ) . Camera Volume - up key as shutter release button to take photos ( also works using headphone remote volume up button ) . Also works for starting / stopping recording of videos . Shortcut to Camera app from lock screen , accessed by double - clicking the home button ( iPhone 3GS & later and iPod Touch 4th generation only ) . Grid composition aide ( 3x3 ) . Spread to zoom - in , pinch to zoom - out . Swipe left to reveal camera roll . Tap and hold to lock / unlock Auto Exposure and Auto Focus . Options button added , HDR toggle and Grid composition aide toggle . New Camera button on Photos app that returns to Camera instead of a `` Done '' button ( was on OS before this ) to close the Camera Roll . Face detection and video stabilisation . Maps Print maps . Alternate routes . Calendar Can now create , rename , and delete calendars right on the device . Tap and hold or double - tap to create a new event . Tap and hold in `` all - day events '' to create a new all - day event . Drag appointments to a new time slot . Drag handles to change start and end times . Creating new Event , now an `` Invitees '' field ; takes to screen for multiple email address entry , emails sent to all invitees once event is saved . Invitee can `` Accept '' / `` Decline '' / `` Maybe '' ; reply sent to iCloud servers then reflected for all invitees to see . Calendar event on device lists those invitees accepting event . All users on iOS 5. x devices get notification when event is nearing . Ability to specify a time zone to events . Ability to add URLs to events . Current time on Calendar if in landscape mode . Navigate in day view by swiping . Event attachments can now be viewed directly in the app . Share calendars through iCloud with friends and family . Edits made by subscribers to that calendar are updated and pushed to other subscribers of that calendar ( can be disabled by the creator of the calendar and locked so others can not make edits ) . Japanese or Buddhist calendars support . Mail Rich text formatting ( bold , italics , and underline ) . Indentation control . Ability to mark multiple mail items as read . Ability to flag emails . Draggable mail address in the recipients field . Alert if the subject line is blank . Search now includes body of messages . Delete mails while in Airplane mode . Exchange Activesync Email can now be deleted offline . Can create new email folders . Mail sidebar . S / MIME support . Ability to show 1000 recent messages ; 25 message option removed . Ability to create additional @ me.com email address within the Mail settings . Ability to increase quote level in Mail settings . New and updated tiny icons on Mail for Windows Live Mail , Gmail , Exchange , etc . Hotmail accounts now have new icons and folders . While reading an email you can swipe right to open a list of messages and swipe left to bring back the open email message again . If you have multiple email accounts configured in Mail. app , swipe left or right from one 's mailboxes folder list , it will take you to another account 's mailboxes . Support for three popular Chinese email services : Tencent 's QQ Mail , and Netease 's 163.com & 126.com mail inboxes . Photos Built - in basic photo editing : crop , red - eye , auto - enhance and rotate photos . Ability to create and edit local photo albums folders ( only those that are n't synced with iTunes ) . Ability to sync pictures taken on one iOS device automatically with other iOS 5 devices using Photo Stream . Ability to select all when adding pictures to an album . Slight re-design for video time - line under Photos app . Safari Safari Reader : new `` Reader '' icon appears in address bar if Safari detects a webpage article , removing need to click - through to each page . Scrollable window sheet appears over current webpage showing all article pages together separated by page breaks , removing ads and page clutter . Ability to change font size in reader mode . Reading List : a new area of the bookmarks window has been added , purposed for pages you might want to read later . New pages can be added from a new option in the action menu or when long - pressing on a link . Items from the Reading List can be synced to iCloud to be pushed to all of your other iOS devices . Safari bookmarks can be synced to iCloud . Ability to open pages in background or in new page ( change in Settings ) . Ability to replace a word with a word from a list of similarly spelled words spellings when typing in a text box on a web page . Private Browsing ; interface colours change from blue to black ( change in Settings ) . Ability to remove custom website data . CSS fixed position support . Slight fade out at end of long URLs ( instead of ellipses ) in the address bar . Super fast HTML5 draw support . Kinetic scrolling within text fields in Safari . iCloud iTunes , iBooks ( books & progress ) , App Store , Photo , Contacts , Calendar , Notes , Reminders , Mail , Safari ( Bookmarks & Reading List ) , Settings , app data , iWork , and backup data ; saved in iCloud to automatically or manually download to all linked devices ( iOS & Mac / Windows PCs ) . All iMessages and conversations will be synced between all iOS devices linked under a single Apple ID . You can start a conversation on one device and continue it on another . Backup homescreen layout on iCloud . Document sync . Ability to buy more storage . Free upgrade to 256 kbit / s bit rate for iTunes purchased songs if backing up on iCloud . File names in iCloud Storage are case - sensitive . Documents / data can now be selected to sync with iCloud account . Option to disable iCloud Sync via cellular network to save cost , especially if roaming . Game Center Photos for Friends . Ability to make your Profile public or private . Points in Game Center : shows you how many points you have on the home screen of Game Center . Sort and view Friends on the basis of Points . Friend recommendations . Game recommendations . Games can be purchased from within Game Center . New Friend requests screen . Native support for turn based games . Settings Help Center : learn more about every option under settings app to explore more about it . New menu under Location Services , named System Services , where some services can be toggled on or off ( such as setting the time - zone , location - based iAds , Diagnostics , etc . ) . Hearing Aid Mode . Ability to rename your device . Ability to set up an AirPort base station or Time Capsule devices . Ability to organise Notification Center items `` Manually '' or `` By Time '' . Can select which apps can be included in Notification Center . Can select which type of notification will be used for each app : banner notification , classic pop - up style notification , or no notification . Ability to turn off app badges . On the `` Ringtone '' and `` Text Tone '' page , instead of showing `` new '' , they are all in one category now . Custom sounds for New Message , New Voicemail , New Mail , Sent Mail and Reminders alerts . Ability to purchase text , email , and voicemail alert tones . Under `` Mail , Contacts , Calendars '' , on the bottom it shows `` Reminders '' and gives an option to Sync . In the `` Messages '' section , the `` Alerts '' , `` Show Preview '' , and `` Repeat Alert '' options have been removed . The Usage screen is improved and now shows how much of the memory is consumed by each app . Storage usage clean up . Backup to iCloud shortcut added . Software Update menu added . This allows easier and faster updating of devices independently , without a computer with iTunes installed ; the update downloads directly to the iOS device ; needs Wi - Fi or cellular network connection . Photo Stream settings . New purchases Settings ; automatically download new purchases made on other devices ( for music , apps , and books ) . This can also be enabled or disabled for use on cellular when not connected to Wi - Fi . Twitter sign - in OS - wide with support for multiple Twitter accounts . Ability to set left or right for mono audio . Ability to turn on / off sending of iOS diagnostic data to Apple . Keyboard Ability to create keyboard shortcuts to replace custom phrases . By default includes `` omw '' which expands to `` On my way ! '' . Emoji keyboard no longer needs an app to enable it ( regarding non-Japanese devices ) . Define your own words in Offline Dictionary . New keyboard with prominent # ( hash - tag ) and @ ( mention ) buttons for Twitter app similar to the ``. com '' button when entering an address into the Safari address bar . New Chinese - Pinyin keyboard spreading . Quick Chinese input method . List of associated words show on the top of Chinese input keyboard . Function to convert voice to text PC - Free iTunes / USB no longer needed to activate new devices via a computer . New welcome screen when using the device for the first time ( or after resetting a device ) . Ability to start fresh with no need to tether it to iTunes . Option to restore all data on a device from an iCloud backup through a simple iCloud sign in . Ability to wirelessly sync to iTunes over Wi - Fi added ( an initial tethered sync is needed to pair them together and the setting must be enabled in iTunes ) . OTA delta updates : from iOS 5 forward , devices can now self - update the system software right on the device itself through Wi - Fi or 3G ; no iTunes or computer needed . YouTube Ability to play 480p / 720p videos over 3G ( iPhone only ) . Scrolling titles for YouTube videos . Seek bar fine scrubbing visual notification has been added . FaceTime Improved video quality . Ability to set your FaceTime caller - ID to be your email or your phone number . Ability to mirror the FaceTime call on large screen . iTunes / App Store iTunes Tone Store . New Purchased History section . Genius support for finding songs and apps similar to ones users have purchased formerly . Ability to completely disable in - app purchases . iTunes password prompt . Restrictions with password needed for purchases if enabled . Shows `` Install '' instead of the price for formerly purchased apps . Shows `` Installed '' for installed apps . Additional `` iForgot '' button on App Store if a user has forgotten their Apple ID password . Simultaneous app downloads . Custom tones for almost everything under `` Sounds '' with `` Buy more tones '' button . Music app now has a `` Store '' button that goes to the iTunes Store . Contacts Add family relations ( `` related names '' ) to contacts . Add social media info into contacts . VoiceOver VoiceOver item chooser . VoiceOver action support . Arabic language support for VoiceOver . Option to speak text selection . New voices for VoiceOver . Bluetooth AVRCP 1.4 supported ( sends track and artist info to supported devices ) . Minor improvements / bug fixes New rounded UI switch graphic . Ability to use the device while syncing . Spotlight search now includes Reminders and searches through Messages . Built - in system - wide dictionary ; in the typical Cut / Copy / Paste pop - up when selecting text , there is a new option to `` Define '' . Define brings up a view with definition of the selected word . Ability to delete app data . Fixed a bug that caused a song to crash for a second while switching to another application in the multitasking tray . Apps fade to home screen when they crash , rather than flicking off . Option to automatically set the time ( new for Wi - Fi only devices ) . Switching the ringer switch to `` on '' , the indicator now shows the volume level bar ( iPhone & iPad only ) . Screenshots are saved using the device 's orientation ( formerly , all screenshots were saved as if the device was in portrait mode ) . Hindi virtual keyboard based on standard InScript layout. iPhone & iPod Touch only Notification Center Option to display Stock & Weather widgets in Notification Center . Swipe weather left or right to get five - day forecast . Calendar Week view in landscape orientation . Clock Ability to pause Timer . Tbilisi , Georgia added to World Clock . Weather Weather for user 's current location . Hourly updated weather of 5 day forecasts . Stocks Real - time stock updates. iPhone only Siri voice control . Classed as beta software during whole of iOS 5. x . Voice commands are now executable for different users on device . Device can now translate voice into text and vice versa . Available in English ( UK , US , and Australia ) , French , and German . Phone Enable / disable option for voice - dial if the device is set to security with passcode lock . Delete individual calls in `` Recents '' Phone app . Clear button is now Edit button . Make FaceTime calls without a micro-SIM card . `` Unsecured Calls '' warning lets users know if they are talking on unencrypted networks . Shows city name or area / county in addition to number for unknown calls . Time - mid call invitation alerts . Messages Option to have iMessages sent as SMS when iMessage is unavailable ( enable in Settings ) . Placeholder text indicates whether sending `` iMessage '' or `` Text Message '' ( i.e. SMS / MMS message ) in Messages . SMS / MMS bubbles are green in colour , iMessage bubbles are baby blue . General Customised vibrate alert patterns ( can be set per - contact ) . LED flash alerts . Assistive touch gestures ( iPod Touch only ) . New `` Message '' option to use iMessage using an email ID , in Settings ( for iPod Touch and iPad only ) . Keyboard Split keyboard : swipe up or pull apart to split keyboard in half . Undock keyboard option : keyboard can now be moved up and down the screen . Mail Swipe right to reveal Inbox when in portrait orientation . Calendar Swipe left and right to change months . Year view with heat map colours to show busy / free status . Safari Tabbed browsing . Tapping and holding the back or forward buttons in Safari will show recently visited website history . Tapping and holding the new tab button will show a list of recently closed tabs . Music All - new user interface . Quickly skip to prior or next track by swiping left or right ( respectively ) on album art when in the Now Playing screen in the Music app . Picture frame Ability to pick an event . Multitasking gestures with 4 or 5 fingers : ( iPad 2 only until iOS 5.0. 1 ) Pinch to return to the Home screen . Swipe up to open multitasking tray . Swipe left or right to move between open apps . AirPlay mirroring Ability to connect with AirPlay to an Apple TV ; whatever is displayed on an iOS devices screen is mirrored on the TV . Videos Ability to play 1080p content . 5.0. 1 9A405 9A406 04.11. 08 3.00. 03 05.16. 05 07.11. 01 1.0. 14 ( Build 9A406 ) November 10 , 2011 ( 9A405 ) December 12 , 2011 ( 9A406 ) Bug fixes , security update Attempted to fix battery drain bug . Fixes bugs affecting iCloud mail push . Adds Multitasking Gestures ( for original iPad ) . Resolves bugs with Documents in the Cloud . Improves voice recognition for Australian users using dictation . Contains security improvements . Activates the LED camera flash , whether the speaker is muted or not , for incoming calls and messages , when activated within the Accessibility sub-menu . Introduces a new way for developers to specify files that should not be backed up. iPhone 4S only ( Build 9A406 ) Attempts to fix `` Invalid Sim '' and `` No SIM card installed '' issues . Baseband update . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 5.1. x iPad family : 1 2 3 iPhone family : 3GS 4 4S iPod family : 3 4 Limited support on iPad ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 3rd Generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 5.1 9B176 9B179 05.16. 05 07.11. 01 04.12. 01 3.0. 04 1.0. 10 2.0. 10 March 7 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) Initial release on iPad ( 3rd generation ) . App Store App Store download limit over 3G increased from 20 to 50 MB . Clock `` Sleep iPod '' function in clock application changed to `` Stop Playing '' , this function also works for applications other than Music . Camera Redesigned Camera app ( for iPad ) . Camera shortcut on lock screen now always present , and has a new slide - up gesture to activate ( iPhone & iPod Touch only ) . Face detection and video stabilisation . Camera face detection now highlights all detected faces . General License column added under the About menu . Improved Location Services . Maps Minor UI changes in Maps . Music Fixed slowdown when changing to landscape ( Cover Flow ) in Music app . Shake - to - shuffle bug fix , which formerly caused the Music app to freeze . Smart playlists bug fix . Genius Mixes and Genius playlists for iTunes Match subscribers . Podcast controls for playback speed and a 30 - second rewind ( iPad ) . Network Baseband updates for some devices . Carrier updates ( e.g. AT&T 12.0 , Verizon 12.0 ) . 4G icon shown when on AT&T 's HSPA+ network . Fixes iPhone 4S support for Caller ID Name Display ( on supported carriers -- e.g. Rogers & Fido in Canada ) . Restores the 3G switch . Phone Combined Voice / Data Roaming Switch ( on iPhone ) . Photos Photos can now be deleted from Photo Stream . Safari Safari address bar now has `` Go to this address '' instead of a blank bar . Bookmarks list no longer automatically displayed on browser opening if there are no open pages in Safari . Security Updates A string format exploit in an application named racoon that allowed executing unsigned code at boot - up is fixed . An ROP exploit that allowed executing payloads vnimage is now fixed . A flaw that was executed by mounting a maliciously crafted disk image and may lead to a device shutdown or arbitrary code execution is now fixed . A logic issue with debug system calls that could bypass sandbox restrictions is fixed . WebKit security updates . A format string vulnerability existed in the handling of racoon configuration files ( VPN ) is now fixed . CFNetwork security updates . Siri Enhanced Siri dictation support during text input `` on supported devices '' ( iPhone 4S in 2011 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) in 2012 ) . Japanese language support for Siri ( availability may be limited during initial rollout ) . Video Audio for TV shows and movies optimised to sound louder and clearer ( on iPad ) . Other Setup Assistant bug fix . Attempts at fixing battery life ; results are mixed . Bluetooth status bar indicator bug fix . Improved Assistive Touch . Fixed bug that allowed nested folders ( folders within folders ) , including Newsstand . Fixed bug that caused stuck keys on Apple Bluetooth Keyboards during wakeup from low power states . Redesigned fonts for a few non-Latin languages . 5.1. 1 9B206 9B208 05.16. 05 07.11. 01 04.12. 01 3.0. 04 1.0. 11 2.0. 12 May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) May 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) Final release supported on iPad ( 1st generation ) , and iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) Bug fixes , security update Fixes battery drain bug . Improves reliability of using HDR option for photos taken using the Lock Screen shortcut . Addresses bugs that could prevent switching between 2G and 3G networks . Fixes bugs that affected AirPlay video playback in some circumstances . Improved reliability for syncing Safari bookmarks and Reading List . Fixes an issue where `` Unable to purchase '' alert could be displayed after successful purchase . Added a decline button to calls . Podcast playback position now synced between iOS devices ( presumably via iCloud ). iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S only Attempt to fix bugs with echoes in calls . IOS 6 ( edit ) iOS 6 was announced and previewed on June 11 , 2012 , during Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) 2012 , and its release was stated as Fall 2012 . Following the pattern of prior iOS releases , some older devices were no longer supported , specifically the iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) , and the iPad ( 1st generation ) . Supported devices include the iPhone 3GS and later ; the iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) and later ; and the iPad 2 and later . iOS 6 has limited support on the iPhone 3GS , iPad 2 , and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) , such as the fact that it does n't support Siri . On September 12 , 2012 , at San Francisco 's Yerba Buena Center for the Arts , among other items unveiled , Apple announced three iOS - related items : the next generation iPhone 5 , the redesigned iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , and the announcement of the release of iOS 6.0 the following week . iOS 6 was released to the public on September 19 , 2012 , through iTunes and over-the - air updates . iOS 6.1. 6 is the final release supported for the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) . Support of iOS 6 ended in 2015 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 6.0. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Mini 1 iPhone family : 3GS 4 4S 5 iPod family : 4 5 Limited support on iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 6.0 10A403 10A405 10A406 05.16. 07 1.00. 16 3.0. 04 2.0. 02 04.12. 02 September 19 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) Initial release on iPhone 5 , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , iPad ( 4th generation ) and iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) Not all features available across devices . Siri Siri now available on iPad ( 3rd , 4th generation and Mini ) and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) . Additional country and language support for Canada ( English and Canadian French ) , China ( Mandarin ) , Hong Kong ( Cantonese ) , Italy ( Italian ) , Korea ( Korean ) , Mexico ( Spanish ) , Spain ( Spanish ) , Switzerland ( Italian , French , German ) , Taiwan ( Mandarin ) , US ( Spanish ) . Local search works around the world . Siri can now provide information on sports leagues such as NFL , MLB , NBA , NHL , WNBA , NCAA basketball and American football , the Premier League , MLS , and more . Ask for player stats , team rosters , game schedules and team standings . Siri can provide information on movies like find movie reviews , ask about actors and actresses , play a movie trailer , get showtimes for movies and find a theater / cinema . Yelp ! built - in reviews and launch to open up more information and create reservations with OpenTable . Restaurants are listed by reviews and nearest with more information . Apps can be launched by saying `` run < app name > '' or `` open < app name > '' . Siri can send Tweets and update Facebook status . Siri can read items from Notification Center . `` Eyes Free '' , allowing car companies to build - in Siri integration ; with a mic button on steering wheel , and for launching Siri functions , and screen disabling during Eyes Free mode . Facebook integration Share to Facebook from Share button and apps can access Facebook accounts ; similar to Twitter integration in iOS 5 . Integrated into Notification Center . Integrated in Siri and APIs for third - party apps . Contacts synced from friends ' contact information on Facebook . Facebook Events and birthdays in Calendar . `` Like '' button on apps and content from the App Store and iTunes Store . Twitter Icon matches Twitter 's new logo . Passbook ( iPhone and iPod Touch only ) New app that manages a user 's boarding passes , movie tickets , retail coupons , loyalty cards , etc. in one app . Store coupons and gift cards in a wallet - like app ( e.g. Apple Store , Starbucks , Target , etc . ) . Passes are updated in real time if changes are made ( e.g. spending money on a store card , flight time , gate change , etc . ) . Passes are location and time - based , appearing on the lock screen when relevant . Notification Center Update Facebook status or Tweet from new widget . Message previews can now be toggled on / off for alerts . Calendar now shows the current date in the title bar . Shows ending times for Calendar events . Added `` Do Not Disturb '' for Notifications . ( See Settings , below , for more information ) Photos Shared Photo Streams . Photos can be shared with other contacts . Photos shared can be commented on and liked . Notifications are enabled for when a contact shares a photo with the user . New sharing menu , using new icons . Constantly shows a button to create new Albums . Sharing menu has options for Twitter , Facebook , Weibo ( when Chinese keyboard is enabled ) , Copy , Slideshow , AirPlay , Use as Wallpaper , Print . Videos can be uploaded to Youku and Tudou when Chinese keyboard is enabled . Music New streamlined UI with white and black themes . Late Night Mode equaliser . Redesigned rewind , play / pause , and fast forward controls ( videos kept the same touch controls from prior iOS software . ) Settings `` Bluetooth '' moved to top of Settings list . Added `` Do Not Disturb '' mode , allowing users to avoid calls and notifications unless calling parties are on the user 's Favorites group . A crescent moon icon will appear in the status bar when enabled . Has no effect when the screen is on . Added in Notifications : Government warnings and AMBER Alerts ( toggle on / off ) . New Privacy Controls . Apps must now ask for permission to access the users photos , calendars , contacts and reminders . Revised Settings icon , similar to that of the OS X System Preferences app icon . New gear animation in the Settings app shown whilst downloading an over-the - air update . In the Usage menu , Time Since Last Full Charge , showing `` Usage '' and `` Standby '' time , is now available for all devices . Enable 3G under Cellular setting ( iPhone ) . Maps menu for changing voice volume , map label language , label size , and distance units ( iPhone 4S and later , iPad 2 and later , & iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ) . Settings categories now separated into groups on iPad . `` Advertising '' option added under `` About '' , just above `` Diagnostics & Usage '' to enable or disable advertising networks from serving you `` targeted ads '' . Phone Adds phone icon on lock screen for showing additional ignoring options , similar to the camera sliding icon on the lock screen in iOS 5.1 . When ignoring a call , the user can message the caller by sending one of three customizable quick SMS responses or set a Reminder to call them back later . Phone call does n't take up the entire lock screen when a call is incoming . ( QuietIncomingCallsonLock ) New white themed UI for dial pad . Maps Maps are now Apple - sourced instead of using Google sources . Turn - by - turn Navigation with Siri Voice powered by TomTom ( iPhone 4S and later , iPad 2 and later , & iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ) , voice directions ( iPhone 4S and later only ) . 3D overview for maps ( iPhone 4S and later , iPad 2 and later , & iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ) . Satellite view . Flyover view for maps gives 3D satellite view . New Map icon . Lock Screen integration for turn - by - turn navigation ( iPhone 4S and later , & iPad 2 and later ) , voice directions ( iPhone 4S and later only ) . Yelp ! integration available for businesses provides reviews and information on the business . Allows the user to launch Yelp ! app from Maps . Info cards of businesses . Traffic crowd sourcing with anonymous data sent from all iPhones , also adds events of traffic slow - down . Re-routing around traffic accidents and road work . Tapping search bar will automatically give you directions from current location to back home , can be changed . FaceTime Make FaceTime calls over cellular ( some carriers need certain data plans , like AT&T ) . Mail VIP inbox stars important emails from user defined VIP group members . Flagged emails inbox . Attach photos and videos quickly with a long - press . Open password - protected Microsoft Office documents . Added Pull - to - Refresh gesture to update Mail accounts . Per account Signatures . Holding the Compose button now shows a list of all draft messages , rather than just the most recent draft message . Email addressed used can now be removed from the Recent list Contacts Search All Fields . Custom Vibrations for Text Message Notifications . Reminders Manual Reader . Manual location based reminders . Location based reminders ( iPad ( 3rd generation ) ; formerly only available for iPhone 4 & iPhone 4S ) ( option removed in Golden Master ) . Safari Fullscreen landscape mode ( for iPhone and iPod Touch ) . iCloud tab syncing across iOS devices and Macs . Offline Reading List caches the user 's Reading List for later use , even when not connected to the Internet ( not available for iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) ) . Smart App Banners : Banners on mobile webpages prompt users to download the website 's native App Store counterpart in the App Store . Faster JavaScript engine . Apps in search results . Support for photo upload via Camera Roll to web forms with < input type = `` file '' > elements . Support for up to 24 open tabs on iPad ( up from prior limit of 9 ) . Bookmarks window now displays tabs along the bottom of the window to switch between viewing `` Bookmarks '' , `` History '' and `` Reading List '' ; formerly was listed all in one source list ( iPad 2 and later only ) . Bookmarks button changes to Reading List icon with a progress bar when updating the Reading List for offline use ( iPad 2 and later only ) . Long press the `` Back '' or `` Forward '' button to reveal the browsing history ( for iPhone 3GS and later , iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) and later . formerly only available for iPad since iOS 5. x ) . App Store New UI . Darker theme . Applications can be purchased from within apps . Installing an app no longer returns the user to the home screen ; apps will download and install while continuing to browse the store . Can update apps without entering iTunes password . Tap the screenshots of app to enter Full Screen mode . Already installed apps now show an `` Open '' button that can be tapped to open the respective app , as can tapping the app 's icon . Developer page on the bottom of app details screen ( now available for iPhone and iPod Touch ; formerly only available for iPad ) . Update History on the bottom of app details screen . Related item on the middle of app details screen . Share sheet button on the right top of app details screen . iTunes New UI . Darker theme . Content can be purchased from within apps ( formerly available since iOS 5.0 ) . Accessibility Guided Access Allows user to lock exiting of the app in Single App Mode . Allows users to disable certain controls within a specific app . Locks the home button from being used , so as to function like a kiosk . Speak Selection Allows selected text to be read using the same Text - to - Speech that powers VoiceOver . Allows speech rate and dialect to be changed and words to be highlighted as they are read . When in use , infers language from context , and when no context is available , offers a choice . Pause / resume is available . iCloud Personal Dictionary synchronisation . Passbook synchronisation . Clock Set a song as an alarm sound . Clock app for iPad . Weather New UI . Stocks Historical data can be viewed for the past 5 and 10 years when in landscape mode . YouTube Apple 's integrated app removed , due to an ended licensing deal with Google . Game Center Game Center challenges . Facebook friends integration . Opportunity to delete games without deleting the apps from a device . Camera HDR improvements . Darker theme ( iPhone & iPod Touch only ) . Panorama Mode ( iPhone 4S and later , & iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) only ) . Ability to take pictures while recording video ( iPhone 5 only ) . Face detection is now on the iPad 2 . Calendar Add Facebook events and friends ' birthdays into Calendar . Security Kernel ASLR added . Other Lost Mode : If an iOS device is lost , Lost Mode triggers an attention grabbing sound , prompting the person who finds the iPhone to call a specific number set by the owner remotely . Additional features for China ( Baidu search engine added , China social network , improved inputting method ) . Weibo Integrated ( when Chinese Keyboard enabled ) . VoiceOver improvements . Custom Vibrations for Alerts . Global Network proxy for HTTP . IPv6 support for Wi - Fi and LTE . New Sharing menu using new icons across all stock apps . Auto Correction for every keyboard . Bluetooth MAP support . Improved keyboard layouts . New Thai keyboard ( full keyboard ) . French , German , and Spanish dictionaries . ( Download necessary at time of first use ) `` Made For iPhone '' specification for hearing aids . A blue `` New '' ribbon over newly installed apps . Status bar reflects the color of the top-most banner in 3rd party apps . ( iPhone and iPod Touch only ) Spotlight lists name of folder an app is located in . Setup for iMessage & FaceTime added to initial device first time setup . Folders now let you store up to 16 apps ( iPhone 5 and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ) . 6.0. 1 10A523 10A525 10A8426 05.16. 07 1.01. 00 3.0. 04 2.03. 09 2.0. 02 04.12. 02 November 1 , 2012 ; 4 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) Bug fixes , security update Fixes a bug that prevents iPhone 5 from installing software updates wirelessly over the air . Fixes a bug where horizontal lines may be displayed across the keyboard . Fixes an issue that could cause camera flash to not go off . Improves reliability of iPhone 5 and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) when connected to encrypted WPA2 Wi - Fi networks . Resolves an issue that prevents iPhone from using the cellular network in some instances . Consolidated the Use Cellular Data switch for iTunes Match . Fixes a Passcode Lock bug which sometimes allowed access to Passbook pass details from lock screen . Fixes a bug affecting Exchange meetings . Adds Finger - Rejection . 6.0. 2 10A550 10A551 10A8500 1.01. 00 December 18 , 2012 ; 4 years ago ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) iPhone 5 and iPad Mini only Bug fix Fixes a bug that could impact Wi - Fi . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 6.1. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Mini 1 iPhone family : 3GS 4 4S 5 iPod family : 4 5 Limited support on iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 6.1 10B141 10B142 10B143 10B144 05.16. 08 3.04. 25 3.4. 01 2.0. 02 2.3. 03 3.04. 24 3.0. 04 04.12. 05 January 28 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) Larger `` Report a Problem '' button in Maps . New music controls on lock screen when you double - press home button . Siri can now purchase movie tickets via Fandango ( USA only ) . LTE now works with several European , African , Asian and American carriers . Individual songs can again be downloaded or deleted when using iTunes Match . An empty Passbook will automatically add a sample pass explaining passbook functionality . The pass text changes slightly for users in British English speaking countries , changing `` movie tickets '' to `` cinema tickets '' in the first sentence , and `` theaters '' to `` cinemas '' in the last sentence . Reset Advertising Identifier button now works . New cellular data option for iTunes ( it is available from iOS 6.0 ) . When setting up an iOS device for the first time with iCloud , it will now ask you to confirm your Apple ID password for FaceTime and iMessages . It will also ask you to confirm how you 'd like people to reach you , and tells you that you can change these settings at any time later on . Fixed an iPhone 5 bug that prevented the phone from reconnecting to the cellular network when it lost connection for an extended amount of time . `` Accessory attached '' splashscreen removed . Bi-directional control now possible . Fixed a Bluetooth A2DP trigger delay -- the beginning of the audio stream cut off ( e.g. when navigating turn - by - turn , you heard `` HT in . 5 miles '' instead of `` TURN RIGHT in . 5 miles '' in your A2DP headset / speakers ) Security fixes . 6.1. 1 10B145 3.4. 02 February 6 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) iPhone 4S only Bug fix Fixes an issue that could impact cellular performance and reliability . 6.1. 2 10B146 10B147 05.16. 08 3.4. 02 04.12. 05 3.04. 25 2.3. 03 February 19 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) Bug fix Fixes an Exchange calendar bug that could result in increased network activity and reduced battery life . 6.1. 3 10B329 05.16. 08 3.4. 03 04.12. 05 3.04. 25 2.3. 04 March 19 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) Bug fixes Fixes a bug that could allow someone to bypass the passcode and access the Phone app . Improvements to Maps in Japan , Turkey , Germany and Poland Security fixes . Fixes Facebook App Patches exploits used by original evasi0n jailbreak , but is jailbreakable via the p0sixspwn jailbreak . 6.1. 4 10B350 3.04. 25 May 2 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) iPhone 5 only Bug fix Updates the audio profile for speakerphone . Post-iOS 7 Updates 6.1. 5 10B400 November 14 , 2013 ; 3 years ago ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) only Bug fix Fixes an issue that causes FaceTime calls to fail for some users on the iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) . 6.1. 6 10B500 05.16. 08 February 21 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 02 - 21 ) iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) only Final release supported on iPhone 3GS , and iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) Fix CVE - 2014 - 1266 , a bug in Secure Transport that can cause it to fail to properly authenticate a SSL / TLS connection . This bug also occurred in iOS 7 , and was caused by a duplicate goto fail ; statement in the source code that caused critical parts of the certificate verification code to become unreachable code . This bug is informally known as the goto fail bug as a result . IOS 7 ( edit ) Apple announced iOS 7 on June 10 , 2013 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) event , with release announced for sometime in Fall ( Northern Hemisphere ) or Spring ( Southern Hemisphere ) 2013 . At their iPhone event on September 10 , 2013 , Apple announced the full release of iOS 7 for September 18 , 2013 , while also unveiling two new iPhone models : the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S . With this release , support was again dropped for older devices , specifically the iPhone 3GS ( due to hardware limitations ) and the iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) ( due to performance issues ) . Supported devices on this release include the iPhone 4 onwards , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , the iPad 2 onwards , and the iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) onwards . iOS 7.1. 2 is the final release on the iPhone 4 . Support of iOS 7 ended in 2016 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 7.0. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Mini 1 and Mini 2 iPhone family : 4 4S 5 5C 5S iPod family : 5 Limited support on iPhone 4 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 7.0 11A465 11A466 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.0. 00 4.0. 01 5.00. 01 1.00. 06 September 18 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Initial release on iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S UI Flat design and move away from skeuomorphism in general ( exceptions exist -- for a move towards more skeuomorphism , see for example the Countdown with a new skeuomorphic 3D animation of a spinning wheel ) . System Helvetica Neue Regular font . Full Screen apps that make use of the system status bar and navigation bar . Translucent design in tab bar , navigation bar , status bar , system keyboard , Control Center , and Notification Center ( some translucent layers not on the iPhone 4 , the iPad 2 and the iPad 3 due to hardware constraints ) . Opaque design in Alert view , Action Sheet and Share Sheet . Borderless buttons in general . Back navigation gesture by swiping from left edge of the screen . New UI for arranging tab - bar icons . System - wide dynamic font size , configurable in Settings . Enhance the viewing experience of non-iPad apps on iPad 2 and iPad mini , remove the 1x and 2x toggle , apps are opened in ' 2x ' mode by default on iPad 2 and mini . Home Screen Spotlight Search is now accessible on each screen by pulling it down . `` New '' banner on newly installed apps have been replaced with blue dots . Brand new icons for built - in apps . Newsstand is now a dedicated app instead of a folder . Control Center A unified screen to quickly access toggles and controls for system settings and services , and for using AirDrop and AirPlay . System wide , accessible by swiping upward from the bottom of the screen . Accessible in the lock screen . Flashlight ( device - specific features that come with physical camera ) toggle button . Landscape support . A grabber in full screen apps . Mute / silent toggle button in iPad . AirDrop Integrates Apple 's ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing feature AirDrop ( iPhone 5 and later , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) and later , iPad ( 4th generation ) and later , and iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) and later ) . Alert view , for receive invitation from other devices , option to accept / cancel . Options to set discoverable : Off / Contacts only / Everyone . Inter-app Audio Register audio streams to share with other apps . Provides for MIDI control of audio rendering , remotely launching other registered Inter-App Audio apps . Notification Center Accessible in the lock screen . Today tab , for previewing the events calendar , stocks , and tomorrow 's events ; provides traffic info on oft - visited places . Missed filter : can filter list to see notifications that occurred when phone was not actively in use . Bounces when swiped down quickly . Folders Unlimited number of apps via folder subpages . Newsstand app can now be moved inside any folder . Transparent background . Folders change color when apps are downloading and clock - like animated progress graphic is superimposed over folders that have actively downloading apps . Alert A countdown for snooze . Calculator New feedback when pressing a key . Toggle landscape mode button . Spotlight Accessible on every page of the Home screen by swiping downward from anywhere . New animation . Multitasking Redesigned switcher , with horizontal scrolling for previewing all running apps , and swipe upward gesture to stop any running apps . Can close multiple apps simultaneously by swiping with multiple fingers . Landscape switcher . Background App Refresh ; fetches data in the background based on network connectivity and user habits . Use apps while the app is updating . Wallpapers New wallpapers . Dynamic wallpapers . Gyroscope - responsive parallax wallpaper effect , based on user 's movement . Weather Dynamic animation for different weathers ( iPhone 4S and later and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ) . Shows sunrise / sunset humidity , chance of precipitation , and wind speed . Can see multiple locations simultaneously when the menu icon is selected . Can select GPS icon at bottom to immediately see weather for current location . Phone Block list . Contact pictures on Favorites . Transparency in the number pad button when pressing . Phone History and Voicemail Info options allow one to return the call in multiple ways including call back , FaceTime and Messaging . Contacts New fields in Contacts : `` Add Social Profile '' , and `` Add Instant Message '' . `` Chat '' , `` FaceTime '' , `` Mail '' buttons next to the contact information ; no longer need to scroll down to the bottom . Send contacts through AirDrop . FaceTime FaceTime Audio . Block list . A dedicated app on the iPhone , like the prior version on iPod Touch and iPad . Messages Long SMS . Block list . No longer have to scroll to the top to access `` Call '' , `` FaceTime '' , and `` Info '' . Contact pictures in group chats . Ability to see exact time of when each message was sent by dragging conversation bubbles to the left . Event and address detection in the message context , tap to open in Calendar and Maps . A contact with a nickname will appear in Messages under the nickname , rather than the full name . New animation when compressing video to be shared . Safari Full screen browsing in portrait mode ( formerly only available in landscape ) . Unified text field for both URL and search . Bookmarked website thumbnail icons appear when text field is activated . Top - hit , Google suggest , Bookmarks , and History appear on the unified text field while typing . Preview tabs on iPhone and iPod Touch are no longer limited to 8 . Preview tabs use new 3D vertical animation for previewing the opened tabs ; long press to edit positions , swipe to remove . Reading List shows website thumbnails on the right . Scrolls articles one - by - one vertically from Reading List , as per OS X Mavericks . Swipe gestures for back / prior history , as per OS X . Parental controls . Private button : enables `` Do not track me '' feature per website within the app ; formerly , configuration appeared in Settings for every website . Recent links : a reading list of all user 's friends on Facebook or Twitter post . Reading List button : new round glasses icon pays tribute to Steve Jobs . The . com button removed and replaced with a simple period button . The . com , . net , and . org domain extensions can be accessed by holding down on the button . Bookmarks / Reading List / Shared Links tabs re-ordered / slightly tweaked . Bolder loading bar , private browsing UI tweaks and tab / bookmark changes on the iPad . iCloud Photo Stream video support , and more than one contributor per photo stream . Notification Sync across different iCloud devices . Maps Automatic Day / Night Mode that responds to ambient light and current time to switch between day and night color schemes . Turn - by - turn walking directions , with estimated time . Maps bookmarks syncing . Receives notification data sent from the new Maps app in OS X Mavericks ( version 10.9 ) . A live compass at the right top corner . Clock App icon reflects the live time . Timer shows in the lock screen . City shows how many hours ahead / behind from your current location . Music New iTunes Radio service . Scrub along the song to get to a certain part directly from the lock screen . Download full albums from iCloud from iTunes Match . Tapping a song in the Now - Playing screen allows users to rate . Cover Flow : Instead of swiping though individual albums , one can now swipe through multiple albums . Reintroduced on - screen lyrics for iPads ( this feature was absent in iOS 5 and iOS 6 ) . iTunes Radio Slider / discovery feature . App Store Automatic app updates : switch to enable / disable in Settings , under iTunes , App Store . New catalogues for youngsters based on their age . Genius tab replaced with `` Apps Near Me '' tab for app recommendations based on user 's location . Volume purchase . Search tab redesigned , the number of results appears on the right of the search field . Circular download progress animation during downloading / updating in Home Screen . Add to wish list . It is now possible to download older versions of apps ( the last compatible version supported by the device legacy firmware ) . iTunes Smart download of TV episodes . Photos Albums are organized by Places , Moments , and Years , using the EXIF data as the base of the collection . Share Sheet shares photos to iCloud , social networks , and AirDrop ( if available ) . New default album `` Panorama Photos '' . Camera Control redesign : swipe horizontally to select the still images , videos , square photos , and Panorama modes ( if available ) . Live image filters . SDK for 60 FPS video recording . Pinch to zoom while video recording . Redeem iTunes gift card using front camera . Panorama reduces when battery is low . Slow motion video recording at 120 frames per second . Burst mode . High - dynamic - range imaging ( HDR ) for iPad . Calendar New layout for Calendar list view on the iPhone . Years view . Week view . Integration with Mail . Integration with Maps , users are notified with transit information when entering places information . Can now hide or show declined events . Will support custom calendar colors . All Day toggle on the Add Event Screen instead of buried in the Select Time control . Can snooze or View Event when an Event Reminder appears . Can set up a second alert time for an event . Can change Busy / Free Status . Selecting the name of the calendar month shows the monthly calendar . Game Center Secure game scores . Authenticated players . Turn - based game modes . Ranking - style leader boards . Compass Inclinometer . Mail View PDF annotation . New smart mailboxes . Improved Mail search . Hotmail is now Outlook when adding an account , using new Outlook icon . Flagged , Unread , To or CC , Attachments , All drafts , All sent , All Trash smart mailboxes . Shake to Undo to un-archive something . When emailing a passbook pass , it appears as a pass . New animation when compressing video to be shared . New animation when moving mail into a folder . When selecting a target folder while moving an email , an iconic image of the email above the folder selector appears . Have the ability to move an email to Junk folder when flagging . New Print option available when Reply option is selected . Notes New design , mostly white . No longer change fonts in Notes . Can AirDrop notes . Settings Per app cellular data usage permission . Per app using microphone privacy permission . Per app using camera privacy permission . Password needed to reset networking and contents . Accessibility Head movement detection for different gestures . China features Tencent Weibo social network integration . Chinese - English bilingual dictionary . Improved Chinese input including T9 keyboard for pinyin ( Added in Beta 4 ) , and handwriting recognition for multiple Chinese characters . Siri Updated voices , and a new male voice ( in select regions / languages ) . English ( US ) , French , and German will be available with the launch of iOS 7 ( additional languages will be added over time ) . Controls certain system settings , such as turning on / off Bluetooth , and changing display brightness . Search from Wikipedia and Bing search engines . Post to Sina Weibo . Search tweets on Twitter . Option to open MLB scores in the MLB.com At Bat app . Navigation , access and voice are more natural . Reminders Geofencing . Ability to create repeating reminders has been removed . Passbook Scan and recognize barcodes / QR codes . Add gift cards as a folder . Find My iPhone Activation Lock : re-activation with iCloud account if the device have been wiped remotely using Find My iPhone service , to prevent unauthorized usage of the lost device . Password needed to disable . Enterprise Enterprise single sign - on . Per app VPN . Managed app config , for more efficiently deploying and managing of iPhones and iPads . Accessories Unauthorized Lightning cables are blocked and can no longer be used . Set up and configure Wi - Fi accessories , such as AirPlay speakers . iBeacons , a new class of Bluetooth LE low - powered , low - cost transmitters that can notify devices of other nearby devices / services . Bluetooth LE profiles ; including time , notifications , keyboards , and stereo sound . MFi game controllers . Screenshot No longer included in the AssistiveTouch , they appear on the layer of the image . Trusted Devices User is warned when plugging their iOS device into their Mac / PC , `` Trust the currently connected computer ? Trusting this computer will allow it to have full access to your device and all of its data . '' Voice Memo New design . Save to iCloud . Share using AirDrop . Status bar Translucent design . 1xRTT icon on CDMA iPhones changed from `` o '' icon to `` 1x '' icon . GPRS icon on GSM iPhones changed from `` o '' icon to `` GPRS '' icon . Dots representations for cellular signal strength . Icon size slightly increased for better readability on the lock screen . Lock screen Charging the battery : rather than battery image on the lock screen , x % charged briefly appears under the clock , then reverts to the date . Access to Notification Center and Control Center . When playing music , the lock screen will now display the time . iPad has Camera control on the lock screen , like the prior version on iPhone and iPod Touch . Timer counting down is shown when the device is locked . Scrubbing bar is now displayed on the lock screen . Wi - Fi New Wi - Fi diagnostics mode . Wi - Fi Hotspot 2.0 . Other New first - time setup menus . The unlock sound from prior iOS releases up to iOS 6 is no longer present . From now on , whenever one either correctly inputs a passcode or simply slide to unlock on the lock screen , no sound will play when unlocking a device 's lock screen . Add Passcode Lock during Setup Assistant . Vimeo and Flickr social network integrations . Italian , Korean , and Dutch dictionaries . New fade animation when pressing the power button . Touch ID . New ringtones and system sounds . In iOS 6 , these are moved to a menu named `` Classic '' . in VoiceOver add best quality voice in languages in VoiceOver Arabic voice has changed 7.0. 1 11A470a 1.00. 06 September 19 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S only Bug fixes Fixes a bug with the Touch ID sensor on the iPhone 5S . Fixes a bug with the App Store purchases system . 7.0. 2 11A501 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.0. 00 4.0. 01 5.00. 01 1.00. 06 September 26 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) Bug fixes Fixes bugs that could allow someone to bypass the Lock screen passcode . Features Reintroduces a Greek keyboard option for passcode entry . 7.0. 3 11B511 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.0. 02 4.1. 02 5.02. 00 1.02. 02 October 22 , 2013 ; 3 years ago ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) Initial release on iPad Air and iPad Mini 2 Bug fixes Updates lock screen to delay display of ' slide to unlock ' when Touch ID is in use . Fixes iMessage bugs where messages failed to send and iMessage failed to activate . Improves system stability for iWork app . Fixes accelerometer calibration issue . Fixes a bug where Siri or VoiceOver used a lower voice . Fixes bug that could allow someone to bypass the Lock screen passcode . Fixes a bug that caused VoiceOver input to be too sensitive . Fixes a bug that caused supervised devices to become unsupervised when updating software . Features Adds iCloud Keychain for website login & Wi - Fi network passwords , credit / debit card management , and other account info . Adds Password Generator in Safari for generating unique , hard - to - guess passwords . Adds back web search and Wikipedia search in Spotlight . Updates the bold text setting to change dial pad text . 7.0. 4 11B554a 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.0. 02 4.1. 02 5.02. 00 1.03. 01 November 14 , 2013 ; 3 years ago ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) Bug fixes Bug fixes and improvements , including a fix for an issue that causes FaceTime calls to fail for some users . 7.0. 5 11B601 1.03. 02 January 29 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S only Bug fixes Corrects network provisioning for some iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S models sold in China . 7.0. 6 11B651 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.0. 02 4.1. 02 5.02. 00 1.03. 02 February 21 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 02 - 21 ) Bug fixes Fixes CVE - 2014 - 1266 , a bug in Secure Transport that can cause it to fail to properly authenticate an SSL / TLS connection . Post-iOS 6 Updates ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 7.1. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Mini 1 and Mini 2 iPhone family : 4 4S 5 5C 5S iPod family : 5 Limited support on iPhone 4 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 7.1 11D167 11D169 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.2. 00 4.1. 02 6.02. 00 2.18. 02 March 10 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) CarPlay Providing iOS control to in - car control systems on some car models by selected vendors from 2014 . Includes Siri integration ( eyes - free / hands - free modes ) , satellite navigation , telephone , music , and iMessage integration . iOS experience designed for the car ( iPhone 5 and later ) . Works by connecting a Lightning enabled iPhone to a CarPlay enabled vehicle . Supports Phone , Messages , Maps , and audio apps ( inc . Music and third - party ) . Support for resuming audio playback in Bluetooth car stereo systems ( that do not support CarPlay ) while using Turn - By - Turn navigation in Maps . Siri Manually control when Siri listens by holding down the Home button while you speak , then releasing it when you 're finished . New , more natural sounding male and female voices for Chinese , UK English , Australian English , and Japanese . iTunes Radio Search field above Featured Stations to create stations based on Artist or Song . Buy albums directly from the Now Playing screen . Accessibility Bold font option now includes the keyboard , calculator , and many icon glyphs . Reduce Motion option now includes Weather , Messages , and multitasking UI animations . New options to display button shapes , darken app colors , and reduce white point . Calendar Option to display event list with the month view . Country specific holidays automatically added for many countries . List view has been redesigned . UI Camera app has a new `` HDR Auto '' feature . Photos & Camera tab in iOS Settings has a new `` Upload Burst Photos '' option . You can disable Parallax effect independently of other animations when setting up wallpaper . Notification Center now displays `` No Notifications '' and `` No Missed Notifications '' for the `` All '' and `` Missed '' sections respectively when there are no notifications . Caller ID photos : no longer full screen , instead small circle portrait for incoming / outgoing calls . New Yahoo logo , in both Notification Center and the Weather and Stocks apps . A new dialogue `` Touch ID requires your passcode when iPhone restarts '' when restarting . New iPad wallpapers . `` Touch ID and Passcode '' has been moved - up to the main menu in Settings . Animations and transitions are noticeably faster . Keyboard has new Shift / Backspace key highlights . Control Center has a new `` spring '' animation upon opening . Control Center sliders -- volume and brightness -- have momentum . Icons for Phone , Messages and FaceTime apps have less vibrant colors . Music app : Albums now in descending order when browsing by Artist . The buttons are circular in shape and do not show the word of what the icon means . The Phone and FaceTime app have a new - look dialer and `` end call '' button . The slide - to - power - off UI has been redesigned ; the shape of the slider is circular and the thing that says `` slide to power off '' is oval in shape . Same with the `` slide to answer '' slider in the Phone and FaceTime apps . Bug fixes / improvements Fixes a home screen crash bug . Fixes display of Mail unread badge for numbers greater than 10,000 . iCloud Keychain support in additional countries . FaceTime call notifications , automatically clear when call answered on another device . iBeacon improvements . Patches 41 security exploits , including those used by the Evasi0n 7 jailbreak . This firmware , along with iOS 7.1. 1 and 7.1. 2 can be jailbroken via the Pangu jailbreak . Reduce Motion function in Settings app is introduced . This function reduces the motion of the UI and disables the parallax effects . Removes the infamous `` black screen of death ( BkSoD ) '' and `` White screen of death ( WSoD ) '' that appeared in iOS 7.0. x . Stability and Performance Improved performance on iPhone 4 . Software Update First update to iOS that enables beta versions to update over-the - air to the final release . Issues Touch ID fingerprint recognition is disabled when rebooting , turning Touch ID on and off ; even restoring or resetting the device does not solve the problem . 7.1. 1 11D201 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.2. 00 4.1. 02 6.02. 00 2.18. 02 April 22 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) Bug fixes Stability and performance Fixes a bug which disabled Touch ID in iOS 7.1 Fixes a bug that could impact keyboard responsiveness Fixes the bug in which the `` 1 '' badge was stuck on the Settings app even after updating to the latest version of iOS Fixes an issue when using Bluetooth keyboards with VoiceOver enabled 7.1. 2 11D257 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.2. 00 4.1. 02 6.02. 00 2.18. 02 June 30 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) Final release supported on iPhone 4 . Bug fixes and security improvements Improves iBeacon connectivity and stability Fixes a bug with data transfer for some 3rd party accessories , including bar code scanners Corrects an issue with data protection class of Mail attachments IOS 8 ( edit ) Apple announced iOS 8 on June 2 , 2014 , at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) event , with release announced for sometime in Fall ( Northern Hemisphere ) or Spring ( Southern Hemisphere ) 2014 . At their iPhone event on September 9 , 2014 , Apple announced the full release of iOS 8 for September 17 , 2014 , while also unveiling the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . With this release , Apple resumed the cycle of dropping support for older devices . However , instead of dropping support for two devices , they only dropped support for one device , specifically , the iPhone 4 . Supported devices on this release include the iPhone 4S onwards , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) onwards , the iPad 2 onwards , and the iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) onwards . iOS 8 has limited support on the iPad 2 , iPhone 4S , and the iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) . Although Apple stated iOS 8 was compatible with the iPhone 4S and iPad 2 , Apple received widespread complaints of extremely poor / slow performance from owners of both of these devices . These same performance issues persisted in iOS 9 , again after Apple claimed iOS 9 to be compatible with the iPhone 4S and iPad 2 . When iOS 10 was released , Apple dropped support for the iPhone 4S and iPad 2 . Due to Apple 's new iOS `` signing '' procedure , owners of both the iPhone 4S and iPad 2 are unable to downgrade to iOS 7 , which reportedly had full and proper functionality on these older devices . iOS 8 was also the first version of iOS to have public beta testing be available , not just to developers . The first ever public beta was iOS 8.3 Public Beta 1 . All major updates from this one on will receive public beta releases ; minor ones do n't usually receive them . The final version of iOS 8 is iOS 8.4. 1 . This release fixed some bugs present with Apple Music and patched TaiG Jailbreak . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 8.0. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Mini Mini 2 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus iPod family : 5 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 8.0 12A365 12A366 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.09. 01 1.00. 05 September 17 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) Initial release on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus iCloud Photo Library -- all photos and videos are automatically available in the iCloud Photo Library , and is consistent on all the linked devices automatically . iCloud Drive -- various files that are being written or worked on are automatically saved in iCloud Drive and is consistent on all linked devices automatically , including a Mac or PC . iCloud settings now display account information , payment information and security settings . App Store Trending searches . Related searches . TestFlight -- a new system for developers to let others test their app ; up to a 1,000 users per app . App Bundles . Video previews . Editors choice badge . Essentials badge . If an installing app is paused , it now shows a pause icon . App Store search results scroll vertically on iPhone . Explore tab , which includes Near Me . Apps now show supported languages and if the app is Family Sharing compatible . Calendar Calendar week numbers are displayed . Custom calendar repeat events . Travel time in calendar appointments . Alert `` When I need to leave '' for calendar events . Decline a calendar with a comment . More days shown at once in week view on new iPhones . Improved landscape view added to select iPhones . Control Center UI Changes in Control Center : the buttons no longer have an outline . Screen is no longer dimmed when brightness control is selected . iTunes Radio `` buy '' song button in Control Center . iTunes Radio skips remaining displayed in Control Center . Bringing up the Control Center is now much easier while the keyboard is up . Messages Ability to send voice messages instantly by using a new `` microphone '' button to the right of the text entry field . Pressing and holding on the microphone button lets you record your voice and then swipe up to send it . Messages can be listened to by either pressing play or raise to listen . Messages can also be listened and responded to on the Lock Screen by raising to listen and raising to respond . Ability to send photo and video messages instantly by using the `` camera '' button to the left of the text entry field . Pressing and holding on the camera button lets you take a photo or record a video and instantly send it . Tapping the camera button shows the most recent photos in your camera roll . Options are also present for taking a new photo or video and to view your entire photo library . Multiple photos and videos can be selected to send at once . A new details menu is available for each conversation which contains many new functions : You can now title group message threads . A list of everyone participating in a message thread is listed with buttons to call , FaceTime and view their full contact card . Ability to drop or add people to groups . Ability to leave groups . Send current location . Can share location with an individual or group for one hour , until the end of the day or indefinitely until you choose to stop . Do Not Disturb option per group . A collection of all photos that have been sent in a message thread . Batch save / delete all images in a message thread . Messages threads are now synced between all of your devices . Images in conversations are now much larger . Scrolling to the top of a message will now automatically cause older messages to load . Can mark all texts as read . Added options to automatically delete standard messages after 1 year , 30 days or never . Added options to automatically delete video / audio messages after 2 minutes or never . Faces of contacts display next to contact name on select iPhones . Music Left swipe to delete albums . Can add music to a playlist from another playlist . Updated Icon . Multitasking UI The faces of recently conversed people now appears above the open applications , and with a swipe to the right one can also access their favorites . The animation speed when entering and leaving the app switcher is now much faster . Share sheets Share sheet action icons are now redesigned . Share sheet icons can now be rearranged and hidden . UI Improved animation system . Gestures such as bringing down Notification Center wo n't be blocked by an animation , such as the home screen icons flying in . Landscape view added to iPhone 6 Plus . FaceTime Call waiting . FaceTime Audio conference calls . H. 265 ( HEVC ) support added iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . Slight tweaks to the interface . Mail Can swipe to the left for options to flag it for follow - up , move it to a folder or delete . Can swipe all the way across the screen to the left to delete immediately . Can swipe all the way across the screen to the right to mark as read / unread . Ability to swipe mail compose sheet down allowing access to the rest of ones mailbox to gather the information needed in order to compose the message . When Mail recognizes a reservation , flight confirmation , or phone number in an email , a notification appears at the top of the message . In order to add it to the calendar or contacts , one needs to tap the notification ( s ) . Mail conversations are now threads . Individual threads can be set as VIP so that the user will receive a notification when a reply is received . Per thread S / MIME . Automatic reply messages . Can delete attachments . New mailboxes : Unread , To or CC , Attachments , Thread Notifications , Today . Notes Rich - text editing . Image support . Notification Center / Notifications Support for third - party widgets in Today view . Interactive notifications -- one can take action on texts , email , calendar invitations , reminders , and messages from apps like Facebook and other third - party apps . Can be performed from within Notification Center by swiping a notification to the left to reveal actions available . Can be performed directly within an apps notification banner / alert all without having to leave the app one is in . Notifications in Notification Center can be individually dismissed . Removal of `` Missed Notifications '' section . iBooks Now pre-installed on iOS 8 . Auto night mode . Books can now be categorized into series . Passbook Updated Icon . Supports Apple Pay by taking a photo of your Credit / Debit Card and incorporating it into Passbook for NFC Payments . A history of recent purchases made with Apple Pay is available within Passbook . Passbook `` info '' card now only displays if no other cards are present . Safari The Tab view from iPhone is now available on iPads . A search function to search through all open tabs has been added in Tab view on iPad and select iPhones . Two - finger pinch to reveal Tab view on iPads and select iPhones . New Sidebar that slides out to reveal bookmarks , Reading List , and Shared Links on iPads and select iPhones in landscape view . Address bar now hides when scrolling down on iPads . Spotlight Search is now available from Safari 's address bar . Option to `` Scan Credit Card '' when filling out credit card info on a web form . WebGL support . APNG support . Private browsing per tab . RSS feeds in Shared Links . DuckDuckGo support . Option to Request the desktop site while entering in a web address . Option to add website to Favorites while entering in a web address . Swipe to close iCloud tabs from other devices . Hold the `` + '' ( new tab button ) in tab view to list recently closed tabs is now available on iPhone . Can delete individual items from History . Safari now blocks ads from automatically redirecting to the App Store without user interaction . Bookmark icon updated . Improved , iPad - like interface available on select iPhones in landscape view . Maps Flyover city tours . Indoor Mapping -- iOS 8 adds the M7 and M8 processor 's and iPhone motion sensors to the CoreLocation API , allowing venue owners to create indoor positioning systems . Siri Hey , Siri -- when plugged into power the user can say `` Hey , Siri '' and Siri will automatically be activated . Shazam song recognition . Purchase iTunes content . Download apps via Siri . Streaming voice recognition . 22 new dictation languages . Phone Wi - Fi calling ( only for T - Mobile customers in the U.S. ) . Person 's name scrolls while in a call when all of it wo n't fit on screen at once . Can access full Phone app during a call . Return of full screen Caller ID . Accessibility Braille keyboard for direct 6 - dot Braille . Gray scale mode . Improved zoom . Speak screen . Alex voice . New voices and gesture for speech accessibility . New options in AssistiveTouch ( being able to call Notification Center and Control Center ) . Guided Access Exit Guided Access with Touch ID . Time limits and countdown timer for Guided Access . Privacy Background location notifications -- popup asking to `` continue to allow '' apps accessing Location information while running in the background . More Location Services options per app . Camera added to Privacy settings . HomeKit added to Privacy settings . Health added to Privacy settings . Photos Camera Roll and My Photo Stream removed and replaced by `` Recently Added , Videos , Recently Deleted '' albums . Search Photos by location and more . Date , time and location information displayed . Photos can now be favorited . Photos and videos can be hidden from Moments . Hidden photos and videos get added to the `` Hidden '' album . New Albums added for Bursts , Slo - Mo Videos , and Time - Lapse Videos . Option to auto optimise storage on device by removing local copies of pictures and videos . Improved editing . Smart composition tools . Smart adjustments . Extension support . Voice Memos Play / Pause button next to the record button in Voice Memos . Lock Screen App shortcuts for Handoff on the Lock Screen . App shortcuts on the Lock Screen based on your location . Audio iMessages received while the phone is locked can be listened to by raising to listen and responded to by raising to respond . iTunes Radio `` buy '' song button on Lock Screen . iTunes Radio skips remaining displayed on Lock Screen . New animation when opening apps from the Lock Screen . Access to Medical ID from emergency dialer . New `` Slide to Unlock '' text in certain languages . Keyboard QuickType -- as one types , they see choices of words or phrases one would probably type next , based on their past conversations and writing style , using a more formal language for mail , and a casual one for Messages . The system also adjusts the system based on the person one converses with , and the region of the user ( currently available in 14 countries ) . QuickType can be hidden by swiping down . QuickType can be toggled on or off from within the keyboard switcher . Extra functions added to the keyboard on select iPhones . Smiley icon for when emoji keyboard is the only alternate keyboard set up . Becomes a globe icon when multiple keyboards are set up . Streaming voice recognition for Speech to Text . iOS 6 keyboard no longer appears in apps that are not optimized or updated to a version optimized for iOS 7 or higher . New keyboards ( Indian language and Indian English keyboards , Tagalog , Irish Gaelic , and Slovenian ) . Family Sharing -- a service of sharing purchases from iTunes between up to 6 people . Supports iBooks purchases , iTunes purchases , and App Store purchases . All group members must pay for family purchases with the same credit / debit card . Ask To Buy -- a parent can approve youngsters ' spending right from a parent 's device . Coincides with iCloud Photo Library -- automatically sets up a family photo stream where you can share photos , videos , and comments , and all the family photos are available from any device within the family . Offers shared calendar and Reminders . Family Sharing can automatically share the user 's location with the family members , or keep their location hidden . With the Find My iPhone app , family members can use their devices to locate one that 's lost and have it play a sound . Apple IDs for youngsters under age of 13 years are now possible due to Family Sharing . Health app -- shows a dashboard of all the fitness and health data of the user ( iPhone and iPod Touch only ) . Shows the heart rate , calories burned , blood sugar , cholesterol , etc. of the user . One can create an Emergency card with medicinal details , from within either the application or the lock screen . Natively tracks steps taken and other movement activity within the Health app . Export health data . Continuity -- iPhone , iPad , iPod Touch , and Mac communication . AirDrop now works with OS X Yosemite . Handoff -- start writing an email or surfing a website on one device , then continue on another device , for devices connected to the same iCloud account . Answer a phone call , receive and send SMS / MMS from an iPhone on an iPad or a Mac ( all devices must run iOS 8 or OS X Yosemite , and be connected to the same Wi - Fi network or to the device 's hotspot ) . Intelligent hotspot -- intelligently discover when an iPhone is nearby and automatically list the device under Wi - Fi networks in Settings . Spotlight Spotlight now also searches Wikipedia , iBooks , iTunes , App Store , nearby places , news , Suggested Websites , and Movie showtimes . Also works within Safari . Spotlight will remember any prior searches . Weather Data is now provided by The Weather Channel instead of Yahoo ! . More days are shown . Additional weather information is displayed at the bottom . iTunes Wish List includes new category for songs tagged with Siri . Trending searches . Apple Developers -- iOS SDK 8.0 Includes 4000 new APIs . Introduces a new programming language named Swift . Metal API ( low level graphics API ) . Touch ID API -- open to third - party apps . Apple Pay API Camera API -- third - party camera apps can have precise control over exposure , focus , and white balance . Native apps tap into Safari 's AutoFill & Passwords for easy login experience . CloudKit -- provides cloud storage and computing power for cloud - based apps . HomeKit -- allows standardized control of home automation devices . Discover accessories and add them to a persistent , cross-device , home configuration database . Display , edit , and act upon the data in the home configuration database . Communicate with configured accessories and services to get them to perform actions , such as turning on the lights in the living room . Siri integration . SceneKit -- enables easy 2D / 3D casual game development . SpriteKit -- improved to allow force fields , collision detection , and new lighting effects for games . PhotoKit -- developers can enable their photo apps to edit photos directly in the Camera Roll without having to import them first . HealthKit -- health and fitness apps can share their data with the new Health app and with each other ( when the user approves ) . Extensions . Today -- widgets for the Today view of Notification Center . Share -- post content to web services or share content with others . Actions -- app extensions to view or manipulate inside another app . Photo Editing -- edit a photo or video in Apple 's Photos app with extensions from a third - party apps . Storage Provider -- an interface between files inside an app and other apps on a user 's device . Custom Keyboard -- system - wide alternative keyboards . Enterprise Improved security -- expanded data protection and finer control over mail encryption . IT departments have more ways to manage information securely . Camera Panorama Mode for iPad . Time Lapse mode . Separate focus and exposure controls . Shutter Mode ( timer can be set to 3 or 10 seconds ) . Burst photos can now be taken with the FaceTime camera in addition to the iSight camera . Settings Every app installed now has its own settings panel , regardless of whether the app specifies its settings to appear in the Settings app ( e.g. Notifications , Privacy , Background App Refresh , and Cellular Data usage ) . A new `` Allow Notifications '' setting for each app . `` Raise to Listen '' setting for Messages . `` Display Zoom '' added to select iPhones . New Wallpapers . New `` Handoff and Suggested Apps '' menu under General . Wallpapers and Brightness has been split into two separate menus : `` Display and Brightness '' : Brightness settings were moved here and Text Size and Bold Text from General and Accessibility is now included . `` Wallpapers '' is now a standalone menu . EU options for roaming . Wi - Fi Wi - Fi network scanning will use random , locally administered MAC addresses , to aid users ' security / privacy concerns . Bluetooth Supports MIDI over Bluetooth LE . Podcasts Now pre-installed on iOS 8 . China features Vector based maps . Turn - by - turn navigation . Lunar calendar support . Improved predictive input . Improved weather data . Other `` Send Last Location '' option for Find My iPhone . Screen activity recording as a video camera device using OS X Yosemite through Lightning cable . New Tips app gives tips about using certain features of iOS 8 . New definition dictionaries for Russian , Brazilian Portuguese , Thai , Turkish and Hindi localization . 24 - hour time is now formatted correctly ( e.g. `` 0010 '' instead of `` 010 '' ) . Home screen landscape view added to iPhone 6 Plus . Patches the ability to access the . app folder within App Store and 3rd - party apps through device file explorer programs such as iExplorer or iFunbox on non-jailbroken devices . 8.0. 1 12A402 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.09. 01 1.00. 05 September 24 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) Update withdrawn due to an issue that impacted cellular network connectivity and Touch ID on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus Fixes a bug so HealthKit apps can now be made available on the App Store . Addresses an issue where 3rd party keyboards could become deselected when a user enters their passcode . Fixes an issue that prevented some apps from accessing photos from the Photo Library . Improves the reliability of the Reachability feature on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . Fixes an issue that could cause unexpected cellular data usage when receiving SMS / MMS messages . Better support of Ask To Buy for Family Sharing for In - App Purchases . Fixes an issue where ringtones were sometimes not restored from iCloud backups . Fixes a bug that prevented uploading photos and videos from Safari . 8.0. 2 12A405 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.09. 01 1.00. 05 September 25 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) Includes all bug fixes and updates originally included in iOS 8.0. 1 Fixes an issue in iOS 8.0. 1 that impacted cellular network connectivity and Touch ID on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . Last firmware in iOS which the `` date trick '' is still present , allowing unauthorized apps ( such as emulators ) to be installed from the Safari app . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 8.1. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini Mini 2 Mini 3 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus iPod family : 5 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 8.1 12B410 12B411 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00 October 20 , 2014 ; 2 years ago ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) Initial release on iPad Air 2 and iPad Mini 3 Option to Enable / Disable dictation in keyboard settings . iBooks icon and Reader view icon in Safari have been redesigned . Settings app for third - party apps has been tweaked . Apple Pay support for iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus ( in physical store , online , or in app ) , Apple Watch - compatible devices ( in physical store ) , for Touch ID devices ( online or in app ) . Photos Adds iCloud Photo Library as a beta service . Adds Camera Roll and My Photo Stream albums back to Photos app after disappearing in iOS 8.0. x . Removes Recently Added album . Camera Provides alerts when running low on space before capturing Time Lapse videos . Messages Adds the ability for iPhone users to send and receive SMS and MMS text messages to an iPad , iPod Touch and OS X Yosemite . Resolves an issue where searching messages would sometimes not display results . Fixes a bug that caused read messages not to be marked as read . Fixes issues with group messaging . Resolves issues with Wi - Fi performance that could occur when connected to some base stations , like the FIFA 15 Ultimate Team servers . Fixes an issue that could prevent connections to Bluetooth hands - free devices . Fixes bugs that could cause screen rotation to stop working . Fixes an issue in Safari where videos would sometimes not play . Adds an option to select between 2G , 3G , 4G , or LTE networks for cellular data on certain carriers ( iPhone and iPad ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) only ) . Adds AirDrop support for Passbook passes . Adds instant tethering for OS X Yosemite . Enables HealthKit apps to access data in the background . Accessibility Fixes an issue that prevented Guided Access from working properly . Fixes a bug where VoiceOver would not work with third - party keyboards . Improves stability and audio quality when using MFi Hearing Aids with iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . Fixes an issue with VoiceOver where tone dialing would get stuck on tone until dialing another number . Improves reliability when using handwriting , Bluetooth keyboards , and Braille displays with VoiceOver . Fixes an issue that was preventing the use of OS X Caching Server for iOS updates . Patches the `` date trick '' for apps like GBA4iOS . Emulators ( for non-jailbroken devices ) can still be installed on this firmware , but not by the date trick . This firmware can be jailbroken via the Pangu8 jailbreak , just like its predecessors , iOS 8.0 and 8.0. 2 . 8.1. 1 12B435 12B436 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00 November 17 , 2014 ; 2 years ago ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) Stability and Performance Improved performance on iPhone 4S and iPad 2 . Bug fixes Other bug fixes . Security updates . Patched Pangu Jailbreak for iOS 8.0 -- 8.1 Can be jailbroken via the TaiG jailbreak 8.1. 2 12B440 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00 December 9 , 2014 ; 2 years ago ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) Bug fixes Addresses an issue where ringtones purchased through the iTunes store may have been removed from the device . Other Info Can be jailbroken via the TaiG jailbreak 8.1. 3 12B466 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00 January 27 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Other Info Can be jailbroken via the TaiG 2.0 jailbreak utility . Bug fixes Reduces the amount of storage needed to update software Fixes an issue that prevented some users from entering their Apple ID password for Messages and FaceTime Addresses an issue that caused Spotlight to stop displaying app results Fixes an issue which prevented multitasking gestures from working on iPad Adds new configuration options for education standardized testing Security updates . Patches certain exploits used by the TaiG 1.0 jailbreak . Disallows the installing of unapproved apps . Such as GBA4iOS ; a Game Boy Advance emulator for iOS . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 8.2 iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini Mini 2 Mini 3 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus iPod family : 5 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 8.2 12D508 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00 March 9 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) Apple Watch Support New Apple Watch app to pair and sync with iPhone , and to customize Watch settings New Activity app for viewing fitness data and achievements from Apple Watch ; appears when Apple Watch is paired Available on iPhone 5 and later ; iPad and iPod Touch is not supported Health App improvements Adds the ability to select the unit of measurement for body temperature , weight , height , distance , and blood glucose Improves stability when dealing with large amounts of data Includes the ability to add and visualize workout sessions from 3rd - party apps Addresses an issue that may have prevented users from adding a photo in Medical ID Fixes units for vitamins and minerals Fixes an issue where Health data would n't refresh after changes data source order Fixes an issue where some graphics showed no data values Adds a privacy setting that enables turning off tracking of steps , distance , and flights climbed Stability Enhancements Increases stability of Mail Improves stability of Flyover in Maps Improves stability of Music Improves VoiceOver reliability Improves connectivity with Made for iPhone Hearing Aids Other Info Can be jailbroken via the TaiG 2.0 jailbreak utility . Bug fixes Fixes an issue in Maps that prevented navigating to some favorite locations Addresses an issue where the last word in a quick reply message was n't autocorrected Fixes an issue where duplicate iTunes purchased content could prevent iCloud restore from completing Resolves an issue where some music or playlists did n't sync from iTunes to the Music app Fixes an issue where deleted audiobooks sometimes remained on the device Resolves an issue that could prevent call audio from routing to car speakers while using Siri Eyes Free Fixes a Bluetooth calling issue where no audio is heard until the call is answered Fixes a timezone issue where Calendar events appear in GMT Addresses an issue that caused certain events in a custom reoccurring meeting to drop from Exchange calendar Fixes a certificate error that prevented configuring an Exchange account behind a third - party gateway Fixes an issue that could cause an organizer 's Exchange meeting notes to be overwritten Resolves an issue that prevented some Calendar events from automatically showing as `` busy '' after accepting an invite . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 8.3 iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini Mini 2 Mini 3 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus iPod family : 5 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 8.3 12F69 12F70 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 8.01. 00 4.01. 00 2.23. 03 April 8 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 04 - 08 ) Performance Improvements App launch App responsiveness Messages Wi - Fi Control Center Safari tabs Third - party keyboards Keyboard shortcuts Simplified Chinese keyboard Wi - Fi and Bluetooth fixes Fixes an issue where you could be continuously prompted for login credentials Addresses an issue where some devices disconnect intermittently from Wi - Fi networks Fixes an issue where hands - free phone calls could become disconnected Fixes an issue where audio playback could stop working with some bluetooth speakers Orientation and rotation fixes Addresses an issue that sometimes prevented rotating back to portrait after having rotated to landscape Improves performance and stability issues that occurred when rotating the device between portrait and landscape Fixes an issue where device orientation appeared upside down after pulling the iPhone 6 Plus from your pocket Resolves an issue that sometimes prevented apps from rotating to correct orientation after switching apps in multitasking Messages fixes Addresses issues that caused group messages to sometimes split Fixes an issue that sometimes removed the ability to forward or delete individual messages Resolves an issue that sometimes prevented a preview from appearing when taking a photo in Messages Adds the ability to report junk messages directly from the Messages app Adds the ability to filter out iMessages that are not sent by your contacts Family Sharing fixes Fixes a bug where certain apps would not launch or update on family members ' devices Fixes a bug that prevented family members from downloading certain free apps Increased reliability for ' Ask to Buy ' notifications CarPlay fixes Fixes an issue where Maps could come up as a black screen Fixes an issue where the UI could be incorrectly rotated Fixes an issue where the keyboard could appear on the CarPlay screen when it should n't Enterprise fixes Improves reliability of installing and updating enterprise apps Corrects the time zone of Calendar events created in IBM Notes Fixes a problem that could cause web clip icons to become generic after restarting Improves reliability of saving the password for a web proxy Exchange out - of - office message can now be edited separately for external replies Improves recovery of Exchange accounts from temporary connection problems Improves compatibility of VPN and Web proxy solutions Allows use of physical keyboards to log into Safari Web sheets , such as for joining a public Wi - Fi network Fixes an issue that caused Exchange meetings with long notes to be truncated Accessibility fixes Fixes an issue where using the back button in Safari causes VoiceOver gestures to not respond Fixes an issue where VoiceOver focus becomes unreliable in draft Mail messages Fixes an issue where Braille Screen Input can not be used to type text in forms on webpages Fixes an issue where toggling Quick Nav on a Braille Display announces that Quick Nav is off Fixes an issue keeping app icons from being moveable on home screen when VoiceOver is enabled Fixes an issue in Speak Screen where speech will not start again after pausing Other improvements and bug fixes Introduces a redesigned Emoji keyboard with over 300 new characters iCloud Photo Library has been optimized to work with the new Photos app on OS X 10.10. 3 and is now out of beta Improves the pronunciation of street names during turn - by - turn navigation in Maps Includes support for Baum VarioUltra 20 and VarioUltra 40 Braille displays Improves the display of Spotlight results when Reduce Transparency is turned on Adds Italic and Underline format options for iPhone 6 Plus landscape keyboard Adds the ability to remove shipping and billing addresses used with Apple Pay Additional language and country support for Siri : English ( India , New Zealand ) , Danish ( Denmark ) , Dutch ( Netherlands ) , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Russian ( Russia ) , Swedish ( Sweden ) , Thai ( Thailand ) , Turkish ( Turkey ) Additional dictation languages : Arabic ( Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates ) and Hebrew ( Israel ) Improves stability for Phone , Mail , Bluetooth connectivity , Photos , Safari tabs , Settings , Weather , and Genius Playlists in Music Addresses an issue where Slide to Unlock could fail to work on certain devices Addresses an issue that sometimes prevented swiping to answer a phone call on the Lock screen Addresses an issue that prevented opening links in Safari PDFs Fixes an issue where selecting Clear History and Website Data in Safari Settings did not clear all data Fixes an issue that prevented autocorrecting `` FYI '' Addresses an issue where contextual predictions did not appear in Quick Reply Fixes an issue where Maps did not enter night mode from hybrid mode Resolves an issue that prevented initiating FaceTime calls from a browser or third - party app using FaceTime URLs Fixes an issue that sometimes prevented photos from properly exporting to Digital Camera Image folders on Windows Fixes an issue that sometimes prevented an iPad backup from completing with iTunes Fixes an issue that could cause Podcast downloads to stall when switching from Wi - Fi to cellular networks Fixes an issue where remaining time on timer would sometimes incorrectly display as 00 : 00 on Lock screen Fixes an issue that sometimes prevented adjusting call volume Fixes an issue that caused the status bar to sometimes appear when it should n't Attempt to fix problems with custom keyboards crashing , not appearing , or being replaced with the default keyboard Airplane mode no longer disable the GPS Other info Can be jailbroken via the TaiG 2.0 jailbreak . Latest TaiG version is 2.4. 5 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 8.4. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini Mini 2 Mini 3 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus iPod family : 5 6 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 8.4 12H143 8.02. 00 2.41. 00 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.5. 00 5.4. 00 4.03. 00 June 30 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) Initial Release on iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) Apple Music Adds support for the new Apple Music streaming service which is available in 100 countries starting on June 30 , 2015 . New features including personalized music discovery and recommendation based on the user 's favorite genres or artists . Adds support for 24 / 7 online radio service named Beats 1 and new Connect tab in which all artists can communicate with their listeners . Apple Music costs $9.99 / month for 1 person and $14.99 / mo . for up to 6 people and a free trial will be given to users for 3 months . Apple Radio , Beats One , and Connect feature are still available for users not choosing to subscribe to Apple Music Redesigned Music Application Streamlined design Recently Added tab makes it easier to discover music that you recently added MiniPlayer makes it easier to see what 's currently playing and to control music playback Up Next section lets you see and control what is going to play next Enables search from anywhere in the music application with a new unified magnifying glass icon at the top . Trending Search was added which shows which music within Apple Music is being searched for most by users . Adds support for offline music playback including a toggle and icon to show which songs are available offline . iBooks improvements and fixes Browse , listen , and download audiobooks inside iBooks Enjoy the all - new Now Playing feature , designed specifically for audiobooks Books that are made for iBooks now work on iPhone and iPad Improves accessibility of widgets , glossary , and navigation in books made with iBooks Author New default Chinese font . New setting to turn off Auto - Night theme in your library Resolves an issue that may have prevented Hide Purchases from working Resolves an issue that may have prevented downloading books from iCloud . Bug fixes and stability improvements Fixes an issue where receiving a specific series of Unicode characters causes device to reboot . Fixes an issue that prevented GPS accessories from providing location data Fixes an issue where deleted Apple Watch apps would re-install Fixes the Logjam vulnerability in TLS Other info Can be jailbroken via the TaiG 2 jailbreak . Latest TaiG version is 2.4. 5 . 8.4. 1 12H321 8.02. 00 2.41. 00 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.5. 00 5.4. 00 4.03. 00 August 13 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) Resolves issues that could prevent turning on iCloud Music Library . Resolves an issue that hides added music because Apple Music was set to show offline music only . Provides a way to add songs to a new playlist if there are n't any playlists to choose from . Resolves an issue that may show different artwork for an album on other devices . Resolves several issues for artists while posting to Connect . Fixes an issue where tapping Love does n't work as expected while listening to Beats 1 . Security updates . Patches TaiG 2 jailbreak for iOS 8.1. 3 - 8.4 ( 8 exploits ) . IOS 9 ( edit ) Apple announced iOS 9 on June 8 , 2015 , at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) event , with public release on September 16 , 2015 . With this release , Apple did not drop support for any iOS devices , with all devices supporting iOS 8 being eligible for an upgrade . Supported devices on this release include the iPhone 4S onwards , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) onwards , the iPad 2 onwards , and the iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) onwards , making iOS 9 have the most supported devices out of any other iOS release , with 22 devices . The iPad 2 is also the first iOS device to support six major releases of iOS , supporting iOS 4 to 9 . This is the greatest number of major iOS releases a single iOS device has supported , surpassing the iPhone 4S which supports five major releases ( iOS 5 to 9 ) , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) supporting four major releases ( iOS 6 to 9 ) . However , iOS 9 has limited support on all Apple A5 devices ( iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ) . iOS 9.3. 5 is the final release on the iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) and iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 9.0. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini 1 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus iPod family : 5 6 Limited support on iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) , iPhone 4S , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 9.0 13A340 13A342 13A343 13A344 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.3. 04 5.2. 03 10.00. 00 5.00. 11 6.00. 00 4.01. 00 1.00. 05 September 16 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) Initial release on iPhone 6S , iPhone 6S Plus , and iPad Mini 4 iPhone 4S and iPad 2 was advertised a speed boost , including other 32 - bit devices . App Store App Store reviews no longer allowed when using a beta version of iOS . App Thinning allows the App Store to only download the assets needed for the device being used . On - demand resources allows iConnect to host assets for later download . CarPlay Adds support for wireless CarPlay . Lets users access the car 's settings ( such as climate control ) through the CarPlay interface itself . Battery level indicator added to onscreen display . Plays back audio messages , letting the user hear from people in their own voices . Full support for car knob controls , so the user can tilt and spin to scroll through lists or pan around in Maps . Find My Friends Find My Friends is now pre-installed . Notification Center Widget . Find My iPhone Find My iPhone is now pre-installed . Health Added landscape view . Adds support for reproductive health , UV exposure , water intake and sedentary state data types . iBooks Safari extension to turn a webpage into a PDF and open it in iBooks . Mail Attachments receive can now be saved and attachments can be added to messages from iCloud Drive or other document providers while composing a new message . Support for saving attachments to iCloud Drive . Icons added to left and right swipe gestures . Support for Markup allows annotating images or PDF attachments with text , shapes , or signatures . Maps Support for public transit lines , station details with exits and entrances , schedules and directions in select major cities . Also , popular places such as restaurants , stores , and points of interests will be highlighted and presented to the user in a central location . Apple Pay support is indicated on place cards at participating retail locations . Adds support for `` Follow up by Email '' that allows Apple to email users about issues reported . Browse for places nearby by category , including Food , Drinks , Shopping , Fun and more . Place cards include Wikipedia information for landmarks and cities . Messages Contact Pictures in list view. . Redesigned overlay when sending an audio clip . Music Stream High Quality option in Music Settings . Home Sharing returns ( removed in iOS 8.4 ) . Updated design of share menus . News Adds a new app named News which provides curated lists of personalized news content for iOS users , offering content from popular websites and newspapers and displaying it in an iOS - friendly layout . This app replaces the Newsstand app . Notes Add photos to notes with the built - in camera or from the Photo Library . Support for hand - drawn sketches , checklists , and inserting photos from the internet or the Camera Roll . Adds different fonts for headings , body , and titles . Recently deleted folder . Share Sheet extension that allows a user to input text , pictures , or other attachments from anywhere in the system via an extension in the share sheet . Notification Center / Notifications Notifications are no longer sorted by application by default , instead being sorted by day starting with recent notifications . Phone Adds WiFi Calling support for iPhone users on AT&T . This feature was formerly limited to T - Mobile and Sprint users . Support for Wi - Fi calling on iPad , iPod Touch and Mac , without iPhone in proximity on participating carriers . Photos Added preview scrubber bar to photo viewer . Screenshots and Selfies albums added . Hide photo added to Share Sheet . Ability to hold and select multiple photos . Podcasts The Podcasts app has a new Unplayed tab which will show podcasts which have not yet been played . All - new design to make it easier to find the latest episodes . Notification when new episodes become available . Reminders Share Sheet extension . Shows number of overdue items for each list next to title . Safari `` Find on page '' and `` Request Desktop Version '' now accessed from Share Sheet . Support for content blockers . Settings Settings can now be searched . There are now video recording settings to change the quality of recorded videos . There is a new iCloud Drive app which can be enabled in the iCloud Settings . Battery moved to the top level . Updated Notifications icon . Additional options for Auto - Lock . Wallpapers Adds 15 new wallpapers to iOS which replaces most of the wallpaper present in iOS 8 . When changing wallpapers , there is a new `` Still '' option which keeps the wallpaper still . Wallet Replaces the Passbook app with a new app named Wallet and enhances the features of Apple Pay with support for Discover credit / debit card , store loyalty card , and Apple Pay in the UK . To check out even faster , upcoming payments can be prepared by double - clicking the Home button from the Lock Screen and keeping the finger on Touch ID . Watch Renamed from Apple Watch . Updated haptic feedback icons . Battery improvements Up to one hour of additional time before the battery needs to be charged . Facedown detection for turning display off when not in use New Low Power Mode ( iPhone only ) disables Background App Refresh , Mail Fetch , Motion Effects , and Animated Wallpapers . It also extends device 's battery life by up to three hours . Low Power Mode turns off when device is connected to a power source . Notification Center Widget ( when paired with Apple Watch ) . Intelligence improvements Proactive assistance . Presents relevant information even before the user starts typing . Notifies the user when the user needs to leave for appointments using traffic conditions . Learns what the user listens to in a certain location or at a particular time of day and can automatically display playback controls for preferred music and audio apps . Suggested events and contact details are added to apps based on information found in Mail . Siri . Siri has a new colorful interface , similar to that of the Apple Watch . Removed sound from Siri activation . Updated Siri icon in Settings . Search personal photos and videos based on dates , locations and album names . Ask Siri to remind about things being looked at in apps , including Safari , Mail , Notes and Messages . Request directions via public transit . Siri can now use an accent ( same language ) which differs from the input language . Siri no longer asks for confirmation of reminders that are created . Spotlight Search . A more intelligent Spotlight search provides info such as Weather , News , Stocks , nearby places , and recent / favorite contacts based on the user 's preference . Spotlight search can be activated by swiping to the right on the first page of the home screen or swiping down on any page of the home screen . Perform tasks such as currency conversions and calculations . Get sports scores , weather conditions and stock prices . Initiate messages , phone calls and FaceTime calls from contact search results . iPad experience improvements Slide Over . Quickly use a second app without leaving the current one . Easily switch between Slide Over apps . Support for Apple apps and enabled third party apps . Split View . View and interact with two apps at once . Ability to resize view to give equal attention to both apps or prioritize one app over another . Support for Apple apps and enabled third party apps . Picture in picture . Continue watching a video while using favorite apps . Support for Safari video , FaceTime , Videos and Podcasts and enabled third party apps . QuickType improvements . Multi-Touch gestures for easier text selection on iPad . Quick access to text editing tools with Shortcut Bar on iPad . Support for hardware keyboard shortcuts . Support for all Unicode emoji flags . Support for Alt Tab / Cmd Tab . Folders on iPad use a 4x4 layout rather than 3x3 . Redesigned notification center view when in landscape . Keyboard improvements New keyboard now displays whether the letters are upper - case or lower - case depending on whether the Shift key has been toggled or not . Cut / Copy functions on the keyboard have been replaced with an Undo / Redo button . The Cut / Copy buttons still appear when text is selected . Over 50 new flag emojis . A `` deep press '' ( 3D touch ) on the keyboard will convert the keyboard to a track pad to move the cursor and make it easier to manipulate text . ( 6S and 6S Plus only ) Ability to disable character preview . Performance and stability improvements . Extends the battery life of iOS devices by an extra hour . Minimizes iOS update file size to 1.3 GB . Improves performance on iOS devices by utilising Metal API throughout iOS to deliver faster scrolling , smoother animation , and better overall performance . Reduced touch latency from sixty milliseconds to less than thirty milliseconds . Security improvements Touch ID devices now use a 6 - digit passcode by default , though a 4 - digit option is still available alongside options for a passcode with a custom number of digits and an alphanumeric passcode . Adds 2 - factor authentication for iCloud on iOS . Adds support for add a IKEv2 VPN directly in Settings without need for third - party app . Other improvements Print preview screen . Allows the user to view all pages , select which pages to print , and print in black and white . Leave a message option if recipient is n't available for a FaceTime call . Share voicemails from the Phone app using the share sheet . Added confirmation dialog when an app attempts to open another app . Support for right - to - left languages . Flight and package tracking for data detectors iCloud Drive app . Easily search for a file or browse in the new iCloud Drive app by date , name , or tags added on associated Mac . Open files in any compatible app . Organize folders and files . Get the iCloud Drive app in Settings > iCloud > iCloud Drive and select Show on Home Screen . Wi - Fi Assist to automatically use cellular data when Wi - Fi connectivity is poor . UI changes 3D Touch . ( 6S and 6S Plus only ) Helvetica Neue font used in iOS 7 / 8 replaced by San Francisco font used on Apple Watch . It is possible to go directly back to a formerly used app if a link opens another app . Recent Contacts have been removed from the multitasking UI . They have now been placed in the new Proactive Menu . Handoff is now displayed as a pull up menu in the app switcher . Redesigned Voice Control audio waveform . Redesigned audio dictation audio waveform . Expanded language support New PingFang Chinese system font . Improved predictions , learning and autocorrection for Chinese in QuickType . Redesigned punctuation input on 10 - key Chinese keyboard . Redesigned User Interface for right - to - left languages . Added Siri support for Austria , Belgium ( French and Dutch ) , and Norway . Added Spotlight search support for Mexico . New display languages for German ( Germany ) , German ( Austria ) , German ( Switzerland ) , English ( Canada ) , French ( France ) , French ( Switzerland ) , Italian ( Italy ) , Italian ( Switzerland ) , and Traditional Chinese ( Taiwan ) . New keyboards for French ( Belgium ) , German ( Austria ) , Gujarati , Hindi ( Transliteration ) , Hinglish , Punjabi , Spanish ( Mexico ) , and Telugu . Predictive input for French ( Belgium ) , German ( Austria ) , Korean , Russian , Spanish ( Mexico ) , and Turkish . Dictation support for Dutch ( Belgium ) , English ( Ireland , Philippines , South Africa ) , French ( Belgium ) , German ( Austria ) , and Spanish ( Chile , Colombia ) . Spell check for Finnish and Korean . Definition dictionary for Hindi , Norwegian and Swedish . Bilingual dictionary for French - English and German - English . New Japanese autocorrection and improved predictions and learning in QuickType . Option to switch between number systems for Arabic and Hindi . Enterprise & Education DEP ( Device Enrolment Program ) Support added for 26 countries . Assign apps directly to iOS devices without needing to have an iTunes Store account configured . Improved calendar reliability for customers using Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync v16 . Expanded Per App VPN support for the built - in IPSec and IKEv2 VPN clients . New networking controls for managed apps to help limit international data roaming costs . New restrictions to prevent changes to passcodes , device names and wallpapers , or to disable AirDrop on managed devices . Third party app extension support for VPN , advanced content filtering , and captive Wi - Fi networks . Accessibility Touch Accommodations provides additional touch control for those with physical motor limitations . Speak Selection and Speak Screen can now use Siri voice . Ability to customise Assistive Touch menu . Support for hardware keyboard sticky keys , key repeat , and slow keys . Ability to show only uppercase keys or case correct keys . Ability to disable vibrations . Ability to disable Shake to Undo . Improved MFi hearing aid audio routing to choose where audio is played . Apple Developers -- iOS SDK 9.0 Support for Swift 2.0 . ReplayKit . Allows recording gameplay in the background to enable sharing of short video clips of gameplay . GameplayKit . Model I / O . Support for text input Notification Actions in 3rd party apps . Search extension . MapKit . Access to 3D flyover view . Access to traffic data . ResearchKit iPad support . HomeKit . Support for additional devices . Predefined scenes . Wake up . Leave Home . Arrive Home . Bed . Test on device . Predictive Touch . CloudKit integration . Can be jailbroken by Pangu 9 Fuxi Qin . 9.0. 1 13A404 13A405 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.00. 00 4.01. 00 1.00. 05 September 23 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) ( 13A404 ) September 24 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) ( 13A405 ) Fixes an issue where some users could not complete setup assistant after updating . Fixes an issue where sometimes alarms and timers could fail to play . Fixes an issue in Safari and Photos where pausing video could cause the paused frame to appear distorted . Fixes an issue where some users with a custom APN setup via a profile would lose cellular data . Can be jailbroken by Pangu 9 Fuxi Qin . 9.0. 2 13A452 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.00. 00 4.01. 00 1.00. 05 September 30 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) Fixes an issue with the setting to turn on or off app cellular data usage . Resolves an issue that prevented iMessage activation for some users . Resolves an issue where an iCloud backup could be interrupted after starting a manual backup . Fixes an issue where the screen could incorrectly rotate when receiving notifications . Improves the stability of Podcasts . Fixes an issue where a lock screen issue allowed access to photos and contacts on a locked device . Can be jailbroken by Pangu 9 Fuxi Qin . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 9.1 iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini 1 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus iPod family : 5 6 Limited support on iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) , iPhone 4S , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 9.1 13B143 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.0. 00 6.01. 00 4.32. 00 1.14. 00 October 21 , 2015 ; 23 months ago ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) Initial release on iPad Pro Live Photos now intelligently senses when the iPhone is raised or lowered , so that Live Photos will automatically not record these movements . Over 150 new emoji characters with full support for Unicode 7.0 and 8.0 emojis . Improved stability including CarPlay , Music , Photos , Safari , and Search . Improved performance while in Multitasking UI . Fixes an issue that could cause Calendar to become unresponsive in Month view . Fixes an issue that prevented Game Center from launching for some users . Resolves an issue that zoomed the content of some apps . Resolves an issue that could cause an incorrect unread mail count for POP mail accounts . Fixes an issue that prevented users from removing recent contacts from new mail or messages . Fixes an issue that caused some messages to not appear in Mail search results . Resolves an issue that left a gray bar in the body of an audio message . Fixes an issue that caused activation errors on some carriers . Fixes an issue that prevented some apps from updating from the App Store . Originally patched the Pangu iOS 9 jailbreak , however the Pangu team released an update with support for iOS 9.1 on 64 bit devices . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 9.2. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini 1 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus iPod family : 5 6 Limited support on iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) , iPhone 4S , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 9.2 13C75 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.0. 00 6.01. 00 4.52. 00 1.23. 00 December 8 , 2015 ; 21 months ago ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) Only supports iTunes 12.3 or higher , and thus does not work anymore together with iTunes on Mac OS X 10.7 or lower . Apple Music improvements Ability to create a new playlist when adding a song to a playlist . Most recently changed playlist is now listed at the top when adding songs to playlists . Ability to download albums or playlists from your iCloud Music Library by tapping the iCloud download button . New download indicator next to each song in My Music and Playlists . See works , composers , and performers while browsing Classical music in the Apple Music catalog . New Top Stories section in News application ( available in the US , UK , and Australia ) . Mail Drop in Mail for sending large attachments . iBooks now supports 3D Touch to peek and pop pages from the table of contents , notes and bookmarks , or from search results inside a book . iBooks now supports listening to an audiobook while browsing the library , reading other books , or exploring the iBooks Store . iPhone support for the USB Camera Adapter to import photos and videos . Safari Improved stability . Podcasts Improved stability . Fixed an issue that caused mail attachments to be inaccessible for some users with POP email accounts . Resolved an issue that caused attachments to overlap text in mail . Fixed an issue where Live Photos could have turned off after restoring from a prior iCloud backup . Addressed an issue that could cause search in Contacts to display no results . Resolved an issue that could have prevented Calendar from displaying all seven days in week view . Fixed an issue where Camera screen on iPad could be black when attempting to capture video . Addressed an issue that could cause instability in the Activity app when viewing the day of Daylight Savings Time transition . Fixed an issue that could prevent data from appearing in Health . Fixed an issue that could prevent Wallet updates and Lock screen alerts from displaying . Addressed an issue where updating iOS could prevent an alarm from going off . Fixed an issue where some users were unable to log into Find My iPhone . Fixed an issue that prevented some manual iCloud Backups from completing . Addressed an issue where using the iPad keyboard could unintentionally trigger text selection mode . Improved keyboard responsiveness when using Quick Reply . Improved punctuation input on the 10 - key Chinese ( Pinyin & Stroke ) keyboards with new expanded view of punctuation symbols and better predictions . Fixed an issue on Cyrillic keyboards where caps lock would be enabled when typing in URL or email fields . Siri support for Arabic ( Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates ) . Accessibility improvements Fixed issues with VoiceOver when using Camera face detection . Added support for VoiceOver to wake up the screen . Added support for VoiceOver to invoke app switcher with 3D Touch gesture . Fixed an issue with Guided Access when trying to end phone calls . Improved functionality for Switch Control users when using 3D Touch . Fixed an issue with speech rate of Speak Screen . SFSafariViewController now supports 3rd party Action Extensions . Any Action Extension that works in Safari will also work in SFSafariViewController . Long tapping the Reload button in Safari View Controller now gives options to Reload Without Content Blockers and Request Desktop Site , like in Safari . Fixed an issue where WebApps saved to the home screen would not respect the apple - mobile - web - app - status - bar - style meta tag . 9.2. 1 13D15 13D20 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.0. 00 6.01. 00 4.52. 00 1.23. 00 January 19 , 2016 ; 20 months ago ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) General bug fixes and security patches . iTunes re-issued on February 18 , 2016 , ( build 13D20 ) addresses rare `` Error 53 '' on iPhone 6 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 9.3. x iPad family : 2 3 4 Air Air 2 Mini 1 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus iPod family : 5 6 Limited support on iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) , iPhone 4S , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) Version Build Baseband Release date Features 9.3 13E233 13E234 13E236 13E237 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00 March 21 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) March 25 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) ( 13E236 ) March 28 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) ( 13E237 ) Initial release on the iPhone SE and iPad Pro ( 9.7 inch ) Night Shift ( only available on 64 - bit devices ) . Adds support for a new feature named Night Shift which , manually or automatically ( based on user preference ) , makes the display color warmer so it is easier to view at night . Users can adjust the color temperature in the Settings app . Control Center Adds toggle for Night Shift mode on supported devices . Night Shift toggle redesign in Beta 4 . Notes Adds support for protecting notes inside the Notes app with a passcode or Touch ID . News News delivers stories that are better curated to a user 's tastes . News suggests editors ' and top picks to users at the top . When checking for updates , News refreshes much faster . If a story contains video , it is possible to view it directly from your feed . Support for landscape viewing on iPhone . News appears in additional countries . Apple Watch Support for pairing multiple Apple Watches to your iPhone . Health Easier app discovery with the Health app . Health now includes data from the Apple Watch and Activity app . Photos When removing a photo from an album , users are given a choice to remove the photo or to delete it . CarPlay Adds support for the For You and New tabs in the Music section of CarPlay Adds the Nearby feature in Maps which quickly lets you discover points - of - interest nearby . Classroom Enhancements Adds support for multi-user logons in schools so any student can log in ( with a passcode ) to an iPad issued by the school . Adds a new Classroom app for those devices registered with schools which allows teachers to guide students through a lesson , see their progress , keep them on track , present quizzes and tests , and wirelessly display their work with AirPlay and Apple TV . Adds support for a device manager in which school administrators can set up multiple Apple IDs , change passwords , enroll students in iTunes U courses , etc . Dolby Digital Plus Adds support for playing video encoded with Dolby Digital Plus audio streams . ( iPhone 5s and newer , iPod Touch 6th gen and newer , iPad Mini 2 and newer , iPad Air series , iPad Pro series ) Multichannel output is supported using the Apple Lightning Digital AV Adapter . New 3D Touch shortcuts added for Health , App Store , iTunes , Settings , Weather , Stocks , and Compass apps . Safari 9.1 . Wi - Fi calling enabled for Verizon New language support Support for Spanish ( Latin America ) display language . Siri support for Finnish , Hebrew , and Malay . Improvements to stability and performance . Fixes an issue where manually changing the date to May 1970 or earlier could prevent 64 - bit devices from turning on after a restart . Fix CVE - 2016 - 1788 , a security vulnerability that allowed an attacker to decrypt iMessage attachments , by rejecting replay attempts . Build 13E236 and 13E237 were issued to devices that were affected by the Activation Lock bug . These re-issued builds helped correct the issue after the prior builds were withdrawn . 9.3. 1 13E238 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00 March 31 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) Fixes an issue that caused apps to be unresponsive after tapping on links in Safari or other apps . Fixes an issue where connecting to a fake Apple time server which sets system time to January 1 , 1970 can cause 64 - bit devices to overheat and become unresponsive after a restart . 9.3. 2 13F69 13F72 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00 May 16 , 2016 ; 16 months ago ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) June 2 , 2016 ; 16 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) ( 13F72 ) Bug fixes and improvements to security . Fixes an issue where some Bluetooth accessories could experience audio quality issues when paired to iPhone SE . Fixes an issue where looking up dictionary definitions could fail . Addresses an issue that prevented typing email addresses when using the Japanese Kana keyboard in Mail and Messages . Fixes an issue for VoiceOver users using the Alex voice , where the device switches to a different voice to announce punctuation or spaces . Fixes an issue that prevented MDM servers from installing Custom B2B apps . 9.3. 3 13G34 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00 July 18 , 2016 ; 14 months ago ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) General bug fixes and improvements 9.3. 4 13G35 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00 August 4 , 2016 ; 13 months ago ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) Fixes CVE - 2016 - 4654 , a memory corruption vulnerability in IOMobileFrameBuffer found by Team Pangu that allows arbitrary code execution with kernel privileges . 9.3. 5 13G36 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00 August 25 , 2016 ; 13 months ago ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) Final release supported on iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , and iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) Fixes three zero - day vulnerabilities . These vulnerabilities were chained together by the NSO Group into the Trident exploit chain . Trident is composed of CVE - 2016 - 4657 , CVE - 2016 - 4655 , and CVE - 2016 - 4656 and uses them in that order . First , Trident 's first stage uses CVE - 2016 - 4657 to exploit WebKit , iOS 's built - in web browser engine , via malicious JavaScript to cause WebKit to execute arbitrary Trident 's second stage malware . Trident 's second stage then downloads the Pegasus spyware package , uses CVE - 2016 - 4655 to locate the kernel , and uses CVE - 2016 - 4656 to disable signature verification in order to allow unsigned code like Pegasus to execute . The second stage malware then uses the previously discovered location of the kernel to install and load Pegasus with kernel privileges , allowing the attacker to steal all data on the phone and spy on the victim 's conversations live . IOS 10 ( edit ) Apple announced iOS 10 on June 13 , 2016 , at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) event , with a public release on September 13 , 2016 . With this release , Apple resumed the cycle of dropping support for older devices , specifically devices using either an A5 or A5X processor : the iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) . iOS 10 has limited support on the iPhone 5 , iPhone 5C , and iPad ( 4th generation ) . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 10.0. x iPad family : 4 Air Air 2 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 5 5C 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus 7 7 Plus iPod family : 6 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 10.0 14A346 1.00. 02 September 13 , 2016 ; 12 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus only Initial release on iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus 10.0. 1 14A403 11.01. 00 7.01. 00 5.24. 00 2.30. 00 1.00. 02 1.00. 03 September 13 , 2016 ; 12 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Allow hiding home screen icons of most built - in apps : Calculator , Calendar , Compass , Contacts , FaceTime , Find My Friends , Home , iBooks , iCloud Drive , iTunes Store , Mail , Maps , Music , News , Notes , Podcasts , Reminders , Stocks , Tips , Videos , Voice Memos , Watch app , Weather . New Sounds Locking device . Keyboard Clicks . 2 new voices added to Arabic voiceover . Lock Screen Swipe left to open Camera . Swipe right for Today view . Press home button to unlock device . Messages Expressive Messaging . Bubble effects allows sending messages loudly , gently , with a slam or with invisible ink . Full - screen effects . Tapback for quick replies to messages , links and photos . Handwritten messages animate like ink on paper . Digital Touch allows sending of sketches , taps and heartbeats . Tap to replace can emojify text with just a tap . Rich links show a preview of shared web pages . iMessage apps New App Store for iMessage . Use the power of apps in Messages to share and collaborate with friends . Download stickers to send and place on text bubbles and photos . Siri Siri now works with the following types of apps . Messaging apps to send , search and read back text messages . VoIP apps to make phone calls . Photos apps to search for images and photos . Ride service apps to book rides . Payment apps to make personal payments . Fitness apps to start , stop and pause workouts . CarPlay carmaker apps to adjust climate , radio , seat and personal settings . Maps All - new look . Proactive suggestions for places user is likely to go next , based on routine or appointments in Calendar . Improved search with new callout design , clustered results and category filters . Home , work , favourite locations and locations from upcoming Calendar events are displayed on the map . Displays where the users car is parked via CarPlay or Bluetooth . Weather for the currently viewed area . Extensions Make a reservation within Maps using extensions from participating reservations apps . Book a ride to a destination within Maps using extensions from participating ride service apps . Turn - by - turn navigation improvements . Search along route for petrol stations , food and coffee shops . Automatic view adjustment of the road ahead . Use pan and zoom during navigation . Option to avoid tolls and motorways . Photos Advanced face recognition designed with deep learning to automatically group similar faces together . Object and scene recognition to intelligently search for photos by what 's in them using computer vision that scans the photo library locally on the device . Places album to see all photos , videos and Live Photos on a map . Memories Intelligently highlights forgotten events , trips and people , and presents them in a collection . Memory movies automatically edited with theme music , titles and cinematic transitions . Related memories to rediscover photos , based on location , time , people , scenes and objects . Easily share with family and friends . Brilliance control applies region - specific adjustments to brightness , highlights and contrast . Home New Home app to securely manage and control HomeKit - enabled accessories . Scenes to control groups of accessories with just a tap . Rich notifications with quick actions to control accessories . Optionally share home access with family and friends . Remote access and automation of accessories with Apple TV or iPad . Apple Music An all - new design . Navigate Library with modified menu and see all the Downloaded Music that can play on device while offline . See recommendations in For You that highlight mixes , playlists , albums and Connect posts -- selected based on their music and artist preferences . Browse to see exclusive releases , find curated playlists and discover the most important new releases -- picked by editors . Modified Radio interface -- clearly see what 's live on Beats 1 , hear favourite shows on demand or choose a curated station for any genre of music . Modified Now Playing interface -- swipe up to view available lyrics and quickly see or edit songs that are coming up next . Apple News All - new design in For You adds bold typography , vibrant colour and distinct sections to find stories on specific topics . Important stories of the day within Top Stories -- updated by editors throughout the day . Find most popular stories right now within Trending Stories -- selected based on what others are reading . User can see all stories grouped into sections based on the topics they follow or read . Featured Stories -- selected by editors . Share stories -- tap the icon on any story to send it to a friend from For You . Receive breaking news notifications from users trusted sources . Subscribe to favourite magazines and newspapers directly in News . New personalised Today View widget lets user keep up with the latest stories throughout the day . Experience Raise to Wake automatically wakes the screen as iPhone is raised . Rich notifications that support real - time information , audio , photos and videos . Today view is redesigned and supports all - new widgets for apps like Weather , Up Next , Maps , Stocks and more . Control Centre is redesigned including dedicated cards for music playback and Home . Expanded use of 3D Touch . Lock screen notifications to support an expanded view and access to quick actions . New quick actions for built - in apps like Weather , Stocks , Reminders , Health , Home , FaceTime , iCloud Drive and Settings . Home screen widgets . Control Centre for access to quick actions for Torch , Timer , Calculator and Camera . Clear all in Notification Center . QuickType New emoji , including gender - diverse options to existing characters , single - parent family variations , rainbow flag and redesigns of popular emoji . Contextual predictions for current location , recent addresses , contact information and calendar availability using deep neural network technology . Emoji predictions . Calendar events are intelligently populated using deep learning technology with information from conversations in Mail and Messages . Multilingual typing now lets user type in two languages at once without having to switch keyboards . Rest & Type on iPad intelligently adapts to users unique typing patterns . Predictive typing now uses deep neural network technology for greater prediction accuracy . Phone Voicemail transcription ( beta ) . Spam call alerts with spam call identification apps . Support for third - party VoIP apps receiving calls on the Lock screen , including support for Call Waiting , Mute and Do Not Disturb . Contacts Emergency bypass allows call and text notifications to sound aloud regardless of silent or Do Not Disturb mode . Other improvements Apple Pay in Safari . View two pages at once using Split View in Safari on iPad . Notes collaboration lets user invite people to work on notes together . Markup support in Messages , Photos and PDFs stored in Notes . Bedtime Alarm in the Clock app lets user set a regular sleep schedule and receive bedtime reminders . Health adds support for health records and organ donation ( US only ) . Stabilisation support for Live Photos for improved camera capture . Live Filters support when capturing Live Photos . iCloud Drive now supports Desktop and Documents folders from macOS . Live search results in Spotlight for Chinese and Japanese . Siri support for Spanish ( Chile ) , Chinese ( Cantonese -- China ) , English ( Ireland ) , English ( South Africa ) . Ling Wai and Kaiti Black document fonts for Chinese . Yu Kyokasho and Toppan Bunkyu fonts for Japanese . New definition dictionaries in Traditional Chinese and Danish and bilingual dictionaries in Dutch and Italian . New keyboard for Spanish ( Latin America ) . New display languages and locales for English ( Ireland ) , English ( New Zealand ) , English ( Singapore ) , English ( South Africa ) , Spanish ( Argentina ) , Spanish ( Chile ) , Spanish ( Colombia ) , Spanish ( Costa Rica ) , Spanish ( Ecuador ) , Spanish ( United States ) , Spanish ( El Salvador ) , Spanish ( Guatemala ) , Spanish ( Honduras ) , Spanish ( Nicaragua ) , Spanish ( Panama ) , Spanish ( Paraguay ) , Spanish ( Peru ) , Spanish ( Puerto Rico ) , Spanish ( Dominican Republic ) , Spanish ( Uruguay ) , Spanish ( Venezuela ) , French ( Belgium ) , Dutch ( Belgium ) , Dutch ( Netherlands ) , and Traditional Chinese ( Macau ) . Accessibility Magnifier now uses the camera on iPhone or iPad like a digital magnifying glass for real - life objects . New range of display colour filters to support different forms of colour blindness or other vision challenges . VoiceOver adds a Pronunciation Editor to customise the way words are pronounced , additional voices and support for multiple audio sources . Additional text highlighting options in Speak Screen and Speak Selection , as well as the ability to speak keyboard letters and predictive typing suggestions to support multi-modal learning . Switch control now lets user control iOS , macOS and tvOS all from the same iPhone or iPad , so user does n't need to configure switches for the secondary device . Software textphone allows user to make and receive textphone calls without the need for traditional hardware teleprinter accessories . Bug Fixes from 10.0 ( iPhone 7 / Plus changelog ) Fixes an issue that could prevent recognizing `` Hey Siri '' requests . Fixes issues that could affect audio quality for calls made over VoLTE . Fixes issues that could impact Bluetooth connectivity and pairing with Apple Watch . Improves stability of the Camera and Contacts apps . 10.0. 2 14A456 11.01. 00 7.01. 00 5.24. 00 2.30. 00 1.00. 03 1.00. 04 September 23 , 2016 ; 12 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) Addresses an issue that could temporarily prevent headphone audio controls from working . Resolves an issue that caused Photos to quit for some users when turning on iCloud Photo Library . Fixes an issue that prevented enabling some app extensions . 10.0. 3 14A551 1.00. 05 October 17 , 2016 ; 11 months ago ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus only Addresses an issue where cellular connectivity could drop on iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 10.1. x iPad family : 4 Air Air 2 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 5 5C 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus 7 7 Plus iPod family : 6 Limited support on iPad ( 4th generation ) , iPhone 5 , and iPhone 5C Version Build Baseband Release date Features 10.1 14B72 14B72c 11.01. 00 7.01. 00 5.26. 00 2.36. 00 1.01. 13 1.25. 00 October 24 , 2016 ; 11 months ago ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) Camera and Photos Introduces Portrait Camera for iPhone 7 Plus that creates a depth effect that keeps your subject sharp while creating a beautifully blurred background ( beta ) . People names in the Photos app are saved in iCloud backups . Improved the display of wide color gamut photos in the grid views of the Photos app . Fixes an issue where opening the Camera app would show a blurred or flashing screen for some users . Fixes an issue that caused Photos to quit for some users when turning on iCloud Photo Library . Maps Transit support for every major train , subway , ferry , and national bus line , as well as local bus systems for Tokyo , Osaka , and Nagoya . Sign - based transit navigation including layouts of all underground structures and walkways that connect large transit stations . Transit fare comparison when viewing alternative transit routes . Messages New option to replay bubble and full screen effects . Messages effects can play with Reduce Motion enabled . Fixes an issue that could lead to contact names appearing incorrectly in Messages . Addresses an issue where Messages could open to a white screen . Addresses an issue that could prevent the report junk option from displaying with unknown senders . Fixes an issue where videos captured and sent in the Messages app could be missing audio . Apple Watch Adds distance and average pace to workout summaries in the Activity app for outdoor wheelchair run pace and outdoor wheelchair walk pace . Fixes issues that may have prevented Music playlists from syncing to Apple Watch . Addresses an issue that was preventing invitations and data to appear in Activity Sharing . Fixes an issue that was allowing Activity Sharing to update over cellular when manually disabled . Resolves an issue that was causing some third - party apps to crash when inputting text . Other improvements and fixes Improves Bluetooth connectivity with third party accessories . Improves AirPlay Mirroring performance when waking a device from sleep . Fixes an issue where playback would not work for iTunes purchased content when the `` Show iTunes Purchases '' setting is turned off . Fixes an issue where certain selfie apps and face filters used with the FaceTime HD camera on iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus did not display a live preview . Fixes an issue in Health where individual strokes are converted to separate characters when using the Chinese handwriting keyboard . Improves performance of sharing websites from Safari to Messages . Fixes an issue in Safari that caused web previews in tab view to not display correctly . Fixes an issue that caused certain Mail messages to be reformatted with very small text . Fixes an issue that caused some HTML email to be formatted incorrectly . Fixes an issue that in some cases caused the search field to disappear in Mail . Fixes an issue that could prevent Today View Widgets from updating when launched . Fixes an issue where Weather widget sometimes failed to load data . Fixes an issue on iPhone 7 where Home Button click settings would not appear in search results . Fixes an issue that prevented spam alert extensions from blocking calls . Resolves an issue that could prevent alarm sounds from going off . Fixes an issue where audio playback via Bluetooth would cause the Taptic engine to stop providing feedback for some users . Resolves an issue preventing some users from restoring from iCloud Backup . Security updates List of patches . 10.1. 1 14B100 14B150 11.01. 00 7.01. 00 5.26. 00 2.36. 00 1.01. 15 1.25. 00 October 31 , 2016 ; 11 months ago ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) November 9 , 2016 ; 10 months ago ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) ( 14B150 ) Fixes an issue where Health data could not be viewed for some users . New security entries added since iOS 10.1 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 10.2. x iPad family : 4 5G ( 2017 ) Air Air 2 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 5 5C 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus 7 7 Plus iPod family : 6 Limited support on iPad ( 4th generation ) , iPhone 5 , and iPhone 5C Version Build Baseband Release date Features 10.2 14C92 11.21. 00 7.21. 00 5.32. 00 2.41. 00 1.02. 15 1.33. 00 December 12 , 2016 ; 9 months ago ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) TV Use Up Next to see the movies and shows you 're currently watching and pick up where you left off . Get recommendations for new movies and TV shows in Watch Now . Discover new apps and the latest iTunes releases in the Store . Access the Library for your iTunes purchases and rentals . New Widget for TV and Videos app . Videos Removed from iOS completely , as the TV app replaces it ( US only , as of this update ) . Emoji Redesigned emoji that reveal even more detail . Over 100 new emoji including new faces , food , animals , sports , and professions . Unicode 9.0 support . Photos Improves stabilization and delivers faster frame rate for Live Photos . Improves accuracy of groupings of similar photos of the same person in the People album . Fixes an issue where Memories might generate a memory from photos of screenshots , whiteboards or receipts . Fixes an issue where the camera would stay zoomed in after switching back from the Camera Roll on iPhone 7 Plus . Additional support for RAW digital cameras . Messages Adds new love and celebration full screen effects in Messages . Fixes an issue that sometimes prevented the keyboard from displaying in Messages . Music Swipe up the Now Playing screen to more easily access Shuffle , Repeat and Up Next . Choose how to sort Playlists , Albums , and Songs in Library . ' Show Star Ratings ' option under Music Settings . News Stories you 've saved for later now appear the new Saved section . The best paid stories from channels you subscribe to will now appear in a dedicated section in For You . It 's now easier than ever to get to the next story , just swipe left or tap Next Story while reading . Mail Fixes an issue that caused the Move sheet to persist after filing a Mail message . Addresses an issue with long press activating copy and paste in Mail . Fixes an issue in which the wrong message would be selected after deleting a Mail conversation . Settings New wallpapers for iPhone 7 and 7 Plus - These include the ones Apple showed off at their iPhone 7 press event . New ' Preserve Settings ' menu under Camera Settings . New ' Press and Hold to Speak ' menu under Home Button Accessibility settings . New TV app section New TV Provider section for Single - Sign - On . SOS iPhone calls emergency services if power button is pressed five times ( India only ) . Siri New introduction screen for Siri . Accessibility Adds BraillePen14 support to VoiceOver . Fixes an issue where the braille table could switch unexpectedly with VoiceOver . Fixes an issue where sometimes Siri enhanced voices were unavailable to VoiceOver . Fixes an issue where VoiceOver users could not re-order items in lists . Fixes an issue where Switch Control was sometimes unable to delete Voicemails . Other improvements and fixes Adds notification support for HomeKit accessories including window coverings , occupancy , motion , door / window , smoke , carbon monoxide , and water leak sensors . Adds notification support for HomeKit accessories when software updates are available to HomeKit accessories . Improves Bluetooth performance and connectivity with third party accessories . Fixes an issue that could cause FaceTime participants to appear out of focus . Fixes an issue that could cause FaceTime calls to appear with incorrect aspect ratio and orientation . Fixes an issue that prevented some Visual Voicemail from completing playback . Fixes a Safari Reader issue that could cause articles to open as empty pages . Fixes an issue that could cause Safari to quit unexpectedly after marking an item as read in Reading List . Security For information on the security content of Apple software updates , please visit this website : https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207422 10.2. 1 14D27 11.21. 00 7.21. 00 5.32. 00 2.41. 00 1.02. 15 1.33. 00 January 23 , 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) Initial release on iPad ( 2017 ) General bug fixes and performance improvements . Improves power management during peak workloads to avoid unexpected shutdowns . Security For information on the security content of Apple software updates , please visit this website : https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207482 ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 10.3. x iPad family : 4 5G ( 2017 ) Air Air 2 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 10.5 Pro 12.9 iPhone family : 5 5C 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus 7 7 Plus iPod family : 6 Limited support on iPad ( 4th generation ) , iPhone 5 , and iPhone 5C Version Build Baseband Release date Features 10.3 14E277 11.51. 00 7.51. 00 5.51. 00 2.54. 00 1.03. 21 1.59. 02 March 27 , 2017 ; 6 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) Find My iPhone There 's a new `` Find My AirPods '' tool in Find My iPhone to help users locate lost AirPods . The Location and Play Sound is now supported for AirPods . This sound emits a noise from the AirPods that reaches a high volume after a few seconds . Users should remove their AirPods from their ears before playing the sound . HomeKit Expanded HomeKit Programmable Light Switch accessory support . Siri Siri can now display cricket scores from the Indian Premier League and the International Cricket Council . Siri updated to be able to pay bills , check on the status of payments , and schedule future rides ( via services such as Uber and Lyft ) for apps that support it . Siri now has breadcrumb support . For example , users can say `` Hey Siri , open the App Store '' and a back arrow ( or left arrow ) will appear in the left of the iOS status bar to jump back to the Siri interface . Safari Safari now supports the Reduced Motion accessibility preference for web apps . Maps The weather icon in the Maps app includes 3D Touch to show hourly forecasts . Removed 3D globe , replaces it with a flat 2D look . Calendar Shows an alert below the `` Event Details '' page , for event invitations sent from an unknown senders , and allows users to report event invites sent from unknown senders as junk . CarPlay CarPlay includes new shortcuts for launching recently used apps . EV charging station locations show up in CarPlay . New `` Up next '' option and quick access to albums . News The navigation bar icons are now visibly bolder . There is now an option to ' show disliked ' channels on the bottom of the `` Favorites '' page . An option has been introduced to where users can now quickly favorite or dislike news channels from the `` Explore '' section or the news channel that is currently open . Home There is now support in Home which allows users to trigger scenes which use accessories that contain switches and buttons . There is now support in Home which allows users to see the remaining charge of the batteries in their HomeKit accessories . Mail Conversation View in the Mail app features navigation improvements . When an email is open in Mail app , the `` back '' button in the left corner of the screen shows the number of unread emails in the mailbox you opened the email in ( Similar to the Messages app ) . Animations Slightly refined opening animation for apps to where rounded edges are now visible when opening applications ( more noticeable on applications that load slowly ) . Field Test Now updated for iPhone 7 and 7 Plus devices which contain modems from Intel . Podcasts Support for 3D Touch and a Today widget has been added which allows users to access recently updated podcasts . Podcast shows or episodes can now be shared in the Messages app and they feature full playback support . Settings Notifications Users can now get notifications for settings other than software updates such as for two - factor authentication . Restrictions Users can now restrict certain TV providers . iTunes and App Store New system level way for developers to request app ratings , opt out option in Settings . iCloud The iCloud tab has moved to the top of Settings instead of being at the bottom , and also now displays the user 's name and picture along with the email address ( es ) associated with their Apple ID ( s ) . Underneath this new tab is where settings notifications appear . The amount of storage users have and how much storage users have used is now shown . iCloud Drive cellular data usage settings have been moved to the cellular tab . `` Backup '' has been renamed to ' iCloud Backup `` . General `` Diagnostics and Usage '' is now labeled `` Analytics '' , corresponding changes included in menu . There is a new button to toggle iCloud data over cellular networks . Touch ID and Passcode When choosing an alphanumeric code with numbers only , passcodes can no longer be shorter than 4 characters in length . An error displays saying that `` this passcode must be longer '' . Calling Calls on Other Devices even when not nearby is now enabled for Verizon 's Integrated Calling feature . News An option was added where users can disable the Next Up button from appearing while in a news article . `` Show Disliked '' section under Favourites , this shows the channels that you have disliked . Keyboards & IME Facemarks have been shuffled around in the Chinese and Japanese keyboard layouts . The icon of the emoji button on the keyboard is now filled in and no longer outlined like it was in previous versions of iOS . Music It is now possible to rearrange songs while repeat mode is turned on . App Store Developers can now respond to reviews on the App Store . Developers will now be able to update the icons for their apps at any time , with an app update no longer required to push out new icon artwork for their apps . App Store reviews now include the publish date of when the review was published . When a user uses 3D Touch on an app review , they can rate the review as Helpful , Not Helpful , or Report a Concern with the review . Users no longer have to enter their Apple ID password when writing a review . Spotlight Spotlight Search Suggestions now have a border , floating text no longer appears . Other improvements , bug fixes , and enhancements Users can now rent a movie once and they can watch their iTunes movies across their various devices . Fixes the 30 % battery bug that was present in previous versions of iOS 10 for IPhone 6 and iPhone 6S devices . An alert is now displayed to indicate that 32 - bit apps on 10.3 need to be updated and will no longer work in future versions of iOS . An `` App Compatibility '' list of 32 - bit apps can be accessed by going to General > About > tapping on `` Applications '' . Improves performance across the system and the responsiveness of the operating system has been improved . The file system has been updated to the Apple File System ( APFS ) , which replaces HFS Plus , and is designed for Flash / SSD storage . APFS also features improved security and encryption , and improves system performance . Fixes an issue related to the Messages app where the app would freeze and crash upon receiving a long text message . Fixes an issue on the iPad Pro where the Apple Pencil 's battery would n't charge above 5 % . Fixes an issue where the Telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus would not activate while in the 2x zoom mode . Fixes an issue in Notification Center where tapping the search bar in between the Today view and Notification Center would cause the Springboard to crash and reload . The passcode menu UIs have been updated to show dots instead of dashes . VoiceOver stability improvements for the Phone , Safari , and Mail apps Fixes an issue that could prevent Maps from displaying a user 's current location after resetting Location & Privacy settings . Security Fixes over 100 security vulnerabilities in various aspects of iOS such as Audio , the Core libraries , and WebKit . For more information regarding these security fixes , please visit https://support.apple.com/HT207617 . 10.3. 1 14E304 11.51. 00 7.51. 00 5.51. 00 2.54. 00 1.03. 21 1.59. 02 April 3 , 2017 ; 6 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) Fixed in this release : Security Fixes a Wi - Fi - related vulnerability through improved input validation where an attacker within range may be able to execute arbitrary code on the Wi - Fi chipsets of iPhone 5 and later . For full information regarding this security fix , please visit https://support.apple.com/HT207688 . 10.3. 2 14F89 14F8089 14F90 14F91 11.60. 00 7.60. 00 5.62. 00 2.61. 00 1.03. 50 1.81. 01 May 15 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) First release for the iPad Pro 10.5 '' and 12.9 '' ( 2nd generation ) Security and Bug Fixes For full information regarding this security fix , please visit https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207798 10.3. 3 14G60 8.01. 00 6.17. 00 4.00. 01 1.03. 60 1.91. 00 July 19 , 2017 ; 2 months ago ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) Final release supported on iPhone 5 , iPhone 5C , and iPad ( 4th generation ) Includes bug fixes and improves the security of your iPhone or iPad . One of the bugs that is fixed is in the Broadcom Wi - Fi chipset formally known as CVE - 2017 - 9417 and is nicknamed `` Broadpwn '' . Broadpwn allows a worm to propagate among affected Broadcom Wi - Fi chipsets just by having the Wi - Fi chipset turned on even if it is not connected to any networks , and can be used to force a remote code execution on the main CPU of an affected smartphone . Information on security updates in iOS 10.3. 3 can be found at https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207923 . 3 new wallpapers on 12.9 '' iPad Pro IOS 11 ( edit ) Apple announced iOS 11 on June 5 , 2017 , at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) event , with a public release on September 19 , 2017 . With this release , Apple continued the cycle of dropping support for older devices , specifically devices with a 32 - bit processor ; an A6 or A6X processor : the iPhone 5 , iPhone 5C , and the iPad ( 4th generation ) . iOS 11 has limited support on devices with an A7 processor : the iPhone 5S , iPad Mini 2 , iPad Mini 3 , and iPad Air . Support for 32 - bit apps was also dropped ; only 64 - bit compiled apps can run now . ( hide ) Table of versions : iOS 11.0. x iPad family : 5G ( 2017 ) Air Air 2 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 10.5 Pro 12.9 Pro 12.9 2G iPhone family : 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus 7 7 Plus 8 8 Plus iPod family : 6 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 11.0 15A372 8.01. 00 6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03 September 19 , 2017 ; 22 days ago ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) App Store All - new App Store designed for discovering great apps and games everyday . New Today tab helps you discover new apps and games with stories , how - to guides , and more . New Games tab to find new games and see what 's most popular with top game charts . Dedicated Apps tab with top picks , dedicated app charts and app categories . App pages include more video previews , Editors ' Choice badges , easier access to user ratings and information about In - App Purchases . Siri New Siri voice is more natural and expressive . Translate U.S. English words and phrases into Chinese , French , German , Italian or Spanish ( beta ) . Siri suggestions based on your usage of Safari , News , Mail and Messages . Works with notes apps to create to - do lists , notes and reminders . Works with banking apps for account transfer and balances . Works with apps that display QR codes . Hindi and Shanghainese dictation . Camera Portrait mode now supports optical image stabilization , HDR and True Tone flash . Photos and videos will take up half the space with the new HEIF and HEVC image and video formats on devices with an Apple A10 chip or newer . Redesigned set of nine filters optimized for natural skin tones . Automatically identify and scan QR codes . Photos Loop , Bounce , and Long Exposure Live Photo effects . Mute , trim , or choose a new key photo for Live Photos . Memory Movies automatically adapt content for portrait and landscape orientation . More than a dozen new memory types including pets , babies , weddings and sporting events . People album is more accurate and stays up to date across devices with iCloud Photo Library . Animated GIF support . Maps Indoor maps for major airports and shopping centers . Lane guidance and speed limit information with turn - by - turn directions . One - handed zoom with double tap and swipe . Interact with Flyover by moving your device . Do Not Disturb while Driving . Automatically silences alerts while driving and keeps iPhone silent and display off . Optional iMessage auto reply to alert selected contacts that you 're driving . iPad new features An all new Dock provides quick access to your favorite and recently used apps and can even be shown on top of active apps . Dock resizes so you can add all of your favorite apps . Recently used and Continuity apps are available on the right . Enhanced Slide Over and Split View . Apps can be easily started in Slide Over and Split View from the Dock . Slide Over and background apps now run simultaneously . Apps in Slide Over and Split View can now be placed on the left side of the screen . Drag and drop . Move text , images and files between apps on iPad . Multi-Touch to move multiple items at the same time . Spring - loading to move content between apps . Markup Markup works across documents , PDFs , webpages , photos , and more . Instant markup anything in iOS -- just place Apple Pencil on what you want to mark . Create a PDF and markup anything that can be printed . Notes Instantly create a new note by tapping on Lock Screen with Apple Pencil . Inline drawing available by simply placing Apple Pencil in body of a note . Search handwritten text . Document scanner autocorrects for skewing and uses image filters to remove shadows . Table support to organize and display information . Pin important notes to the top of the list . Files All - new Files app to browse , search and organize files , ( replaces iCloud Drive app ) . Works with iCloud Drive and third - party cloud file providers . Recents view for quick access to recently used files across all apps and cloud services . Create folders and sort files by name , date , size and tags . QuickType Flick down on letter keys to enter numbers , symbols and punctuation marks on iPad . One - handed keyboard support on iPhone . New keyboards for Armenian , Azerbaijani , Belarusian , Georgian , Irish , Kannada , Malayalam , Maori , Odia , Swahili and Welsh . English input on the 10 - key Pinyin keyboard . English input on the Japanese Romaji keyboard . HomeKit New accessory types including AirPlay 2 speakers , sprinklers , and faucets . Expanded occupancy , time and accessory based triggers . QR code and tap to pair accessory setup support . Augmented Reality Augmented reality technologies that apps from App Store can use to deliver content on top of real - world scenes for interactive gaming , immersive shopping experiences , industrial design , and more . Machine Learning Core machine learning technologies that apps from App Store can use to deliver intelligent features with machine learning data processed on device for high performance and user privacy . Other features & improvements Control Center redesign brings all controls on one page . Control Center custom controls including accessibility , guided access , magnifier , text size , screen recording and Wallet . Apple Music now helps you discover music with friends . Create a profile so friends can listen to playlists you 've shared and see the music you listen to most . Apple News now includes Top Stories picked just for you , recommendations from Siri , the best videos of the day in Today View and great stories selected by our editors in the new Spotlight tab . Automatic Setup signs you in to iCloud , Keychain , iTunes , App Store , iMessage and FaceTime with your Apple ID . Automatic Setup restores device settings including language , region , network , keyboard preferences , places you frequently visit , how you talk to Siri , Home and Health data . Easily share access to your Wi - Fi networks . Storage optimization notifications and free up space in Settings for apps like Photos , Messages , and more . Emergency SOS calls emergency services based on your current location and automatically notifies emergency contacts , shares your location and displays your Medical ID . FaceTime lets you capture Live Photos from the other person 's Mac or iPhone camera . Easily check Flight status in Spotlight and Safari . Definitions , conversions and math support in Safari . Russian and English bilingual dictionary . Portuguese and English bilingual dictionary . Arabic system font support . Accessibility VoiceOver descriptions support for images . VoiceOver tables and lists support in PDFs . Type to Siri support for basic search queries . Spoken and braille caption support for videos . Dynamic Type increases text and app UI to larger sizes . Redesigned Invert Colors make media content easier to view ( smart invert colors ) . Highlight Colors improvements in Speak Selection and Speak Screen . Switch Control typing can scan and type whole words at a time . Security For more information regarding these security fixes , please visit https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208112 11.0. 1 15A402 / 15A403 8.01. 00 6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03 September 26 , 2017 ; 15 days ago ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Fixes issue with Exchange email servers . 11.0. 2 15A421 8.01. 00 6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03 October 3 , 2017 ; 8 days ago ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) Fixes an issue where crackling sounds may occur during calls for a small number of iPhone 8 and 8 Plus devices Addresses an issue that could cause some photos to become hidden Fixes an issue where attachments in S / MIME encrypted emails would not open 11.0. 3 15A432 8.01. 00 6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03 October 11 , 2017 ; 0 days ago ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) Fixes an issue where audio and haptic feedback would not work on some iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus devices . Addresses an issue where touch input was unresponsive on some iPhone 6s displays because they were not services with genuine Apple parts Table of versions : iOS 11.1. x iPad family : 5G ( 2017 ) Air Air 2 Mini 2 Mini 3 Mini 4 Pro 9.7 Pro 10.5 Pro 12.9 Pro 12.9 2G iPhone family : 5S SE 6 6 Plus 6S 6S Plus 7 7 Plus 8 8 Plus X iPod family : 6 Version Build Baseband Release date Features 11.1 beta 2 15B5078e 8.00. 04 6.16. 01 4.20. 00 3.20. 00 2.01. 01 1.40. 05 1.02. 01 - 1 October 9 , 2017 ; 2 days ago ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) Return of 3D Touch Multitasking Unicode 10.0 / Emoji 5.0 support added Version history : Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) onwards ( edit ) Legend : Obsolete Discontinued Current Beta Information about new updates to Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) onwards is published on Apple 's knowledge base . IOS 4.1 ( edit ) iOS 4.1 was the first version of iOS available on the Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) . It included Apple TV Software 4.0 . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 4. x -- Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) only iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features 4.1 4.0 8M89 2010 - 09 - 01 Initial release on Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) 4.2 4.1 8C150 ( 1539 ) 2010 - 11 - 22 AirPlay support . VoiceOver in menus . Bug fixes . 4.2. 1 4.1. 1 8C154 ( 1553 ) 2010 - 12 - 14 Bug fixes Addresses an issue that causes some high - definition TVs to incorrectly display at 480p . Addresses an issue that may cause a movie or TV show to be re-downloaded . 4.3 4.2 8F191m ( 2060 ) 2011 - 03 - 09 AirPlay video support for third party apps on iDevices . New slideshow themes : View photos with the new Scrapbook , Photo Mobile , and Holiday Mobile slideshow themes . Improved on - screen keyboard : Search and enter names and passwords more easily with the redesigned on - screen keyboard . Enjoy Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound when watching Netflix . 4.2. 1 8F202 ( 2100 ) 2011 - 03 - 22 Bug fixes Addresses issues that may cause the screen to flicker or display incorrect colour on some older TVs . Addresses an issue where Apple TV may not wake up from sleep . Addresses an issue where audio may not be heard on some TV models after switching from another input . Apple TV Software 4.2. 1 includes stability and performance fixes for Apple TV . 4.2. 2 8F305 ( 2203 ) 2011 - 05 - 11 Bug fixes Addresses an issue in which audio is not output when playing some video content . Addresses an issue in which video is not displayed when playing some content . Adds an audio output setting for switching to 16 - bit audio for compatibility with some TVs and AV receivers . Improves the performance of fast - forwarding and rewinding live events . Addresses an issue in which the description information is not displayed for some movies . Addresses an issue in which YouTube subscription videos are not ordered by date . 4.3 8F455 ( 2557 ) 2011 - 08 - 01 Ability to watch videos from Vimeo . US - only feature : streams purchased TV shows from iTunes on Apple TV ( and past purchases ) ; formerly , only rentals were available . iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features IOS 5 ( edit ) On October 23 , 2011 , Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) received the iOS 5.0 software , with My Photo Stream , AirPlay mirroring ( from iPhone 4S & iPad 2 ) , NHL , Wall Street Journal , slideshow themes and Netflix subtitles . Contrary to rumors and code found in iOS 5 , the release did not bring support for Bluetooth or apps to the Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 5. x -- Apple TV ( 2nd and 3rd generations ) iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features 5.0 4.4 9A334v ( 3140 ) 2011 - 10 - 12 Coincides with iOS 5 for portable iOS devices . Photo Stream . AirPlay mirroring for iPad 2 and iPhone 4S . Wall Street Journal . New Slideshow themes . Netflix subtitles . Upgrading from this version resets the device to factory settings as part of the upgrade process . 4.4. 1 9A335a ( 3150 ) 2011 - 10 - 17 Bug fixes Upgrading from this version resets the device to factory settings as part of the upgrade process . 4.4. 2 9A336a ( 3160 ) 2011 - 10 - 24 Audio playback : addresses an issue in which audio is not output when playing some video content . Video playback : addresses an issue in which video is not displayed when playing some content . Audio output setting : adds an audio output setting for switching to 16 - bit audio for compatibility with some TVs and AV receivers . Live FF / RW improvements : improves the performance of fast - forwarding and rewinding live events . Movie description : addresses an issue in which the description information is not displayed for some movies . YouTube video order : addresses an issue in which YouTube subscription videos were not ordered by date . 5.0. 1 4.4. 3 9A405l ( 3323 ) 2011 - 11 - 17 Added support for Netflix in Mexico . Addresses an issue in which audio may not play through the optical port when the TV is turned off . 4.4. 4 9A406a ( 3330 ) 2011 - 12 - 15 General performance and stability improvements , including a fix for an issue that displayed an error when playing some video content . 5.1 5.0 9B179b ( 4099 ) 2012 - 03 - 07 Initial release on Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) . Support for 1080p video resolution . Completely redesigned menus . Content categories now resemble iOS app icons . Third - party apps ( Netflix , YouTube , NBA , Flickr , etc . ) have their own icon . Ability to create a Netflix account . 5.1. 1 5.0. 1 9B206f ( 4224 ) 2012 - 05 - 10 Previews for movies and TV shows from the iTunes Store can now be viewed in HD . Fixes an issue that caused some iOS apps to have trouble connecting via AirPlay . Improves the reliability of Home Sharing connections . Addresses an issue affecting Netflix login and navigation . Includes fixes for issues affecting stability and performance . 5.0. 2 9B830 ( 4250 ) 2012 - 06 - 05 Addresses an issue which caused content restrictions to be incorrectly applied for the iTunes Store in Australia . iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features IOS 6 ( edit ) On September 24 , 2012 , Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) onwards received the iOS 6.0 software update , with Shared Photo Streams , iTunes account switching , better AirPlay functionality , and Trailers searching , among other smaller improvements . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 6. x -- Apple TV ( 2nd and 3rd generations ) iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features 6.0 5.1 10A406E ( 5201 ) 2012 - 09 - 24 Shared Photo Streams : Accept invitations for Shared Photo Streams , browse photos and comments , and receive notifications of new content . AirPlay : Send audio content from Apple TV to AirPlay - enabled speakers / devices ( including AirPort Express and other Apple TVs ) . Also includes the ability to require an onscreen code to use AirPlay with Apple TV . iTunes account switching : Save multiple iTunes accounts and switch quickly between them . Trailers : Search for movie trailers . In the United States , see show times for local theaters . Screen savers : New Cascade , Shrinking Tiles , and Sliding Panels screen savers . Main menu : Reorder icons on the second page by holding down the select button on the remote . Subtitles : SDH support for the hearing - impaired ; improvements to viewing and selecting subtitles . Network configuration : Support for setting up advanced network options using configuration profiles . Stability and performance : Includes general performance and stability improvements . 6.0. 1 5.1. 1 10A831 ( 5433 ) 2012 - 11 - 29 Adds support for Up Next with iTunes 11 or iTunes Match . Includes performance and stability improvements with the iTunes Store , AirPlay , Netflix , iTunes Match , and wired ethernet connections . 6.1 5.2 10B144b ( 6010.96 ) 2013 - 01 - 28 Initial release on Apple TV ( 3rd generation Revision A ) . Bluetooth keyboards : Adds support for some Bluetooth keyboards ( including Apple Wireless Keyboard ) . iTunes in the Cloud : Browse and play purchased iTunes music directly from iCloud . Airplay : Send stereo audio from video content on Apple TV to AirPlay - enabled speakers / devices ( including AirPort Express and other Apple TVs ) . Stability and performance : Includes general performance and stability improvements . 6.1. 3 5.2. 1 10B329a ( 6025 ) 2013 - 03 - 19 Hulu Plus app : Completely redesigned , adds support for closed - captioning . iTunes in the Cloud : Adds support for Music in the Cloud in Japan and Israel . Stability and performance : Including improvements for software update , subtitles , and general performance . Security Fixes . 6.1. 4 5.3 10B809 ( 6105 ) 2013 - 06 - 19 Third - party content : Adds support for Crunchyroll , ESPN , HBO GO , Qello , and Sky News ( some sources depend on country ). ✝ iTunes Store : Improves reliability of signing into the iTunes Store and playing purchased content . ✝ Further channels added on August 27 , 2013 , without a software update : Vevo , Weather Channel , Disney Channel , Disney XD , and Smithsonian Channel ( some sources depend on country ) iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features IOS 7 ( edit ) On September 20 , 2013 , Apple TV ( second generation ) onwards received the iOS 7.0 software update , with iTunes Radio and AirPlay from iCloud . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 7. x -- Apple TV ( 2nd and 3rd generations ) iOS version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features 7.0. 1 / 7.0. 2 6.0 11A470e / 11A502 2013 - 09 - 23 iTunes Radio Create user radio stations and listen to them ad - free with iTunes Match ( US and Australia only ) . iTunes Store Browse , purchase , and play music directly from the iTunes Store . iCloud Photos Adds support to play video from a shared Photo Stream and view Photo Streams from multiple contributors . AirPlay from iCloud Apple TV will play content from iTunes In The Cloud instead of user AirPlay device when possible ( needs iOS 7 on AirPlay device ) . Podcasts Sync user podcasts and podcast stations across Apple TV and all user iOS devices . iMovie Theater Stream user iMovie creations instantly in high definition from iCloud ( needs latest version of iMovie for iOS or Mac and an iCloud account ) . Subtitles & Captioning Automatic subtitle selection based on Apple TV language setting , with customizable closed caption style . Conference Room Display Lock Apple TV into Conference Room Display ( for business and education environments ) and show onscreen instructions for using AirPlay . Software update Keep Apple TV always updated by automatically installing software updates when available . Setup Use an iPhone , iPad , or iPod Touch with iOS 7 to automatically transfer network settings , user Apple ID , and language preferences to Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) ( not available on iPhone 4 or iPad 2 ) . Third - party US - only content added on September 26 , 2013 , without a software update : Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and Disney Junior . iMovie Theater app was added on October 22 , 2013 , without a software update . 7.0. 3 6.0. 1 11B511d 2013 - 10 - 25 Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . 7.0. 4 / 7.0. 6 6.0. 2 11B554a / 11B651 2013 - 11 - 14 Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Security ( 11B651 build only ) Provides a fix for SSL connection verification . 7.1 6.1 11D169b March 10 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) Main menu Includes ability to make hiding channels easier AirPlay Security option for iOS devices or Macs to require verifying via a one - time , onscreen code before using AirPlay ( needs iOS 7.1 or later on an iOS device , or OS X 10.9. 2 or later on a Mac ) . Adds support to allow an AirPlay device to discover Apple TV over Bluetooth in environments where multicast or Bonjour traffic is blocked on the network or the AirPlay device is on a different subnet . Remote app View purchased TV Shows and Movies in the Remote app and tap to play them instantly on Apple TV . Create and play iTunes Radio stations ( needs Remote app version 4.2 or later ) . Stability and performance Bug fixes , general performance and stability improvements . 7.1. 1 6.1. 1 11D201c April 22 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . 7.1. 2 6.2 11D257c June 30 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . iTunes Extras Added ability to explore deleted scenes , photos , cast and crew , and more with select iTunes movie purchases . ( Only available for HD purchases ) 6.2. 1 11D258 September 17 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) Final release on Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) As of May 2015 , the YouTube app only works on newer Apple TVs that have software 7.2 or later due to an API change implemented by Google . Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features IOS 8 ( edit ) On September 18 , 2014 , the third generation Apple TV received the iOS 8.0 software update , with a redesigned UI , Family Sharing and peer - to - peer AirPlay . ( show ) Table of versions : iOS 8. x -- Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) only iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features 8.0 7.0 12A365b September 17 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) UI Redesigned UI that adopts a similar look to the `` flat '' look that is presented in iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite . UI redesign includes redesigned icons and borders , menus , and many of the controls inside many of the apps that are included with the Apple TV . Family Sharing Adds support for a service of sharing purchases from iTunes between up to 6 people . Supports iTunes music , video , podcasts , and TV show purchases . All group members must pay for family purchases with the same credit / debit card . Ask To Buy -- parents can approve a child 's spending from the parent 's device . Descriptive Video Services Hear descriptive video with a new accessibility feature support select iTunes movies and TV shows . Peer - to - peer AirPlay Guests can AirPlay from their Mac or iOS device directly to an Apple TV without connecting to a wireless network ( needs ATV 3 Rev - A ( A1469 ) , iPhone 4S and later ; iPad 2 and later ; and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) running iOS 8 or a Mac running OS X Yosemite ( 10.10 ) or later ) . Beats Music Beats Music has now been shut down in favor of Apple Music , which requires an Apple TV 4 running tvOS 9.0 or later . 8.1 7.0. 1 12B410a October 20 , 2014 ; 2 years ago ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes . 8.1. 1 7.0. 2 12B440 November 17 , 2014 ; 2 years ago ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes . 8.1. 3 7.0. 3 12B466 January 27 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes . 8.2 7.1 12D508 March 9 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes . 8.3 7.2 12F69 April 8 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 04 - 08 ) As of May 2015 , the YouTube app only works on Apple TVs that have software 7.2 or later due to an API change implemented by Google . Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes Post-Apple TV 4G Updates 8.4. 1 7.2. 1 12H523 February 25 , 2016 ; 19 months ago ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes 8.4. 2 7.2. 2 12H606 December 12 , 2016 ; 9 months ago ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) Final release on Apple TV ( 3rd Generation / 3rd Generation Rev - A ) Stability and performance Includes general performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes iOS Version Apple TV Software Build Release date Features TvOS 9 ( edit ) tvOS 9 is an operating system that is 95 % based on iOS 9 , with adaptations made for a television interface . It was announced on September 9 , 2015 , alongside the new iPad Pro and iPhone 6S . Tim Cook took the stage and introduced tvOS saying that it was time for the Apple TV to gain a modern OS with support for apps as they are `` the future of TV '' . It will only be available on the Apple TV ( 4th generation ) , released in October 2015 . It adds a native SDK to develop apps , and an App Store to distribute them , and support for Siri and universal search across multiple apps . ( show ) Table of versions : tvOS 9. x -- Apple TV ( 4th generation ) only iOS Version tvOS Version Build Release date Features 9.0 9.0 13T396 October 29 , 2015 ; 23 months ago ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) Initial release on Apple TV ( 4th generation ) . User Interface Introduces a new user interface that uses lighter colors and transparency , adds support for control via an all new remote . This remote can be used to navigate the user interface by using multi-touch gestures on the trackpad on the remote rather than physical buttons . App Store / SDK Adds support for an all new SDK for developers to build apps for the TV including all of the APIs included in iOS 9 such as Metal . Adds an App Store which allows users to browse , download , and install a wide variety of applications from things such as games , video applications , etc . Developers can now use their own interface inside of their application rather than only being able to use Apple 's interface . Siri Adds support for Siri which can be toggled by pressing the microphone button on the remote . Siri , beyond all of its iOS abilities , can take many voice commands tailored for the TV , such as a cross-application search for a movie / TV show , rewind , fast forward , name and actor / director of the current movie , and even skip back 15 seconds . Experience It is now possible to switch between two applications by double - clicking the trackpad on the remote and scrolling to the desired application . Users can now customize the home screen by placing any applications they wish on the top row , including third - party types . New cinematic screen savers display time - lapse images of scenic cities when the Apple TV is asleep . It is now possible to control the volume of the TV and turn it on / off using just the new Siri Remote and the built in support for HDMI CEC in TVOS . Third - Party Controllers Adds support for pairing third - party Bluetooth game controllers in order to play games . Apple Music Adds Apple Music support for Apple TV . 9.1 9.0. 1 13T402 November 9 , 2015 ; 22 months ago ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) General performance and stability improvements . 9.2 9.1 13U85 December 8 , 2015 ; 21 months ago ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) Adds support for controlling Apple Music with Siri . Adds support for controlling the Apple TV with the Remote app for iOS and Apple Watch . Improvements to networking and scrolling . 9.2. 1 9.1. 1 13U717 January 25 , 2016 ; 20 months ago ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) General performance and stability improvements Adds the Podcasts app to the Apple TV 9.3 9.2 13Y234 March 21 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) Adds support for folders on the Apple TV . A folder can be made by selecting an app , clicking and holding on the touchpad , clicking the Play / Pause button , and then choosing `` New Folder '' from the popup menu . Adds the ability to pair Bluetooth keyboards with the 4th Generation Apple TV Adds a redesigned application switcher similar to the one found in iOS 9 rather than the one found in iOS 8 as TVOS 9.1 contained . Adds support for iCloud Photo Library and Live Photos Enables developers to add maps to their applications with the use of the MapKit API . Siri / Voice Dictation Adds support for Voice Dictation to enable users to enter text in text fields using their voice . Voice Dictation can be invoked by selecting the text field and pressing the Siri button on the Siri Remote . Adds Support for searching the App Store on the Apple TV using Siri . Adds support for new Siri languages which include Spanish ( United States ) , French ( Canada ) , and English ( United Kingdom and Australia ) . Remote operability improvements In order to rewind / fast forward the video in tvOS 9.2 , it is now necessary to click the touchpad before swiping left or right . Updates the remote firmware which includes improved motion sensor performance and support for additional sound bar and receiver hardware . Enhancements to speed and performance . 9.3. 2 9.2. 1 13Y772 May 16 , 2016 ; 16 months ago ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) General performance and stability improvements . 9.3. 3 9.2. 2 13Y825 July 18 , 2016 ; 14 months ago ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) General performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes . iOS Version tvOS Version Build Release date Features TvOS 10 ( edit ) On June 13 , 2016 , Apple SVP of Internet Services Eddy Cue announced at WWDC 2016 , the next major version of tvOS , tvOS 10 . tvOS 10 brings new functionality such as Siri search enhancements , single sign on for cable subscriptions , a dark mode , and a new Remote application for controlling the Apple TV . tvOS 10 was released on September 13 , 2016 . ( show ) Table of versions : tvOS 10. x -- Apple TV ( 4th generation ) only iOS Version tvOS Version Build Release date Features 10.0. 2 10.0 14T330 September 13 , 2016 ; 12 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) User Interface Adds the option for users to select between a bright mode or a new dark mode . Adds support for app notification badge icons on the tvOS home screen . Siri Support for searching YouTube for content using Siri . Support for searching for content by topic . Single Sign On ( Coming Soon ) Adds support for typing in Cable / Satellite provider credentials once inside the Settings app and being able to download any TV app that supports that particular provider and be automatically logged into that app using the credentials in the Settings app . Photos Adds support for the new Photos app available in iOS 10 which adds a new feature called Memories . Music Update the UI of Apple Music to match the UI of Apple Music on iOS 10 and macOS Sierra . Control Adds support for a new , redesigned Remote app which mimics the functionality of the Siri Remote . When users start typing on the Apple TV using the Siri Remote , their iPhone on iOS 10 or later gives them a lockscreen notification that allows for text entry , even without the remote app installed on the iOS device . No longer requires developers to provide support for the Siri Remote in games . A game can now make a third - party MFI controller required for gameplay . HomeKit Allows the control of HomeKit accessories from the Apple TV . Developer Tools Adds many new APIs that developers can take advantage of on tvOS such as ReplayKit , SpriteKit , SceneKit , and more . 10.1 10.0. 1 14U71 14U100 October 24 , 2016 ; 11 months ago ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) November 14 , 2016 ; 10 months ago ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) ( 14U100 ) General performance and stability improvements . Bug fixes . 10.2 10.1 14U593 December 12 , 2016 ; 9 months ago ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) General performance and stability improvements . New `` TV '' app ( US only ) . Added `` Single Sign - On '' . 10.2. 1 10.1. 1 14U712a January 23 , 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) General performance and stability improvements . 10.3 10.2 14W265 March 27 , 2017 ; 6 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) Adds support for Apple File System ( APFS ) . General performance and stability improvements . 10.3. 2 10.2. 1 14W585a May 15 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) Security and Bug Fixes For full information regarding this security fix , please visit https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207801 iOS Version tvOS Version Build Release date Features TvOS 11 ( edit ) tvOS 11 was released on September 19 , 2017 . ( hide ) Table of versions : tvOS 11. x -- Apple TV ( 4th and 5th generation ) iOS Version tvOS Version Build Release date Features 11.0 11.0 September 19 , 2017 ; 22 days ago ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) iOS Version tvOS Version Build Release date Features Notes ( edit ) iPhone ^ P1 iPhone ( 1st generation ) ^ P2 iPhone 3G ^ P3 iPhone 3GS ^ P4 iPhone 4 ( GSM version ) ^ P4C iPhone 4 ( CDMA version ) ^ P4S iPhone 4S ^ P5 iPhone 5 ^ P5C iPhone 5C ^ P5S iPhone 5S ^ PSE iPhone SE ^ P6 iPhone 6 ^ P6P iPhone 6 Plus ^ P6S iPhone 6S ^ P6SP iPhone 6S Plus ^ P7I iPhone 7 with Intel PMB9943 modem ^ P7Q iPhone 7 with Qualcomm MDM9645 modem ^ P7PI iPhone 7 Plus with Intel PMB9943 modem ^ P7PQ iPhone 7 Plus with Qualcomm MDM9645 modem ^ P8I iPhone 8 with Intel PMB9948 modem ^ P8Q iPhone 8 with Qualcomm MDM9655 modem ^ P8PI iPhone 8 Plus with Intel PMB9948 modem ^ P8PQ iPhone 8 Plus with Qualcomm MDM9655 modem iPod Touch ^ T1 iPod Touch ( 1st generation ) ^ T2 iPod Touch ( 2nd generation ) ^ T3 iPod Touch ( 3rd generation ) ^ T4 iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) ^ T5 iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) ^ T6 iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) iPad ^ S1 iPad ( 1st generation ) Wi - Fi only ^ S1C iPad ( 1st generation ) Wi - Fi+ 3G ^ S2 iPad 2 Wi - Fi only ^ S2C iPad 2 Wi - Fi + 3G GSM ^ S2D iPad 2 Wi - Fi + 3G CDMA ^ S3 iPad ( 3rd generation ) Wi - Fi only ^ S3L iPad ( 3rd generation ) Wi - Fi+ 4G ( LTE ) ( AT&T / global version ) ^ S3D iPad ( 3rd generation ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( Verizon version ) ^ S4 iPad ( 4th generation ) Wi - Fi only ^ S4L iPad ( 4th generation ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( AT&T / global version ) ^ S4D iPad ( 4th generation ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( Verizon version ) ^ S5 iPad Air Wi - Fi only ^ S5L iPad Air Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( AT&T / global version ) ^ S5D iPad Air Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( Verizon version ) ^ S6 iPad Air 2 Wi - Fi only ^ S6L iPad Air 2 Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( AT&T / global version ) ^ S7 iPad ( 2017 ) Wi - Fi only ^ S7L iPad ( 2017 ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ( AT&T / global version ) iPad Mini ^ M1 iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) Wi - Fi only ^ M1C iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ^ M2 iPad Mini 2 Wi - Fi only ^ M2C iPad Mini 2 Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ^ M3 iPad Mini 3 Wi - Fi only ^ M3C iPad Mini 3 Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ^ M4 iPad Mini 4 Wi - Fi only ^ M4C iPad Mini 4 Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) iPad Pro ^ R1 iPad Pro ( 1st generation ( 12.9 inch ) ) Wi - Fi only ^ R1C iPad Pro ( 1st generation ( 12.9 inch ) ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ^ R2 iPad Pro ( 1st generation ( 9.7 inch ) ) Wi - Fi only ^ R2C iPad Pro ( 1st generation ( 9.7 inch ) ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ^ R3 iPad Pro ( 2nd generation ( 12.9 inch ) ) Wi - Fi only ^ R3C iPad Pro ( 2nd generation ( 12.9 inch ) ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) ^ R4 iPad Pro ( 10.5 inch ) Wi - Fi only ^ R4C iPad Pro ( 10.5 inch ) Wi - Fi + 4G ( LTE ) Apple TV ^ A2 Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) ^ A3 Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) ^ A3R Apple TV ( 3rd generation Revision A ) ^ A4 Apple TV ( 4th generation ) ^ A4K Apple TV 4K Notable software bugs and issues ( edit ) IOS 4 ( edit ) Alarm clock bugs The Alarm feature of the built in Clock app in the iPhone and iPod Touch has been plagued by major bugs in all versions of iOS 4 . The first bug noticed was the `` DST bug '' which was first seen when some countries switched to / from daylight saving time from / to standard time in October / November 2010 . It caused recurring alarms to start going off an hour too early or late . Apple promised the bug would be fixed in iOS 4.2 but according to some reports it still exists even in iOS 4.3. 1 . The second alarm clock bug discovered was the `` New Year 's Day bug '' which showed up on January 1 , 2011 and January 1 , 2012 . It caused non-recurring alarms to never work . However two days after each New Year 's Day , on January 3 , 2011 , they `` magically '' started working again . This bug was seemingly fixed in iOS 4.3 . IOS 5 ( edit ) Battery drain bugs Apple confirmed that several battery life bugs were negatively affecting battery life in iOS 5 . They attempted to fix these bugs with iOS 5.0. 1 and 5.1 but the problem still remained . Finally , these bugs were fixed in iOS 5.1. 1 . Wi - Fi The launch of the iOS 5 update on October 12 , 2011 ( including iOS 5.0. 1 released on November 10 , 2011 ) , led many users to report a major bug causing the device to lose Wi - Fi access . This problem has supposedly been fixed with the release of iOS 5.1. 1 SIM card Some users of the iPhone 4S and iPad ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) reported issues with the SIM card in iOS 5.0 , and even though Apple attempted to fix these issues in version 5.0. 1 build 9A406 ( for iPhone 4S only ) , they still remained . Echo bugs Some users of the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S reported issues with having echo problems during phone call in the initial release of iOS 5 , which causes echoes to appear randomly during phone calls made through earbuds . The other party in the call is generally unable to hear the conversation due to this problem . Apple has since released version 5.1. 1 in an attempt to fix the problem . IOS 6 ( edit ) Maps Apple has admitted that there were several bugs in the mapping app on iOS 6 , with cities in the wrong location , some places being missed off altogether , some places misnamed and places of interest in the sea . Problems submitted by users have gradually been addressed with daily updates to Maps . Bluetooth Many users report a problem with Bluetooth audio streaming to a range of compatible devices . The sound cuts out every now and then for no apparent reason . As of October 2012 , no solution has been provided by Apple . Location - based Reminders Location - based reminders do not work for iPads , even though they were promised to work on cellular enabled devices . It has later been clarified by Apple that only the 4th generation iPad and the iPad Mini 1st generation or later will be able to use this . Cellular Network In iOS 6.1 , users reported problems with cellular connectivity . This was addressed for the iPhone 4S in iOS 6.1. 1 which `` fixes an issue that could impact cellular performance and reliability for iPhone 4S '' . Do Not Disturb Many iPhone users experienced a bug with the Do Not Disturb feature when the calendar changed from 2012 to 2013 . The feature would be left on past the scheduled time set by the user , allowing texts , notifications , and alarm settings to be missed . The bug was caused by a difference in formatting in the ISO calendar system versus the Gregorian calendar system . Apple did not offer a quick software update for the bug , instead saying that the bug would fix itself on January 7 , 2013 . Microsoft Exchange Another bug causes issues when iOS devices connect to a Microsoft Exchange server to retrieve email , resulting in message `` mailbox server resources are consumed , log growth becomes excessive , memory and CPU use may increase significantly , and server performance is affected '' . Microsoft have suggested several workarounds , and Apple responded with a KnowledgeBase article describing the cause of the bug and a suggested temporary workaround , promising a fix in the near future , which was then fixed with release of iOS 6.1. 2 . Lockscreen bypass code On iPhones , another bug found in 6.1 allowing bypassing the lock screen 's passcode to temporarily gain full access to the Phone app , by performing a specific sequence of actions on the phone that remained unfixed , with Apple acknowledging the bug and then addressed with release of iOS 6.1. 3 . Audio profile speakerphone iPhone 5 users experienced dropped calls during the release of iOS 6.1. 3 when there was an issue with the audio microphone profile . This also caused issues with many voice - over commands , including Siri , to get different results than expected or to fail easily . Apple fixed this bug with the release of iOS 6.1. 4 , which updated the audio speaker profile so users would get better results . FaceTime Shortly when Apple released iOS 7 , users running iOS 6 were said to have problems using FaceTime . Apple later released a support document stating that this was due to an expired device certificate and that devices that support iOS 7 should update to it in order to resolve these issues . Devices that are unable to run iOS 7 , such as the fourth - generation iPod Touch , should upgrade to iOS 6.1. 6 . Data security An attacker can collect or modify data in sessions protected by SSL / TLS protocols . This same bug was also reported on iOS 7.0. 4 and iOS 7.0. 5 for the iPhone 5C and 5S . For the iPhone 3GS and the iPod Touch 4th generation , iOS 6.1. 6 was released to fix this issue since iOS 7 is not compatible with these devices ( see iOS 7. x ) . IOS 7 ( edit ) In iOS 7 , users that were running iPhone 4 to iPhone 5 , iPad 2nd to 4th generations , first - generation iPad Mini , and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) have developed bugs that were formerly retained since iOS 6 . One example is the SSL / TLS protocol when the secure transport failed to verify certification authenticity ( fixed in iOS 7.0. 6 ) . This caused the iPhone 3GS ( initially ended with iOS 6.1. 3 ) and the iPod Touch 4th generation ( initially ended with iOS 6.1. 5 ) to advance one update to iOS 6.1. 6 . Passcode screen bypass bugs People are able to bypass the `` Enter Passcode '' screen . This flaw was discovered within hours of it becoming publicly available . This is only able to be done on iPhone 5 and earlier while the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S are safe from this bug . This is caused by the ability to use the control center via the lock screen and tapping on the camera or timer buttons . This feature can be turned off in the Settings app . This was fixed in iOS 7.0. 2 . Motion Sickness Users complained about dizziness and vertigo - like symptoms when using this operating system because of parallax motion effects . In iOS 7.1 , a new function in the Settings app named `` Reduce Motion '' was introduced to reduce the motion of the user interface and disable the parallax effects . Creation of CardDAV Accounts not working Creating a CardDAV Account contains a bug that needs manual fixing of the CardDAV - Server - URL . Battery drain problems In iOS 7.1 , users have reported seeing significant drain on their batteries after installing the new update . FaceTime Issues with video - calling and connection errors . This was fixed in iOS 7.0. 4 . ( See iOS 6. x ) Safari ignores local domain Local domain names can no longer be resolved in Safari . This breaks short names on the local network , e.g. ' nas ' for nas. < ourdomain > . Home screen crashes Users have reported various crashes of the home screen , the core service that renders the home screen icons , Notification Center , Control Center , Siri and the lockscreen . This was fixed in iOS 7.1 . Data security Secure transport failed to validate the authenticity of connection . This issue was addressed by restoring missing validation steps . This may cause an attacker with a privileged network position to capture or modify data in sessions protected by SSL / TLS . This issue was addressed by the release of iOS 7.0. 6 . Battery Indicator stuck until restart iPhone 4S users report experiencing problems with the battery indicator ; the indicator will freeze at the same value until the iPhone is restarted again . Touch ID In iOS 7.1 , Touch ID was not functioning on the iPhone 5S . The problem can not be resolved by turning Touch ID on and off in the `` Fingerprint and Passcode '' menu , restarting , resetting , or restoring the device using iTunes . This problem was similar to the iOS 8. 0.1 release , which crippled iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus of both cellular and Touch ID . This was fixed in iOS 7.1. 1 . IOS 8 ( edit ) HealthKit Shortly after the release of iOS 8 , Apple released a statement pointing out that a bug had been found in the operating system which prevented HealthKit - compatible apps from being released alongside iOS 8 . Apps already released that included Healthkit functionality were withdrawn from the App Store . iOS 8.0. 1 / 8.0. 2 included a fix for this issue . iOS 8.0. 1 iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus users who updated to iOS 8.0. 1 wirelessly had cellular service and Touch ID disabled due to a software issue . Over-the - Air downloads of iOS 8.0. 1 were stopped within an hour of the release of the software , but many early adopters had been affected . These issues were fixed with the release of iOS 8.0. 2 a day later . Touch ID Users who updated phones with Touch ID enabled to iOS 8.3 found out that they could not use Touch ID to make App Store purchases . A workaround has been devised by users to repair this issue . Performance Many users of older generation devices such as the iPhone 4s and the iPad 2 reported performance issues with iOS 8 . Apple has since released iOS 8.1. 1 in attempt to fix the problem . Keyboard Several issues with the new Keyboard API in iOS 8 were reported , including problems with custom keyboards crashing or not appearing , or being replaced with the default keyboard . Apple has since released iOS 8.3 in attempt to fix the problem . iMessage When a specific set of Arabic , Unicode , and English characters are sent through iMessage to an iOS device running iOS 8.0 or later , it causes the device to crash . This bug was discovered by a Reddit user in May 2015 . Apple has since released a software update ( iOS 8.4 ) to fix this issue . IOS 9 ( edit ) Game Center Many users of all generation devices experience some issues with Game Center loading times causes long freezes in apps that require Game Center logins . This was fixed in iOS 9.1 . Bluetooth Many users who own the iPhone SE have experienced various issues relating to phone calls via Bluetooth connectivity . The quality of incoming calls via Bluetooth devices was reported to be very low . This issue was fixed in the iOS 9.3. 2 update . Security Users ' security was threatened with the release of 9.3. 3 through an exploit in the WebKit rendering component which allowed hackers to access the infected phone 's sensors by getting the user to open a link from an SMS . This was quickly fixed with the release of 9.3. 5 . IOS 11 ( edit ) Mail Users with Outlook.com , Office 365 , and certain Exchange accounts were unable to send email . This has been resolved with release of iOS 11.0. 1 . 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Jump up ^ `` Will Location based reminders work on ios 6 for the IPad 3 I keep getting a message that siri ca n't do location based reminders on this device any help please '' . Jump up ^ `` Create and use Reminders on your iPhone and iPad - Apple Support '' . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Apple Rolls Out iOS 6.1. 1 to Fix iPhone 4S Bugs '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Ask Ars : Why will Apple 's Do Not Disturb bug fix itself next week ? '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iOS 6 : Do Not Disturb mode stays on after scheduled time '' . Apple.com . January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft suggests throttling or blocking iOS 6.1 devices after bug slows down Exchange servers '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rapid growth in transaction logs , CPU use , and memory consumption in Exchange Server 2010 when a user syncs a mailbox by using an iOS 6.1 - based device '' . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iOS 6.1 : Excess Exchange activity after accepting an exception to recurring calendar event '' . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You Can Bypass the iOS 6.1 Lockcode Screen With This Simple Technique '' . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` iOS passcode bug slated to be fixed in iOS 6.1. 3 -- for real this time '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iOS 6 Users on Devices Able to Run iOS 7 Must Upgrade to Fix FaceTime '' . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Apple says it 's working on fix for iOS 7 lockscreen bypass flaw '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Embarrassing discovery comes within hours of release of new software and exploits Control Center feature to hack into photos , texts and Facebook content Jump up ^ Worstall , Tim . `` Links 28 Sept , Apple 's iOS 7 Causing Motion Sickness And Even Vomiting In Users - Forbes '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` licobo.com '' . licobo.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iOS 7.1 makes everything faster -- including your battery drain '' . 9to5Mac . Jump up ^ `` Safari ignores local domain '' . apple.com . Jump up ^ `` Safari can no longer address < host >. xxyyz ... - Apple Support Communities '' . apple.com . Jump up ^ `` Apple promises to fix ' home screen crash ' iPhone bug '' . CNET . Jump up ^ `` Apple Releases iOS 7.0. 6 With Fix for SSL Connection Verification '' . macrumors.com . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S battery indicator stuck after upgrade ... - Apple Support Communities '' . apple.com . Jump up ^ `` battery indicator stuck at 1 % '' . apple.com . Jump up ^ `` Bug forces Apple to delay launch of HealthKit fitness apps '' . CNET . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Salman , Ali ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Touch ID Fails In App Store With Apples Recent iOS 8.3 Release '' . WCCFTech . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafiah , Shaikh ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` How to Fix iOS 8.3 Touch ID Issue -- iOS 8 Tips and Tricks '' . WCCFTech . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iOS 8.4 includes fix for iMessage bug plaguing iPhone users '' . theinquirer.net . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Rob . `` Beware this ' fix ' for nasty iOS 9 Game Center bug '' . Cult of Mac . Cult of Mac . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE Bluetooth issues '' . Apple Support Communities . Apple Support Communities . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple advises immediate update to iOS 9.3. 5 after discovery of targeted iPhone spyware '' . Macworld . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` If you ca n't send an email with iOS 11 and an Outlook.com or Exchange mail account '' . Apple Support . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Further Reading ( edit ) Bohn , Dieter ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` iOS : A visual history '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . 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Semi PrimeSense Siri Spotsetter Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS_version_history&oldid=804891468 '' Categories : IOS ( Apple ) Software version histories Tablet operating systems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the newest ipod touch coming out	[]	[]
-4795510147987890230	Red Sails in the Sunset (song)	Red Sails in the Sunset ( song ) - wikipedia Red Sails in the Sunset ( song ) `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' is a popular song . Published in 1935 , its music was written by Hugh Williams ( pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz ) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy . The song was inspired by the `` red sails '' of Kitty of Coleraine , a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart , a seaside resort in County Londonderry . The title of the song provides the inspiration for the Red Sails Festival held annually in Portstewart , Northern Ireland . Kennedy wrote the song while staying in Portstewart . The song was used in the Broadway production of Provincetown Follies which ran from November 3 until December 19 , 1935 at the Provincetown Playhouse . Popular versions in 1935 were by Bing Crosby , Guy Lombardo , Mantovani and Jack Jackson . Another early version was recorded by Al Bowlly with Ray Noble and his Orchestra on September 18 , 1935 . Louis Armstrong also had a hit with the song in 1936 . The song was revived by Nat King Cole in 1951 . This version was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1468 . It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on July 13 , 1951 and lasted 2 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 24 . Another version was released in 1954 on MGM 11977 by Sam `` The Man '' Taylor and His Orchestra , with Sam on tenor saxophone . An instrumental version of the song became the signature tune of the Philippine radio drama series Dear Kuya Cesar , broadcast on DZMM radio ( ABS - CBN ) in the sixties and hosted by Cesar Lacbu Nucum , a.k.a. Kuya Cesar . The song was also the signature tune of Suzette Tarri , a British actress and comedian popular on stage and radio in the 1930s and 1940s . Recorded versions ( edit ) Bing Crosby recorded November 12 , 1935 for Decca Records with Victor Young and His Orchestra . Jack Jackson ( 1935 ) Guy Lombardo ( recorded October 11 , 1935 for Decca Records 585 ) Leslie ( Hutch ) Hutchinson ( Parlophone R 233 September 1935 ) Anona Winn ( featured with enormous success per sheet music 1935 ) Henry `` Red '' Allen 11 / 8 / 1935 Vocalion 3097 Al Bowlly acc . by orchestra directed by Ray Noble 1935 Vera Lynn ( 1935 ) Mantovani ( 1935 ) Tony Martin ( EP ABC - Paramount 90842 / 25 cm 10 '' ABC - Paramount 1501 ) Louis Armstrong ( 1936 ) Albert Ammons ( 1946 ) Nat King Cole ( 1951 ) Patti Page ( 1955 in `` The Patti Page Show '' ) Vaughn Monroe ( 1957 ) Rou Yun ( 柔雲 ) ( 1956 in Mandarin Chinese under title name of 夕陽紅帆 & Chinese lyrics by Szeto Ming 司徒明 ) Tab Hunter ( 1957 ) Big Joe Turner ( 1957 ) Paul Anka ( 1958 ) Emile Ford ( 1960 ) The Platters ( 1960 ) - top 40 hit - reaching No. 36 . The Jarmels ( 1961 ) The Beatles ( Star - Club , Hamburg c. 1962 ) Dinah Washington ( 1962 ) The Three Sounds ( 1962 ) Earl Grant ( 1962 ) Fats Domino ( 1963 ) ; Domino 's rendition would be the last top 40 hit of his career , reaching No. 35 Connie Francis ( 1963 ) The Searchers ( 1964 , Swedish Radio Sessions 1964 - 1967 ) Stevie Wonder ( instrumental ) on his 1964 album Stevie at the Beach Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys ( instrumental ) on their 1967 album The World Is Waiting For Terry Dean Martin c. 1968 Perry Como ( 1969 ) The Five Keys Jimmy McGriff ( 1971 ) Johnny Lee ( No. 22 country hit in 1976 ) Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers ( 1979 ) Frank Patterson Dave Brubeck ( 1999 ) Engelbert Humperdinck ( 2000 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.J. Kennedy The Man Who Wrote The Teddy Bears ' Picnic : How Irish - born lyricist ... - 2011 146788569X `` However , before he wrote anything with Carr , Jimmy Kennedy had more very successful songs with Will Grosz , including possibly his most famous ballad , Red Sails in the Sunset . Red Sails in the Sunset sold more copies than any other UK song in 1935 , with notable recordings by Lew Stone , Ambrose , Joe Loss and virtually all the other orchestras . Top vocalists included Vera Lynn , Gracie Fields , Al Bowlly and Greta Keller . In America it was voted the No. 2 song of the year by NBC 's new and influential radio network show , Your Hit Parade , . Jump up ^ `` Red Sails in the Sunset by Bing Crosby '' Jump up ^ `` Internet Broadway Database '' . ibdb.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 571 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ It was also recorded by Tab Hunter in 1957 . A rock - and - roll reworking of the song was often sung by the Beatles during their early years of night club engagements . Vaughn Monroe also recorded this song in the late 1940s Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vera Lynn ' Red Sails in the Sunset ' '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ' 夕陽紅帆 ' by Rou Yun 柔雲 '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Joe Turner - RED SAILS IN THE SUNSET on YouTube External links ( edit ) Joe Turner - RED SAILS IN THE SUNSET - 1957 on YouTube The Platters Wayne Miller Valerie Victoria Frank Pizarro Cheo Bourne Cornell Gunter Barbara Randolph Herb Reed Zola Taylor Sonny Turner Tony Williams Singles `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` ( You 've Got ) The Magic Touch '' `` My Prayer '' `` You 'll Never Never Know '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` Enchanted '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` If I Did n't Care '' `` I 'll Never Smile Again '' `` It 's Magic '' Johnny Lee Notable singles `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` Country Party '' `` Lookin ' for Love '' `` One in a Million '' `` Pickin ' Up Strangers '' `` Prisoner of Hope '' `` Bet Your Heart on Me '' `` Be There for Me Baby '' `` When You Fall in Love '' `` Cherokee Fiddle '' `` Sounds Like Love '' `` Hey Bartender '' `` My Baby Do n't Slow Dance '' `` The Yellow Rose '' ( with Lane Brody ) `` You Could 've Heard a Heart Break '' `` Rollin ' Lonely '' `` Save the Last Chance '' Related articles Full Moon Records Asylum Records Warner Bros. Records Fats Domino Studio albums Rock and Rollin ' with Fats Domino ( 1955 ) Fats Domino Rock and Rollin ' ( 1956 ) Tribute albums That 's Fats : A Tribute to Fats Domino ( 1996 ) Goin ' Home : A Tribute to Fats Domino ( 2007 ) Songs `` The Fat Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Bo Weevil '' `` I 'm in Love Again '' `` Blueberry Hill '' `` Blue Monday '' `` I 'm Walkin ' '' `` I Want You to Know '' `` Walking to New Orleans '' `` My Girl Josephine '' `` It Keeps Rainin ' '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sails_in_the_Sunset_(song)&oldid=841307972 '' Categories : 1935 songs Songs with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy Songs with music by Wilhelm Grosz Louis Armstrong songs Jimmy Velvit songs Johnny Lee ( singer ) songs Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song red sails in the sunset	[ "\"Red Sails in the Sunset\" is a popular song. Published in 1935, its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy.[1] The song was inspired by the \"red sails\" of Kitty of Coleraine, a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart, a seaside resort in County Londonderry.[2]\n", "\"Red Sails in the Sunset\" is a popular song. Published in 1935, its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy.[1] The song was inspired by the \"red sails\" of Kitty of Coleraine, a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart, a seaside resort in County Londonderry.[2]\n" ]	[ "its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz)", "lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy" ]
-6451147654442819150	Google Search	Google search - Wikipedia Google search This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Famous web search engine '' redirects here . For information about search engine popularity , see Web search engine § Market share . `` Google.com '' redirects here . For the company itself , see Google . Google Search Screenshot ( show ) Google Search homepage as of September 1 , 2015 Type of site Web search engine Available in 123 languages Owner Google ( Alphabet ) Revenue AdWords Website Google.com ( US ) IPv6 support Yes , by arrangement or ipv6.google.com Alexa rank 1 ( February 2017 ) Commercial Yes Registration Optional Users 4.5 + billion active users Launched September 15 , 1997 ; 20 years ago ( 1997 - 09 - 15 ) Current status Active Written in Python , C , C++ Google Search , commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google , is a web search engine developed by Google . It is the most - used search engine on the World Wide Web , handling more than three billion searches each day . As of February 2016 , it is the most used search engine in the US with 64.0 % market share . The order of search on Google 's search - results pages is based , in part , on a priority rank called a `` PageRank '' . Google Search provides many different options for customized search , using Boolean operators such as exclusion ( `` - xx '' ) , alternatives ( `` xx OR yy OR zz '' ) , and wildcards ( `` Winston * Churchill '' returns `` Winston Churchill '' , `` Winston Spencer Churchill '' , etc . ) . The same and other options can be specified in a different way on an Advanced Search page . The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in publicly accessible documents offered by web servers , as opposed to other data , such as images or data contained in databases . It was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997 . Google Search provides several features beyond searching for words . These include synonyms , weather forecasts , time zones , stock quotes , maps , earthquake data , movie showtimes , airports , home listings , and sports scores . There are special features for numbers , dates , and some specific forms , including ranges , prices , temperatures , money and measurement unit conversions , calculations , package tracking , patents , area codes , and language translation . In June 2011 Google introduced `` Google Voice Search '' to search for spoken , rather than typed , words . In May 2012 Google introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature in the U.S. Analysis of the frequency of search terms may indicate economic , social and health trends . Data about the frequency of use of search terms on Google can be openly inquired via Google Trends and have been shown to correlate with flu outbreaks and unemployment levels , and provide the information faster than traditional reporting methods and surveys . As of mid-2016 , Google 's search engine has begun to rely on these deep neural networks . In October 2016 , Gary Illyes , a webmaster trends analyst with Google , announced that the search engine will be making a new , primary web index dedicated for mobile , with a secondary , less up - to - date index for desktop use . The change is a response from the continued growth in mobile , and a push for web developers to adopt a mobile - friendly version of their websites . Illyes stated the change will happen in `` months '' . Competitors of Google include Baidu and Soso.com in China ; Naver.com and Daum.net in South Korea ; Yandex in Russia ; Seznam.cz in the Czech Republic ; Yahoo in Japan , Taiwan and the US , as well as Bing and DuckDuckGo . Some smaller search engines offer facilities not available with Google , e.g. not storing any private or tracking information ; one such search engine is Ixquick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Search 1.1 PageRank 1.2 Search products 1.3 Non-indexable data 1.4 Google optimization 1.5 Universal search 1.6 Dedicated mobile search results 2 Functionality 2.1 Search syntax 2.2 Query expansion 2.3 `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' 2.4 Rich snippets 2.5 Rich Card 2.6 Special features 2.7 Search options 2.8 Error messages 2.8. 1 January 2009 malware bug 2.9 Google Doodles 2.10 Google Caffeine 2.11 Conversational search ( OK Google ) 2.12 Hummingbird update 2.13 Knowledge Graph 2.14 Personal tab 2.15 Google for Jobs 2.16 Discontinued features 3 Privacy 3.1 Encrypted search 3.2 FTC fines 4 Search suggestion 5 Instant search 6 Redesign 7 Smartphone app 8 International 9 Search products 10 Energy consumption 11 Possible misuse of search results 12 Predicting behavior 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Search ( edit ) PageRank ( edit ) Main article : PageRank Google 's rise to success was largely due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string . When Google was a Stanford research project , it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site 's importance . Previous keyword - based methods of ranking search results , used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google , would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page , or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page . The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes human - generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important . The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages , based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them . PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance . In addition to PageRank , Google , over the years , has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists , reported to be over 250 different indicators , the specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally . In a potential hint of Google 's future direction for their Search algorithm , Eric Schmidt , Google 's then chief executive , said in a 2007 interview with the Financial Times : `` The goal is to enable Google users to be able to ask the question such as ' What shall I do tomorrow ? ' and ' What job shall I take ? ' '' . Schmidt reaffirmed this during a 2010 interview with the Wall Street Journal : `` I actually think most people do n't want Google to answer their questions , they want Google to tell them what they should be doing next . '' In 2013 the European Commission found that Google Search favored Google 's own products , instead of offering consumers the best result for their needs . In February 2015 Google announced a major change to its mobile search algorithm which would favor mobile friendly over other websites . Nearly 60 % of Google 's online search traffic comes from mobile phones . Google says it wants its users to have access to premium quality websites . Those websites which lack a mobile friendly interface would be demoted and it is expected that this update will cause a shake - up of ranks . Businesses who fail to update their websites accordingly could see a dip in their regular websites traffic . Search products ( edit ) The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google indexes is not known , as it is very difficult to accurately calculate . Google presents a two - line summary and also a preview of each search result , which includes a link to a cached ( stored ) , usually older version of the page . Google 's cache link in its search results provides a way of retrieving information from websites that have recently gone down and a way of retrieving data more quickly than by clicking the direct link . This feature is still available , but many users are not aware of this because it has been moved to the previews of the search results presented next to these . Google not only indexes and caches web pages , but also takes `` snapshots '' of other file types , which include PDF , Word documents , Excel spreadsheets , Flash SWF , plain text files , and so on . Except in the case of text and SWF files , the cached version is a conversion to ( X ) HTML , allowing those without the corresponding viewer application to read the file . Users can customize the search engine , by setting a default language , using the `` SafeSearch '' filtering technology and set the number of results shown on each page . Google has been criticized for placing long - term cookies on users ' machines to store these preferences , a tactic which also enables them to track a user 's search terms and retain the data for more than a year . In 2012 , Google changed its rankings to demote sites that had been accused of piracy , except the Google - owned YouTube site . Non-indexable data ( edit ) Despite its immense index , there is also a considerable amount of data available in online databases which are accessible by means of queries but not by links . This so - called invisible or deep Web is minimally covered by Google and other search engines . The deep Web contains library catalogs , official legislative documents of governments , phone books , and other content which is dynamically prepared to respond to a query . Google optimization ( edit ) Main article : Search engine optimization Because Google is the most popular search engine , many webmasters have become eager to influence their website 's Google rankings . An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites increase their rankings on Google and on other search engines . This field , called search engine optimization , attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings , and then develop a methodology for improving rankings to draw more searchers to their client 's sites . Search engine optimization encompasses both `` on page '' factors ( like body copy , title elements , H1 heading elements and image alt attribute values ) and Off Page Optimization factors ( like anchor text and PageRank ) . The general idea is to affect Google 's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places `` on page '' , in particular the title element and the body copy ( note : the higher up in the page , presumably the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking ) . Too many occurrences of the keyword , however , cause the page to look suspect to Google 's spam checking algorithms . Google has published guidelines for website owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants . It has been hypothesized , and , allegedly , is the opinion of the owner of one business about which there have been numerous complaints , that negative publicity , for example , numerous consumer complaints , may serve as well to elevate page rank on Google Search as favorable comments . The particular problem addressed in The New York Times article , which involved DecorMyEyes , was addressed shortly thereafter by an undisclosed fix in the Google algorithm . According to Google , it was not the frequently published consumer complaints about DecorMyEyes which resulted in the high ranking but mentions on news websites of events which affected the firm such as legal actions against it . Google Search Console helps to check for websites that use duplicate or copyright content . Universal search ( edit ) Universal search was launched by Google on May 16 , 2007 . It was an idea which merged the results from different searches into one . Prior to Universal search , a standard Google search would consist of links to different websites . Universal search incorporates a wide variety of information such as websites , news , pictures , maps , blogs , videos , and more to display as search results . Marissa Mayer , VP of Search Products & User Experience during Universal search launch , described the goal of universal search , `` With Universal search , we 're attempting to break down the walls that traditionally separated our various search properties and integrate the vast amounts of information available into one simple set of search results ... We want to help you find the very best answer , even if you do n't know where to look . '' Dedicated mobile search results ( edit ) In October 2016 , Gary Illyes , a webmaster trends analyst with Google , announced that the search engine will be making a new , primary web index dedicated for mobile , with a secondary , less up - to - date index for desktop use . The change is a response from the continued growth in mobile , and a push for web developers to adopt a mobile - friendly version of their websites . Illyes stated the change will happen in `` months '' . Functionality ( edit ) A definition link is provided for many search terms . Google search consists of a series of localized websites . The largest of those , the google.com site , is the top most - visited website in the world . Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words , the number of results you got on your search , links to other searches ( e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled , it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling ) , and many more . Search syntax ( edit ) Google 's search engine normally accepts queries as a simple text , and breaks up the user 's text into a sequence of search terms , which will usually be words that are to occur in the results , but one can also use Boolean operators , such as quotations marks ( `` ) for a phrase , a prefix such as `` + '' , `` - '' for qualified terms ( no longer valid , the ' + ' was removed from Google on October 19 , 2011 ) , or one of several advanced operators , such as `` site : '' . The webpages of `` Google Search Basics '' describe each of these additional queries and options ( see below : Search options ) . Google 's Advanced Search web form gives several additional fields which may be used to qualify searches by such criteria as date of first retrieval . Query expansion ( edit ) Google applies query expansion to the submitted search query , transforming it into the query that will actually be used to retrieve results . As with page ranking , the exact details of the algorithm Google uses are deliberately obscure , but certainly the following transformations are among those that occur : Term reordering : in information retrieval this is a standard technique to reduce the work involved in retrieving results . This transformation is invisible to the user , since the results ordering uses the original query order to determine relevance . Stemming is used to increase search quality by keeping small syntactic variants of search terms . There is a limited facility to fix possible misspellings in queries . `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' ( edit ) `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' redirects here . For the 2011 book by Douglas Edwards , see I 'm Feeling Lucky ( book ) . Google 's homepage includes a button labeled `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' . Prior to a change in 2012 , when a user typed in a search and clicked on the button the user would be taken directly to the first search result , bypassing the search engine results page . The idea was that if a user is `` feeling lucky '' , the search engine would return the perfect match the first time without having to page through the search results . According to a study by Tom Chavez of `` Rapt '' , this feature cost Google $110 million a year as 1 % of all searches use this feature and bypass all advertising . With the introduction of Google Instant , the functionality of the button behaves differently . Currently , the `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' button changes based on the user 's settings and what webpage users are at . If Google Instant is turned off , the button will work as it previously did or , if the search box is empty , redirect to the Google Doodles gallery . If Google Instant is turned on and a user hovers over the button , the button text will spin and land on a phrase that starts with `` I 'm feeling '' ( e.g. `` I 'm feeling hungry '' or `` I 'm feeling smart '' ) . Each phrase links to a Google page related to the associated phrase . Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox used `` I 'm Feeling Lucky '' as the default search string when the user entered a query in the location bar ; this functionality was deprecated in later versions . Rich Snippets ( edit ) See also : Google Searchology § Rich Snippet On May 12 , 2009 , Google announced that they would be parsing the hCard , hReview , and hProduct microformats and using them to populate search result pages with what they called `` Rich Snippets '' . Rich Card ( edit ) See also : Google Searchology § Rich Snippet On May 17 , 2016 , Google announce a new search result format builder called `` Rich Card '' . Rich cards are similar like Rich snippet , use schema.org Structured markup to showcase the content in a new visual format . Rich card for four content categories : Recipes , Events , Product and Reviews . Special features ( edit ) Besides the main search - engine feature of searching for text , Google Search has more than 22 `` special features '' ( activated by entering any of dozens of trigger words ) when searching : weather -- The weather conditions , temperature , wind , humidity , and forecast , for many cities can be viewed by typing `` weather '' along with a city for larger cities or city and state , U.S. zip code , or city and country for smaller cities ( such as : weather Lawrence , Kansas ; weather Paris ; weather Bremen , Germany ) . stock quotes -- The market data for a specific company or fund can be viewed by typing the ticker symbol ( or include `` stock '' ) , such as : CSCO ; MSFT ; IBM stock ; F stock ( lists Ford Motor Co . ) ; or AIVSX ( fund ) . Results show inter-day changes , or 5 - year graph , etc . This does not work for many stock names which are one letter long , such as Macy 's ( M ) , or are common words , such as Diamond Offshore ( DO ) or Majesco ( COOL ) . time -- The current time in many cities ( worldwide ) can be viewed by typing `` time '' and the name of the city ( such as : time Cairo ; time Pratt , KS ) . timer -- set a countdown ( logging in to search the engine can be required ) sports scores -- The scores and schedules , for sports teams , can be displayed by typing the team name or league name into the search box . unit conversion -- Measurements can be converted by entering each phrase , such as 10.5 cm in inches , or 90 km in miles currency conversion -- A money or currency converter can be selected by typing the names or currency codes ( listed by ISO 4217 ) : 6789 Euro in USD ; 150 GBP in USD ; 5000 Yen in USD ; 5000 Yuan in lira ( the U.S. dollar can be USD or `` US $ '' or `` $ '' , while Canadian is CAD , etc . ) . calculator -- calculation results can be determined , as it is calculated live , by entering a formula in numbers or words , such as : 6 * 77 + pi + sqrt ( e ^ 3 ) / 888 plus 0.45 . Search results for the formula are displayed after the calculation result . The caret `` ^ '' raises a number to an exponent power , and percentages are allowed ( `` 40 % of 300 '' ) . Following the convention used in discrete mathematics , Google 's calculator evaluates 0 ^ 0 to 1 . The calculator also uses the unit and currency conversion functions to allow unit - aware calculations . For example , `` ( 3 EUR / liter ) / ( 40 miles / gallon ) in USD / mile '' calculates the dollar cost per mile for a 40 mpg car with gas costing 3 euros a liter . The calculator also can calculate digital storage arithmetic ( the calculation of bytes ) . For example , putting in 400 MB + 489 MB + 1.5 GB yields the result 2425 MB , or 2.37 GB . This is useful since bytes are binary ( power of 2 ) , and not decimal as regular numbers are ( power of 10 ) . Caveat : it does n't offer arbitrary precision and is subject to floating point errors in queries like 4,000,000,000,000,000 -- 3,999,999,999,999,999 . numeric ranges -- A set of numbers can be matched by using a double - dot between range numbers ( 70 ... 73 or 90 ... 100 ) to match any positive number in the range , inclusive . Negative numbers are treated as using exclusion - dash to not match the number . dictionary lookup -- A definition for a word or phrase can be found , by entering `` define '' followed by a colon and the word ( s ) to look up ( such as , `` define : philosophy '' , maybe works for signed in users only ) maps -- Some related maps can be displayed , by typing in the name or U.S. ZIP code of a location and the word `` map '' ( such as : New York map ; Kansas map ; or Paris map ) . movie showtimes -- Reviews or film showtimes can be listed for any movies playing nearby , by typing `` movies '' or the name of any current film into the search box . If a specific location was saved on a previous search , the top search result will display showtimes for nearby theaters for that movie . public data -- Trends for population ( or unemployment rates ) can be found for U.S. states and counties , by typing `` population '' or `` unemployment rate '' followed by a state or county name . real estate and housing -- Home listings in a given area can be displayed , using the trigger words `` housing '' , `` home '' , or `` real estate '' followed by the name of a city or U.S. zip code . travel data / airports -- The flight status for arriving or departing U.S. flights can be displayed , by typing in the name of the airline and the flight number into the search box ( such as : American airlines 18 ) . Delays at a specific airport can also be viewed ( by typing the name of the city or three - letter airport code plus word `` airport '' ) . package tracking -- Package mail can be tracked by typing the tracking number of a Royal Mail , UPS , FedEx or USPS package directly into the search box . Results will include quick links to track the status of each shipment . patent numbers -- U.S. patents can be searched by entering the word `` patent '' followed by the patent number into the search box ( such as : Patent 5123123 ) . area code -- The geographical location ( for any U.S. telephone area code ) can be displayed by typing a three - digit area code ( such as : 650 ) . Six degrees of Kevin Bacon -- A search to find the shortest path between an arbitrary actor and veteran Hollywood character actor Kevin Bacon . Simply search using ' bacon number actorname ' . Google Goggles -- using the Google Goggles app on your smartphone you can take a photograph of anything and get quick results for your search . If you wish to pursue more detailed search results you can click the `` full results '' tab and get a full blown Google search of the object you photographed . Knowledge graph -- A search for things , people or places that Google knows about , such as landmarks , celebrities , cities , sports teams , buildings , geographical features , movies , celestial objects , works of art and more , and information that applies to the search term is shown in the upper right . It is rooted in public information such as Wikipedia , United States Census Bureau and the CIA World Factbook . Metronome -- Provides a metronome with an adjustable bpm . Search options ( edit ) The webpages maintained by the Google Help Center have text describing more than 15 various search options . The Google operator OR -- Search for either one , such as `` price high OR low '' searches for `` price high '' or `` price low '' . - ( minus sign ) -- Exclude a word or a phrase , such as `` apple - tree '' searches where word `` tree '' is not used . `` '' -- Force inclusion of a word or a phrase ( Note that the original + operator was removed on October 19 , 2011 ) . * -- Wildcard operator to match any words between other specific words , e.g. `` type * blood '' . ... -- Range operator , e.g. `` $50 ... $100 '' . Some of the query options are as follows : define : -- The query prefix `` define : '' will provide a definition of the words listed after it . stocks : -- After `` stocks : '' the query terms are treated as stock ticker symbols for lookup . site : -- Restrict the results to those websites in the given domain , such as , site : www.acmeacme.com . The option `` site : com '' will search all domain URLs named with ``. com '' ( no space after `` site : '' ) . intext : -- Prefix to search in a webpage text , such as `` intext : google search '' will list pages with word `` google '' in the text of the page , and word `` search '' anywhere ( no space after `` intext : '' ) . allintitle : -- Only the page titles are searched ( not the remaining text on each webpage ) . intitle : -- Prefix to search in a webpage title , such as `` intitle : google search '' will list pages with word `` google '' in title , and word `` search '' anywhere ( no space after `` intitle : '' ) . allinurl : -- Only the page URL address lines are searched ( not the text inside each webpage ) . inurl : -- Prefix for each word to be found in the URL ; others words are matched anywhere , such as `` inurl : acme search '' matches `` acme '' in a URL , but matches `` search '' anywhere ( no space after `` inurl : '' ) . The page - display options ( or query types ) are : cache : -- Highlights the search - words within the cached document , such as `` cache : www.google.com xxx '' shows cached content with word `` xxx '' highlighted . link : -- The prefix `` link : '' will list webpages that have links to the specified webpage , such as `` link : www.google.com '' lists webpages linking to the Google homepage . related : -- The prefix `` related : '' will list webpages that are `` similar '' to a specified web page . info : -- The prefix `` info : '' will display some background information about one specified webpage , such as , info : www.google.com . Typically , the info is the first text ( 160 bytes , about 23 words ) contained in the page , displayed in the style of a results entry ( for just the 1 page as matching the search ) . filetype : -- results will only show files of the desired type ( e.g. filetype : pdf will return pdf files ) Error messages ( edit ) Some searches will give a 403 Forbidden error with the text We 're sorry ... ... but your query looks similar to automated requests from a computer virus or spyware application . To protect our users , we ca n't process your request right now . We 'll restore your access as quickly as possible , so try again soon . In the meantime , if you suspect that your computer or network has been infected , you might want to run a virus checker or spyware remover to make sure that your systems are free of viruses and other spurious software . We apologize for the inconvenience , and hope we 'll see you again on Google . sometimes followed by a CAPTCHA prompt . The screen was first reported in 2005 , and was a response to the heavy use of Google by search engine optimization companies to check on ranks of sites they were optimizing . Google says the message is triggered only by high volumes of requests from a single IP address , however the use of the `` allintext '' operator a few times in a period of minutes has the same effect . Google apparently uses the Google cookie as part of its determination of refusing service . In June 2009 , after the death of pop superstar Michael Jackson , this message appeared to many internet users who were searching Google for news stories related to the singer , and was assumed by Google to be a DDoS attack , although many queries were submitted by legitimate searchers . January 2009 malware bug ( edit ) A screenshot of the error of January 31 , 2009 . Google flags search results with the message `` This site may harm your computer '' if the site is known to install malicious software in the background or otherwise surreptitiously . Google does this to protect users against visiting sites that could harm their computers . For approximately 40 minutes on January 31 , 2009 , all search results were mistakenly classified as malware and could therefore not be clicked ; instead a warning message was displayed and the user was required to enter the requested URL manually . The bug was caused by human error . The URL of `` / '' ( which expands to all URLs ) was mistakenly added to the malware patterns file . Google Doodles ( edit ) Main article : Google Doodle On certain occasions , the logo on Google 's webpage will change to a special version , known as a `` Google Doodle '' . This is a picture , drawing , or animation that includes the logo . It is usually done for a special event or day although not all of them are well known . Clicking on the Doodle links to a string of Google search results about the topic . The first was a reference to the Burning Man Festival in 1998 , and others have been produced for the birthdays of notable people like Albert Einstein , historical events like the interlocking Lego block 's 50th anniversary and holidays like Valentine 's Day . Some Google Doodles have interactivity beyond a simple search , such as the famous `` Google Pacman '' version that appeared on May 21 , 2010 . Google Caffeine ( edit ) In August 2009 , Google announced the rollout of a new search architecture , codenamed `` Caffeine '' . The new architecture was designed to return results faster and to better deal with rapidly updated information from services including Facebook and Twitter . Google developers noted that most users would notice little immediate change , but invited developers to test the new search in its sandbox . Differences noted for their impact upon search engine optimization included heavier keyword weighting and the importance of the domain 's age . The move was interpreted in some quarters as a response to Microsoft 's recent release of an upgraded version of its own search service , renamed Bing . Google announced completion of Caffeine on June 8 , 2010 , claiming 50 % fresher results due to continuous updating of its index . With Caffeine , Google moved its back - end indexing system away from MapReduce and onto BigTable , the company 's distributed database platform . Caffeine is also based on Colossus , or GFS2 , an overhaul of the GFS distributed file system . Conversational search ( OK Google ) ( edit ) During the Google I / O conference in May 2013 , Google 's Amit Singhal presented on the future of search , explaining that a search engine 's three primary functions will need to evolve and that search will need to answer , converse , and anticipate . As part of his keynote talk , Singhal stated , `` A computer you can talk to ? And it will answer everything you ask it ? Little did I know , I would grow up to become the person responsible for building my dream for the entire world . '' Conversational search technology was then featured and Singhal introduced the term `` hot - wording '' to describe search without the need for an interface , whereby the user simply prompts the Google search engine by stating , `` OK Google . '' The I / O audience was then shown a demonstration in which a user asked a question and the search engine answered back in `` conversation , '' in addition to the presentation of results for the query . The conversational search function was incorporated into the latest version of the Chrome browser during the week beginning May 20 , 2013 . The `` OK Google '' search prompt was not included into the upgrade and users are required to click on a microphone icon that appears on the right - hand side of the search box . Google displays its answer to the user 's question in the form of `` cards '' at the top of the search results while the information is conveyed verbally -- according to one search engine writer , Google continues to work through the feature 's bugs . Hummingbird update ( edit ) Main article : Google Hummingbird The `` Hummingbird '' update was announced as part of Google 's 15 - year anniversary and a Guardian technology journalist described it as `` the biggest change to the inner workings of the world 's most popular search engine since Google 's `` Caffeine '' update in 2010 . '' The update was progressively introduced over the month prior to the announcement and will benefit more modern forms of search , whereby users ask Google a question rather than entering keywords into the search box . Knowledge Graph ( edit ) The Google Knowledge Graph is a system that Google launched in May 2012 that understands facts about people , places and things and how these entities are all connected . Google 's Knowledge Graph is used both behind - the - scenes to help Google improve its search relevancy and also to present Knowledge Graph boxes , at times , within its search results that provide direct answers . Personal tab ( edit ) In May 2017 , Google enabled a new `` Personal '' tab in Google Search , letting users search for content in their Google accounts ' various services , including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos . Google for jobs ( edit ) In June 2017 , Google expanded its search results to cover available job listings . The data is aggregated from various major job boards and collected by analyzing company homepages . Initially only available in English , the feature aims to simplify finding jobs suitable for each user . Discontinued features ( edit ) Until 2013 , Google Search had a cross-language search feature called `` Translated Foreign Pages . '' Google 's discussion search feature was also discontinued in July 2014 . Privacy ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) Searches made by search engines , including Google , leave traces . This raises concerns about privacy . In principle , if details of a user 's searches are found , those with access to the information -- principally state agencies responsible for law enforcement and similar matters -- can make deductions about the user 's activities . This has been used for the detection and prosecution of lawbreakers ; for example a murderer was found and convicted after searching for terms such as `` tips with killing with a baseball bat '' . A search may leave traces both on a computer used to make the search , and in records kept by the search provider . When using a search engine through a browser program on a computer , search terms and other information may be stored on the computer by default , unless the browser is set not to do this , or they are erased . Saved terms may be discovered on forensic analysis of the computer . An Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) or search engine provider ( e.g. , Google ) may store records which relate search terms to an IP address and a time . Whether such logs are kept , and access to them by law enforcement agencies , is subject to legislation in different jurisdictions and working practices ; the law may mandate , prohibit , or say nothing about logging of various types of information . Some search engines , located in jurisdictions where it is not illegal , make a feature of not storing user search information . Encrypted search ( edit ) Various search engines provide encrypted Web search facilities . In May 2010 Google rolled out SSL - encrypted web search . The encrypted search can be accessed at encrypted.google.com However , the web search is encrypted via Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) by default today , thus every search request should be automatically encrypted if TLS is supported by the web browser . FTC fines ( edit ) In 2012 the US Federal Trade Commission fined Google US $ 22.5 million for violating their agreement not to violate the privacy of users of the Apple Safari ( web browser ) . The FTC was also continuing to investigate if Google 's favoring of their own services in their search results violated antitrust regulations . Search Suggestion ( edit ) Google Suggestion displaying search suggestions starting with `` google sea . '' The first suggested term , `` google search '' , is completed in gray text within the text box , and Google Instant provides search results for this term while typing ( not shown here ) . In 2008 , Google started to give autocompleted search suggestions in a list below the search bar for incompletely entered queries . Suggestions have increasingly sparked controversies about their bias . Instant search ( edit ) Google Instant was a feature that displayed suggested results while the user typed . It was introduced in the US on September 8 , 2010 . In concert with the Google Instant launch , Google disabled the ability of users to choose to see more than 10 search results per page . At the time of the announcement , Google expected Instant to save users 2 to 5 seconds in every search , collectively about 11 million seconds per hour . Search engine marketing experts speculated that Google Instant would have a great impact on local and paid search . Google Search is a turn from a static HTML page into an AJAX application . Instant Search could be disabled via Google 's `` preferences '' menu , but autocomplete - style search suggestions could not be disabled , by intention . The publication 2600 : The Hacker Quarterly compiled a list of words that Google Instant did not show . Most banned terms are those considered rude , but some apparently irrelevant searches including `` Myleak '' are removed . In September 2012 several sources reported that Google had removed bisexual from the list of blacklisted terms for Instant Search . As of August 2013 the word bisexual still did not autocomplete , and LGBT activists renewed efforts to have it whitelisted . As of June 2014 `` bisexuality '' ( but not `` bisexual '' ) and `` myleak '' were found . Redesign ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2016 ) Product Sans , Google 's typeface since 2015 In late June 2011 , Google introduced a new look to the Google home page in order to boost the use of the Google+ social tools . One of the major changes was replacing the classic navigation bar with a black one . Google 's digital creative director Chris Wiggins explains : `` We 're working on a project to bring you a new and improved Google experience , and over the next few months , you 'll continue to see more updates to our look and feel . '' The new navigation bar has been negatively received by a vocal minority . In November 2013 , Google started testing yellow labels for advertisements displayed in search results , to improve user experience . The new labels , highlighted in yellow color , and aligned to the left of each sponsored link help users clearly differentiate between organic and sponsored results . On December 15 , 2016 , Google rolled out a new desktop search interface that mimics their modular mobile user interface . The mobile design consists of a tabular design that highlights search features in boxes . and works by imitating the desktop Knowledge Graph real estate , which appears in the right - hand rail of the search engine result page , these featured elements frequently feature Twitter carousels , People Also Search For , and Top Stories ( vertical and horizontal design ) modules . The Local Pack and Answer Box were two of the original features of the Google SERP that were primarily showcased in this manner , but this new layout creates a previously unseen level of design consistency for Google results . Smartphone app ( edit ) A Google Search mobile app is available for Android , Windows Phone and iOS devices . In addition to allowing users to perform web searches , the app implements Google Now , Google 's voice recognition and intelligent personal assistant software . Google Now uses a natural language user interface to answer questions , make recommendations , and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of web services . Along with answering user - initiated queries , Google Now passively delivers information to the user that it predicts they will want , based on their search habits . Google Search for Android was originally introduced in 2007 , the same year the Android operating system was introduced . On January 11 , 2012 , Google introduced an update where they included an updated and simplified user interface , along with other improvements . As of May 2016 , around 20 % of Google searches on Android used voice recognition . International ( edit ) Google is available in many languages and has been localized completely or partly for many countries . The interface has also been made available in some languages for humorous purpose : Bork , bork , bork ! Elmer Fudd Klingon Leetspeak Pig Latin Pirate In addition to the main URL Google.com , Google Inc. owns 160 domain names for each of the countries / regions in which it has been localized . On September 29 , 2015 , an Ex-Googler Sanmay Ved managed to buy the domain Google.com from Google via Google Domains , and gain full webmaster control . Google later acknowledged the purchase , and rewarded Ved who in turn requested that the reward be donated to charity . As a result , Google doubled the reward . Search products ( edit ) Main article : List of Google products In addition to its tool for searching webpages , Google also provides services for searching images , Usenet newsgroups , news websites , videos , searching by locality , maps , and items for sale online . In 2012 , Google has indexed over 30 trillion web pages , and received 100 billion queries per month . It also caches much of the content that it indexes . Google operates other tools and services including Google News , Google Shopping , Google Maps , Google Custom Search , Google Earth , Google Docs , Picasa , Panoramio , YouTube , Google Translate , Google Blog Search and Google Desktop Search . There are also products available from Google that are not directly search - related . Gmail , for example , is a webmail application , but still includes search features ; Google Browser Sync does not offer any search facilities , although it aims to organize your browsing time . Also Google starts many new beta products , like Google Social Search or Google Image Swirl . Energy consumption ( edit ) Google claims that a search query requires altogether about 1 kJ or 0.0003 kW h , which is enough to raise the temperature of one liter of water by 0.24 ° C . Possible misuse of search results ( edit ) In 2007 , a group of researchers observed a tendency for users to rely on Google Search exclusively for finding information , writing that `` With the Google interface the user gets the impression that the search results imply a kind of totality . ( ... ) In fact , one only sees a small part of what one could see if one also integrates other research tools . '' In 2011 , Google Search query results have been shown to be tailored to users by Internet activist Eli Pariser , effectively isolating users in what he defined as a filter bubble . Pariser holds algorithms used in search engines such as Google Search responsible for catering `` a personal ecosystem of information '' . Although contrasting views have mitigated the potential threat of `` informational dystopia '' and questioned the scientific nature of Pariser claims , filter bubbles have been mentioned to account for the surprising results of the U.S. presidential election in 2016 alongside fake news and echo chambers , suggesting that Facebook and Google have designed personalized online realities in which `` we only see and hear what we like '' . Predicting behavior ( edit ) At the 2016 New Hampshire primary , the top - searched Democratic candidate was Bernie Sanders with 72 % of the searches and won with 60 % of the vote , according to real - time results of Google 's trending search queries , and Hillary Clinton received 28 % of the queries and 38 % of the vote . The top - searched Republican candidate was Donald Trump , who received 41 % of the searches an hour before the polls closed and won with 35 % of the vote and John Kasich got 16 % of both the vote and the searches . See also ( edit ) Google portal Alphabet portal Censorship by Google Comparison of web search engines Criticism of Google Filter bubble Google Panda Google Penguin Google Searchology Google ( verb ) Googlewhack Halalgoogling History of Google List of Google products List of search engines PRISM Reunion Social graph Timeline of Google Search References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Google over IPv6 '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google.com Site Info '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHOIS '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Anatomy of a Large - Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine '' . Computer Science Department , Stanford University , Stanford , CA . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexa Top Sites By Category -- Search Engine Ranking '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Indians : Ben Gomes '' . BBC News . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Almost 12 Billion U.S. Searches Conducted in July '' . 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Jump up ^ Krebs , Brian ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Google : This Internet May Harm Your Computer '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Marissa ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` This site may harm your computer on every search result ? ! ? ! '' . The Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Maxim ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Google glitch causes confusion '' . StopBadware.org . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Russ ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Serious problems with Google search '' . Verizon Business Security Blog . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ About Google Doodles . Google.com . Retrieved on November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Dennis ( June 8 , 2004 ) . `` Oodles of Doodles '' . Google ( corporate blog ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Doodle History '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google logos : Valentine 's Day logo '' . February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Mike ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Google unveils new `` Caffeine '' search engine `` . The Times . London . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What Does Google `` Caffeine '' Mean for My Website ? `` . New York : Siivo Corp . July 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silver , Lloyd . `` A Look Back At Google Caffeine : No Need For Developers To Worry '' . cairnmarketing.com . Cairn Marketing . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Paul ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Bing -- The new Search Engine from Microsoft and Yahoo '' . Cube3 Marketing . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Paul ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` Caffeine -- The New Google Update '' . Cube3 Marketing . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Emma ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Google reveals caffeine : a new faster search engine '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grimes , Carrie ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Our new search index : Caffeine '' . The Official Google Blog . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Google search index splits with MapReduce -- The Register Jump up ^ Google Caffeine : What it really is -- The Register Jump up ^ Google File System II : Dawn of the Multiplying Master Nodes -- The Register Jump up ^ Jessica Lee ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` OK Google : ' The End of Search as We Know It ' '' . Search Engine Watch . Incisive Interactive Marketing LLC . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jessica Lee ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Google Talks Back : Conversational Search Available on New Version of Chrome '' . Search Engine Watch . Incisive Interactive Marketing LLC . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samuel Gibbs ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Google introduces the biggest algorithm change in three years '' . Guardian . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alistair Barr ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Google unveils major overhaul of its search engine '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Singhal , Amit ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Introducing the Knowledge Graph : things , not strings '' . Google . blogspot . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Google Introduces Knowledge Graph '' . Search Engine Land . blogspot . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters '' . Search Engine Roundtable . RustyBrick . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google launches its AI - powered jobs search engine '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gebhart , Andrew ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google for Jobs is ready to help your employment search '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Mark ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google Reaches for Job Seekers With Search Engine Revamp '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Drops `` Translated Foreign Pages '' Search Option Due To Lack Of Use `` . 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Completely Disables Discussion Search Feature '' . seroundtable.com . Jump up ^ `` Once Again , A Google Murder Case , Jan 29 , 2008 '' . Search Engine Land . January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Anonymizing Search Records To Protect Privacy , March 14 , 2007 '' . Search Engine Land . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DuckDuckGo '' . duckduckgo.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SSL Search : Features -- Web Search Help '' . Web Search Help . Google . May 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Encrypted.google.com '' . Encrypted.google.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Will Start Encrypting Your Searches '' . TIME Magazine . 13 March 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google fined over Safari privacy violation . '' Al Jazeera , August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Brandon . `` Google 's review by FTC nearing critical point . '' Mercury News , November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google is not ' just ' a platform . It frames , shapes and distorts how we see the world '' . The Guardian . 2016 - 12 - 11 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Google will stop showing search results as you type because it makes no sense on mobile Jump up ^ Peter Nowak ( 2010 ) . Tech Bytes : Google Instant ( Television production ) . ABC News . Jump up ^ van Wagner , Matt . `` How Google Saved $100 Million By Launching Google Instant '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Google Blog : Google Instant , behind the scenes '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Google Web Search Help Forum ( WebCite archive ) Jump up ^ `` Google Blacklist -- Words That Google Instant Does n't Like '' . 2600.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel Axon , Mashable ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Which words does Google Instant blacklist ? '' . CNN . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Instant Censorship : The Strangest Terms Blacklisted By Google '' . The Huffington Post . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Removes ' Bisexual ' From Its List of Dirty Words '' , Michelle Garcia , Advocate.com , September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boulton , Clint . `` Google Redesign Backs Social Effort '' . eWeek Europe . eWeek Europe . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google redesigns its homepage '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google support forum , one of many threads on being unable to switch off the black navigation bar '' . Google.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google ads : The wolf is out of the lamb 's skin '' . www.techmw.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Google begins rolling out a new desktop search user interface '' . Search Engine Land . blogspot . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google Mobile '' . Google . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New , easier - to - use Google Search for Android '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With New Products , Google Flexes Muscles To Competitors , Regulators '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Language Tools '' . Google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A guy bought ' Google.com ' for a minute -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google rewarded the guy who bought Google.com -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google : 100 Billion Searches Per Month , Search To Integrate Gmail , Launching Enhanced Search App For iOS '' . Searchengineland.com . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blogspot.com , Powering a Google search Jump up ^ Maurer , H. ; Balke , Tilo ; Kappe , Frank ; Kulathuramaiyer , Narayanan ; Weber , Stefan ; Zaka , Bilal ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Report on dangers and opportunities posed by large search engines , particularly Google '' ( PDF ) . Graz University of Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parramore , Lynn ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Filter Bubble '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Since Dec. 4 , 2009 , Google has been personalized for everyone . So when I had two friends this spring Google `` BP , '' one of them got a set of links that was about investment opportunities in BP . The other one got information about the oil spill ... Jump up ^ Weisberg , Jacob ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Bubble Trouble : Is Web personalization turning us into solipsistic twits ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AUTHOR : MOSTAFA M. EL - BERMAWY ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Your Filter Bubble is Destroying Democracy '' . Wired . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 ... The global village that was once the internet ... digital islands of isolation that are drifting further apart each day ... your experience online grows increasingly personalized ... Jump up ^ How Google Searches Pretty Much Nailed the New Hampshire Primary February 11 , 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Google Hacks from O'Reilly is a book containing tips about using Google effectively . Now in its third edition ( 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 596 - 52706 - 3 . Google : The Missing Manual by Sarah Milstein and Rael Dornfest ( O'Reilly , 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00613 - 6 How to Do Everything with Google by Fritz Schneider , Nancy Blachman , and Eric Fredricksen ( McGraw - Hill Osborne Media , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 223174 - 2 Google Power by Chris Sherman ( McGraw - Hill Osborne Media , 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 225787 - 3 Barroso , Luiz Andre ; Dean , Jeffrey ; Hölzle , Urs ( 2003 ) . `` Web Search for a Planet : The Google Cluster Architecture '' . IEEE Micro . 23 ( 2 ) : 22 -- 28 . doi : 10.1109 / MM. 2003.1196112 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Original Google ! Google search trends Google Overview Alphabet Inc . 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-815976965707974879	Effects of nuclear explosions	Effects of nuclear explosions - wikipedia Effects of nuclear explosions Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 14 kiloton test shot Charlie of Operation Buster - Jangle at the Nevada Proving Grounds October 30 , 1951 . The red / orange color seen here in the cap of the mushroom cloud is largely due to the fireball 's intense heat in combination with the oxygen and nitrogen naturally found in air . Oxygen and nitrogen , though generally nonreactive toward each other , form NOx species when heated , specifically nitrogen dioxide , which is largely responsible for the color . There was concern in the 1970 - 80s , later proven unfounded , on fireball NOx and ozone loss Nuclear weapons Background History Warfare Design Testing Delivery Yield Effects of nuclear explosions Winter Workers Ethics Arsenals Arms race Espionage Proliferation Disarmament Terrorism Opposition Nuclear - armed states NPT recognized United States Russia United Kingdom France China Others India Israel ( undeclared ) Pakistan North Korea Former South Africa The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be divided into four basic categories : Blast -- 40 -- 50 % of total energy Thermal radiation -- 30 -- 50 % of total energy Ionizing radiation -- 5 % of total energy ( more in a neutron bomb ) Residual radiation -- 5 -- 10 % of total energy with the mass of the explosion Depending on the design of the weapon and the environment in which it is detonated the energy distributed to these categories can be increased or decreased . The blast effect is created by the coupling of immense amounts of energy , spanning the electromagnetic spectrum , with the surroundings . Locations such as submarine , ground burst , air burst , or exo - atmospheric determine how much energy is produced as blast and how much as radiation . In general , denser media around the bomb , like water , absorb more energy , and create more powerful shockwaves while at the same time limiting the area of its effect . When an air burst occurs , lethal blast and thermal effects proportionally scale much more rapidly than lethal radiation effects , as higher and higher yield nuclear weapons are used . The physical - damage mechanisms of a nuclear weapon ( blast and thermal radiation ) are identical to those of conventional explosives , but the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more powerful per gram and the temperatures reached are briefly in the tens of millions of degrees . Energy from a nuclear explosive is initially released in several forms of penetrating radiation . When there is a surrounding material such as air , rock , or water , this radiation interacts with and rapidly heats it to an equilibrium temperature ( i.e. so that the matter is at the same temperature as the atomic bomb 's matter ) . This causes vaporization of surrounding material resulting in its rapid expansion . Kinetic energy created by this expansion contributes to the formation of a shockwave . When a nuclear detonation occurs in air near sea level , much of the released energy interacts with the atmosphere and creates a shockwave which expands spherically from the center . Intense thermal radiation at the hypocenter forms a nuclear fireball and if the burst is low enough , it is often associated with a mushroom cloud . In a burst at high altitude , where the air density is low , more energy is released as ionizing gamma radiation and x-rays than an atmosphere - displacing shockwave . In 1942 there was some initial speculation among the scientists developing the first nuclear weapons that there might be a possibility of igniting the Earth 's atmosphere with a large enough nuclear explosion . This would concern a nuclear reaction of two nitrogen atoms forming a carbon and an oxygen atom , with release of energy . This energy would heat up the remaining nitrogen enough to keep the reaction going until all nitrogen atoms were consumed . Hans Bethe was assigned the task of studying whether there was a possibility in the very early days , and concluded there was no possibility due to inverse Compton effect cooling of the fireball . Richard Hamming , a mathematician , was asked to make a similar calculation just before Trinity , with the same result . Nevertheless , the notion has persisted as a rumor for many years , and was the source of black humor at the Trinity test . Contents ( hide ) 1 Direct effects 1.1 Blast damage 1.2 Thermal radiation 2 Indirect effects 2.1 Electromagnetic pulse 2.2 Radar blackout 2.3 Ionizing radiation 2.4 Earthquake 2.5 Summary of the effects 3 Other phenomena 4 Survivability 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Direct effects ( edit ) Blast damage ( edit ) Overpressure ranges from 1 to 50 psi ( 6.9 to 345 kilopascals ) of a 1 kiloton of TNT air burst as a function of burst height . The thin black curve indicates the optimum burst height for a given ground range . Military planners prefer to maximise the range at which 10 psi , or more , is extended over when attacking countervalue targets , thus a 220 m height of burst would be preferred for a 1 kiloton blast . To find the optimum height of burst for any weapon yield , the cubed root of the yield in kilotons is multiplied by the ideal H.O.B for a 1 kt blast , e.g. the optimum height of burst for a 500 kt weapon is ~ 1745 m . An estimate of the size of the damage caused by the 16 kt and 22 kt atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The high temperatures and radiation cause gas to move outward radially in a thin , dense shell called `` the hydrodynamic front '' . The front acts like a piston that pushes against and compresses the surrounding medium to make a spherically expanding shock wave . At first , this shock wave is inside the surface of the developing fireball , which is created in a volume of air heated by the explosion 's `` soft '' X-rays . Within a fraction of a second the dense shock front obscures the fireball , and continues to move past it , now expanding outwards , free from the fireball , causing the characteristic double pulse of light seen from a nuclear detonation , with the dip causing the double pulse due to the shock wave -- fireball interaction . It is this unique feature of nuclear explosions that is exploited when verifying that an atmospheric nuclear explosion has occurred and not simply a large conventional explosion , with radiometer instruments known as Bhangmeters capable of determining the nature of explosions . For air bursts at or near sea - level , 50 -- 60 % of the explosion 's energy goes into the blast wave , depending on the size and the yield of the bomb . As a general rule , the blast fraction is higher for low yield weapons . Furthermore , it decreases at high altitudes because there is less air mass to absorb radiation energy and convert it into blast . This effect is most important for altitudes above 30 km , corresponding to less than 1 percent of sea - level air density . The effects of a moderate rain storm during an Operation Castle nuclear explosion was found to dampen , or reduce , peak pressure levels by approximately 15 % at all ranges . Play media The General Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Describes effects , particularly blast effects , and the response of various types of structures to the weapons effects . Much of the destruction caused by a nuclear explosion is due to blast effects . Most buildings , except reinforced or blast - resistant structures , will suffer moderate damage when subjected to overpressures of only 35.5 kilopascals ( kPa ) ( 5.15 pounds - force per square inch or 0.35 atm ) . Data obtained from the Japanese surveys found that 8 psi ( 55 kPa ) was sufficient to destroy all wooden and brick residential structures . This can reasonably be defined as the pressure capable of producing severe damage . The blast wind at sea level may exceed one thousand km / h , or ~ 300 m / s , approaching the speed of sound in air . The range for blast effects increases with the explosive yield of the weapon and also depends on the burst altitude . Contrary to what one might expect from geometry , the blast range is not maximal for surface or low altitude blasts but increases with altitude up to an `` optimum burst altitude '' and then decreases rapidly for higher altitudes . This is due to the nonlinear behaviour of shock waves . When the blast wave from an air burst reaches the ground it is reflected . Below a certain reflection angle the reflected wave and the direct wave merge and form a reinforced horizontal wave , this is known as the ' Mach stem ' ( named after Ernst Mach ) and is a form of constructive interference . This constructive interference is the phenomenon responsible for the bumps or ' knees ' in the above overpressure range graph . For each goal overpressure there is a certain optimum burst height at which the blast range is maximized over ground targets . In a typical air burst , where the blast range is maximized to produce the greatest range of severe damage , i.e. the greatest range that ~ 10 psi ( 69 kPa ) of pressure is extended over , is a GR / ground range of 0.4 km for 1 kiloton ( kt ) of TNT yield ; 1.9 km for 100 kt ; and 8.6 km for 10 megatons ( Mt ) of TNT . The optimum height of burst to maximize this desired severe ground range destruction for a 1 kt bomb is 0.22 km ; for 100 kt , 1 km ; and for 10 Mt , 4.7 km . Two distinct , simultaneous phenomena are associated with the blast wave in air : Static overpressure , i.e. , the sharp increase in pressure exerted by the shock wave . The overpressure at any given point is directly proportional to the density of the air in the wave . Dynamic pressures , i.e. , drag exerted by the blast winds required to form the blast wave . These winds push , tumble and tear objects . Most of the material damage caused by a nuclear air burst is caused by a combination of the high static overpressures and the blast winds . The long compression of the blast wave weakens structures , which are then torn apart by the blast winds . The compression , vacuum and drag phases together may last several seconds or longer , and exert forces many times greater than the strongest hurricane . Acting on the human body , the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues . These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities ( bone and muscle ) or the interface between tissue and air . Lungs and the abdominal cavity , which contain air , are particularly injured . The damage causes severe hemorrhaging or air embolisms , either of which can be rapidly fatal . The overpressure estimated to damage lungs is about 70 kPa . Some eardrums would probably rupture around 22 kPa ( 0.2 atm ) and half would rupture between 90 and 130 kPa ( 0.9 to 1.2 atm ) . Blast winds : The drag energies of the blast winds are proportional to the cubes of their velocities multiplied by the durations . These winds may reach several hundred kilometers per hour . Thermal radiation ( edit ) Play media Silent USSBS ( United States Strategic Bombing Survey ) footage which is primarily an analysis of flash burn injuries to those at Hiroshima . At 2 : 00 , as is typical of the shapes of sunburns , the protection afforded by clothing , in this case pants , with the nurse pointing to the line of demarcation where the pants begin to completely protect the lower body from burns . At 4 : 27 it can be deduced from the burn shape that the man was facing the fireball and was wearing a vest at the time of the explosion etc . Many of the burn injuries exhibit raised keloid healing patterns . 25 female survivors required extensive post war surgeries , and were termed the Hiroshima maidens . Nuclear weapons emit large amounts of thermal radiation as visible , infrared , and ultraviolet light , to which the atmosphere is largely transparent . This is known as `` Flash '' . The chief hazards are burns and eye injuries . On clear days , these injuries can occur well beyond blast ranges , depending on weapon yield . Fires may also be started by the initial thermal radiation , but the following high winds due to the blast wave may put out almost all such fires , unless the yield is very high , where the range of thermal effects vastly out ranges blast effects , as observed from explosions in the multi-megaton range . This is because the intensity of the blast effects drops off with the third power of distance from the explosion , while the intensity of radiation effects drops off with the second power of distance . This results in the range of thermal effects increasing markedly more than blast range as higher and higher device yields are detonated . Thermal radiation accounts for between 35 - 45 % of the energy released in the explosion , depending on the yield of the device . In urban areas , the extinguishing of fires ignited by thermal radiation may matter little , as in a surprise attack fires may also be started by blast - effect - induced electrical shorts , gas pilot lights , overturned stoves , and other ignition sources , as was the case in the breakfast - time bombing of Hiroshima . Whether or not these secondary fires will in turn themselves be snuffed out as modern noncombustible brick and concrete buildings collapse in on themselves from the same blast wave is uncertain , not least of which , because of the masking effect of modern city landscapes on thermal and blast transmission are continually examined . When combustible frame buildings were blown down in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , they did not burn as rapidly as they would have done had they remained standing . The noncombustible debris produced by the blast frequently covered and prevented the burning of combustible material . Fire experts suggest that unlike Hiroshima , due to the nature of modern U.S. city design and construction , a firestorm in modern times is unlikely after a nuclear detonation . This does not exclude fires from being started , but means that these fires will not form into a firestorm , due largely to the differences between modern building materials and that used in World War II era Hiroshima . There are two types of eye injuries from the thermal radiation of a weapon : Flash blindness is caused by the initial brilliant flash of light produced by the nuclear detonation . More light energy is received on the retina than can be tolerated , but less than is required for irreversible injury . The retina is particularly susceptible to visible and short wavelength infrared light , since this part of the electromagnetic spectrum is focused by the lens on the retina . The result is bleaching of the visual pigments and temporary blindness for up to 40 minutes . Burns visible on a woman in Hiroshima during the blast . Darker colors of her kimono at the time of detonation correspond to clearly visible burns on the skin which touched parts of the garment exposed to thermal radiation . Since kimonos are not form - fitting attire , some parts not directly touching her skin are visible as breaks in the pattern , and the tighter - fitting areas approaching the waistline have a much more well - defined pattern . A retinal burn resulting in permanent damage from scarring is also caused by the concentration of direct thermal energy on the retina by the lens . It will occur only when the fireball is actually in the individual 's field of vision and would be a relatively uncommon injury . Retinal burns may be sustained at considerable distances from the explosion . The height of burst , and apparent size of the fireball , a function of yield and range will determine the degree and extent of retinal scarring . A scar in the central visual field would be more debilitating . Generally , a limited visual field defect , which will be barely noticeable , is all that is likely to occur . When thermal radiation strikes an object , part will be reflected , part transmitted , and the rest absorbed . The fraction that is absorbed depends on the nature and color of the material . A thin material may transmit a lot . A light colored object may reflect much of the incident radiation and thus escape damage , like anti-flash white paint . The absorbed thermal radiation raises the temperature of the surface and results in scorching , charring , and burning of wood , paper , fabrics , etc . If the material is a poor thermal conductor , the heat is confined to the surface of the material . Actual ignition of materials depends on how long the thermal pulse lasts and the thickness and moisture content of the target . Near ground zero where the energy flux exceeds 125 J / cm , what can burn , will . Farther away , only the most easily ignited materials will flame . Incendiary effects are compounded by secondary fires started by the blast wave effects such as from upset stoves and furnaces . In Hiroshima on August 6 , 1945 , a tremendous firestorm developed within 20 minutes after detonation and destroyed many more buildings and homes , built out of predominantly ' flimsy ' wooden materials . A firestorm has gale - force winds blowing in towards the center of the fire from all points of the compass . It is not peculiar to nuclear explosions , having been observed frequently in large forest fires and following incendiary raids during World War II . Despite fires destroying a large area of the city of Nagasaki , no true firestorm occurred in the city , even though a higher yielding weapon was used . Many factors explain this seeming contradiction , including a different time of bombing than Hiroshima , terrain , and crucially , a lower fuel loading / fuel density in the city than that of Hiroshima . Nagasaki probably did not furnish sufficient fuel for the development of a fire storm as compared to the many buildings on the flat terrain at Hiroshima . As thermal radiation travels , more or less , in a straight line from the fireball ( unless scattered ) any opaque object will produce a protective shadow that provides protection from the flash burn . Depending on the properties of the underlying surface material , the exposed area outside the protective shadow will be either burnt to a darker color , such as charring wood , or a brighter color , such as asphalt . If such a weather phenomenon as fog or haze is present at the point of the nuclear explosion , it scatters the flash , with radiant energy then reaching burn sensitive substances from all directions . Under these conditions , opaque objects are therefore less effective than they would otherwise be without scattering , as they demonstrate maximum shadowing effect in an environment of perfect visibility and therefore zero scattering . Similar to a foggy or overcast day , although there are few , if any , shadows produced by the sun on such a day , the solar energy that reaches the ground from the sun 's infrared rays is nevertheless considerably diminished , due to it being absorbed by the water of the clouds and the energy also being scattered back into space . Analogously , so too is the intensity at range of burning flash energy attenuated , in units of J / cm , along the slant / horizontal range of a nuclear explosion , during fog or haze conditions . So despite any object that casts a shadow being rendered ineffective as a shield from the flash by fog or haze , due to scattering , the fog fills the same protective role , but generally only at the ranges that survival in the open is just a matter of being protected from the explosion 's flash energy . The thermal pulse also is responsible for warming the atmospheric nitrogen close to the bomb , and causing the creation of atmospheric NOx smog components . This , as part of the mushroom cloud , is shot into the stratosphere where it is responsible for dissociating ozone there , in exactly the same way as combustion NOx compounds do . The amount created depends on the yield of the explosion and the blast 's environment . Studies done on the total effect of nuclear blasts on the ozone layer have been at least tentatively exonerating after initial discouraging findings . Indirect effects ( edit ) Electromagnetic pulse ( edit ) Main articles : Nuclear electromagnetic pulse and Geomagnetically induced current Gamma rays from a nuclear explosion produce high energy electrons through Compton scattering . For high altitude nuclear explosions , these electrons are captured in the Earth 's magnetic field at altitudes between twenty and forty kilometers where they interact with the Earth 's magnetic field to produce a coherent nuclear electromagnetic pulse ( NEMP ) which lasts about one millisecond . Secondary effects may last for more than a second . The pulse is powerful enough to cause moderately long metal objects ( such as cables ) to act as antennas and generate high voltages due to interactions with the electromagnetic pulse . These voltages can destroy unshielded electronics . There are no known biological effects of EMP . The ionized air also disrupts radio traffic that would normally bounce off the ionosphere . Electronics can be shielded by wrapping them completely in conductive material such as metal foil ; the effectiveness of the shielding may be less than perfect . Proper shielding is a complex subject due to the large number of variables involved . Semiconductors , especially integrated circuits , are extremely susceptible to the effects of EMP due to the close proximity of the PN junctions , but this is not the case with thermionic tubes ( or valves ) which are relatively immune to EMP . A Faraday cage does not offer protection from the effects of EMP unless the mesh is designed to have holes no bigger than the smallest wavelength emitted from a nuclear explosion . Large nuclear weapons detonated at high - altitudes also cause geomagnetically induced current in very long electrical conductors . The mechanism by which these geomagnetically induced currents are generated is entirely different from the gamma ray induced pulse produced by Compton electrons . Radar blackout ( edit ) See also : Nuclear blackout and Christofilos effect The heat of the explosion causes air in the vicinity to become ionized , creating the fireball . The free electrons in the fireball affect radio waves , especially at lower frequencies . This causes a large area of the sky to become opaque to radar , especially those operating in the VHF and UHF frequencies , which is common for long - range early warning radars . The effect is less for higher frequencies in the microwave region , as well as lasting a shorter time - the effect falls off both in strength and the effected frequencies as the fireball cools and the electrons begin to re-form onto free nuclei . A second blackout effect is caused by the emission of beta particles from the fission products . These can travel long distances , following the Earth 's magnetic field lines . When they reach the upper atmosphere they cause ionization similar to the fireball , but over a wider area . Calculations demonstrate that one megaton of fission , typical of a two megaton H - bomb , will create enough beta radiation to black out an area 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) across for five minutes . Careful selection of the burst altitudes and locations can produce an extremely effective radar - blanking effect . The physical effects giving rise to blackout are those that also cause EMP , which itself can cause power blackouts . The two effects are otherwise unrelated , and the similar naming can be confusing . Ionizing radiation ( edit ) About 5 % of the energy released in a nuclear air burst is in the form of ionizing radiation : neutrons , gamma rays , alpha particles and electrons moving at speeds up to the speed of light . Gamma rays are high energy electromagnetic radiation ; the others are particles that move slower than light . The neutrons result almost exclusively from the fission and fusion reactions , while the initial gamma radiation includes that arising from these reactions as well as that resulting from the decay of short - lived fission products . The intensity of initial nuclear radiation decreases rapidly with distance from the point of burst because the radiation spreads over a larger area as it travels away from the explosion ( the inverse - square law ) . It is also reduced by atmospheric absorption and scattering . The character of the radiation received at a given location also varies with distance from the explosion . Near the point of the explosion , the neutron intensity is greater than the gamma intensity , but with increasing distance the neutron - gamma ratio decreases . Ultimately , the neutron component of initial radiation becomes negligible in comparison with the gamma component . The range for significant levels of initial radiation does not increase markedly with weapon yield and , as a result , the initial radiation becomes less of a hazard with increasing yield . With larger weapons , above 50 kt ( 200 TJ ) , blast and thermal effects are so much greater in importance that prompt radiation effects can be ignored . The neutron radiation serves to transmute the surrounding matter , often rendering it radioactive . When added to the dust of radioactive material released by the bomb itself , a large amount of radioactive material is released into the environment . This form of radioactive contamination is known as nuclear fallout and poses the primary risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for a large nuclear weapon . Details of nuclear weapon design also affect neutron emission : the gun - type assembly Hiroshima bomb leaked far more neutrons than the implosion type 21 kt Nagasaki bomb because the light hydrogen nuclei ( protons ) predominating in the exploded TNT molecules ( surrounding the core of the Nagasaki bomb ) slowed down neutrons very efficiently while the heavier iron atoms in the steel nose forging of the Hiroshima bomb scattered neutrons without absorbing much neutron energy . It was found in early experimentation that normally most of the neutrons released in the cascading chain reaction of the fission bomb are absorbed by the bomb case . Building a bomb case of materials which transmitted rather than absorbed the neutrons could make the bomb more intensely lethal to humans from prompt neutron radiation . This is one of the features used in the development of the neutron bomb . Earthquake ( edit ) The pressure wave from an underground explosion will propagate through the ground and cause a minor earthquake . Theory suggests that a nuclear explosion could trigger fault rupture and cause a major quake at distances within a few tens of kilometers from the shot point . Summary of the effects ( edit ) The following table summarizes the most important effects of single nuclear explosions under ideal , clear skies , weather conditions . Tables like these are calculated from nuclear weapons effects scaling laws . Advanced computer modelling of real world conditions and how they impact on the damage to modern urban areas has found that most scaling laws are too simplistic and tend to overestimate nuclear explosion effects . As it is only simplistic and unclassified scaling laws that are commonly encountered , that do not take important things like varying land topography into account to ease calculation time and equation length . The scaling laws that were used to produce the table below , assume among other things , a perfectly level target area , no attenuating effects from urban terrain masking , e.g. skyscraper shadowing , and no enhancement effects from reflections and tunneling by city streets . As a point of comparison in the chart below , the most likely nuclear weapons to be used against countervalue city targets in a global nuclear war are in the sub-megaton range . Weapons of yields from 100 to 475 kilotons have become the most numerous in the US and Russian nuclear arsenals ; for example the warheads equipping the Russian Bulava submarine launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) have a yield of 150 kilotons . US examples are the W76 and W88 warheads , with the lower yield W76 being over twice as numerous as the W88 in the US nuclear arsenal . Effects Explosive yield / height of burst 1 kt / 200 m 20 kt / 540 m 1 Mt / 2.0 km 20 Mt / 5.4 km Blast -- effective ground range GR / km Urban areas completely levelled ( 20 psi or 140 kPa ) 0.2 0.6 2.4 6.4 Destruction of most civilian buildings ( 5 psi or 34 kPa ) 0.6 1.7 6.2 17 Moderate damage to civilian buildings ( 1 psi or 6.9 kPa ) 1.7 4.7 17 47 Railway cars thrown from tracks and crushed ( 62 kPa ; values for other than 20 kt are extrapolated using the cube - root scaling ) ≈ 0.4 1.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 10 Thermal radiation -- effective ground range GR / km Conflagration 0.5 2.0 10 30 Third degree burns 0.6 2.5 12 38 Second degree burns 0.8 3.2 15 44 First degree burns 1.1 4.2 19 53 Effects of instant nuclear radiation -- effective slant range SR / km Lethal total dose ( neutrons and gamma rays ) 0.8 1.4 2.3 4.7 Total dose for acute radiation syndrome 1.2 1.8 2.9 5.4 For the direct radiation effects the slant range instead of the ground range is shown here , because some effects are not given even at ground zero for some burst heights . If the effect occurs at ground zero the ground range can be derived from slant range and burst altitude ( Pythagorean theorem ) . `` Acute radiation syndrome '' corresponds here to a total dose of one gray , `` lethal '' to ten grays . This is only a rough estimate since biological conditions are neglected here . Further complicating matters , under global nuclear war scenarios , with conditions similar to that during the Cold War , major strategically important cities , like Moscow , and Washington are likely to be hit not once , but numerous times from sub megaton multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles , in a cluster bomb or `` cookie cutter '' configuration . It has been reported that during the height of the Cold War in the 1970s Moscow was targeted by up to 60 warheads . The reasons that the cluster bomb concept is preferable in the targeting of cities is twofold , the first is down to the fact that large singular warheads are much easier to neutralize as both tracking and successful interception by anti-ballistic missile systems than it is when several smaller incoming warheads are approaching . This strength in numbers advantage to lower yield warheads is further compounded by such warheads tending to move at higher incoming speeds , due to their smaller , more slender physics package size , assuming both nuclear weapon designs are the same ( a design exception being the advanced W88 ) . The second reason for this cluster bomb , or ' layering ' ( using repeated hits by accurate low yield weapons ) , is that this tactic along with limiting the risk of failure , also reduces individual bomb yields , and therefore reduces the possibility of any serious collateral damage to non-targeted nearby civilian areas , including that of neighboring countries . This concept was pioneered by Philip J. Dolan and others . Other phenomena ( edit ) Mushroom cloud height depending on yield for ground bursts . 0 = Approx altitude commercial aircraft operate 1 = Fat Man 2 = Castle Bravo . Gamma rays from the nuclear processes preceding the true explosion may be partially responsible for the following fireball , as they may superheat nearby air and / or other material . The vast majority of the energy that goes on to form the fireball is in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum , with these X-rays being produced by the inelastic collisions of the high speed fission and fusion products . It is these reaction products and not the gamma rays which contain most of the energy of the nuclear reactions in the form of kinetic energy . This kinetic energy of the fission and fusion fragments is converted into internal and then radiation energy by approximately following the process of blackbody radiation emitting in the soft X-ray region . As a result of numerous inelastic collisions , part of the kinetic energy of the fission fragments is converted into internal and radiation energy . Some of the electrons are removed entirely from the atoms , thus causing ionization , others are raised to higher energy ( or excited ) states while still remaining attached to the nuclei . Within an extremely short time , perhaps a hundredth of a microsecond or so , the weapon residues consist essentially of completely and partially stripped ( ionized ) atoms , many of the latter being in excited states , together with the corresponding free electrons . The system then immediately emits electromagnetic ( thermal ) radiation , the nature of which is determined by the temperature . Since this is of the order of 10 degrees , most of the energy emitted within a microsecond or so is in the soft X-ray region . To understand this one must remember that temperature depends on the average internal energy / heat of the particles in a certain volume , and internal energy or heat is due to kinetic energy . For an explosion in the atmosphere , the fireball quickly expands to maximum size , and then begins to cool as it rises like a balloon through buoyancy in the surrounding air . As it does so it takes on the flow pattern of a vortex ring with incandescent material in the vortex core as seen in certain photographs . This effect is known as a mushroom cloud . Sand will fuse into glass if it is close enough to the nuclear fireball to be drawn into it , and is thus heated to the necessary temperatures to do so ; this is known as trinitite . At the explosion of nuclear bombs lightning discharges sometimes occur . Smoke trails are often seen in photographs of nuclear explosions . These are not from the explosion ; they are left by sounding rockets launched just prior to detonation . These trails allow observation of the blast 's normally invisible shock wave in the moments following the explosion . The heat and airborne debris created by a nuclear explosion can cause rain ; debris is thought to do this by acting as cloud condensation nuclei . During the city firestorm which followed the Hiroshima explosion , drops of water were recorded to have been about the size of marbles . This was termed black rain , and has served as the source of a book and film by the same name . Black rain is not unusual following large fires , and is commonly produced by pyrocumulus clouds during large forest fires . The rain directly over Hiroshima on that day is said to have begun around 9 a.m. with it covering a wide area from the hypocenter to the north - west , raining heavily for one hour or more in some areas . The rain directly over the city may have carried neutron activated building material combustion products , but it did not carry any appreciable nuclear weapon debris or fallout , although this is generally to the contrary to what other less technical sources state . The `` oily '' black soot particles , are a characteristic of incomplete combustion in the city firestorm . The element einsteinium was discovered when analyzing nuclear fallout . A side - effect of the Pascal - B nuclear test during Operation Plumbbob may have resulted in the first man - made object launched into space . The so - called `` thunder well '' effect from the underground explosion may have launched a metal cover plate into space at six times Earth 's escape velocity , although the evidence remains subject to debate . Survivability ( edit ) Main articles : Duck and Cover ( film ) , Protect and Survive , and Nuclear bombs and health This is highly dependent on factors such as if one is indoors or out , the size of the explosion , the proximity to the explosion , and to a lesser degree the direction of the wind carrying fallout . Death is highly likely and radiation poisoning is almost certain if one is caught in the open with no terrain or building masking effects within a radius of 0 -- 3 km from a 1 megaton airburst , and the 50 % chance of death from the blast extends out to ~ 8 km from the same 1 megaton atmospheric explosion . To highlight the variability in the real world , and the effect that being indoors can make , despite the lethal radiation and blast zone extending well past her position at Hiroshima , Akiko Takakura survived the effects of a 16 kt atomic bomb at a distance of 300 meters from the hypocenter , with only minor injuries , due mainly to her position in the lobby of the Bank of Japan , a reinforced concrete building , at the time . In contrast , the unknown person sitting outside , fully exposed , on the steps of the Sumitomo Bank , next door to the Bank of Japan , received lethal third degree burns and was then likely killed by the blast , in that order , within two seconds . With medical attention , radiation exposure is survivable to a 200 rems acute dose exposure . If a group of people is exposed to a 50 to 59 rems acute ( within 24 hours ) radiation dose , none will get radiation sickness . If the group is exposed to 60 to 180 rems , 50 % will become sick with radiation poisoning . If medically treated , all of the 60 - 180 rems group will survive . If the group is exposed to 200 to 450 rems , most if not all of the group will become sick . 50 % of the 200 - 450 rems group will die within two to four weeks , even with medical attention . If the group is exposed to 460 to 600 rems , 100 % of the group will get radiation poisoning . 50 % of the 460 - 600 rems group will die within one to three weeks . If the group is exposed to 600 to 1000 rems , 50 % will die in one to three weeks . If the group is exposed to 1,000 to 5,000 rems , 100 % of the group will die within 2 weeks . At 5,000 rems , 100 % of the group will die within 2 days ... See also ( edit ) Bomb pulse Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents List of nuclear tests Nuclear warfare Peaceful nuclear explosion Rope trick effect Underwater explosion Visual depictions of nuclear explosions in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Explosions : Weapons , Improvised Nuclear Devices '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 2008 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg Jump up ^ Konopinski , E. J ; Marvin , C. ; Teller , Edward ( 1946 ) . `` Ignition of the Atmosphere with Nuclear Bombs '' ( PDF ) . LA -- 602 . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . The date of the article is 1946 ; it may have been written to demonstrate due diligence on the problem . It was declassified in 1970 . Jump up ^ Hamming , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` Mathematics on a Distant Planet '' . 105 ( 7 ) . The American Mathematical Monthly : 640 -- 650 . JSTOR 2589247 . Jump up ^ http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/ Jump up ^ http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/TsarBomba.html Jump up ^ Effects of Operation Castle ( 1954 ) 30 : 00 to 31 : 00 Jump up ^ Effects of Operation Castle ( 1954 ) 31 : 00 to 32 : 00 Jump up ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects6.shtml Jump up ^ https://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/blast.htm Jump up ^ ( 1 ) video of the mach ' Y ' stem , it is not a phenomenon unique to nuclear explosions , conventional explosions also produce it . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Bomb Effects '' . The Atomic Archive . solcomhouse.com . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MEDICAL EFFECTS OF ATOMIC BOMBS THE REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMISSION FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ATOMIC BOMB IN JAPAN VOLUME 1 Jump up ^ Modeling the Effects of Nuclear Weapons in an Urban Setting Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan ( 1977 ) Thermal effects Chapter pg 26 Jump up ^ `` Planning Guidance for Response to a Nuclear Detonation FEMA , NASA , and other agencies . pg 24 Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan ( 1977 ) Thermal effects Chapter pg 304 Jump up ^ Shadow Imprinted on an Electric Pole at the Foot of Meiji Bridge from Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum - Virtual Museum Jump up ^ `` Various other effects of the radiated heat were noted , including the lightening of asphalt road surfaces in spots which had not been protected from the radiated heat by any object such as that of a person walking along the road . Various other surfaces were discolored in different ways by the radiated heat . '' From the Flash Burn section of `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' , a report by the Manhattan Engineering District , June 29 , 1946 Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 Thermal effects Chapter Jump up ^ Christie , J.D. ( 1976 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Atmospheric ozone depletion by nuclear weapons testing '' . 81 ( 15 ) . Journal of Geophysical Research , Oceans and Atmospheres : 2583 -- 2594 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . This link is to the abstract ; the whole paper is behind a paywall . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti-Ballistic - Missile Systems '' , Scientific American , March 1968 , pp. 21 - 32 . Jump up ^ Pattison , J.E. , Hugtenburg , R.P. , Beddoe , A.H. , and Charles , M.W. ( 2001 ) . `` Experimental Simulation of A-bomb Gamma - ray Spectra for Radiobiology Studies '' , Radiation Protection Dosimetry 95 ( 2 ) : 125 - 136 . Jump up ^ Samuel Glasstone and Philip J Dolan . `` Nuclear weapons test effects : debunking popular exaggerations that encourage proliferation '' Jump up ^ http://alsos.wlu.edu/information.aspx?id=2017 Jump up ^ http://seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/faq/nuke_2.html Jump up ^ Paul P. Craig , John A. Jungerman. ( 1990 ) The Nuclear Arms Race : Technology and Society pg 258 Jump up ^ Calder , Nigel `` The effects of a 100 Megaton bomb '' New Scientist , 14 Sep 1961 , p 644 Jump up ^ Sartori , Leo `` Effects of nuclear weapons '' Physics and Nuclear Arms Today ( Readings from Physics Today ) pg 2 Jump up ^ 5.6. 2 Jump up ^ `` Modelling the effects of nuclear weapons in an urban setting '' ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ The modern Russian Bulava SLBM is armed with warheads of 100 - 150 kilotons in yield . Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Nuclear War '' Office of Technology Assessment , May 1979 . pages 42 and 44 . Compare the destruction from a single 1 megaton weapon detonation on Leningrad on page 42 to that of 10 clustered 40 kiloton weapon detonations in a ' cookie cutter ' configuration on page 44 ; the level of total destruction is similar in both cases despite the total yield in the second attack scenario being less than half of that delivered in the 1 megaton case Jump up ^ Sartori , Leo `` Effects of nuclear weapons '' Physics and Nuclear Arms Today ( Readings from Physics Today ) pg 22 Jump up ^ Robert C. Aldridge ( 1983 ) First Strike ! The Pentagon 's Strategy for Nuclear War pg 65 Jump up ^ `` The Nuclear Matters Handbook '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Effects of Nuclear Weapons ( 1977 ) CHAPTER II : `` Descriptions of Nuclear Explosions , Scientific Aspects of Nuclear Explosion Phenomena . '' Jump up ^ Photo Jump up ^ Robert Hermes and William Strickfaden , 2005 , New Theory on the Formation of Trinitite , Nuclear Weapons Journal http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/TrinitySite/NewTrinititeTheory.htm Jump up ^ An empirical study of the nuclear explosion - induced lightning seen on IVY - MIKE Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapon Archive Jump up ^ Hersey , John . `` Hiroshima '' , The New Yorker , August 31 , 1946 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ interaction of fallout with fires . Strom , P.O. ; Miller , C.F 1969 Jump up ^ http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/nukgr3.gif Jump up ^ http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/nukgr1.gif Jump up ^ Hiroshima Witness interview Jump up ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hibakusha/Akiko.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/museum/index.php?l=e&no=1000 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Walton ( 2013 ) . M.E. ( 6th ed . ) . Dallas , TX : Brown Books Publishing Group . p. 420 . ISBN 1612541143 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nuclear explosion physics . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nuclear weapon tests . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radiation health effects . Radiation Shielding Materials - Barrier Shielding table showing lead , steel , concrete , earth and wood sizes required to provide protection factors ( PF ) in a range from PF 2 to PF 1,073,741,824.0 . Radiation Doses Overhead - Ground cover shielding table showing how the amount of earth cover required to provide radiation safety , based on bomb size , distance from ground zero , and a constant 15 MPH wind . Nuclear Weapon Testing Effects -- Comprehensive video archive Underground Bomb Shelters The Federation of American Scientists provide solid information on weapons of mass destruction , including nuclear weapons and their effects The Nuclear War Survival Skills is a public domain text and is an excellent source on how to survive a nuclear attack . Ground Zero : A Javascript simulation of the effects of a nuclear explosion in a city Oklahoma Geological Survey Nuclear Explosion Catalog lists 2,199 explosions with their date , country , location , yield , etc . Australian Government database of all nuclear explosions Nuclear Weapon Archive from Carey Sublette ( NWA ) is a reliable source of information and has links to other sources . NWA repository of blast models mainly used for the effects table ( especially DOS programs BLAST and WE ) Nuclear Weapon Effects Calculator - Javascript form to calculate blast , heat , and radiation effects of a given explosive yield . HYDESim : High - Yield Detonation Effects Simulator - Mashup of Google Maps and Javascript to calculate blast effects . NUKEMAP - Google Maps / Javascript effects mapper , which includes fireball size , blast pressure , ionizing radiation , and thermal radiation as well as qualitative descriptions . 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6427524563366669595	Lady and the Tramp	Lady and the Tramp - wikipedia Lady and the Tramp Jump to : navigation , search Lady and the Tramp Original theatrical release poster Directed by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Produced by Walt Disney Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene Starring Peggy Lee Barbara Luddy Larry Roberts Verna Felton Bill Thompson Bill Baucom Music by Oliver Wallace Edited by Don Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $93.6 million Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.1. 1 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . She is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs and thinks they are responsible . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady Larry Roberts as Tramp Bill Thompson as Jock , Joe , Dachsie , Policeman Bill Baucom as Trusty Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah George Givot as Tony Lee Millar as Jim Dear , Dogcatcher Peggy Lee as Darling , Si and Am , Peg Stan Freberg as the beaver Alan Reed as Boris Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , Pedro , Professor , Hyena The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . At the time , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Eisner refused , thus she filed suite in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28 , 2006 . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reception Despite being an enormous success at the box office , the film was also initially panned by critics : one indicated that the dogs had `` the dimensions of hippos , '' another that `` the artists ' work is below par '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney & Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received an 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . See also List of American films of 1955 References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Sales information of the DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp II information '' . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Jump up ^ 10 Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Referenced July 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=804194695 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated musical films Animated romance films Animated films about dogs Children 's comedy - drama films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 11 : 39 . 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-4826214170431431598	History of the Buffalo Bills	History of the Buffalo Bills - wikipedia History of the Buffalo Bills Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article details the history of the Buffalo Bills . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and won two consecutive AFL titles in 1964 and 1965 . The club joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as part of the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger . The Bills have the distinction of being the only team to advance to four consecutive Super Bowls , but also has the dubious distinction of losing all four of them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before 1960 2 1960 -- 1980 2.1 The AFL years 2.2 1969 -- 1977 : The O.J. Simpson - `` Electric Company '' era 2.3 1978 -- 1985 : The Chuck Knox - Kay Stephenson era 3 1986 -- 1997 : Marv Levy -- Jim Kelly era 3.1 The Super Bowl years 3.1. 1 1990 3.1. 2 1991 3.1. 3 1992 3.1. 4 1993 3.2 1994 -- 97 : Decline 3.3 1998 -- 2000 : The Wade Phillips - Doug Flutie era 3.3. 1 1998 3.3. 2 1999 3.3. 3 2000 4 2001 -- 2014 : Beginning of the Playoff Drought and New Ownership 4.1 2001 -- 04 : The Tom Donahoe era 4.1. 1 2001 4.1. 2 2002 -- 03 4.1. 3 2004 4.2 2005 -- 07 : Marv Levy returns to the fold 4.2. 1 2005 4.2. 2 2006 -- 07 4.3 2008 -- 09 : Toronto and Terrell Owens 4.3. 1 2008 4.3. 2 2009 4.4 2010 -- 2012 : The Buddy Nix Era 4.4. 1 2010 4.4. 2 2011 4.4. 3 2012 4.5 2013 -- 2014 : The New Russ Brandon Era and the death of Ralph Wilson 4.5. 1 2013 4.5. 2 2014 5 2015 - Present : The Terry Pegula Era 5.1 2015 -- 2016 : The Rex Ryan Years 5.1. 1 2015 5.1. 2 2016 5.2 2017 -- Present : The Sean McDermott Years 5.2. 1 2017 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Before 1960 ( edit ) The Bills were not the first professional football team to play in Buffalo , nor was it the first NFL team in the region . Professional football had been played in Buffalo and in upstate New York since the beginning of the 20th century . In 1915 , Barney Lepper 's `` Buffalo All - Stars '' were founded ; the team would later be replaced by the Niagaras in 1918 , then the Prospects in 1919 . The Prospects were the basis of what would become the `` Buffalo All - Americans , '' who joined what would become the NFL in 1920 . After changing their name to the Bisons in 1924 ( and , for one season , the Rangers in 1926 ) , the team suspended operations in 1927 , then came back in 1929 and re-folded at the end of that season . After Buffalo hosted two NFL games in 1938 ( a practice that would become a semi-regular occurrence in the city until the current team 's arrival ) , the third American Football League installed the Buffalo Indians in the city ; the Indians played two years before the league suspended and ultimately folded due to World War II . After the war , when the All - America Football Conference formed , Buffalo was again selected for a team ; originally known as the Buffalo Bisons , the same name as a baseball team and ( at the time ) a hockey team in the area , the team sought a new identity and named itself the `` Buffalo Bills '' in 1947 . When the AAFC merged with the NFL in 1950 , the AAFC Bills were merged into the Cleveland Browns . Though there was no connection between the AAFC team and the current team , the Bills name proved popular enough that it was used as the namesake for the future American Football League team that would form in 1959 . The forerunners to the Canadian Football League would also play at least one game in Buffalo in 1951 . 1960 -- 1980 ( edit ) The AFL years ( edit ) When Lamar Hunt announced formation of the American Football League in the summer of 1959 , Buffalo was one of the target cities Hunt sought . His first choice of owner , however , turned him down ; Pat McGroder ( then a liquor store owner and sports liaison with the city of Buffalo ) was still hopeful that the threat of the AFL would prompt the NFL to come back to Buffalo to try and stop the AFL from gaining a foothold there ( as the NFL would do with teams in Minnesota , Dallas , St. Louis and later Atlanta ) . McGroder 's hopes never came to fruition , and in 1961 , he took a position in the new Bills organization . Harry Wismer , who was to own the Titans of New York franchise , reached out to insurance salesman and automobile heir Ralph C. Wilson , Jr. to see if he was interested in joining the upstart league . ( Both Wismer and Wilson were minority owners of NFL franchises at the time : Wilson part - owned the Detroit Lions , while Wismer was a small partner in the Washington Redskins but had little power due to majority owner George Preston Marshall 's near - iron fist over the team and the league ) . Wilson agreed to field a team in the new league , with the words `` Count me in . I 'll take a franchise anywhere you suggest . '' Hunt gave him the choice of six cities : Miami , Buffalo , Cincinnati , St. Louis , Atlanta , or Louisville , Kentucky . Wilson 's first choice was Miami , but city officials there were wary of an upstart league after the failure of the Miami Seahawks over a decade prior and rejected the idea . ( Once the AFL established itself , the city reversed its stance and allowed the Miami Dolphins to reside in the city . ) In WWII , Ralph Wilson served aboard a Minesweeper , the YMS - 29 , serving in the Mediterranean . Wilson was an Executive officer to the ship 's Captain , Buffalo native George E. Schaaf . Wilson remembered the Buffalo team in the old NFL and remembered his old ship 's Captain was from Buffalo . Ralph Wilson reached out to the General Construction Contractor , George E. Schaaf who still resided there . Schaaf assured Wilson that pro-football interest was significant in Buffalo and assembled a coalition of key Buffalo figures who were able to interest Wilson in bringing the AFL franchise to Buffalo . Their efforts to lobby Wilson to come to Buffalo were successful , and Wilson sent Hunt a telegram with the now - famous words , `` Count me in with Buffalo . '' The Buffalo Bills were a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . After a public contest , the team adopted the same name as the AAFC Buffalo Bills , the former All - America Football Conference team in Buffalo . The AAFC Bills franchise was named after the Buffalo Bills a popular barbershop quartet , whose name was a play on the name of the famed Wild West showman Buffalo Bill Cody . The franchises are not officially related , other than in name , to each other . After an inaugural season that saw the Bills finish 5 -- 8 -- 1 ( third in the four - team AFL East Division ) , the Bills gained four of the first five picks in the 1961 AFL draft , including the top slot , which they used to draft offensive tackle Ken Rice . They also drafted guard Billy Shaw in the same draft . Success did not come overnight . On August 8 , 1961 , the Bills became the first ( and only ) American Football League team to play a Canadian Football League team , the nearby Hamilton Tiger - Cats . Because of that game , they also hold the dubious distinction of being the only current NFL team to have ever lost to a CFL team , as the Tiger - Cats won , 38 -- 21 . Hamilton was one of the best teams in the CFL ( they would go on to win the Big Four title but lose in the 49th Grey Cup that year ) , and Buffalo , at the time , was the worst team in the AFL . In the 1962 offseason , Buffalo began to get good players for the first time in franchise history . Jack Kemp was acquired off waivers from the San Diego Chargers after the Chargers thought Kemp , who had led the Chargers to back - to - back AFL title games , had a bum hand . The Bills also drafted Syracuse running back phenomenon Ernie Davis and had a serious chance of getting him to play for Buffalo after the Redskins , a team Davis refused to play for , drafted him ; however , Davis instead opted to play for the NFL after the Redskins traded him to Cleveland , and he died of leukemia before playing a single down of professional football . Instead , the Bills then acquired one of the CFL 's top running backs , Cookie Gilchrist . Offensive lineman Bob Kalsu quit the team after his 1968 rookie season to serve in the Vietnam War . He never returned ; Kalsu was killed in action in 1970 and is often cited by Bills fans as the first professional football player to die in action in war during his playing career . This is not true , as Young Bussey and Jack Lummus were still of playing age when they left the NFL to serve in World War II and were killed in action a few years later . Kalsu would be the only NFL player to lose his life in Vietnam . The 1968 season was a tumultuous one . With starter Jack Kemp injured , Buffalo resorted to converting wide receiver Ed Rutkowski to quarterback in a rotation with Rutkowski , Kay Stephenson and Dan Darragh . The result was disastrous , and the Bills once again dropped to last in the league , resulting in the Bills earning the first overall draft pick in what was now the combined AFL - NFL draft . The Bills selected O.J. Simpson with their pick . 1969 -- 1977 : the O.J. Simpson - `` Electric Company '' era ( edit ) See also : Electric Company ( football ) O.J. Simpson , the face of the Bills franchise for most of the 1970s , pictured breaking the NFL 's single - season rushing record in 1973 . Before the 1969 season , the Bills drafted running back O.J. Simpson , who would become the face of the franchise through the 1970s . The NFL - AFL merger placed Buffalo in the AFC East division with the Patriots , Dolphins , Jets , and Colts . Their first season in the NFL saw the team win only three games , lose ten , and tie one . In 1971 , not only did the Bills finish in sole possession of the NFL 's worst overall record at 1 -- 13 , but they also scored the fewest points ( 184 ) in the league that year while allowing the most ( 394 ) ; no NFL team has since done all three of those things in the same season in a non-strike year . They thus obtained the # 1 draft pick for 1972 , which was Notre Dame DE Walt Patulski . Despite good on - field performances , he struggled with injuries before being traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1976 . Lou Saban , who had coached the Bills ' AFL championship teams , was re-hired in 1972 , in which the team finished 4 -- 9 -- 1 . Meanwhile , War Memorial Stadium was in severe need of replacement , being in poor condition , located in an increasingly worsening neighborhood , and too small to meet the NFL 's post-1969 requirement that all stadiums seat at least 50,000 . Construction began on a new stadium in the suburbs after Ralph Wilson threatened to move the team to another city ; at one point after the 1970 season Wilson was `` prepared to move the team '' to Husky Stadium in Seattle and was also fielding offers from Tampa and Memphis . Western New York leaders acquiesced to Wilson 's demands and built a new open - air facility that featured a capacity of over 80,000 ( at Wilson 's request ) and , unlike other stadiums , was built into the ground . Rich Stadium ( now New Era Field ) opened in 1973 and continues to house the Bills to this day . 1973 was a season of change : Joe Ferguson became their new quarterback , they moved into a new stadium , Simpson recorded a 2,000 - yard season and was voted NFL MVP , and the team had its first winning record since 1966 with eight wins . The `` Electric Company '' of Simpson , Jim Braxton , Paul Seymour , and Joe DeLamielleure as recounted in the locally recorded hit `` Turn on the Juice '' , lead a dramatic turnaround on the field . The `` Electric Company '' was the offensive line ( OG Reggie McKenzie , OT Dave Foley , C Mike Montler , OG Joe DeLamielleure and OT Donnie Green ) which provided the electricity for the `` Juice '' . O.J. became the only player to rush for 2,000 yards prior to the introduction of a 16 - game season . The team made the NFL playoffs at 9 -- 5 for the first time in history in 1974 , but in their divisional playoff , they lost to the eventual Super Bowl champions , the Pittsburgh Steelers . After an 8 -- 6 1975 season , the Bills had internal troubles in 1976 ; Ferguson was injured and Gary Marangi proved ineffective in replacement . The team dropped to the bottom of the AFC East at 2 -- 12 , where they stayed for the rest of the 1970s . On a high note , the 1976 Thanksgiving Day game saw Simpson set the league record for rushing yards in a game , despite a 27 -- 14 loss to the Detroit Lions . After the 1977 season , Simpson was traded to the San Francisco 49ers . 1978 -- 1985 : the chuck Knox - Kay Stephenson era ( edit ) Bills ' running back Joe Cribbs ( middle ) rushes the ball against the Jets in the 1981 AFC Wild Card game . 1980 marked the 3rd year the Bills were good . They beat the archrival Miami Dolphins for the first time in 11 years in their season opener , en route to an 11 - 5 season and their first AFC East title . However , they lost to the San Diego Chargers 20 - 14 in the divisional playoffs . In 1981 , the Bills made the playoffs as a wild - card team with a 10 - 6 record . They defeated the New York Jets 31 - 27 in the wild card round of the playoffs , but lost in the divisional round to the eventual AFC champion Cincinnati Bengals , 28 - 21 . The following year -- the strike - shortened season of 1982 -- the Bills slipped to a 4 -- 5 final record and missed the playoffs . In the famous 1983 draft , the Bills selected quarterback Jim Kelly as their replacement to an aging Joe Ferguson , but Kelly decided to play in the upstart United States Football League instead . Chuck Knox left his coaching position to take a job with the Seattle Seahawks , and running back Joe Cribbs also defected to the USFL , a loss incoming head coach Kay Stephenson unsuccessfully attempted to stop in court . In 1984 and 1985 , the Bills went 2 -- 14 . By this point , attendance at Rich Stadium had fallen to under 30,000 fans per game for most of the 1985 season , leaving the team 's long - term future in doubt . 1986 -- 1997 : Marv Levy -- Jim Kelly era ( edit ) Jim Kelly quarterbacked the Bills for much of the 1990s . Among the names that Buffalo picked up after the USFL 's demise were general manager Bill Polian , head coach Marv Levy ( both from the Chicago Blitz ) , special teams coach Bruce DeHaven , starting quarterback Jim Kelly ( of the Houston Gamblers ) , center Kent Hull ( of the New Jersey Generals ) , and linebacker Ray Bentley ( of the Oakland Invaders ) , all of whom joined the Bills for the 1986 season . Midway through the 1986 season , the Bills fired coach Hank Bullough and replaced him with Levy , who in addition to the Blitz had also previously coached the Kansas City Chiefs and Montreal Alouettes . Levy and Polian put together a receiving game featuring Andre Reed , a defense led by first - overall draft pick Bruce Smith , and a top - flight offensive line , led by Hull along with Jim Ritcher , Will Wolford and Howard `` House '' Ballard . After the strike year of 1987 , in 1988 , the rookie season of running back Thurman Thomas , the Bills went 12 -- 4 and finished atop the AFC East for the first of four consecutive seasons . After a 17 - 10 victory over the Houston Oilers in the divisional playoff , they lost the AFC championship 21 - 10 to the Cincinnati Bengals . 1989 was a relative disappointment , with a 9 -- 7 record and a divisional playoff loss to the Cleveland Browns . The Bills had a chance to win the game as time was running out , but Ronnie Harmon dropped a Kelly pass in the corner of the end zone . During this season , the Bills were called the `` Bickering Bills '' by the fans and media due to significant infighting among the players and coaches throughout the season . The Super Bowl years ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 Buffalo Bills season In 1990 , the Bills switched to a no huddle , hurry - up offense ( frequently with Kelly in the shotgun formation , the `` K - gun '' , named for tight - end Keith McKeller ) , and it led the Bills ' offense to one of the best in the league ; their 428 points ( 26.75 points per game ) scored was first in the league . The team finished 13 -- 3 , and behind their no - huddle attack , beat the Miami Dolphins 44 - 34 and blew out the Los Angeles Raiders 51 -- 3 in the playoffs on their way to Super Bowl XXV . The Bills were favorites to beat the New York Giants ( whom they had beaten on the road during the regular season ) , but the defensive plan laid out by Giants coach Bill Parcells and defensive coordinator Bill Belichick kept Buffalo in check ( and without the ball ) for much of the game . The game featured many lead changes , and with the score 20 -- 19 in favor of New York with eight seconds left , Bills kicker Scott Norwood attempted a 47 - yard field goal . His kick sailed wide right , less than a yard outside of the goalpost upright . 1991 ( edit ) Main article : 1991 Buffalo Bills season The Bills won their fourth consecutive AFC East title in 1991 , finishing 13 -- 3 again and with Thurman Thomas winning a couple of awards . In the playoffs , they routed the Kansas City Chiefs 37 - 14 in the divisional round and beat the Denver Broncos in a defensive struggle , 10 - 7 , in the AFC Championship . The Bills looked to avenge their heartbreaking Super Bowl loss a year earlier by playing the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXVI , but it was not to be . The Redskins opened up a 17 -- 0 halftime lead and never looked back , handing the Bills a 37 -- 24 loss . Early in that game , Thurman Thomas lost his helmet and had to sit out the first two plays , making the Bills the butt of jokes nationwide . 1992 ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Buffalo Bills season The Bills lost the 1992 AFC East title to the Miami Dolphins and Jim Kelly was injured in the final game of the regular season . Backup quarterback Frank Reich started their wild card playoff game against the Houston Oilers , and they were down 35 -- 3 early in the third quarter . But the Bills rallied behind Reich , taking the lead late in the 4th quarter and winning the game in overtime 41 - 38 . The 35 - 3 deficit remains , to this day , the largest deficit ( 32 points ) overcome to win a game in NFL history . Buffalo then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 24 - 3 in the divisional playoff and upset the archrival Dolphins 29 - 10 in the AFC Championship to advance to their third straight Super Bowl . Super Bowl XXVII , played against the Dallas Cowboys , turned out to be a mismatch . Buffalo committed a Super Bowl - record 9 turnovers en route to a 52 -- 17 loss , becoming the first team in NFL history to lose three consecutive Super Bowls . One of the sole bright spots for the Bills was Don Beebe 's rundown and strip of Leon Lett after Lett had returned a fumble inside the Bills ' 5 - yard line and was on his way to scoring . Lett started celebrating too early and held the ball out long enough for Beebe , who had made up a considerable distance to get to Lett , to knock it out of his hand . The play resulted in a touchback , not a touchdown , thus stopping Dallas from breaking the record for most points scored by a team in a Super Bowl ( 55 ) , which was set three years earlier and is still held today by the San Francisco 49ers . 1993 ( edit ) Main article : 1993 Buffalo Bills season The Bills won the AFC East championship in 1993 with a 12 -- 4 record , and again won playoff games against the Los Angeles Raiders and Kansas City Chiefs , setting up a rematch with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII on January 30 , 1994 . The Bills became the only team ever to play in four straight Super Bowls , and in this game became the first team to face the same team in 2 straight Super Bowls , and looked ready to finally win one when they led at halftime . A Thurman Thomas fumble returned for a touchdown by James Washington tied the game , with Super Bowl MVP Emmitt Smith taking over the rest of the game for the Cowboys and the Bills were stunned again , 30 -- 13 . 1994 -- 97 : decline ( edit ) The four consecutive failures to win the title game , despite a 14 -- 2 regular - season record against the NFC , inspired many jokes . Steve Tasker recalled that when he made motivational speeches to groups of children , `` invariably , some little guy raises his hand . He goes , ' Do you know what Bills stands for ? ' and I 've heard it a hundred times . I go , ' No , what ? ' He goes ' Boy , I Love Losing Super Bowls ' . '' A player denounced the team 's poor reputation : `` They still consider us losers . That is the most unfair statement that I 've ever seen or heard or read in my life '' . Andrea Kremer recalled , however , that `` I do n't think there 's any doubt that America , that the national fan base , turned their back on the Bills . They 're just tired of it '' . The Bills would not get a chance to make it five straight in 1994 . The team stumbled down the stretch and finished 7 -- 9 , fourth in the division and out of the playoffs . During this period Tasker established himself year in and year out as the league 's top special teams performer . In 1995 , Buffalo signed free agent linebacker Bryce Paup to anchor the defense . The expansion Carolina Panthers ended up selecting several key Bills contributors ( backup quarterback Frank Reich , wide receiver Don Beebe and tight end Pete Metzelaars ) in the expansion draft , where they formed the core of that team 's inaugural roster . The Bills again made the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record , and defeated Miami in the wild card round . They would not get a chance to get back to the Super Bowl -- the Pittsburgh Steelers , who went on to advance to the Super Bowl , beat Buffalo in the divisional playoffs 40 -- 21 . In 1996 , the Bills saw their commanding lead in the AFC East race disappear to a surging New England Patriots team ; the Bills won against the Patriots in September , then in late October the Patriots won after three touchdowns were scored in the final 85 seconds . The Bills still made the playoffs as the Wild Card home team ; they became the first victim of the cinderella Jacksonville Jaguars , the first ( and as of the present only ) visiting team ever to win a playoff game at Rich Stadium . Jim Kelly retired after the season after the Bills management told him they were moving in a new direction and wanted him to help develop a younger QB to take over , signaling an end to the most successful era in Bills history . Thurman Thomas gave way to new running back Antowain Smith . Kelly 's loss was felt in 1997 , when his replacement Todd Collins faltered and the Bills stumbled to 6 -- 10 . Coach Marv Levy retired after the season . 1998 -- 2000 : the Wade Phillips - Doug Flutie era ( edit ) 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 Buffalo Bills season Doug Flutie quarterbacked the Bills for three years , including the last two playoff appearances to date , amid controversy . The Bills , under new coach Wade Phillips signed two quarterbacks for the 1998 season , one that Buffalo traded a high first round pick for , and one that was signed as almost an afterthought . The former was for Jaguars backup Rob Johnson and the latter was former Heisman Trophy winner and Canadian Football League star Doug Flutie . Despite many Bills fans wanting Flutie to get the starting job after Flutie looked the better of the two QBs in camp and in preseason , Phillips named Johnson to the position . The Bills stumbled to begin the season 0 - 3 , and after Johnson suffered a rib injury against the Indianapolis Colts , Flutie came in and led the Bills to a playoff spot and a 10 -- 6 record . They faltered in their first playoff game against the Miami Dolphins . 1999 ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Buffalo Bills season Flutie 's popularity continued into the 1999 season , with the Bills finishing 11 -- 5 , two games behind the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC East standings . Wade Phillips gave Rob Johnson the starting quarterback job in the first round playoff game against the Tennessee Titans even though Flutie had won 10 games and had gotten the Bills into the playoffs . The Bills scored a field goal with 16 seconds left to give them a 16 -- 15 lead . But the Titans won the game on a controversial play that became to be known as the `` Music City Miracle '' : During the ensuing kickoff , Frank Wycheck lateraled the ball to Kevin Dyson who then scored the winning touchdown . Although Wycheck 's pass was close to an illegal forward lateral , replays were ruled inconclusive and the call on the field was upheld as a touchdown . The Titans went on to advance to the Super Bowl . As of 2017 , this was the Bills last playoff appearance . 2000 ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Buffalo Bills season The final ties to the Bills ' Super Bowl years were severed in 2000 , when Thurman Thomas , Andre Reed and Bruce Smith were all cut . Antowain Smith , Eric Moulds , and Marcellus Wiley respectively had long since eclipsed them on the depth chart . After an 8 -- 8 season , and the team still caught up in the Johnson vs. Flutie controversy , general manager John Butler departed for the San Diego Chargers -- and took Flutie and Wiley with him , among many other Bills contributors . Doug Flutie left the Bills with a . 677 winning percentage in 31 starts . Antowain Smith also left as a free agent for the New England Patriots , where he was the starting running back on their first two Super Bowl championship teams . Both Flutie and Smith were dominant in their final game as Bills , in a 42 -- 23 victory over the Seattle Seahawks . Thomas would be quickly replaced by rookie Travis Henry . 2001 -- 2014 : beginning of the playoff drought and New ownership ( edit ) 2001 -- 04 : the Tom Donahoe era ( edit ) In 2001 , following the departure of John Butler , team owner Ralph Wilson announced his retirement as president of the organization and handed the reins of his franchise to Tom Donahoe , a former executive with the Pittsburgh Steelers . The move turned out to be disastrous . Donahoe ( just a year after the team had released three eventual Hall of Famers in a salary cap move ) proceeded to gut the franchise of most of its remaining recognizable talent and replaced it with young , inexperienced , unknown lower - end players , much of which joined Butler in San Diego that year , and installed Rob Johnson as the starting quarterback . The team went from playoff contenders to a 31 -- 49 record during Donahoe 's five - year tenure . The Bills still have not made it to the playoffs since Donahoe 's arrival , even after his departure . 2001 ( edit ) Main article : 2001 Buffalo Bills season Titans defensive coordinator Gregg Williams took over as head coach for the 2001 season , which proved to be the worst in recent memory for the Bills . Rob Johnson went down in mid-season with an injury and Alex Van Pelt took over . Buffalo finished 3 -- 13 . The Bills even lost a much - hyped mid-season match up with `` Bills West '' ( the Flutie - led Chargers ) . After the season , they traded for quarterback Drew Bledsoe , deemed expendable by the Patriots after Tom Brady led them to a Super Bowl victory . 2002 -- 03 ( edit ) Bledsoe revived the Bills for the 2002 season , leading them to an 8 -- 8 record , setting 10 team passing records in the process . However , in a tough division with all other teams finishing 9 -- 7 , they were still in last place . Another Patriots castoff , safety Lawyer Milloy , who joined the Bills days before the 2003 season began , gave the team an immediate boost on defense . After beating eventual champions New England 31 -- 0 in the first game , and crushing the Jaguars in their second game , play - by - play announcer Van Miller immediately announced his retirement as of the end of the season , expecting the team to have a shot at the title . However , the Bills stumbled through the rest of the season , finishing 6 -- 10 . In fact their season had ended the exact opposite of the beginning as they were trounced by New England 31 -- 0 . In one game , however , the Bills ' fans gained a small measure of satisfaction when the defense sacked Rob Johnson multiple times in his relief effort for the Washington Redskins . Main article : 2004 Buffalo Bills season J.P. Losman was the first in a string of unsuccessful Bills quarterbacks in the 2000s . Gregg Williams was fired as head coach after the 2003 season and replaced with Mike Mularkey . The Bills also drafted another quarterback , J.P. Losman , to be used if Bledsoe continued to struggle in 2004 . Unfortunately , Losman broke his leg in the pre-season and missed most of the regular season , seeing very limited action . Bledsoe continued to struggle in 2004 . The Bills started the 2004 season 0 -- 4 , with Bledsoe and his offense struggling in their run - first offense , averaging only 13 points per game . Additionally , each loss was heartbreakingly close . The team finally managed to turn things around with a victory at home against the also winless Miami Dolphins . This , along with the emergence of Willis McGahee ( a first round - pick and a gamble by the Bills due to the knee injury that McGahee suffered in his last college game ) taking over the starting running back role from the injured Travis Henry , and emergence of Lee Evans to give the Bills a second deep threat , sparked the Bills to go 9 -- 2 in their next eleven games . This string of victories allowed the Bills to be in the hunt for a final AFC wildcard playoff spot . Though they would lose to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the final game of the season , costing them a playoff berth and devastating the fans , the late season surge gave the team a positive direction to approach 2005 . After the season , wanting to go in a younger direction and unhappy with Drew Bledsoe 's overall performance , the Bills decided to hand the starting quarterback reins to J.P. Losman . This angered Bledsoe , who demanded his release , which the Bills granted . Bledsoe then signed with the Dallas Cowboys , reuniting him with his former New England Patriots coach Bill Parcells . 2005 -- 07 : Marv Levy returns to the fold ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Buffalo Bills season Losman 's development did not proceed as quickly as the Bills had hoped it would . He began the 2005 season 1 -- 3 as a starter , prompting Kelly Holcomb to replace him . Losman would not see action again until Holcomb was injured in Week 10 against the Kansas City Chiefs . He led the Bills to a win in that game , but would again be replaced by Holcomb after losing the next several games . Perhaps the low point of Losman 's season was a 24 -- 23 loss to the Miami Dolphins , a game in which Buffalo led 21 -- 0 and 23 -- 3 , but gave up 21 unanswered points in the 4th quarter . Buffalo 's 2005 campaign resulted in a 5 -- 11 record and the firing of General Manager Tom Donahoe in January 2006 . Marv Levy was named as his replacement , with hopes that he would improve a franchise that failed to make the playoffs during Donahoe 's tenure . That same month , Mike Mularkey resigned as head coach , citing family reasons along with disagreement over the direction of the organization . Dick Jauron was hired as his replacement . 2006 -- 07 ( edit ) Main articles : 2006 Buffalo Bills season and 2007 Buffalo Bills season The Buffalo Bills ' uniforms from 2001 to 2010 . The 2006 and 2007 seasons both brought 7 -- 9 records under Jauron 's coaching , having been eliminated from playoff contention in December in both years . 2006 saw the additions of Donte Whitner , Ko Simpson , Ashton Youboty , Anthony Hargrove and Kyle Williams to the defensive corps while 2007 brought in Trent Edwards to quarterback the offense , rookie first - round draft pick Marshawn Lynch , second - round pick Paul Posluszny , offensive linemen Derrick Dockery and Langston Walker , and backup running back Fred Jackson . J.P. Losman played all 16 games in 2006 but was benched in early 2007 in favor of Edwards . At the end of the 2007 season , Levy retired once again , citing the fact that he had reached the end of his two - year contract . Meanwhile , offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild , a frequent fan target for the Bills ' offensive woes , was hired as head coach of Colorado State University 's football program . Offensive line coach Jim McNally retired shortly after the end of the season . All of those positions were filled from within , with Turk Schonert promoted to offensive coordinator . 2008 -- 09 : Toronto and Terrell Owens ( edit ) 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Buffalo Bills season One of the most notable moves in the league occurred during the 2008 offseason , when league officials approved an October 2007 proposal by Bills owner Ralph Wilson to lease his team to Canadian media mogul Edward S. `` Ted '' Rogers , Jr. to play an annual regular season game and a biennial preseason game in Toronto , Ontario , Canada 's Rogers Centre over the next five years , in exchange for a sum of C $78,000,000 cash . The games began during the 2008 season . Notable additions to the roster for 2008 include linebacker Kawika Mitchell , acquired as a free agent from the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants , and defensive tackle Marcus Stroud , in addition to draft picks , cornerback Leodis McKelvin and wide receiver James Hardy . The Bills started extremely well that season , starting out with a 5 -- 1 record before their bye week and showing promise in Trent Edwards as finally being a capable quarterback for the Bills . However , Edwards suffered a concussion from a huge hit in a game against the Arizona Cardinals . The team then went 2 -- 8 in their last games , earning them another 7 -- 9 record , which then resulted in the longest active streak of missed playoffs at the time . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Buffalo Bills season On March 7 , 2009 the Buffalo Bills made a major splash in the free agency market when it acquired veteran wide receiver Terrell Owens , who had recently been released by the Dallas Cowboys and is known as much for his elaborate touchdown celebrations as he is for his on - the - field play . Owens was signed to a one - year deal . In addition , former starting quarterback J.P. Losman , by this point relegated to third string behind Trent Edwards and Gibran Hamdan , was allowed to become a free agent . In the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft , the Bills selected defensive end / linebacker Aaron Maybin from Penn State with the 11th overall pick and center Eric Wood of Louisville with the 28th overall pick . Buffalo also selected free safety Jarius Byrd of Oregon , guard Andy Levitre of Oregon State , tight end Shawn Nelson of Southern Mississippi , and cornerbacks Cary Harris of USC and Ellis Lankster of West Virginia . As the season began , Terrell Owens proved to disappoint for most of the season , and the offensive line suffered from severe turnover , leading the team to stumble to a 3 -- 6 start , after which the Bills fired head coach Dick Jauron midseason . Overall , Owens ' stats for 2009 were modest : 829 yards and five TDs . The season opener against New England was a loss , although Buffalo 's morale was raised by the fact that it was only by a single point . Other notable games included a 16 -- 13 OT victory over the Jets in Week 6 , and the Week 10 game against Tennessee , where that team 's owner Bud Adams made an obscene gesture at Bills fans and was fined $250,000 . The Week 13 game against the Jets was an international series match held across the border in Toronto . In Week 15 , the Bills hosted New England , but despite optimistic predictions , fell 17 -- 10 , marking the fifth season in a row where they lost both matches against the Patriots . This completely eliminated Buffalo from playoff contention and marked their tenth consecutive season without a playoff appearance . On the season ender , they `` routed '' the 14 -- 1 Indianapolis Colts 30 -- 7 to end the year at 6 -- 10 , however , it should be noted that Peyton Manning was benched early due to this being a meaningless game for the playoff bound Colts . Quarterback Trent Edwards battled injury throughout the whole season , splitting games with back - up Ryan Fitzpatrick , formerly of the Cincinnati Bengals . The Bills were hit with another hard blow when star running back Marshawn Lynch was given a three - game suspension by Commissioner Goodell for pleading guilty to misdemeanor weapons charges . Though back - up running back Fred Jackson did quite well in Lynch 's absence , his performance then hindered on Lynch 's return but he still had a 1,000 - yard rushing season . However , the performance of free Safety Jarius Byrd showed extreme promise as Byrd led the NFL with 9 interceptions and was selected to the 2009 Pro Bowl . 2010 -- 2012 : the buddy Nix era ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Buffalo Bills season Buddy Nix , a former assistant general manager of the San Diego Chargers , was named general manager in the final week of the 2009 season . One of his first personnel moves was to cut ties with Owens ( ironically , a man he had recruited during his time in college football ) . On January 20 , the team named Chan Gailey as head coach . Gailey was previously the offensive coordinator of Kansas City and head coach of Georgia Tech and the Dallas Cowboys , going 8 -- 0 in the division in 1998 , and leading the team to the postseason in both 1998 and 1999 . With the expiration of Terrell Owens ' contract in March 2010 , the Bills chose not to re-sign him . As 2010 began , the Bills lost to Miami at home . After going 0 -- 4 , the Bills released Trent Edwards and named Ryan Fitzpatrick starting quarterback . Despite some close games , they ended up at an 0 -- 8 record before beating Detroit at home in Week 10 . Then came a 49 -- 31 win in Cincinnati and an OT loss to Pittsburgh . The team finished 2010 with a 4 -- 12 record . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Buffalo Bills season The Bills fired Tom Modrak , one of the last connections to the Donahoe era , shortly after the 2011 NFL Draft . As a result of the Bills ' poor play in 2010 , the team earned the third overall selection in said draft , using it to select defensive tackle Marcell Dareus in an effort to improve the team 's long - struggling run defense . Buffalo had an excellent start to 2011 , routing Kansas City 41 -- 7 . The following week , they hosted Oakland and erased a 21 - 3 deficit , winning 38 -- 35 . In week 3 , the Bills hosted the Patriots ; they erased a 21 - 0 Patriots lead and led 31 - 24 in the fourth ; a late Tom Brady touchdown tied the game , but the Bills whipped into range of a last second field goal . The 34 - 31 win ended a 15 - game franchise losing streak spanning 8 years to the Patriots . Despite starting the 2011 season with a 5 -- 2 record , leading the AFC East for several weeks , a wave of injuries to several key starters led to the Bills compiling a 7 - game losing streak , pushing the team out of playoff contention for the twelfth straight year . The losing streak was finally broken with a defeat of the Tim Tebow - led Denver Broncos on Christmas Eve , in a game that had unusually poor attendance . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Buffalo Bills season Following another disappointing season in 2012 where the Bills went 6 - 10 , the Buffalo Bills relieved Chan Gailey and his entire coaching staff of their duties . 2013 -- 2014 : the New Russ Brandon era and the death of Ralph Wilson ( edit ) 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Buffalo Bills season Linebacker Kiko Alonso made a major impact in his 2013 rookie season . On January 1 , 2013 it was announced that Ralph Wilson had `` passed the torch '' to Russ Brandon , and that he would have complete control of football operations . He then served as CEO and President of the team . Early during the morning on January 6 , 2013 it was reported by Adam Schefter that the Buffalo Bills had hired Doug Marrone as their new head coach . In the 2013 NFL Draft the Bills traded back from their 8th pick to the 16th pick and selected quarterback E.J. Manuel out of Florida State . Olympic sprinter Marquise Goodwin and linebacker Kiko Alonso were among the other notable players chosen in the 2013 draft . After the draft , Nix announced his resignation ; Doug Whaley moved into the general manager position . A knee injury to Manuel almost forced the team to start undrafted rookie Jeff Tuel as their opening day starting quarterback ; Manuel nonetheless recovered in time to start week 1 only to injure his other knee a few weeks later , which resulted in the signing of Thad Lewis ( who himself had started a game as an undrafted rookie the previous year with the Cleveland Browns ) . The Bills finished yet again 6 - 10 and missed the playoffs for the 14th consecutive season . 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Buffalo Bills season Owner Ralph Wilson died March 25 , 2014 , at the age of 95 . Wilson 's assets , including the team , were placed into a trust governed by four members : Wilson 's widow , Mary Wilson ; his niece , Mary Owen ; Jeff Littman , the Bills ' chief financial officer ; and Eugene Driker , an attorney . The trust sold the team to Buffalo Sabres owner Terrence Pegula , along with his wife Kim , reportedly for $1.4 billion in cash , which the Wilson trust intends to use as an endowment for charitable causes in Western New York ( and Wilson 's hometown of Detroit ) ; Pegula outbid two other parties , a Toronto - based consortium led by Jon Bon Jovi and a stalking horse bid from Donald Trump ( the latter 's failure was a major factor in Trump 's decision to run for President the next year ) , to secure the team . The deal closed October 10 , 2014 . The Bills finished the 2014 season with a 9 -- 7 record , which broke a league - leading streak of nine consecutive losing seasons . However , they were eliminated from playoff contention after a loss to the Oakland Raiders in the second to last week of the season , which extended their league - leading playoff drought to fifteen seasons . The starting quarterback for most of the 2014 season was Kyle Orton , a last - minute signing who was named starter a month into the regular season . Orton announced his retirement the Monday following the conclusion of the season . 2015 - present : the terry Pegula era ( edit ) 2015 -- 2016 : the Rex Ryan years ( edit ) 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Buffalo Bills season Rex Ryan with the Bills in 2015 . The 2015 season was the first full season for the Bills under the Pegula Family 's ownership . On December 31 , 2014 Doug Marrone chose to opt out of his contract with the Bills . He asked for a contract extension , but his request was denied by Mr. Pegula . On January 11 , 2015 it was reported that Rex Ryan , who had recently been fired from his head coaching job with the New York Jets , would become the next head coach . Ryan was officially named the new head coach the next day , January 12 , 2015 . The day after that , January 13 , 2015 , it was announced that defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz would not be returning for the 2015 season . The team dramatically overhauled its offense in the offseason , bringing in a number of new starters : quarterback Tyrod Taylor , running back LeSean McCoy , fullback Jerome Felton , wide receiver Percy Harvin and tight end Charles Clay . The Bills set a franchise record for season ticket sales for the 2015 season with more than 60,000 season tickets sold . The Rex Ryan hiring has been linked to the high increase in sales . The Bills opened the 2015 season with a 24 - 17 win over the Indianapolis Colts , but faltered ( despite an unsuccessful late - game comeback ) against traditional nemesis New England . Through the first quarter of the season the Bills led the NFL in penalties heading into their Week 5 game against the Tennessee Titans . After being flagged 17 times in Week 4 against the New York Giants , the Bills were penalized only seven times in their 14 - 13 victory over the Titans . In the end , the Bills finished a middling 8 - 8 , missing the playoffs for the 16th consecutive season , the longest active streak in major professional sport ( after the 2015 Toronto Blue Jays broke their then - 22 - year streak ) . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Buffalo Bills season In 2016 Kathryn Smith became the first woman to be a full - time coach in the NFL , when she was hired by the Bills as a special teams quality control coach . The start of the 2016 season was marred by long - term injuries to both of the team 's top draft picks , first - rounder Shaq Lawson and second - rounder Reggie Ragland ( who will miss his entire rookie season ) . On December 27 , 2016 , Rex Ryan was fired after compiling 15 - 16 record in 2 seasons along with his brother Rob which made the Bills the third team in the NFL to fire a coach in - season ( along with the Los Angeles Rams and Jacksonville Jaguars who both fired Jeff Fisher and Gus Bradley ) , Anthony Lynn was promoted to interim coach . After winning four straight games from weeks 3 - 6 , they only won three more games to finish 7 - 9 . 2017 -- present : the Sean McDermott years ( edit ) 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Buffalo Bills season On January 11 , 2017 , Sean McDermott was hired as the head coach of the Buffalo Bills . McDermott had previously spent the past six seasons as the defensive coordinator of the Carolina Panthers . Future ( edit ) As of 2016 , the Buffalo Bills are the only team in the National Football League to have not yet made the playoffs in the 21st century . Heading into that season , the playoff drought stands at 16 seasons , the longest active droughts in the league ( the Bills ' streak of nine consecutive losing seasons , also a high among active streaks , was broken in 2014 ) . In addition , the Bills have suffered attendance problems at Ralph Wilson Stadium , particularly in the later portions of the season , when Buffalo 's weather declines and the team usually falls out of playoff contention . Of the fourteen home games at Ralph Wilson Stadium in 2010 and 2011 , six were blacked out due to the failure to sell out , and a seventh very narrowly avoided the same fate . Christmas Eve games in 2006 and 2011 were particularly poorly attended , with only 45,000 in attendance at the 2011 contest , an estimated half of which were fans of the opposing team . The attendance problems have largely been mitigated since the arrival of Ryan and the Pegulas . On December 21 , 2012 Team CEO Russ Brandon , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo , and Erie County Executive Mark Poloncarz announced a new 10 - year lease for Ralph Wilson Stadium . Included in the terms are $130 million in renovations and a $400 million buyout to move the team out of Buffalo ( in addition to the NFL re-locating fee ) . The lease will include the team paying for part of the renovations for the first time . The deal also calls for a committee to explore building a new stadium in the Buffalo vicinity , a proposal the Pegulas have put on hold . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20121026074333/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1134343/index.htm . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Buffalo News 10 / 17 / 59 - Buffalo News 10 / 24 / 59 - Buffalo Bills Media Guide , 1960 - NY Journal 8 / 22 / 60 - Buffalo Bills Media Guide 1964 . Jump up ^ `` The Buffalo Bills Barbershop Quartet '' . Primarily A Cappella . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bills may move team to Seattle '' . Spartanburg ( SC ) Herald . Associated Press . January 13 , 1971 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis , Tampa express interest in Buffalo Bills '' . Spartanburg ( SC ) Herald . Associated Press . January 15 , 1971 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143229/http://www.billszone.com/mtlog/archives/2004/01/01/1989_buffalo_bills_bickering_bills.php . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090202123027/http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/sports2000/moments/011899.html . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Four Falls of Buffalo '' . 30 for 30 . Season 3 . 2015 - 12 - 12 . ESPN . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070312040731/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/6908433 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Koshinski , Bob ( May 5 , 2014 ) . Perspective Buffalo Bills ' Owner Needs 3 Trustee Votes For Winning Bid . WBBZ - TV . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.buffalobills.com/news/article-1/Mary-Wilson-becomes-controlling-owner-of-the-Buffalo-Bills/7627d029-46a4-416e-af98-b83b955dfec1 Jump up ^ http://www.buffalobills.com/news/article-1/Wilson-trust-reaches-definitive-agreement-with-Pegula-family/b00d5820-fe52-4255-a2f5-50943235f6e9 Jump up ^ http://gazette.com/ap-source-pegulas-bid-1.4-billion-to-buy-bills/article/feed/155375 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Rex Ryan breaks his ' Yes sir ' wristband after giving them to players '' . ESPN . October 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Smith hired by Bills as NFL 's first full - time female coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Breech ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Bills tap Panthers defensive coordinator Sean McDermott as next head coach '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Precious , Tom ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Bills agree to lease deal with $130 million in stadium upgrades '' . Buffalo News . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Buffalo Bills -- Official Site Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Buffalo Bills ( unofficial ) Bills Toronto Series Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right Music City Miracle Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct Teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Buffalo_Bills&oldid=808797222 '' Categories : Buffalo Bills National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 06 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the buffalo bills lose the superbowl to	[]	[]
2016497229402021037	List of Vice-Presidents of India	List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia List of Vice-Presidents of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents . Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office Timeline See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=862937046 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the only second vice president of india to have worked under three different president	[ "\n\n\n№\n\nName(birth–death)\n\nPortrait\n\nElected(% votes)\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nTerm (in years)\n\nNotes\n\nPresident(s)\n\nCandidate of\n\n\n1\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)\n\n\n\n1952(Unopposed)\n\n1957(Unopposed)\n\n\n13 May 1952\n\n12 May 1962\n\n10\n\nRadhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n2\n\nZakir Husain (1897–1969)\n\n\n\n1962(97.59)\n\n13 May 1962\n\n12 May 1967\n\n5\n\n\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n3\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)\n\n\n\n1967(71.45)\n\n13 May 1967\n\n3 May 1969\n\n2\n\n\n\nZakir Husain\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n4\n\nGopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)\n\n\n\n1969—\n\n31 August 1969\n\n30 August 1974\n\n5\n\n\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)\n\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n5\n\nBasappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)\n\n\n\n1974(78.70)\n\n31 August 1974\n\n30 August 1979\n\n5\n\n\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977) \n Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n6\n\nMohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)\n\n\n\n1979(Unopposed)\n\n31 August 1979\n\n30 August 1984\n\n5\n\n\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982) \n Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n7\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)\n\n\n\n1984(71.05)\n\n31 August 1984\n\n24 July 1987\n\n3\n\n\n\nGiani Zail Singh\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n8\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)\n\n\n\n1987(Unopposed)\n\n3 September 1987\n\n24 July 1992\n\n5\n\n\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n9\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)\n\n\n\n1992(99.86)\n\n21 August 1992\n\n24 July 1997\n\n5\n\n\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n10\n\nKrishan Kant(1927–2002)\n\n\n\n1997(61.76)\n\n21 August 1997\n\n27 July 2002\n\n4\n\n\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)\n A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)\n\n \n\nJanata Dal\n\n\n11\n\nBhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)\n\n\n\n2002(59.82)\n\n19 August 2002\n\n21 July 2007\n\n5\n\n\n\nA. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n12\n\nMohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)\n\n\n\n2007(60.51)\n2012(67.31)\n\n11 August 2007\n\n11 August 2017\n\n10\n\n\n\nPratibha Patil (2007–2012)\n Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)\n Ram Nath Kovind (2017)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n13\n\nMuppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)\n\n\n\n2017(67.89)\n\n11 August 2017\n\nIncumbent\n\n—\n\n\n\nRam Nath Kovind\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n" ]	[ "Mohammad Hamid Ansari" ]
-3622558575952690744	Patriot (American Revolution)	Patriot ( American Revolution ) - wikipedia Patriot ( American Revolution ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Patriots in the American Revolution . For other uses , see Patriot ( disambiguation ) . The Spirit of ' 76 ( originally entitled Yankee Doodle ) , painted by Archibald Willard in the late nineteenth century , an iconic image relating to the patriotic sentiment surrounding the American Revolutionary War Patriots ( also known as Revolutionaries , Continentals , Rebels , or American Whigs ) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation . Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism , as expressed by spokesmen such as Thomas Jefferson , John Adams and Thomas Paine . They were opposed by the Loyalists who instead supported continued British rule . As a group , Patriots represented a wide array of social , economic and ethnic backgrounds . They included lawyers like John Adams and Alexander Hamilton ; planters like Thomas Jefferson and George Mason ; merchants like Alexander McDougall and John Hancock ; and ordinary farmers like Daniel Shays and Joseph Plumb Martin . Patriots also included slaves and freemen such as Crispus Attucks , a free man and the first martyr of the American Revolution ; James Armistead Lafayette , who served as a double agent for the Continental Army ; and Jack Sisson , who , under the command of Colonel William Barton , was leader of the first successful black operation mission in American history , resulting in the capture of British General Richard Prescott . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terms 2 Influence 3 Motivations 4 No taxation without representation 5 Geographic distribution 6 List of prominent Patriots 6.1 Statesmen and office holders 6.2 Pamphleteers and activists 6.3 Military officers 6.4 African - American Patriots 6.5 Native American Patriots 7 References 8 Bibliography Terms ( edit ) The critics of British rule called themselves `` Whigs '' after 1768 , identifying with members of the British Whig party ( including the Radical Whigs and Patriot Whigs ) , who favored similar colonial policies . The Oxford English Dictionary 's third definition of `` Patriot '' is `` A person actively opposing enemy forces occupying his or her country ; a member of a resistance movement , a freedom fighter . Originally used of those who opposed and fought the British in the American War of Independence . '' The earliest citation is a 1773 letter by Benjamin Franklin . In Britain at the time , `` patriot '' had a negative connotation , and was used , says Samuel Johnson , as a negative epithet for `` a factious disturber of the government . '' Prior to the Revolution , colonists who supported British authority called themselves Tories or royalists , identifying with the political philosophy then dominant in Great Britain , traditionalist conservatism . During the Revolution , these persons became known primarily as Loyalists . Afterward , many emigrated north to the remaining British territories in what is now modern Canada . There they called themselves the United Empire Loyalists . Influence ( edit ) Many Patriots were active before 1775 in groups such as the Sons of Liberty . The most prominent leaders of the Patriots are referred to today by Americans as the Founding Fathers . The Patriots came from many different backgrounds . Among the most active of the Patriots group were highly educated and fairly wealthy individuals . However , without the support of the ordinary men and women , such as farmers , lawyers , merchants , seamstresses , homemakers , shopkeepers , and ministers , the struggle for independence would have failed . Historian Robert Calhoon said the consensus of historians is that between 40 and 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , between 15 and 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . With a white population of about 2.5 million , that makes about 380,000 to 500,000 Loyalists . The great majority of them remained in America , since only about 80,000 Loyalists left the United States 1775 -- 1783 . They went to Canada , Britain , Florida or the West Indies , but some eventually returned . Motivations ( edit ) To understand how people made the choice between being a Patriot or a Loyalist , historians have compared the motivations and personalities of leading men on each side . Labaree ( 1948 ) has identified eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups . Psychologically , Loyalists were older , better established , and more likely to resist innovation than the Patriots . Loyalists said the Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen . Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position , while those who applauded were being Patriots . Most men who wanted to find a compromise solution wound up on the Loyalist side , while the proponents of immediate action became Patriots . Merchants in the port cities with long - standing financial and sentimental attachments to the Empire were likely to remain loyal to the system , while few Patriots were so deeply enmeshed in the system . Some Loyalists were procrastinators who believed that independence was bound to come some day , but wanted to postpone the moment ; the Patriots wanted to seize the moment . Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule ; Patriots made a systematic effort to use and control mob violence . Finally , Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the Patriots ' confidence that independence lay ahead . No taxation without representation ( edit ) The Patriot faction came to reject taxes imposed by legislatures in which the tax - payer was not represented . `` No taxation without representation '' was their slogan , referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament . The British countered there was `` virtual representation '' , that is , all members of Parliament represented the interests of all the citizens of the British Empire . Though some Patriots declared that they were loyal to the king , they believed that the assemblies should control policy relating to the colonies . They should be able to run their own affairs . In fact , they had been running their own affairs since the period of `` salutary neglect '' before the French and Indian War . Some radical Patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers , making those positions dangerous ; the practice was especially prevalent in Boston , where many Patriots lived , but was curbed there sooner than elsewhere . Geographic distribution ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Due to the large geographical spread of the British colonies as well as the large degree of ethnic diversity within them , support for the patriot cause was not equal in all areas . One group that was particularly in favor of severing ties with Britain included most of the descendants of the original Puritan settlers of Massachusetts . The merchants of Boston , led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock , were particularly zealous in their revolutionary sentiment . Other major patriot groups included Virginia planters ( who were disgruntled by British officials looking down on them as inferior provincials and afraid of what they saw as the British government taking steps to abolish slavery ) and Scots - Irish , English , and German - origin back - country farmers ( who resented British attempts to control their expansion into the Ohio River valley ) . In general , people who had been long - established in the colonies tended to favor the revolutionary cause , while recent emigrants remained loyal to the crown . List of prominent Patriots ( edit ) Most of the individuals listed below served the American Revolution in multiple capacities . Statesmen and office holders ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson John Adams John Hancock John Jay John Dickinson Benjamin Franklin Richard Henry Lee Jonathan Shipley William Paca James Madison Alexander Hamilton Pamphleteers and activists ( edit ) Samuel Adams Alexander Hamilton William Molineux Timothy Matlack Thomas Paine Paul Revere Patrick Henry Samuel Prescott Molly Pitcher Roger Sherman Philip Mazzei Elkanah Watson Military officers ( edit ) See also : Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War Nathanael Greene Nathan Hale Francis Marion Andrew Pickens Daniel Morgan James Mitchell Varnum Joseph Bradley Varnum George Washington John Paul Jones Thomas Sumter Francis Vigo Elijah Isaacs Benedict Arnold ( defected ) Charles Lee Daniel Shays African - American Patriots ( edit ) See also : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Crispus Attucks Peter Salem Jack Sisson James Armistead Lafayette 1st Rhode Island Regiment William Flora Saul Matthews Prince Whipple Salem Poor Native American Patriots ( edit ) Main articles : Saratoga campaign , Battle of Oriskany , and Stockbridge Militia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Patriot '' in Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed. online 2011 ) . accessed 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Allen , Tories : Fighting for the King in America 's First Civil War ( 2011 ) p. xviii Jump up ^ John Adams has sometimes been cited as having claimed , in an 1813 letter , that one - third of Americans supported the revolution and one - third were against . However , the passage in question actually refers to the French Revolution of 1789 . Robert D. Marcus ( 1971 ) . The American Scene : Varieties of American History . p. 147 . Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ See also N.E.H. Hull , Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen , `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 65 , No. 2 ( Sept. 1978 ) , pp. 344 -- 66 in JSTOR Jump up ^ The most in - depth study of the Patriot psychology is Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace , `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation , '' Perspectives in American History , ( 1972 ) vol. 6 pp. 167 -- 306 Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin , `` Tar and Feathers in Revolutionary America , '' ( 2003 ) Archived 2010 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliography ( edit ) Ellis , Joseph J ... Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation ( 2002 ) , Pulitzer Prize Kann , Mark E. ; The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy , ( 1999 ) online version Middlekauff , Robert ; The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 - 1789 ( 2005 ) online version Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) online version Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 - 1783 , ( 1948 ) online version Previdi , Robert ; `` Vindicating the Founders : Race , Sex , Class , and Justice in the Origins of America , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 29 , 1999 Rakove , Jack . Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Raphael , Ray . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence ( 2002 ) Roberts , Cokie . Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_(American_Revolution)&oldid=834285275 '' Categories : Patriots in the American Revolution People of the American Revolution Native Americans in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did patriots do in the revolutionary war	[]	[]
-8466219571059249481	Paytm	Paytm - Wikipedia Paytm Not to be confused with Paym . Paytm Type of business Private Type of site E-commerce Founded Headquarters Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India Area served India , Canada Founder ( s ) Vijay Shekhar Sharma Key people Vijay Shekhar Sharma ( CEO ) Industry Internet Products Paytm Mall Paytm Payments Bank Paytm Money Paytm Gamepind Services Online shopping , payment systems , digital wallets Revenue ₹ 814 crore ( US $110 million ) ( FY 2017 ) Parent One97 Communications Ltd Website paytm.com Paytm is an Indian e-commerce payment system and digital wallet company , based out of NOIDA SEZ , India . Paytm is available in 10 Indian languages and offers online use - cases like mobile recharges , utility bill payments , travel , movies , and events bookings as well as in - store payments at grocery stores , fruits and vegetable shops , restaurants , parking , tolls , pharmacies and education institutions with the Paytm QR code . California based PayPal had filed a case against Paytm in the Indian trademark office for using a logo similar to its own on 18 November 2016 . As of January 2018 , Paytm is valued at $10 billion . As per the company , over 7 million merchants across India use this QR code to accept payments directly into their bank account . The company also uses advertisements and paid promotional content to generate revenues . Contents 1 History 2 Funding 3 Investments and acquisitions 4 Marketing 5 Paytm Payments Bank 6 Paytm Mall 7 Automated Tax payments 8 Awards and recognition 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Paytm founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma Paytm was founded in August 2010 with an initial investment of $2 million by its founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma in NOIDA , a region adjacent to India 's capital New Delhi . It started off as a prepaid mobile and DTH recharge platform , and later added data card , postpaid mobile and landline bill payments in 2013 . By January 2014 , the company launched the Paytm Wallet , and the Indian Railways and Uber added it as a payment option . It launched into E-commerce with online deals and bus ticketing . In 2015 , it unveiled more use - cases like education fees , metro recharges , electricity , gas , and water bill payments . It also started powering the payment gateway for Indian Railways . In 2016 , Paytm launched movies , events and amusement parks ticketing as well as flight ticket bookings and Paytm QR . Later that year , it launched rail bookings and gift cards . Paytm 's registered user base grew from 11.8 million in August 2014 to 104 million in August 2015 . Its travel business crossed $500 million in annualised GMV run rate , while booking 2 million tickets per month . In 2017 , Paytm became India 's first payment app to cross over 100 million app downloads . The same year , it launched Paytm Gold , a product that allowed users to buy as little as ₹ 1 of pure gold online . It also launched the Paytm Payments Bank and ' Inbox ' , a messaging platform with in - chat payments among other products . By 2018 , it started allowing merchants to accept Paytm , UPI and Card payments directly into their bank accounts at 0 % charge . It also launched the ' Paytm for Business ' app , allowing merchants to track their payments and day - to - day settlements instantly . This led its merchant base to grow to more than 7 million by March 2018 . The company launched two new wealth management products - Paytm Gold Savings Plan and Gold Gifting to simplify long - term savings . It launched into gaming and investments , partnering with AGTech to launch a mobile games platform Gamepind , and setting up Paytm Money with an investment of Rs. 9 Crores to bring investment and wealth management products for the Indians . Funding ( edit ) In 2007 , Paytm 's parent One97 Communications Ltd. got its first institutional investor , venture capital firm SAIF Partners . In March 2015 , Paytm received its funding from Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group based in Hangzhou , China , after Ant Financial Services Group , an Alibaba Group affiliate , took 25 % stake in One97 as part of a strategic agreement . Soon after , it received backing from Ratan Tata , the MD of Tata sons . It subsequently launched a ' Paytm for Business ' app in 10 regional languages of India , allowing these merchants to track their payments and day - to - day settlements conveniently . In August 2015 , the Reserve Bank of India granted ' in - principle ' approval for Payments Bank to Paytm . In 2017 , the company launched the Paytm Payments Bank with the aim to bring banking and financial services access to half - a-billion un-served and under - served Indians . The same year , Paytm launched an app for Canadian mobile phone , cable , Internet , electricity and water bill payments . In 2018 , it set up Paytm Money to build investment and wealth management offerings for its users . This business was expected to bring direct mutual funds and money - market funds to the Indian masses . In August 2016 , Paytm raised funding from Mountain Capital , one of Taiwan - based MediaTek 's investment funds at a valuation of over $5 billion . In May 2017 , Paytm received its biggest round of funding by a single investor -- SoftBank which also has a large stake in Alibaba , thus bringing the company 's valuation to an estimated $10 billion . In August 2018 , Berkshire Hathaway invested $356 million for 3 % - 4 % stake in Paytm , although Berkshire Hathaway confirmed that Warren Buffett was not involved in the transaction . Investments and acquisitions ( edit ) In 2013 , Paytm acquired Plustxt for around $2 million . Plustxt was started by IIT Graduates Pratyush Prasanna , Parag Arora , Lokesh Chauhan and Lohit V that allowed fast texting messaging in any Indian Language . In 2015 , Paytm invested $5 million in auto - rickshaw aggregator and hyperlocal delivery firm Jugnoo . The funds were meant to enable Jugnoo to scale up its operations across the country , and improve its driver efficiency . It also acquired Delhi - based consumer behaviour prediction platform Shifu and local services startup Near.in . In 2016 , Paytm invested in logistics startups LogiNext and XpressBees . In April 2017 , Paytm invested in healthcare startup QorQL which uses artificial intelligence ( AI ) and big data to help doctors improve their productivity and quality of care , and enable patients to manage their health better . In July 2017 , it acquired a majority stake in online ticketing and events platform Insider.in , backed by event management company Only Much Louder ( OML ) and mobile loyalty startup MobiQuest . The same year , Paytm acquired Little & Nearbuy , and merged both . In June 2018 the company acquired the startup Cube26 . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2015 , One97 Communications , the firm that owns the brand Paytm , acquired the title sponsorship rights for India 's domestic and international cricket matches at home for a period of four years starting in August 2015 . The rights include sponsor branding of series with the title sponsor logo , designation as the title sponsor of the series , visibility at the stadium , and broadcast sponsorship rights . This also includes all BCCI domestic ( Ranji Trophy , Duleep Trophy etc . ) matches in India . Previously , Paytm had acquired sponsorship rights during the 8th season of Indian Premier League . It has also served as an associate sponsor on Sony TV network ( which has the telecast rights for IPL ) and was the official partner of the IPL team Mumbai Indians . In March 2018 , Paytm became the Umpire Partner of the IPL for five years . Paytm payments Bank ( edit ) In August 2015 , Paytm received a license from Reserve Bank of India to launch a payments bank . The Paytm Payments Bank is a separate entity in which founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma will hold 51 % share , One97 Communications holds 39 % and 10 % will be held by a subsidiary of One97 and Sharma . The bank was officially inaugurated in November 2017 by the Indian Finance Minister , Arun Jaitley . The inauguration ceremony featured prominent banking personalities including former RBI Executive Director PV Bhaskar , Saama Capital Director Ash Lilani and former Shriram Group Director GS Sundarajan . Vijay Shekhar Sharma and Renu Satti ( resigned ) ( CEO -- Paytm Payments Bank ) are the other directors of Paytm Payments Bank . It is set to launch over 100,000 banking outlets across India by end of 2018 . Paytm Payments Bank has appointed veteran banker Satish Kumar Gupta as its new Managing Director and CEO . Paytm Mall ( edit ) In February 2017 , Paytm launched its Paytm Mall app , which allows consumers to shop from 1.4 lakh registered sellers . Paytm mall is B2C model inspired by model of China 's largest B2C retail platform TMall . For 1.4 lakh sellers registered products have to pass through , Paytm - certified warehouses and channels to ensure consumer trust . Paytm mall has set up 17 fulfillment centres across India and partnered with 40 + couriers . Paytm Mall raised $200 million from Alibaba Group and SAIF Partners in March , 2018 . Automated tax payments ( edit ) Paytm has integrated functionality into its system , allowing for tax payments to be processed and then analysed by the NIC at eTaal Government Service . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Outstanding Startup of the Year Award at Forbes Leadership Awards 2016 See also ( edit ) EBS , India ` s second - largest payment gateway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paytm revenue stood at Rs 814 crore in FY17 Jump up ^ `` Paytm promotes SVP Kiran Vasireddy to the position of COO '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PayPal filed case against Paytm on 18 November 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Paytm valuation pegged at $10 billion after secondary share sale '' , Live Mint , January 2018 Jump up ^ Bhakta , Pratik ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Paytm transactions reportedly grew four-fold to $20 billion in February '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The inspiring journey of Paytm Founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma '' . Paytm Blog. 2017 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm 's big day : railway ticketing platform IRCTC adds Paytm wallet as a payment option '' . Techcircle . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm is now powering IRCTC 's Payment Gateway '' . The Financial Express . 2016 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Paytm enters online movie ticketing '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sahay , Priyanka ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Paytm launches QR code payment option for wallet app '' . livemint.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Now You Can Book Train Tickets Using Paytm '' . NDTV Gadgets360.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chaturvedi , Anumeha ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Paytm bets on local travel boom , eyes 3-fold business growth '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2017 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Paytm exceeds 100 million downloads on Google Play Store '' . BGR India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Buy , sell gold instantly on Paytm '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arun Jaitley launches Paytm Payments Bank '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm Payments Bank Officially Launched ; CEO Outlines Growth Path '' . NDTV Gadgets360.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm launches ' Inbox ' messaging platform with ability to send or request money and share multimedia messages - Technology News , Firstpost '' . Tech2 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Paytm ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Now , existing & new Merchants can accept Paytm , UPI & Card payments directly into their Bank ... '' . Paytm Blog . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm QR now allows merchants to accept Paytm , UPI and Card payments directly into bank account at 0 % charge TMS News '' . TMS News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : www.ETtech.com . `` Paytm launches business app on Android for its merchants - ETtech '' . ETtech.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Savings are now simpler -- Introducing Gold Savings Plan & Gold Gifting '' . Paytm Blog. 2018 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Paytm launches two new services under wealth management offering '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ www.ETtech.com . `` Paytm , AGTech launch mobile gaming platform Gamepind - ETtech '' . ETtech.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Choudhury , Karan ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Paytm to launch mutual funds , insurance , banking services via payments bank '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` We have set up Paytm Money to focus on Investment and Wealth Management '' . Paytm Blog. 2018 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm Money gets ₹ 9 crore from parent One97 '' . TimesOfIndia . Jump up ^ `` Alibaba enters India 's e-commerce space with 25 % stake in Paytm owner One97 '' . Paytm Blog. 2015 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Vardhan , Jai ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Paytm secures funding from Ratan Tata , plans to have 100M wallet users by year end '' . Your Story . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Paytm Along With 10 Others Receive License From RBI To Set Up Payments Banks - Inc42 Media '' . Inc42 Media . 2015 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , Payal ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Paytm launches its digital wallet play in Canada '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm appoints Amit Sinha as COO of commerce biz '' . The Times of India . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ANI ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Paytm receives investment from Mountain Capital '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chanchani , Madhav ; Variyar , Mugdha ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Paytm raises $1.4 billion from Softbank , valuation jumps to over $8 billion '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Saheli Roy ( 2018 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Berkshire Hathaway buys a stake in India 's largest digital payments company '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hunnicutt , Trevor . `` Berkshire Hathaway buys stake in India 's Paytm '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Philipose , Mobis ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Warren Buffett 's Paytm bet is actually not that big a deal '' . LiveMint . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One97 acquires cross-messaging platform Plustxt for under $2 M '' . Techcircle. 2013 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Poovanna , Sharan ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Jugnoo raises $10 million in funding round led by Paytm '' . livemint.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm Acquires Personal Assistant App Shifu To Improve Its Artificial Intelligence Tech -- TechCrunch '' . techcrunch.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gooptu , Biswarup ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Paytm acquires Near.in to strengthen its presence in online - to - offline space '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm to replicate Alibaba 's logistics strategy with LogiNext '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm Backs AI And Big Data Driven Healthtech Startup QorQL - Inc42 Media '' . Inc42 Media . 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ www.ETtech.com . `` Paytm acquires majority stake in online ticketing platform Insider.in for around Rs 35 cr - ETtech '' . ETtech.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Nearbuy and Little merge to create India 's largest discovery and deals platform for local ... '' . Paytm Blog. 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ TNN ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Paytm acquires Flipkart - backed startup Cube26 '' . Times of India . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Malvania , Urvi ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Paytm bags 4 - yr BCCI title sponsorship for Rs 203 cr '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI Announces Paytm as Official Umpire Partner for IPL '' . News18. 2018 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Paytm Payments Bank to open 100,000 Paytm Ka ATM outlets , set to invest Rs 3,000 cr '' . The Financial Express . 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Paytm crosses 200 million users ; launches Paytm Mall app '' . Moneycontrol . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Chhavi ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Hoping for a different outcome , Paytm Mall has a different strategy to do business '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Winners : Forbes India Leadership Awards 2016 Forbes India '' . Forbes India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . 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-3115325918568130177	United States Bill of Rights	United States Bill of Rights - wikipedia United States Bill of Rights Jump to : navigation , search United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25 , 1789 Ratified December 15 , 1791 Location National Archives Author ( s ) James Madison This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the often bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification . On June 8 , 1789 , Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the Constitution in the House of Representatives . Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One , Section 9 . Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments . Ultimately , on September 25 , 1789 , Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution , each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph , and submitted them to the states for ratification . Contrary to Madison 's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution , they were proposed as supplemental additions ( codicils ) to it . Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15 , 1791 , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution . Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , as the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Article One is technically still pending before the states . Although Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s , following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment . Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments . The process is known as incorporation . There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence . One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention 1.2 The Anti-Federalists 1.3 The Federalists 1.4 Massachusetts compromise 2 Proposal and ratification 2.1 Anticipating amendments 2.2 Crafting amendments 2.3 Ratification process 3 Application and text 3.1 First Amendment 3.2 Second Amendment 3.3 Third Amendment 3.4 Fourth Amendment 3.5 Fifth Amendment 3.6 Sixth Amendment 3.7 Seventh Amendment 3.8 Eighth Amendment 3.9 Ninth Amendment 3.10 Tenth Amendment 4 Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Philadelphia convention Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution , the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781 . However , the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states . The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded . The convention took place from May 14 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles , the intention of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House , and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention . The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation . Thomas Jefferson , who was Minister to France during the convention , characterized the delegates as an assembly of `` demi - gods . '' Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention . On September 12 , George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion . However , the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion . Madison , then an opponent of a Bill of Rights , later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights `` parchment barriers '' that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny . Another delegate , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous , because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist ; Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84 . Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution , their motion -- introduced five days before the end of the convention -- may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic . The quick rejection of this motion , however , later endangered the entire ratification process . Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as `` a political blunder of the first magnitude '' while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it `` the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification '' . Thirty - nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution . Thirteen delegates left before it was completed , and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it : Mason , Gerry , and Edmund Randolph of Virginia . Afterward , the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates , chosen in each State by the people , for their assent and ratification . The Anti-Federalists On June 5 , 1788 , Patrick Henry spoke before Virginia 's ratification convention in opposition to the Constitution . Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote , We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution . He continued with this observation : Ought not a government , vested with such extensive and indefinite authority , to have been restricted by a declaration of rights ? It certainly ought . So clear a point is this , that I can not help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States , are wilfully endeavoring to deceive , and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage . The Federalists Supporters of the Constitution , known as Federalists , opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period , in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create . Madison argued against such an inclusion , suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty , in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays promoting the Federalist position . Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84 , stating that `` the constitution is itself in every rational sense , and to every useful purpose , a bill of rights . '' He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights , making protections unnecessary : `` Here , in strictness , the people surrender nothing , and as they retain everything , they have no need of particular reservations . '' Patrick Henry criticized the Federalist point of view , writing that the legislature must be firmly informed `` of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty , they will assume rather than give up powers by implication . '' Other anti-Federalists pointed out that earlier political documents , in particular the Magna Carta , had protected specific rights . In response , Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different : Bills of rights are in their origin , stipulations between kings and their subjects , abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege , reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince . Such was the Magna Charta , obtained by the Barons , swords in hand , from King John . Massachusetts compromise Main article : Massachusetts Compromise George Washington 's 1788 letter to the Marquis de Lafayette observed , `` the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto ; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations . '' Source : Library of Congress In December 1787 and January 1788 , five states -- Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia , and Connecticut -- ratified the Constitution with relative ease , though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated . In contrast to its predecessors , the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious , at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak . The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments . The convention 's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases , which would form part of the Fifth Amendment , and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government , which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment . Following Massachusetts ' lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress , twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states ' rights . The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade . A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying . Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established . The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states . Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it . Following contentious battles in several states , the proposed Constitution reached that nine - state ratification plateau in June 1788 . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year . On March 4 , 1789 , the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating . Proposal and ratification Anticipating amendments James Madison , primary author and chief advocate for the Bill of Rights in the First Congress The 1st United States Congress , which met in New York City 's Federal Hall , was a triumph for the Federalists . The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists , both from Virginia . The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists , the latter of whom were from only four states : Massachusetts , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison , Patrick Henry 's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle . In retaliation for Madison 's victory in that battle at Virginia 's ratification convention , Henry and other Anti-Federalists , who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates , had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison 's planned congressional run and recruited Madison 's future presidential successor , James Monroe , to oppose him . Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments forming a bill of rights at the First Congress . Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution , Madison had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates . By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress , he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might , it was feared , undo the difficult compromises of 1787 , and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration , thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government . Writing to Jefferson , he stated , `` The friends of the Constitution , some from an approbation of particular amendments , others from a spirit of conciliation , are generally agreed that the System should be revised . But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty . '' He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would `` give to the Government its due popularity and stability '' . Finally , he hoped that the amendments `` would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion '' . Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary , and to what degree he considered them politically expedient ; in the outline of his address , he wrote , `` Bill of Rights -- useful -- not essential -- '' . On the occasion of his April 30 , 1789 inauguration as the nation 's first president , George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution . He urged the legislators , whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience ; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen , and a regard for public harmony , will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question , how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Crafting amendments James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration . Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble . Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government . Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress . Like Washington , Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution `` a moderate one '' , limited to protecting individual rights . Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments . The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury , for example , while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms ( although this applied only to Protestants ) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The greatest influence on Madison 's text , however , was existing state constitutions . Many of his amendments , including his proposed new preamble , were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776 . To reduce future opposition to ratification , Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states . He did provide one , however , that no state had requested : `` No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for , one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions . James Madison 's proposed amendments to the Constitution : First . That there be prefixed to the constitution a declaration that all power is originally vested in , and consequently derived from the people . That government is instituted , and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people ; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the right of acquiring and using property , and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . That the people have an indubitable , unalienable , and indefeasible right to reform or change their government , whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution . Secondly . That in article 1st , section 2 , clause 3 , these words be struck out , to wit : `` The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand , but each State shall have at least one Representative , and until such enumeration shall be made ; '' and in place thereof be inserted these words , to wit : `` After the first actual enumeration , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number amounts to -- , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that the number shall never be less than -- , nor more than -- , but each State shall , after the first enumeration , have at least two Representatives ; and prior thereto . '' Thirdly . That in article 2nd , section 6 , clause 1 , there be added to the end of the first sentence , these words , to wit , `` But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of representatives . '' Fourthly . That in article 2nd , section 9 , between clauses 3 and 4 , be inserted these clauses , to wit , The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience by in any manner , or on any pretext infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good , nor from applying to the legislature by petitions , or remonstrances for redress of their grievances . The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed , and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor at any time , but in a manner warranted by law . No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment , or one trial for the same office ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without a just compensation . Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The rights of the people to be secured in their persons , their houses , their papers , and their other property from all unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause , supported by oath or affirmation , or not particularly describing the places to be searched , or the persons or things to be seized . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation , to be confronted with his accusers , and the witnesses against him ; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense . The exceptions here or elsewhere in the constitution , made in favor of particular rights , shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people ; or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the constitution ; but either as actual limitations of such powers , or as inserted merely for greater caution . Fifthly . That in article 2nd , section 10 , between clauses 1 and 2 , be inserted this clause , to wit : No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases Sixthly . That article 3rd , section 2 , be annexed to the end of clause 2nd , these words to wit : but no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to -- dollars : nor shall any fact triable by jury , according to the course of common law , be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law . Seventhly . That in article 3rd , section 2 , the third clause be struck out , and in its place be inserted the classes following , to wit : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites ; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary , provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State , as near as may be to the seat of the offence . In cases of crimes committed not within any county , the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed . In suits at common law , between man and man , the trial by jury , as one of the best securities to the rights of the people , ought to remain inviolate . Eighthly . That immediately after article 6th , be inserted , as article 7th , the clauses following , to wit : The powers delegated by this constitution , are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed : so that the legislative department shall never exercise the powers vested in the executive or judicial ; nor the executive exercise the powers vested in the legislative or judicial ; nor the judicial exercise the powers vested in the legislative or executive departments . The powers not delegated by this constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states , are reserved to the States respectively . Ninthly . That article 7th , be numbered as article 8th . Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison 's proposal , fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government . The House , unlike the Senate , was open to the public , and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged `` dissection of the constitution '' before the galleries could shake public confidence . A procedural battle followed , and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision , the House agreed to take Madison 's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21 , 1789 . The eleven - member committee made some significant changes to Madison 's nine proposed amendments , including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase `` freedom of speech , and of the press '' . The House debated the amendments for eleven days . Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution 's end so that the document would `` remain inviolate '' , rather than adding them throughout , as Madison had proposed . The amendments , revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen , were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24 , 1789 . The Senate edited these amendments still further , making 26 changes of its own . Madison 's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated , and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve , which were approved on September 9 , 1789 . The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison 's proposed changes to the preamble . On September 21 , 1789 , a House -- Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued this report , which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider . This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25 , 1789 , to be forwarded to the states on September 28 . By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done , many personal opinions had shifted . A number of Federalists came out in support , thus silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective critique . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , were now opposed , realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that `` there is no question that it was Madison 's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights . '' ( hide ) Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25 , 1789 Ratification Status First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first Article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred ; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand , until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred , to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . Pending : Congressional Apportionment Amendment Second Article : No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Third Amendment Seventh Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fourth Amendment Eighth Article : No person shall be subject , except in case of impeachment , to more than one trial , or one punishment for the same offense , nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia , when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witnesses against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Sixth Amendment Tenth Article : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger ) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accostomed ( sic ) requisites ; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherways ( sic ) infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury ; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . ( see Seventh Article above ) Eleventh Article : No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States , shall be allowed , where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars , nor shall any fact , triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law , be otherwise re-examinable , than according to the rules of common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Seventh Amendment Twelfth Article : In suits at common law , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . ( see Ninth Article above ) Thirteenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Article : No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases , nor the rights of conscience , nor the freedom of speech , or of the press . Fifteenth Article : The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Ninth Amendment Sixteenth Article : The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States , shall be exercised as therein appropriated , so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial ; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial ; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . Seventeenth Article : The powers not delegated by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it , to the States , are reserved to the States respectively . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Tenth Amendment Ratification process The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28 , 1789 . The following states ratified some or all of the amendments : New Jersey : Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20 , 1789 , and Article Two on May 7 , 1992 Maryland : Articles One through Twelve on December 19 , 1789 North Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on December 22 , 1789 South Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on January 19 , 1790 New Hampshire : Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25 , 1790 , and Article Two on March 7 , 1985 Delaware : Articles Two through Twelve on January 28 , 1790 New York : Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24 , 1790 Pennsylvania : Articles Three through Twelve on March 10 , 1790 , and Article One on September 21 , 1791 Rhode Island : Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7 , 1790 , and Article Two on June 10 , 1993 Vermont : Articles One through Twelve on November 3 , 1791 Virginia : Article One on November 3 , 1791 , and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15 , 1791 ( After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session . ) Having been approved by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 14 States in the Union at the time ( as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4 , 1791 ) , the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution . President Washington informed Congress of this on January 18 , 1792 . As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states , the ratification of Article One ( ratified by 10 ) and Article Two ( ratified by 6 ) remained incomplete . The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union ( June 1 , 1792 ) . On June 27 , 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments , however this action did not come to light until 1996 . Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803 . Despite coming close to ratification early on , it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution . As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article , it is still technically pending before the states . Since no state has approved it since 1792 , ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted . Article Two , initially ratified by seven states through 1792 ( including Kentucky ) , was not ratified by another state for eighty years . The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6 , 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise . A century later , on March 6 , 1978 , the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article . Gregory Watson , a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student , started a new push for the article 's ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . As a result , by May 1992 , enough states had approved Article Two ( 38 of the 50 states in the Union ) for it to become the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . The amendment 's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20 , 1992 . Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively . Application and text The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence ; in the words of Gordon S. Wood , `` After ratification , most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution . '' The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights , for example , until 1931 . Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill 's long legal dormancy to three factors : first , it took time for a `` culture of tolerance '' to develop that would support the Bill 's provisions with judicial and popular will ; second , the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power ; and third , the Bill initially only applied to the federal government , a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) . In the twentieth century , however , most of the Bill 's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment -- a process known as incorporation -- beginning with the freedom of speech clause , in Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) . In Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) , the Court ruled that Constitutional protections , including the provisions of the Bill of Rights , do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments . Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted , the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' First Amendment Main article : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th - and 21st - century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Second Amendment Main article : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( t ) he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment `` ( protects arms that had a ) reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment `` codified a pre-existing right '' and that it `` protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home '' but also stated that `` the right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose '' . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . Third Amendment Main article : Third Amendment to the United States Constitution No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2018 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision . Fourth Amendment Main article : Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures , along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance , which is a type of general search warrant , in the American Revolution . Search and seizure ( including arrest ) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court , usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it . The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule , which mandates that evidence obtained illegally can not be introduced into a criminal trial . The amendment 's interpretation has varied over time ; its protections expanded under left - leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right - leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist . Fifth Amendment Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self - incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process , grand jury screening of criminal indictments , and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain . The amendment was the basis for the court 's decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self - incrimination prior to interrogation by police . Sixth Amendment Main article : Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial : to a speedy and public trial to trial by an impartial jury to be informed of criminal charges to confront witnesses to compel witnesses to appear in court to assistance of counsel In Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts . Seventh Amendment Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars . It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials . In Colgrove v. Battin ( 1973 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment 's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members . The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated ( applied to the states ) . Eighth Amendment Main article : Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines , though it leaves the term `` excessive '' open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last , which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s , generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia ( 1972 ) , some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment , arguing that the clause could reflect `` evolving standards of decency '' as public opinion changed ; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary , resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia ( 1976 ) , which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment , as in Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) and Brown v. Plata ( 2011 ) . Ninth Amendment Main article : Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century , when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) . The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was , in turn , the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases , including , Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . Tenth Amendment Main article : Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution , nor prohibited to the states , are reserved to the states or the people . The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states , but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government . Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States , as in South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) . Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 . After fifty years on display , signs of deterioration in the casing were noted , while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved . Accordingly , the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17 , 2003 . In his dedicatory remarks , President George W. Bush stated , `` The true ( American ) revolution was not to defy one earthly power , but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power -- the equality of each person before God , and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all . '' In 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day , commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights . In 1991 , the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial , visiting the capitals of all fifty states . See also United States portal Law portal Human rights portal Anti-Federalism Constitutionalism in the United States Four Freedoms Institute of Bill of Rights Law Patients ' ( bill of ) rights Second Bill of Rights Substantive due process Taxpayer Bill of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom We Hold These Truths References Notes Jump up ^ Probably Robert Yates Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution . Annals of Congress . June 8 , 1789 . https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 08 . ISBN 9781615307555 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights -- Facts & Summary '' . History.com . 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Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Madison introduced `` amendments culled mainly from state constitutions and state ratifying convention proposals , especially Virginia 's . '' Levy , p. 35 Jump up ^ Virginia Declaration of Rights . Library of Congress . Accessed July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Gordon Lloyd . `` Madison 's Speech Proposing Amendments to the Constitution , June 8 , 1789 '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 203 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Brookhiser , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 218 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Barry ( 2008 ) . 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Oxford and Portland , Oregon : Hart Publishing . p. 180 . ISBN 9781847313157 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Loveland , Ian ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 18 -- Human Rights I : Traditional Perspectives '' . Constitutional Law , Administrative Law , and Human Rights : A Critical Introduction ( Seventh ed . ) . London : Oxford University Press . p. 559 . ISBN 9780198709039 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayawickrama , Nihal ( 2002 ) . The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law : National , Regional and International Jurisprudence . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 98 . ISBN 9780521780421 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) ( `` '' The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections. `` '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Obergefell v. Hodges , No. 14 - 556 , slip op . at 24 ( U.S. June 26 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill of Rights Transcript '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Archibald ( 1986 ) . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ McAffee , Thomas B. ; Michael J. Quinlan ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms : Do Text , History , Or Precedent Stand In The Way ? '' . North Carolina Law Review : 781 . Jump up ^ 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third Amendment '' . U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusionary rule '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Amendment '' . Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sixth Amendment '' . Constitutional Amendments : From Freedom of Speech to Flag Burning . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Seventh Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bessler , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Krantz , Sheldon ( 1986 ) . `` Cruel and Unusual Punishment '' . 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Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72489 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frieden , Terry ( March 19 , 2003 ) . `` FBI recovers original copy of Bill of Rights '' . CNN . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights FAQs '' ( PDF ) . constitutioncenter.org . National Constitution Center . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the Bill of Rights and the New York Ratification of the Bill of Rights '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History : The Bill of Rights '' . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` History of the Bill of Rights '' History of the Bill of Rights : Where are they today ? Jump up ^ `` Treasures of Carolina : Stories from the State Archives Opens Oct. 24 '' . ncdcr.gov . North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . 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Retrieved July 11 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Berkin , Carol ( 2015 ) . The Bill of Rights : The Fight to Secure America 's Liberties . Simon & Schuster . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) . Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . University Press of New England . Brookhiser , Richard ( 2011 ) . James Madison . Basic Books . Brutus ( 1787 ) `` To the Citizens of the State of New York '' . In The Complete Anti-Federalist , Volume 1 ( 2008 ) . Ed . Herbert J. Storing . University of Chicago Press . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2015 ) . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780385353410 -- via Google Books . Hamilton , Alexander , Madison , James , and Jay , John ( 2003 ) The Federalist : With Letters of Brutus . Ed . Terence Ball . Cambridge University Press . Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0931 - 8 -- via Google Books . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1996 ) . Original Meanings . Alfred A. Knopf . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . Simon & Schuster . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . Further reading Barnett , Randy ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 32 -- 33 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 -- via Google Books . Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 -- via Google Books . Bordewich , Fergus M. The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government ( 2016 ) on 1789 -- 1791 . Cogan , Neil H. ( 2015 ) . The Complete Bill of Rights : The Drafts , Debates , Sources , and Origins . Second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The great rights of mankind : a history of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 28 - 5 -- via Google Books . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 -- via Google Books . Stair , Nancy L. ( 2003 ) . The Bill of Rights : a primary source investigation into the first ten amendments of the Constitution . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3800 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bill of Rights . 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498364573270859423	Grey's Anatomy (season 5)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 5 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 5 ) DVD cover art for the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Brooke Smith Kevin McKidd Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) -- May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fifth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , created by Shonda Rhimes , commenced airing on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 25 , 2008 and concluded on May 14 , 2009 with twenty - four aired episodes . The season follows the story of a group of surgeons as they go through their residency , while they also deal with the personal challenges and relationships with their mentors . Season five had thirteen series regulars with twelve of them returning from the previous season . The season aired in the Thursday night timeslot at 9 : 00 pm . The season was officially released on DVD as seven - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season -- More Moments on September 9 , 2009 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Crew 2 Cast 2.1 Main Cast 3 Reception 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 6 DVD release 7 See also 8 References Crew ( edit ) The season was produced by Touchstone Television ABC Studios , The Mark Gordon Company , ShondaLand , and was distributed by Buena Vista International , Inc ... The executive producers were creator Shonda Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , Joan Rater , and James D. Parriott . The regular directors were Rob Corn , Eric Stoltz , and Tom Verica . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters The fifth season had thirteen roles receiving star billing , with twelve of them returning from the previous season , out of which eight are part of the original cast from the first season . All of the thirteen regulars portray surgeons who work in the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . Ellen Pompeo continued her role as protagonist and narrator of the series , Dr. Meredith Grey , a resident physician and a surgeon . Sandra Oh played resident Dr. Cristina Yang , best friend of Meredith and fellow surgeon . Katherine Heigl portrayed resident Dr. Isobel `` Izzie '' Stevens whose previous relationship with the now deceased patient Denny Duquette threatens her career once again . Justin Chambers acted as surgical resident Dr. Alexander `` Alex '' Karev who becomes Izzie 's husband , while T.R. Knight portrayed Dr. George O'Malley , an insecure resident whose sensitive personality puts his life in danger . General surgeon and Chief Resident Dr. Miranda Bailey was portrayed by Chandra Wilson , while general surgeon and Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber was played by James Pickens , Jr . Sara Ramirez portrayed orthopedic surgeon Dr. Calliope `` Callie '' Torres whose storylines during the season revolve around her recently discovered bisexuality . Eric Dane 's character , plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan , begins a relationship with intern Dr. Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister portrayed by Chyler Leigh . Brooke Smith appeared in seven episodes as cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Erica Hahn , Callie 's love interest , who eventually resigns and moves away . Patrick Dempsey portrayed neurosurgeon Dr. Derek Shepherd whose relationship with Meredith Grey is the series ' main storyline . Although originally introduced as a recurring character in the season premiere , trauma surgeon Dr. Owen Hunt was promoted to a series regular in the fourteenth episode of the season `` Beat Your Heart Out '' . He was portrayed by Kevin McKidd and was conceived as a love interest to resident Cristina Yang . Originally only signed onto the show until December 2008 , Kevin McKidd was upgraded to regular status after appearing in five episodes . Shonda Rhimes said , `` I am excited to have Kevin McKidd joining us for the season , he 's been a delight to collaborate with and brings incredible passion , talent and creativity to his work . '' Weeks after Hunt 's first appearance on the show , Matt Roush of TVGuide comments that `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' Robert Rorke of the New York Post states that McKidd was brought in as Hunt to `` boost the sagging fortunes '' of the show 's ratings . Kelley L. Carter of USA Today , describes Hunt as `` hardcore '' and `` the antithesis of the other males on the show . '' Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline , including : Melissa George as Sadie Harris , Kimberly Elise as Dr. Jo Swender , Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins , Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt , Mary McDonnell as Dr. Virginia Dixon , Eric Stoltz as William Dunn , Jennifer Westfeldt as Jen Harmon , Ben Shenkman as Rob Harmon , Shannon Lucio as Amanda and Samantha Mathis as Melinda . Jeffrey Dean Morgan reappeared as the deceased Denny Duquette in Izzie 's hallucinations due to a brain tumor . Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the show with a special guest star billing as Dr. Addison Montgomery along with fellow Private Practice stars Audra McDonald portraying Naomi Bennett , Taye Diggs in the role of Sam Bennett and Grant Show portraying Dr. Archer Montgomery . Tyne Daly also appeared receiving a special guest star in the role of Carolyn Maloney Shepherd , Derek 's mother , while Héctor Elizondo appeared as Carlos Torres , Callie 's father . Main Cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan Chyler Leigh as Dr. Lexie Grey Brooke Smith as Dr. Erica Hahn ( Until Episode 7 ) Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt ( From Episode 14 ) Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Reception ( edit ) While few critics weighed in their point of view on the fourth season , several had opinions on the fifth season . Alan Sepinwall from the Newark Star - Ledger said `` Overall , it really feels more like the good old days than Grey 's has in a long time '' referring to season five . Also regarding season five , Misha Davenport from Chicago Sun - Times said `` Tonight 's premiere hits on all the things the show does so well . There is romance , heartbreak , humor and a few moments that will move fans to tears . '' Robert Bianco from USA Today said `` Happily , it now seems to have landed on solid ground , with its best ensemble and most engaging stories in years '' regarding the show 's seventh season . Chandra Wilson won the 2009 `` NAACP Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series '' for her portrayal of Dr. Miranda Bailey during the season . The return of Izzie 's deceased fiancé Denny and the resumption of their romance during the season also proved unpopular with fans , and was deemed `` the world 's worst storyline '' by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times . McNamara was also critical of the episode `` Now or Never '' , which saw Izzie flatline following neurosurgery , opining that Izzie ought to die . The episode in which Izzie married long - term love Alex received 15.3 million viewers , the largest television audience of the night . Izzie 's cancer storyline received a mixed response from the medical community . Otis Brawley , chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society , commented that Izzie 's treatment options were unrealistic . Whereas in the show she was offered the drug interleukin - 2 , in reality the drug is never recommended to patients when melanoma has spread to the brain , as it can cause bleeding and strokes . Brawley explained that such patients would instead be offered radiosurgery . Conversely however , Tim Turnham , executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation , praised Grey 's Anatomy for bringing about greater public awareness of melanoma , stating : `` We welcome the national spotlight Grey 's Anatomy has created for melanoma and its efforts to encourage viewers to learn more about the importance of prevention , early detection and research . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . The fifth season 's episodes are altogether 1080 minutes in length . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 79 80 `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' Rob Corn Michael Pressman Shonda Rhimes September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) 18.30 A military doctor , Owen Hunt piques Cristina 's interest due to his unorthodox treatment methods . Webber assigns Cristina to teach him when he notices that he 's bleeding . Meredith and Derek attempt to work on their `` happily ever after '' , and Meredith is plagued with a recurring nightmare where Derek dies . The ER is failed with car crash victims due to a snow storm . The attendings are stressed over Seattle Grace 's ranking of number twelve . Derek 's professional relationship with Rose takes a hit following their break up . Lexie is shocked to discover that Meredith has slept with George , especially due to her feelings towards him . Mark finds out about Lexie 's feelings for George . An awkward atmosphere exists between Erica and Callie following their kiss . After an argument with Meredith , Cristina slips over and an icicle hanging overhead drops down and impales her . Cristina is annoyed when Webber orders her interns to treat her following her impalement . Owen ends up treating her , and after he turns down a job at the hospital , kisses her . Alex is annoyed with Izzie after he finds out that she told Meredith that she thought he was changing . Lexie is devastated when she discovers that George does n't have feelings for her . Rose accidentally stabs Derek with a scalpel in the palm of his hand , and Derek is further frustrated when Webber takes treatment advice from Owen over Derek 's patient . However , when the treatment threatens the patient 's life , Callie freezes until Erica is able to encourage her to remember her research . Webber continues to push a hard line of trying to save every patient and berates Meredith when she is unable to do so . 81 `` Here Comes the Flood '' Michael Pressman Krista Vernoff October 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) 14.54 There are leaks all over the surgical floor , but Webber is reluctant to remove any patients , until the roof in an operating room collapses on one . Meredith quits therapy explaining to Dr. Wyatt that she does n't need it anymore and that her life is fine how it is . Webber holds a meeting with all of the doctors and explains the new teaching system . After the meeting he shakes up all of the doctors ' specialties , taking them off their own cases and putting them on to different ones . Alex worries after his patient breaks hospital policy and injures himself while on his watch , and things get worse after he is electrocuted in a CT machine following water hitting the electrics . Meredith treats a bubbly girl with liver cancer , and Meredith is devastated when the cancer is worse than it seemed . Cristina helps Derek with a man who is in constant pain , but get annoyed when Derek tries using her to sway Meredith 's opinion . George attempts to retake his intern exam , but ca n't because of the leaks . Derek attempts to make Izzie and Alex move out , forcing Izzie to ask Cristina to rent an apartment with her , only for Callie and Cristina to assume she was giving it to them . Erica explains to Callie why she does n't want Mark to know about their relationship . 82 `` Brave New World '' Eric Stoltz Debora Cahn October 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) 14.57 Meredith freaks out when Derek discovers her mother 's old diary in the house while Callie frets as she prepares for her first official date with Erica . Meredith and George have to help Erica with a child patient who refuses surgery . Tensions are still high between Izzie and Alex , and things get worse after Alex takes Izzie 's patient . George finds out he passed his intern exam and is now a resident , but he upsets Lexie when he begins celebrations with his friends instead of her . While in the clinic , Cristina goes into the dermatology department , and finds that it is completely different to the high - stress world that she knows . However , when she spends too much time in there , she ends up putting her patient 's life at risk . 83 5 `` There 's No ' I ' in Team '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans October 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) 14.21 Bailey orchestrates a massive 12 - person simultaneous `` domino '' surgery with six separate kidney transplants . However , when it emerges that one patient is paying another for their kidney , and another finds out that her husband is having an affair with one of the donors , the surgery threatens to be cancelled . Alex and Izzie share a kiss . Callie begins avoiding Erica after not enjoying having sex with her and goes to Mark for advice . Lexie is hurt when she does n't become one of George 's interns . A rift comes between Meredith and Derek when their clinical trial is published and called the Shepherd method with no inclusion of Meredith . Following Derek 's success , Mark is inspired to form his own clinical trial . 84 6 `` Life During Wartime '' James Frawley Mark Wilding October 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) 15.05 Dr. Owen Hunt returns to Seattle Grace , being named as the new Head of Trauma Surgery - all part of Webber 's effort to raise the # 12 ranking , and it works , raising Seattle Grace back to a Level I Trauma Center . Owen uses his unorthodox treatment and teaching methods , rubbing Izzie , Derek , Mark and Cristina the wrong way . In keeping with his spirit of raising the # 12 rank , Webber has Bailey and Erica perform a tumor resection deemed impossible by many other hospitals . George has to deal with the fallout between him and Lexie . Izzie is annoyed when Alex inquires as to whether their new relationship is open or not . Callie continues to sleep with Mark as she tries to figure out who she really is after she is taken aback over Erica 's openness about her homosexuality . 85 7 `` Rise Up '' Joanna Kerns William Harper November 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 06 ) 15.63 Izzie faces her past of Denny Duquette when the patient who was supposed to receive the heart that he got is admitted to the hospital . Erica finds out about the Denny / Izzie relationship for the first time , and blames Izzie for the patient 's current condition . While talking over the situation with Callie , Callie takes Izzie 's side , leading Erica to say she ca n't be `` kind of '' a lesbian , and she walks off . Bailey tells the residents about an upcoming solo surgery that one of them will be able to perform , creating a competition between them . All of the residents want to practice on patients , but are instead given an animatronic . When Lexie stumbles across a group of interns practicing procedures on themselves , she arranges a group of cadavers for them instead , but this is picked up on by the residents . Owen becomes displeased with the lack of empathy that the residents treat their patients with . Meanwhile , Derek talks Mark into helping him by sleeping with Cristina , so that she will stop calling Meredith in the middle of the night and Izzie begins to see hallucinations of Denny , and she ca n't figure out why . Derek and Bailey are concerned when their patient signs a DNR ( Do Not Resuscitate ) order . However , the pair have to stay with the patient 's husband as he tries to resuscitate her following her heart stopping . 86 8 `` These Ties That Bind '' Eric Stoltz Stacy McKee November 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) 15.59 Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) , Meredith 's best friend from college , arrives as a surgical intern at Seattle Grace Hospital , making Cristina jealous of their special friendship . A man wants his transplanted heart removed for spiritual reasons . Izzie continues to see visions of Denny , and Alex sees her struggling . After hearing the patient 's beliefs about keeping things of the dead , Izzie asks Alex to burn Denny 's sweater . The interns continue to practice on each other , however when Cristina sees Lexie 's wounds she wrongly assumes that she is self - harming . After talking with Lexie , Meredith becomes concerned that Mark is getting feelings for her , and asks Derek to dissuade him from her . When Lexie is given praise over a stitch that Webber assumed that Cristina had taught her , Cristina discovers the interns ' activities and orders it shut down . The doctors try to treat a man who was crushed in a dumpster , but Derek and Mark clash with Owen after he agrees to the patient 's demands to stop treatment . It is revealed that Erica has quit her job as the Chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital and moved away , leaving Callie devastated and Webber baffled . In her place , a renowned heart surgeon , Dr. Virginia Dixon is called in , but Bailey and Alex become concerned over her mental well - being . When Bailey manipulates Dixon to follow a patient 's wishes , Dixon decides not to return to the hospital . Cristina discovers that Callie and Erica had been dating . 87 9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' Tom Verica Tony Phelan & Joan Rater November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 15.74 Izzie 's visions of Denny become more intense as they have sex and argue with each other . The interns open up Sadie to remove her appendix , but when things get complicated , they have to approach Cristina and Meredith for help . When Webber finds out about the appendix operation , tensions flare between Cristina and Meredith . The atmosphere between Owen and Cristina becomes awkward following their recent kiss . Callie becomes a patient after receiving a nose fracture when she is punched in the face by a patient who is suffering from severe night terrors , and Mark becomes concerned about the patient 's young daughter . Alex has to deal with a patient who needs a fecal transplant after she made herself ill from self - medicating . George finally finds out about Lexie 's feelings for him , just as Mark begins to develop his own feelings for her . Bailey begins to doubt whether she wants to remain as a general surgeon . 88 10 `` All By Myself '' Arlene Sanford Peter Nowalk December 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 04 ) 15.15 Cristina is awarded the first solo surgery among the residents , but she has to relinquish it and choose her replacement ; Mark performs a cutting - edge procedure to restore a patient 's speech , impressing Lexie in the process . Callie can not figure out if Sadie is flirting with her or just being friendly . Mark desperately tries to get Lexie out of his head , but after some prompting from Sadie , Lexie seduces him and they sleep together . Dixon returns to the hospital , and Webber assigns Cristina to her services , hoping that she will impress Dixon enough to become the new head of cardiothoracic surgery . A pair of teenage girls who wo n't stop arguing show up in the E.R. after crashing their parents ' car , annoying the doctors present . George begins to suspect something is wrong with Izzie after he sees her talking to herself , and is told that she has n't properly attended the clinic in weeks . Cristina and Owen share another kiss after he takes her to the boiler room to comfort her for losing the solo surgery . 89 11 `` Wish You Were Here '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn January 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) 13.71 Meredith and Cristina are still at odds with each other while George has a young patient who put her life on hold because she keeps having accidents . While Dr. Webber mourns the sudden death of the pediatric surgeon , Dr. Bailey is unhappy with the new one , and Derek and Meredith disagree about the treatment of a death - row prisoner . Izzie tries to tell Alex about Denny and Mark finally stops fighting his attraction to Lexie . First appearance of Dr. Arizona Robbins . 90 12 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' Jeannot Szwarc Jenna Bans January 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) 12.95 Derek still does n't approve of Meredith showing sympathy for the death - row prisoner and Dr. Bailey continues aiding Dr. Robbins to save a boy who needs a new liver . Callie treats a short man who underwent a risky procedure for two extra inches and Meredith freaks out about Derek 's mom ( Tyne Daly ) visiting Seattle Grace . Hunt asks Cristina out and Izzie breaks up with Denny . 91 13 `` Stairway to Heaven '' Allison Liddi - Brown Mark Wilding January 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) 14.25 Izzie is trying to figure out what Denny means by `` I 'm here for you '' . In the meantime , matters around the death - row patient get really rough while Bailey 's patient continues to get worse , causing Bailey and Webber to cross the line . Lexie `` breaks '' Mark and Izzie comes to realize that she is sick . 92 14 `` Beat Your Heart Out '' Julie Anne Robinson William Harper February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) 15.20 Bailey is promoted to attending by the chief , but when she finds herself having another child - patient , she seriously doubts herself . Dr. Webber treats a couple who tried to spice up their sex - life and Derek prepares to propose . Dr. Dixon has a nervous breakdown when her patient 's parents try to hug her , causing Bailey and Yang to give her a special treatment , and Sadie makes a bad mistake . Hunt and Cristina find themselves engaged in old - fashioned courting , and Dixon and Robbins both suggest that Dr. Bailey will make a good pediatric surgeon . Shepherd decides to postpone the proposal when he receives a call from Addison , and Arizona Robbins hits on Callie . 93 15 `` Before and After '' Dan Attias Tony Phelan & Joan Rater February 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) 15.70 Addison ( Kate Walsh ) arrives with her brother Archer ( Grant Show ) , who has worms in his brain . Cristina learns of Owen 's pre-Iraq past and Bailey considers a pediatric surgery fellowship . Izzie enlists the help of the attendings and her fellow residents in a game to boost camaraderie amongst the interns , and George finds out that Sadie is behind with her skills , forcing her to make a decision . Derek and Mark spend the evening reminiscing on their med school days with Addison , Naomi Bennett , and Sam Bennett . This episode begins a crossover with Private Practice that concludes on `` Ex-Life '' . 94 16 `` An Honest Mistake '' Randy Zisk Peter Nowalk February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 15.39 Addison stays to help delivering the baby of one of Derek 's patients and Cristina gets into trouble with a senior doctor . Callie is being called a baby and Bailey has trouble getting a decent letter of recommendation from the chief . Izzie gets the news about her false test - result and investigates the matter further . Mark tells Derek about his seeing Lexie . 95 17 `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' James Frawley Jenna Bans March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) 13.54 Izzie walks the interns through diagnosing Patient X after receiving her troubling test results . Bailey and Meredith perform a surgery where they remove a woman 's stomach to protect her from a very aggressive form of stomach cancer that runs in her family . Hunt and Karev treat a high school marching band player with seizures . Shepherd faces a lawsuit after his patient from the previous episode dies . Cristina receives some disturbing news from one of her colleagues . 96 18 `` Stand By Me '' Jessica Yu Zoanne Clack March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 14.36 Izzie does n't want to fight the brain tumor , despite Cristina 's efforts to help her . This starts affecting Cristina 's surgery performance so she tells everyone and Izzie is admitted at the hospital as a patient . Big surgery going on , facial transplant . George and Meredith try to mediate a fight between two interns caused by a love triangle . Meanwhile , Chief Webber stresses over Derek 's absence and how to dissuade him from quitting . 97 19 `` Elevator Love Letter '' Edward Ornelas Stacy McKee March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 15.81 Derek prepares for Izzie 's surgery to remove her brain tumor , with the attention of the hospital rising . Owen has another PTSD episode that leads him to strangle Cristina , which traumatizes her . Derek proposes to Meredith in the elevator , while Cristina breaks up with Owen . 98 20 `` Sweet Surrender '' Tony Phelan Sonay Washington April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 13.22 Bailey learns of the heart - wrenching practices in pediatrics . Callie 's father ( Héctor Elizondo ) visits her at work , and after learning of her relationship with Arizona , he tries to take her home ( by transferring her to another hospital , in exchange for a donation to the hospital ) , but ends up having no success . Izzie undergoes chemotherapy as she begins to plan Derek and Meredith 's wedding . Owen tells George that his specialty is definitely trauma surgery . 99 21 `` No Good at Saying Sorry ( One More Chance ) '' Tom Verica Krista Vernoff April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 13.94 Izzie 's mother comes to visit her . Callie is dealing with loss of her trust fund , which her father took away when he found out her new lesbian status . Meredith and Lexie 's father shows up . He 's recovering and getting sobered up , but Meredith 's not able to forgive him and gets caught up in drama with the chief over how to handle a case involving a man shot by his young daughter . Mark gains the courage to meet Lexie 's father . 100 22 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 15.33 As Meredith , Derek and all of their friends prepare for the big wedding , a group of college students , injured in a car crash as they were heading to their graduation ceremony , is admitted to the ER . Meanwhile , Izzie fears the worst when it is discovered that she has another brain tumor . Callie and Arizona have a fight over their previous date , while George learns the consequences of being a trauma surgeon . Meredith performs her first solo surgery , and later gives her and Derek 's wedding to Izzie and Alex as a result of Izzie having another brain tumor . 101 23 `` Here 's to Future Days '' Bill D'Elia Allan Heinberg May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 15.58 Izzie spends time with a fellow cancer patient and contemplates whether or not to undergo a risky surgery , as Mark is ready to take his relationship with Lexie to the next level . A patient makes Owen reassess his place at Seattle Grace , leading him to visit his mother for the first time since he came back from the war . George , after working on the case with Owen , decides to join the army , and Izzie undergoes surgery after signing a DNR chart . 102 24 `` Now or Never '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 17.12 Izzie finally wakes up from surgery , only for everyone to realize that her short - term memory has gone bad ; this worries Alex to a point where he yells at her , only to have her remember everything he said . Arizona offers Bailey the peds fellowship , but Bailey 's not too happy about it . News spreads about George joining the army . The doctors ( besides Izzie ) focus on a `` John Doe '' who jumped in front of a bus to save a woman 's life . Derek and Meredith plan to go to city hall to get married , only to be so busy that they write their vows on a post-it note . Mark tries to ask Lexie to move in with him only to be shot down . Dr. Bailey and Callie organize an intervention to talk George out of joining the army . However , when `` John Doe '' writes `` O-O - 7 '' on Meredith 's hand , she realizes that it 's George . Izzie loses consciousness again . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 79 `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 1 ) '' September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 p.m. 7.2 / 17 18.30 80 `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 2 ) '' September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) 7.6 / 19 18.32 81 `` Here Comes the Flood '' October 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) 5.6 / 13 14.54 82 `` Brave New World '' October 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) 5.9 / 14 14.57 83 5 `` There 's No ' I ' in Team '' October 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) 5.4 / 13 14.21 84 6 `` Life During Wartime '' October 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) 5.6 / 14 15.05 85 7 `` Rise Up '' November 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 06 ) 6.0 / 14 15.63 86 8 `` These Ties That Bind '' November 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) 5.9 / 14 15.59 87 9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 6.2 / 15 15.74 88 10 `` All By Myself '' December 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 04 ) 5.5 / 14 15.15 89 11 `` Wish You Were Here '' January 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) 5.2 / 12 13.71 90 12 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' January 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) 5.3 / 12 12.95 91 13 `` Stairway to Heaven '' January 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) 5.6 / 14 14.25 92 14 `` Beat Your Heart Out '' February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) 5.8 / 14 15.20 93 15 `` Before and After '' February 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) 6.0 / 14 15.70 94 16 `` An Honest Mistake '' February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 5.9 / 14 15.39 95 17 `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) 5.0 / 12 13.54 96 18 `` Stand By Me '' March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 4.9 / 12 14.36 97 19 `` Elevator Love Letter '' March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 5.5 / 13 15.81 98 20 `` Sweat Surrender '' April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 4.9 / 13 13.22 99 21 `` No Good at Saying Sorry ( One More Chance ) '' April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 5.1 / 13 13.94 100 22 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 5.3 / 14 15.33 101 23 `` Here 's to Future Days '' May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 5.5 / 15 15.58 102 24 `` Now or Never '' May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 6.2 / 17 17.12 DVD release ( edit ) The fifth season was released as a widescreen seven - disc Region 1 DVD box set in the USA on September 15 , 2009 , with the title Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season -- More Moments . Each of these releases also contained DVD extras , including footage from behind the scenes , deleted scenes and extended episodes . The same set was released on November 4 , 2009 in Region 4 and on August 23 , 2010 in Region 2 . Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season -- More Moments Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 7 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Dissecting Grey 's Anatomy - Unaired Scenes In Stitches : Season Five Outtakes 100th Episode : Tales From The O.R. - A Behind - The - Scenes Look At The Inner Workings Of Your Favorite Show Heaven Sent - Actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan Talks About The Popularity Of His Character Denny Duquette Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 15 , 2009 August 23 , 2010 November 4 , 2009 See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Grey 's Anatomy Season 5 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` No Kidding '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Kevin McKidd Joins the Cast of Grey 's Anatomy : People.com Jump up ^ Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular NBC Los Angeles Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Meet McKidd , new dreamboat doc on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Scoop : Death Becomes Guest Star Eric Stoltz '' TV Guide . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved on December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 5 Critic Reviews '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Katherine Heigl & T.R. Knight : Are they really set to exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ? ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dead or alive on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ; Itzkoff , David ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` ABC 's Wedding Gift '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Szabo , Liz ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Doctors , patients say ' Grey 's ' cancer story is n't accurate '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Ben ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and melanoma '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Thursday : CSI Opens Large , Life on Mars & Eleventh Hour Battle '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Thursday : CSI Has Most Total Viewers , Grey 's Anatomy Wins With Youth '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : CBS Dominates with CSI ; World Series and Life on Mars Drop '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Thursday Ratings , CSI Most Watched , Best Ratings Ever for 30 Rock '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : CSI Wins Viewers , Grey 's Anatomy Demo ; Plus Oprah '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Thursday : CSI Most Viewers , Grey 's Anatomy Higher Demos ; Plus ER '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' 30 Rock ' and ' ER ' hold up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : Barbara Walters still a hit with the ' youth ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Updated Thursday Ratings : ' BCS Championship ' dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Updated Thursday Ratings : ' CSI 's ' Petersen Farewell Draws 23 Million '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 23 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' CSI ' Captures Viewers , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Wins Demos '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : With CBS Away , ' Grey 's ' and ' Practice ' Come Out to Play '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' Survivor ' Returns Well , ' Grey 's ' Boosts ' Practice ' To Demo Beatdown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' still the demo king , ' Survivor ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : Surprise Clooney Return Provides little Boost To ' E.R. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings Down To The Wire '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Bill ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' Idol ' Dominates , ' In the Motherhood ' Near ' Ugly Betty ' Levels '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ABC Wins ; ' Southland ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Harper 's Island ' All Slip '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ABC Wins ; ' Southland ' Continues To Head South '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ABC Wins ; ' Southland ' , ' Parks & Rec ' Still Falling '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Wins Finale Thursday ; But Decline Continues '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) General references `` Grey 's Anatomy episodes - season 5 '' . Grey 's Anatomy Episode Guide . TV Guide . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - grey 's anatomy on abc '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Episode Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . hide Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' hide Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_5)&oldid=846548368 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2009 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happens in the season 5 finale of grey's anatomy	[]	[]
3438816771415038135	Mirage	Mirage - wikipedia Mirage Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mirage ( disambiguation ) . Various kinds of mirages in one location taken over the course of six minutes , not shown in temporal order . The uppermost inset frame shows an inferior mirage of the Farallon Islands . The second inset frame is the Farallon Islands with a green flash on the left - hand side . The two lower frames and the main frame all show superior mirages of the Farallon Islands . In these three frames , the superior mirages evolve from a 3 - image mirage ( an inverted image between two erect ones ) to a 5 - image mirage , and then back to a 2 - image mirage . Such a display is consistent with a Fata Morgana . All frames but the upper one were photographed from about 50 -- 70 feet above sea level . The upper frame was photographed from sea level . A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky . The word comes to English via the French mirage , from the Latin mirari , meaning `` to look at , to wonder at '' . This is the same root as for `` mirror '' and `` to admire '' . Mirages can be categorized as `` inferior '' ( meaning lower ) , `` superior '' ( meaning higher ) and `` Fata Morgana '' , one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate , vertically stacked images , which form one rapidly changing mirage . In contrast to a hallucination , a mirage is a real optical phenomenon that can be captured on camera , since light rays are actually refracted to form the false image at the observer 's location . What the image appears to represent , however , is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind . For example , inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inferior mirage 1.1 Heat haze 2 Superior mirage 2.1 Fata Morgana 3 Night - time mirages 3.1 Mirage of astronomical objects 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inferior mirage ( edit ) An inferior mirage on the Mojave Desert in spring For exhausted travelers in the desert , an inferior mirage may appear to be a lake of water in the distance . An inferior mirage is called `` inferior '' because the mirage is located under the real object . The real object in an inferior mirage is the ( blue ) sky or any distant ( therefore bluish ) object in that same direction . The mirage causes the observer to see a bright and bluish patch on the ground in the distance . Light rays coming from a particular distant object all travel through nearly the same air layers and all are bent over about the same amount . Therefore , rays coming from the top of the object will arrive lower than those from the bottom . The image usually is upside down , enhancing the illusion that the sky image seen in the distance is really a water or oil puddle acting as a mirror . Inferior images are not stable . Hot air rises , and cooler air ( being more dense ) descends , so the layers will mix , giving rise to turbulence . The image will be distorted accordingly . It may be vibrating ; it may be vertically extended ( towering ) or horizontally extended ( stooping ) . If there are several temperature layers , several mirages may mix , perhaps causing double images . In any case , mirages are usually not larger than about half a degree high ( same apparent size as the sun and moon ) and from objects only a few kilometers away . Heat haze ( edit ) Heat haze caused by jet engine exhaust Heat haze , also called heat shimmer , refers to the inferior mirage experienced when viewing objects through a layer of heated air ; for example , viewing objects across hot asphalt or through the exhaust gases produced by jet engines . When appearing on roads due to the hot asphalt , it is often referred to as a highway mirage . Convection causes the temperature of the air to vary , and the variation between the hot air at the surface of the road and the denser cool air above it creates a gradient in the refractive index of the air . This produces a blurred shimmering effect , which affects the ability to resolve objects , the effect being increased when the image is magnified through a telescope or telephoto lens . A hot - road mirage , `` fake water '' on the road , the most common example of an inferior mirage Light from the sky at a shallow angle to the road is refracted by the index gradient , making it appear as if the sky is reflected by the road 's surface . The mind interprets this as a pool of water on the road , since water also reflects the sky . The illusion fades as one gets closer . On tarmac roads it may look as if water , or even oil , has been spilled . These kinds of inferior mirages are often called `` desert mirages '' or `` highway mirages '' . Both sand and tarmac can become very hot when exposed to the sun , easily being more than 10 ° C hotter than the air one meter above , enough to create conditions suitable for the formation of the mirage . Heat haze is not related to the atmospheric phenomenon of haze . Superior mirage ( edit ) Superior mirage : plane on ice , McMurdo Station An artificial mirage , using sugar solutions to simulate the inversion layers . A cat is seen looking through a glass , which has three layers of solution , with decreasing refractive index from bottom to top . The cat appears in multiple images . This simulates an atmosphere with two inversion layers . A superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it . This unusual arrangement is called a temperature inversion , since warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere . Passing through the temperature inversion , the light rays are bent down , and so the image appears above the true object , hence the name superior . Superior mirages are in general less common than inferior mirages , but , when they do occur , they tend to be more stable , as cold air has no tendency to move up and warm air has no tendency to move down . Superior mirages are quite common in polar regions , especially over large sheets of ice that have a uniform low temperature . Superior mirages also occur at more moderate latitudes , although in those cases they are weaker and tend to be less smooth and stable . For example , a distant shoreline may appear to tower and look higher ( and , thus , perhaps closer ) than it really is . Because of the turbulence , there appear to be dancing spikes and towers . This type of mirage is also called the Fata Morgana or hafgerdingar in the Icelandic language . A superior mirage can be right - side up or upside down , depending on the distance of the true object and the temperature gradient . Often the image appears as a distorted mixture of up and down parts . Superior mirages can have a striking effect due to the Earth 's curvature . Were the Earth flat , light rays that bend down would soon hit the ground and only nearby objects would be affected . Since Earth is round , if their downward bending curve is about the same as the curvature of the Earth , light rays can travel large distances , perhaps from beyond the horizon . This was observed and documented for the first time in 1596 , when a ship under the command of Willem Barentsz in search of the Northeast passage became stuck in the ice at Novaya Zemlya . The crew was forced to endure the polar winter there . They saw their midwinter night come to an end with the rise of a distorted Sun about two weeks earlier than expected . It was not until the 20th century that science could explain the reason : the real Sun had still been below the horizon , but its light rays followed the curvature of the Earth . This effect is often called a Novaya Zemlya mirage . For every 111.12 kilometres ( 69.05 mi ) the light rays can travel parallel to the Earth 's surface , the Sun will appear 1 ° higher on the horizon . The inversion layer must have just the right temperature gradient over the whole distance to make this possible . In the same way , ships that are in reality so far away that they should not be visible above the geometric horizon may appear on the horizon or even above the horizon as superior mirages . This may explain some stories about flying ships or coastal cities in the sky , as described by some polar explorers . These are examples of so - called Arctic mirages , or hillingar in Icelandic . If the vertical temperature gradient is + 12.9 ° C per 100 meters ( where the positive sign means temperature gets hotter as one goes higher ) then horizontal light rays will just follow the curvature of the Earth , and the horizon will appear flat . If the gradient is less ( as it almost always is ) the rays are not bent enough and get lost in space , which is the normal situation of a spherical , convex `` horizon '' . In some situations , distant objects can get elevated or lowered , stretched or shortened with no mirage involved . Fata Morgana ( edit ) Sequence of a Fata Morgana of the Farallon Islands as seen from San Francisco Main article : Fata Morgana ( mirage ) A Fata Morgana , the name of which comes from the Italian translation of Morgan le Fay , the fairy shapeshifting half - sister of King Arthur , is a very complex superior mirage . It appears with alternations of compressed and stretched zones , erect images , and inverted images . A Fata Morgana is also a fast - changing mirage . Fata Morgana mirages are most common in polar regions , especially over large sheets of ice with a uniform low temperature , but they can be observed almost anywhere . In polar regions , a Fata Morgana may be observed on cold days ; in desert areas and over oceans and lakes , a Fata Morgana may be observed on hot days . For a Fata Morgana , temperature inversion has to be strong enough that light rays ' curvatures within the inversion are stronger than the curvature of the Earth . The rays will bend and create arcs . An observer needs to be within an atmospheric duct to be able to see a Fata Morgana . Fata Morgana mirages may be observed from any altitude within the Earth 's atmosphere , including from mountaintops or airplanes . A Fata Morgana can go from superior to inferior mirage and back within a few seconds , depending on the constantly changing conditions of the atmosphere . Sixteen frames of the mirage of the Farallon Islands , which can not be seen from sea level at all under normal conditions because they are located below the horizon , were photographed on the same day . The first fourteen frames have elements of a Fata Morgana display -- alternations of compressed and stretched zones . The last two frames were photographed a few hours later around sunset . The air was cooler while the ocean was probably a little bit warmer , which made temperature inversion lower . The mirage was still present , but it was not as complex as it had been a few hours before sunset , and it corresponded no longer to a Fata Morgana but rather to a superior mirage display . Distortions of image and bending of light can produce spectacular effects . In his book Pursuit : The Chase and Sinking of the `` Bismarck '' , the author Ludovic Kennedy describes an incident that allegedly took place below the Denmark Strait during 1941 , following the sinking of the Hood . The Bismarck , while pursued by the British cruisers Norfolk and Suffolk , passed out of sight into a sea mist . Within a matter of seconds , the ship re-appeared steaming toward the British ships at high speed . In alarm the cruisers separated , anticipating an imminent attack , and observers from both ships watched in astonishment as the German battleship fluttered , grew indistinct and faded away . Radar watch during these events indicated that the Bismarck had in fact made no changes of course . Night - time mirages ( edit ) The conditions for producing a mirage can take place at night . Under most conditions , these are not observed . However , under some circumstances lights from moving vehicles , aircraft , ships , buildings , etc. can be observed at night , even though , as with a daytime mirage , they would not be observable . This includes the mirage of astronomical objects . Mirage of astronomical objects ( edit ) Main article : Mirage of astronomical objects A mirage of an astronomical object is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon , in which light rays are bent to produce distorted or multiple images of an astronomical object . The mirages might be observed for such astronomical objects as the Sun , the Moon , the planets , bright stars , and very bright comets . The most commonly observed are sunset and sunrise mirages . See also ( edit ) Atmospheric refraction Looming and similar refraction phenomena Mirage of astronomical objects References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David K. Lynch & William Livingston ( 2001 ) . Color and Light in Nature ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77504 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : An Introduction to Mirages by Andy Young Jump up ^ SDSU.edu , `` Atmospheric Optics Glossary '' by Andy Young Jump up ^ Durst and Bull ( 1956 ) . Met . Mag. 85 . pp. 237 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Young . Annotated bibliography of mirages , green flashes , atmospheric refraction , etc . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mirages . All kind of mirages explained China daily , rare mirage in Penglai The superior mirage The inferior mirage The highway mirage Fata Morgana Mirage from the Continental Divide Trail Bowley , Roger ( 2009 ) . `` Mirages '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . NDL : 00571055 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage&oldid=796846480 '' Categories : Atmospheric optical phenomena Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 11 : 46 . 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-7220340568087652338	A Place to Call Home (TV series)	A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) - Wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search A Place to Call Home Genre Period drama Created by Bevan Lee Starring Marta Dusseldorp Noni Hazlehurst Brett Climo Craig Hall David Berry Abby Earl Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood Aldo Mignone Frankie J. Holden Sara Wiseman Jenni Baird Matt Levett Composer ( s ) Michael Yezerski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Holmes Julie McGauran Penny Win Producer ( s ) Chris Martin - Jones Cinematography John Stokes Running time 42 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Seven Productions Distributor Endemol Release Original network Seven Network ( 2013 -- 14 ) SoHo ( 2015 ) Showcase ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format PAL ( 576i ) HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) -- present External links Website A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama series created by Bevan Lee for the Seven Network . It premiered on 28 April 2013 . Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War , it follows Sarah Adams ( Marta Dusseldorp ) , who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh ( Noni Hazlehurst ) . The main cast also consists of Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) , Craig Hall ( Dr. Jack Duncan ) , David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Poletti ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , Sara Wiseman ( Carolyn Bligh ) , Jenni Baird as ( Regina Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) . It has been described as a `` compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s '' . The sixth and final season will air in August 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main current cast 1.2 Main departed cast 1.3 Recurring 2 Production 3 Release 3.1 Broadcast 3.1. 1 International 3.2 Home media 3.2. 1 Box sets 3.2. 2 Notes 3.3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main current cast ( edit ) Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams , who despite a strictly religious Catholic upbringing , had moved to Paris to be with the man she loved and to adopt his Jewish faith . However , a new life awaits her when she comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family , whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them all back to Australia from Europe . Later , she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II , and her life again spins into troubled times . Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh , the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family . She is at first rude and cruel to Sarah , but she grudgingly mellows over time . Later in the series , she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn , and to become a better person . Brett Climo as Elizabeth 's son , George Bligh , a good - hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her . He is Elaine 's widower ; at the beginning of the series , he appears to be father to James and Anna ; eventually it emerges that Anna is actually a secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack , taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal . His worst flaw may be his trust in people who seek to take advantage of him . Craig Hall as Jack Duncan , the secret past lover of Carolyn , who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family . He is a genuine person despite his personal problems and would do anything to help others . David Berry as James Bligh ( regular : seasons 1 -- 4 ; recurring : season 5 ) , the only son of George and Elaine , who grows up unaware of his `` sister '' Anna 's true background . He marries Olivia , but is tormented by the realisation that he is gay , and tries to commit suicide . He later feels betrayed when his wife has an affair , but returns to Ash Park to live for his young son . Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh , James ' wife , a newlywed from England at the start of the series . She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection , but does try to come to terms with his `` condition '' . Abby Earl as Anna Bligh , the secret child of Carolyn and Jack , who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine . Anna marries a local farmer , Gino , after rebelling against the Bligh family . However the marriage faces difficulties when Gino goes into debt , and his attempts to expand the farm fail . Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs , a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start . He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town , eventually offering her a refuge in his small home . They develop an easy , informal , mutually - supportive friendship . Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh ( regular : season 2 -- present ; recurring : season 1 ) . Much like her secret daughter Anna , Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation . For a long time , she gave up on her relationship with the Bligh family , and has had little contact for years . Once her secret is revealed , she is reunited with her long - separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before . Later on Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett , encountering new problems . Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox ( regular : season 3 -- present ) , the doctor who helps to save George 's life after he is shot . Henry then goes on to befriend James , and they realize their mutual attraction to each other is stronger than mere friendship . Henry falls under the devious control of Regina , when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction . Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins ( regular : season 4 -- present ; recurring : seasons 1 -- 3 ) , the most widely - known member of the Inverness village , who seems omnipresent on her bicycle . Although she means well , her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive . Sarah dislikes her at first , but as time goes on , finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village . Main departed cast ( edit ) Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) , the young , handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna 's heart on fire . He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody , but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful . Jenni Baird as Regina Standish ( season 1 -- 5 ) , the widowed , formerly wealthy and still money - hungry sister of George 's late wife , Elaine . Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been : cold , bitter , and scheming , she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah . Regina has now set her sights on the widower George 's inheritance , and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle . After being committed in an asylum for the murder of Millie Davis and a policeman , Regina was let go in 1958 . She returned to the town and helped Sarah and George fight Sir Richard 's cruel intentions . She committed suicide at the end of season 5 , overdosing on morphine and making her death appear to be homicide . Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson ( regular : season 1 ; recurring : season 4 ) , Amy 's gay brother . He has a brief romantic involvement with James , but when much of the village learns of Harry 's true nature , he leaves Inverness for a new life elsewhere . Later , when he returns after having been severely beaten , Sarah helps him to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness . Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson ( regular : season 2 ; recurring : season 1 ) , a somewhat entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh . Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann ( regular : season 3 ; recurring : season 2 ) , the long - lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams . First seen only in flashback , Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris , and had disappeared without a trace . Later , when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive , she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture . Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life , and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him . Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell ( regular : season 4 ; recurring : season 3 ) Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard , a retiree who ran a club for Australian war veterans . He married Elizabeth Bligh but died in season 5 . Recurring ( edit ) Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson , the wealthy friend of Elizabeth . Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney . As a member of Sydney 's upper class , she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party . Judi Farr as Peg Maloney , the aunt of Sarah Adams , who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney . She and Sarah have grown very close , and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action , she asks Peg for help . Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti , the mother of Gino . She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son , saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic . But when George accedes , she does so as well . Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson , the maid of the Bligh household . When Regina suspects that James is gay she manipulates Amy into spying for her , which eventually forces Elizabeth to fire Amy with great sorrow . Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti , the father of Gino Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey Scott Grimley as Norman Parker ( driver ) Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis - Parker , a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment , who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves . Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford , a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight . His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target , as are the Italian Poletti family . Bert disappears under mysterious circumstances , but his unknown fate continues to haunt his former victims . Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett , a rich and powerful , but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper . He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess , including the people around him . Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard , Douglas ' son who returns to town after his father 's death . He starts dating Olivia and later asks her to marry him . Production ( edit ) Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his `` domestic trilogy '' ( Always Greener , Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers ) . He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk 's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind ( 1956 ) and All That Heaven Allows ( 1955 ) . Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance - driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people 's lives in the present are `` relatively bland '' . He said : `` At the end of the day , conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict - free society . I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt ; after the war there was . '' The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson . Noni Hazlehurst ( Elizabeth Bligh ) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home , on 18 June 2012 . Marta Dusseldorp ( Sarah Adams ) , Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) were announced a month later , with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast . Newcomers David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Bligh ) and Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , made up the rest of the main cast . A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate `` Ash Park '' and the nearby fictional town of `` Inverness '' in country New South Wales . Inverness was also used as the country setting of Always Greener . Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness . Ash Park is actually Camelot , a heritage - listed property located at Kirkham , on the outskirts of Camden . Sydney , the capital city of New South Wales , is a third location where major events occur , but most city scenes are filmed indoors , aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012 . Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera , the first Australian television production to do so . In June 2013 , Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season . Abby Earl told McWhirter , `` We 're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September , so there 's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna 's shoes . '' The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014 . TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned . However , in June 2014 , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series , and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season . On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . On 25 October 2014 , The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel , SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on 27 September 2015 on SoHo . Season 4 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase channel on 11 September 2016 . Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016 . The timeline of season 5 skips ahead from 1954 to the year 1958 . Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017 . Season 5 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017 . A sixth and final season was announced by Foxtel on 6 December 2017 to be aired in 2018 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Main article : List of A Place to Call Home episodes Series overview Series Episodes Originally aired OzTAM ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership 13 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 21 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) Seven Network 8 1,480,000 10 11 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 7 1,150,000 10 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) SoHo 168,000 12 11 September 2016 27 November 2016 Showcase 139,000 5 12 8 October 2017 24 December 2017 104,000 6 10 August 2018 TBA TBA TBA When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012 , A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles . Seven Network 's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012 , but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless `` casting and other elements '' were right . The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes . The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013 , in the 8 : 30 pm time slot ( previously occupied by Downton Abbey ) . International ( edit ) Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand . Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 , series three on 25 February 2016 , and series four on 13 February 2017 . The fifth series was promoted to a BBC1 daytime slot , and began airing daily on 13 March 2018 . The first five seasons are available for streaming in the U.S. on Acorn TV . The show is also distributed to television stations by American Public Television . Home Media ( edit ) Title Set details DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 Discs : 4 Episodes : 13 3 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 8 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) Photo gallery ( region 2 only ) Interviews with the Cast ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 30 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Character Profiles ( region 1 & 2 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Revised Edition Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Collector 's Edition Discs : 1 Episodes : 3 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 3 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 5 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 7 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) N / A New season 2 finale Picture gallery Season 3 episode recaps ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 4 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 28 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) N / A Region 1 : Cast and crew interviews ( region 1 only ) Behind - the - scenes featurettes ( region 1 only ) Photo gallery A Place to Call Home -- Season 5 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 2 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 28 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) N / A Q and A with Jenni Baird ( region 1 only ) Box sets ( edit ) Title Set details DVD release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 & 2 Discs : 7 Episodes : 23 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons One to Three Discs : 10 Episodes : 33 N / A 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New season 2 finale ( region 2 & 4 ) Picture gallery ( region 2 & 4 ) Season 3 episode recaps A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 4 Discs : 13 Episodes : 45 N / A 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Alternative series two finale ( region 2 ) A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 5 Discs : 16 Episodes : 57 TBA TBA 28 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) Region 4 : Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New Season 2 Finale Season 3 Episode Recaps Photo Gallery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Blu - ray includes 3 discs . Jump up ^ Blu - ray and UK release includes 2 discs . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 4 discs in the U.S. and 2 in the UK . Jump up ^ 6 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 8 discs in the UK . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Place to Call Home -- Music from Seasons 1 -- 5 was released on 20 October 2017 ( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` A Place to Call Home Theme '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 43 2 . `` Motherland '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 2 : 44 3 . `` Ebb Tide '' ( season 1 ) Stuie French featuring Shanley Del 2 : 45 4 . `` Music ! Music ! Music ! '' ( season 1 ) Teresa Brewer 2 : 46 5 . `` Heart and Soul '' ( season 1 ) The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts 2 : 19 6 . `` We 're Going to have a Baby '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 58 7 . `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' ( season 1 ) Ella Fitzgerald 7 : 05 8 . `` It 's Coming '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 3 : 03 9 . `` The Anniversary Waltz '' ( season 1 ) Vera Lynn 2 : 46 10 . `` You Belong to Me '' ( season 1 ) Jo Stafford 3 : 15 11 . `` Mona Lisa '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Glenn Cunningham 1 : 51 12 . `` When I Fall in Love '' ( season 2 ) Nat King Cole 3 : 13 13 . `` Mr. & Mrs. James Bligh '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 53 14 . `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' ( season 2 ) Louis Armstrong 3 : 05 15 . `` Lullaby of Broadway '' ( season 1 ) Doris Day with the Norman Luboff Choir and the Buddy Cole Quartet 2 : 30 16 . `` Ash Park Morning '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 19 17 . `` Rag Mop '' ( season 1 ) The Ames Brothers 2 : 41 18 . `` Botch - a-Me ( Ba - Ba - Baciami Piccina ) '' ( season 1 ) Rosemary Clooney 2 : 20 19 . `` Sh - Boom '' ( Single Version ; season 2 ) The Crew Cuts 2 : 50 20 . `` Sway '' ( season 1 ) Stuie French featuring Paul Fisher 2 : 44 21 . `` Paris '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 2 : 16 22 . `` I Believe '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Martha Marlow 1 : 56 23 . `` Are You Awake ? '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 46 24 . `` No Other Love '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Alex Oomens 3 : 41 25 . `` Side by Side '' ( season 1 ) Kay Starr 2 : 55 26 . `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' ( season 1 ) The Mills Brothers 2 : 25 27 . `` Undecided '' ( season 1 ) The Ames Brothers 3 : 01 28 . `` At Last '' ( season 1 ) Etta James 3 : 04 29 . `` Amazing Grace '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Mahalia Barnes 1 : 50 Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Cinematographers Society Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Telefeatures , TV Drama & Mini Series Award of Distinction John Stokes Season 1 , Episode 9 : `` Cane Toad '' Won Equity Ensemble Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Season 1 Nominated Logie Awards Year Category Nominee Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular New Talent Abby Earl A Place to Call Home Nominated 2016 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actor David Berry A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Best Drama Program N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated 2017 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blake , Elissa ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` A Marta for her cause '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` More cast for A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` A Place to Call Home to end with 6th season '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characters '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home Drama Launch '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blundell , Graeme ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` Home truths revealed in Bevan Lee 's new family drama '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Peter ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Dressed with vintage appeal '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Noni Hazlehurst to call Seven home again '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Marta finds a home at Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeap , Sue ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` New Seven blockbuster cranks up '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media Limited ( Kohlberg Kravis Roberts ) . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Alicia ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` New Seven Show - A Place to Call Home '' . Throng.com.au . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Jonathan ( 28 April 2013 ) . `` Camelot at Camden is captivating as A Place to Call Home location on Channel 7 's new 1950s drama series '' . Property Observer . Private Media Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Seven has high hopes for Bevan Lee 's A Place To Call Home '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home production details '' . Inside Film . 4 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Brendan ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` First Aus TV drama shot with Sony F65 : A Place to Call Home '' . Inside Film . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 22 -- 28 June 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 25 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 10 -- 16 May 2014 ) . `` Home comforts '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 19 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` New Place for A Place to Call Home '' . Sunday Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Returning : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` A Place To Call Home : Season 6 confirmed for 2018 '' . Foxtel . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2013 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2014 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zautsen , Daniel ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home , filmed at Camelot in Kirkham , will return for its fourth series on Foxtel 's showcase '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` Seven Reveals 2012 Highlights '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Programmers Wrap 2012 : Seven Network '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home - TV ONE '' . TV One ( Television New Zealand , Ltd ) . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - A Place to Call Home - Episode guide '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Programmers ' APT Marketplace choices include Aussie romantic drama and MST3K Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : American DVD releases : Lambert , David ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 1 ' of the Australian Show Coming to These Shores '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 2 ' DVDs : Finalized Date , Details , Front Cover Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 February 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The Sexy ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The ' Season 4 ' DVD 's Press Release Arrives from RLJ / Acorn '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Lambert , David ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- Front - of - the - Package Artwork is Now Available for ' Season 5 ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : British DVD releases : `` A Place to Call Home Series One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series Two ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` A Place To Call Home : Series 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . British box set releases : `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Australian DVD releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 -- Revised Edition '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 Collector 's Disc -- New Final Episode '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Australian Blu - ray releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Australian box set releases : `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 1 -- 2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Call Home '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Call Home : Seasons 1 -- 5 ( Music From The Television Series ) -- Otv '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations to all our National Award Winners '' . Australian Cinematographers Society ( ACS ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Equity Ensemble Awards - Winners Announced '' . TV Tonight . 30 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Logie Awards 2014 : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` 2016 Logie Awards : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 -- ) Harrow ( 2018 -- ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=843477713 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2013 Australian television series debuts 2014 Australian television series endings 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian subscription television series Costume drama television series English - language television programs Period television series Seven Network shows SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Showcase Australia shows Television series by Endemol Television series by Seven Productions Television series revived after cancellation Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in New South Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does a place to call home return in 2018	[ "The sixth and final season will air in August 2018.[3]" ]	[ "in August 2018" ]
-2247358829052881592	Roma tomato	Roma tomato - wikipedia Roma tomato Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roma Roma tomatoes Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) Type Open pollinated Vine Determinate Plant height 3 feet Fruit Weight 2 oz Leaf Regular leaf Resist . V , F Color Red ( pink ) Shape Plum Roma tomato or Roma is a plum tomato popularly used both for canning and producing tomato paste because of their slender and firm nature . Commonly found in supermarkets in some countries , Roma tomatoes are also known as Italian tomatoes or Italian plum tomatoes . Roma tomatoes are grown in the United States , Mexico , Australia , and Great Britain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Description 3 References 4 See also Types ( edit ) The `` Roma VF '' variant is most common in seed catalogs as of 2007 . It was developed by the USDA 's Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) scientists in Beltsville , Maryland in the 1950s as a fusarium wilt - resistant cultivar . While Roma is an open - pollinated variety rather than a hybrid , it has been steadily improved to the point where most Roma tomato vines are verticillium and fusarium wilt resistant ( thus the VF in the name ) . Most commercial plum tomatoes sold in markets in the Western Hemisphere are Romas or related types . Smaller plum tomatoes about the size of cherry tomatoes are sometimes sold as `` baby Romas '' . A smaller relative known as `` Windowbox Roma '' is sold as a tomato suitable for window gardens and hanging containers . Description ( edit ) Roma tomatoes are egg or pear - shaped and red when fully ripe . They have few seeds and are a good canning and sauce tomato . While Roma is an open - pollinated variety , in general it is not considered an heirloom tomato . Maturing in under three months , the plant itself grows to 1 meter ( 36 inches ) in height and the single fruit weighs about 57 grams ( 2 oz ) . The vines fruit heavily , making Roma a popular variety with gardeners who do a lot of home canning . Roma tomato skin cells at 60x magnification . Roma tomato skin cells at 150x magnification . Roma tomato skin cells at 600x magnification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cook 's Thesaurus Tomato ( accessed 17 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ ROMA TOMATO ( 1 ) ( accessed 6 May 2015 ) Jump up ^ Chronica Horticulture Vol 50 , No. 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Burpee 's Tomato , Roma VF See also ( edit ) San Marzano tomato List of tomato cultivars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roma_tomato&oldid=793891516 '' Categories : Heirloom tomato cultivars Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 15 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between plum and roma tomatoes	[]	[]
8248347061506989413	Western imperialism in Asia	Western imperialism in Asia - wikipedia Western imperialism in Asia hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the New Imperialism History Western imperialism in Asia `` The Great Game '' The `` Scramble for Africa '' Historiography of the British Empire Theory The Expansion of England Gentlemanly capitalism The Imperialism of Free Trade Imperialism : A Study Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism Porter -- MacKenzie debate See also Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Western imperialism in Asia as presented in this article pertains to Western European entry into what was first called the East Indies . This was sparked early in the 15th century by the search for trade routes to China that led directly to the Age of Discovery , and the introduction of early modern warfare into what was then called the Far East . By the early 16th century the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the Spice Trade under colonialism . There has been a presence of Western European colonial empires and imperialism in Asia throughout six centuries of colonialism , formally ending with the independence of the Portuguese Empire 's last colony East Timor in 2002 . The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state . This article attempts to outline the consequent development of the Western concept of the nation state . The thrust of European political power , commerce , and culture in Asia gave rise to growing trade in commodities -- a key development in the rise of today 's modern world free market economy . In the 16th century , the Portuguese broke the ( overland ) monopoly of the Arabs and Italians of trade between Asia and Europe by the discovery of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope . With the ensuing rise of the rival Dutch East India Company , Portuguese influence in Asia was gradually eclipsed . Dutch forces first established independent bases in the East ( most significantly Batavia , the heavily fortified headquarters of the Dutch East India Company ) and then between 1640 and 1660 wrestled Malacca , Ceylon , some southern Indian ports , and the lucrative Japan trade from the Portuguese . Later , the English and the French established settlements in India and established a trade with China and their own acquisitions would gradually surpass those of the Dutch . Following the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , the British eliminated French influence in India and established the British East India Company as the most important political force on the Indian Subcontinent . Before the Industrial Revolution in the mid-to - late 19th century , demand for oriental goods such as ( porcelain , silk , spices and tea ) remained the driving force behind European imperialism , and ( with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India ) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade . Industrialisation , however , dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials ; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa , the Americas , Eastern Europe , and especially in Asia . This scramble coincided with a new era in global colonial expansion known as `` the New Imperialism '' , which saw a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries . Between the 1870s and the beginning of World War I in 1914 , the United Kingdom , France , and the Netherlands -- the established colonial powers in Asia -- added to their empires vast expanses of territory in the Middle East , the Indian Subcontinent , and South East Asia . In the same period , the Empire of Japan , following the Meiji Restoration ; the German Empire , following the end of the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 ; Tsarist Russia ; and the United States , following the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , quickly emerged as new imperial powers in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area . In Asia , World War I and World War II were played out as struggles among several key imperial powers -- conflicts involving the European powers along with Russia and the rising American and Japanese powers . None of the colonial powers , however , possessed the resources to withstand the strains of both world wars and maintain their direct rule in Asia . Although nationalist movements throughout the colonial world led to the political independence of nearly all of the Asia 's remaining colonies , decolonisation was intercepted by the Cold War ; and South East Asia , South Asia , the Middle East , and East Asia remained embedded in a world economic , financial , and military system in which the great powers compete to extend their influence . However , the rapid post-war economic development of the East Asian Tigers , India , the People 's Republic of China , along with the collapse of the Soviet Union , have loosened European and American influence in Asia , generating speculation today about emergence of modern India and China as potential superpowers . Contents 1 Early European exploration of Asia 1.1 Medieval European exploration of Asia 1.2 Oceanic voyages to Asia 2 Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia 2.1 Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia 2.2 Decline of Portugal 's Asian empire since the 17th century 2.3 Holy wars 3 Dutch trade and colonization in Asia 3.1 Rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century 3.2 Dutch New Imperialism in Asia 4 British in India 4.1 Portuguese , French , and British competition in India ( 1600 -- 1763 ) 4.2 Collapse of Mughal India 4.3 From Company to Crown 4.4 Rise of Indian nationalism 5 France in Indochina 6 Russia and `` The Great Game '' 7 European intrusions into China 8 U.S. imperialism in Asia 9 World War I : Changes in Imperialism 10 Japan 11 After World War II 11.1 Decolonisation and the rise of nationalism in Asia 11.1. 1 British in India and the Middle East 11.1. 2 Dutch East Indies 11.1. 3 United States in Asia 11.1. 4 France in Indochina 11.1. 4.1 Post-war resistance to French rule 12 List of European colonies in Asia 12.1 Independent states 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading Early European exploration of Asia ( edit ) European exploration of Asia started in ancient Roman times . Knowledge of lands as distant as China were held by the Romans . Trade with India through the Roman Egyptian Red Sea ports was significant in the first centuries of the Common Era . Medieval European exploration of Asia ( edit ) Illustration of Marco Polo 's arrival in a Chinese city In the 13th and 14th centuries , a number of Europeans , many of them Christian missionaries , had sought to penetrate into China . The most famous of these travelers was Marco Polo . But these journeys had little permanent effect on East - West trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century , which put an end to further European exploration of Asia . The Yuan dynasty in China , which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants , was overthrown , and the new Ming rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism . Meanwhile , the Turks consolidated control over the eastern Mediterranean , closing off key overland trade routes . Thus , until the 15th century , only minor trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia continued at certain terminals controlled by Muslim traders . Oceanic voyages to Asia ( edit ) Western European rulers determined to find new trade routes of their own . The Portuguese spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods . This chartering of oceanic routes between East and West began with the unprecedented voyages of Portuguese and Spanish sea captains . Their voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers , who had journeyed overland to the Far East and contributed to geographical knowledge of parts of Asia upon their return . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa under the sponsorship of Portugal 's John II , from which point he noticed that the coast swung northeast ( Cape of Good Hope ) . While Dias ' crew forced him to turn back , by 1497 , Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama made the first open voyage from Europe to India . In 1520 , Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese navigator in the service of the Crown of Castile ( ' Spain ' ) , found a sea route into the Pacific Ocean . Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Empire , Portuguese India Armadas , Manila galleon , Treaty of Tordesillas , and Treaty of Zaragoza Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque In 1509 , the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won the decisive battle of Diu against a joint Mamluk and Arab fleet sent to expel the Portuguese of the Arabian Sea . The victory enabled Portugal to implement its strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean . Early in the 16th century Afonso de Albuquerque ( left ) emerged as the Portuguese colonial viceroy most instrumental in consolidating Portugal 's holdings in Africa and in Asia . He understood that Portugal could wrest commercial supremacy from the Arabs only by force , and therefore devised a plan to establish forts at strategic sites which would dominate the trade routes and also protect Portuguese interests on land . In 1510 , he conquered Goa in India , which enabled him to gradually consolidate control of most of the commercial traffic between Europe and Asia , largely through trade ; Europeans started to carry on trade from forts , acting as foreign merchants rather than as settlers . In contrast , early European expansion in the `` West Indies '' , ( later known to Europeans as a separate continent from Asia that they would call the `` Americas '' ) following the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus , involved heavy settlement in colonies that were treated as political extensions of the mother countries . Lured by the potential of high profits from another expedition , the Portuguese established a permanent base in Cochin , south of the Indian trade port of Calicut in the early 16th century . In 1510 , the Portuguese , led by Afonso de Albuquerque , seized Goa on the coast of India , which Portugal held until 1961 , along with Diu and Daman ( the remaining territory and enclaves in India from a former network of coastal towns and smaller fortified trading ports added and abandoned or lost centuries before ) . The Portuguese soon acquired a monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean . Portuguese viceroy Albuquerque ( 1509 -- 1515 ) resolved to consolidate Portuguese holdings in Africa and Asia , and secure control of trade with the East Indies and China . His first objective was Malacca , which controlled the narrow strait through which most Far Eastern trade moved . Captured in 1511 , Malacca became the springboard for further eastward penetration , starting with the voyage of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão in 1512 , ordered by Albuquerque , to the Moluccas . Years later the first trading posts were established in the Moluccas , or `` Spice Islands '' , which was the source for some of the world 's most hotly demanded spices , and from there , in Makassar and some others , but smaller , in the Lesser Sunda Islands . By 1513 - 1516 , the first Portuguese ships had reached Canton on the southern coasts of China . Portuguese expeditions 1415 -- 1542 : arrival places and dates ; Portuguese spice trade routes in the Indian Ocean ( blue ) ; territories of the Portuguese empire under King John III rule ( green ) In 1513 , after the failed attempt to conquer Aden , Albuquerque entered with an armada , for the first time for Europeans by the ocean via , on the Red Sea ; and in 1515 , Albuquerque consolidated the Portuguese hegemony in the Persian Gulf gates , already begun by him in 1507 , with the domain of Muscat and Ormuz . Shortly after , other fortified bases and forts were annexed and built along the Gulf , and in 1521 , through a military campaign , the Portuguese annexed Bahrain . The Portuguese conquest of Malacca triggered the Malayan -- Portuguese war . In 1521 , Ming dynasty China defeated the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen and then defeated the Portuguese again at the Battle of Xicaowan . The Portuguese tried to establish trade with China by illegally smuggling with the pirates on the offshore islands off the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian , but they were driven away by the Ming navy in the 1530s - 1540 's . In 1557 , China decided to lease Macau to the Portuguese as a place where they could dry goods they transported on their ships , which they held until 1999 . The Portuguese , based at Goa and Malacca , had now established a lucrative maritime empire in the Indian Ocean meant to monopolise the spice trade . The Portuguese also began a channel of trade with the Japanese , becoming the first recorded Westerners to have visited Japan . This contact introduced Christianity and fire - arms into Japan . In 1505 , ( also possibly before , in 1501 ) , the Portuguese , through Lourenço de Almeida , the son of Francisco de Almeida , reached Ceylon . The Portuguese founded a fort at the city of Colombo in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland . In a series of military conflicts and political manoeuvres , the Portuguese extended their control over the Sinhalese kingdoms , including Jaffna ( 1591 ) , Raigama ( 1593 ) , Sitawaka ( 1593 ) , and Kotte ( 1594 ) - However , the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control faced the Kingdom of Kandy ` s fierce resistance . The Portuguese , led by Pedro Lopes de Sousa , launched a full - scale military invasion of the kingdom of Kandy in the Campaign of Danture of 1594 . The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese , with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan guerilla warfare . Constantino de Sá , romantically celebrated in the 17th century Sinhalese Epic ( also for its greater humanism and tolerance compared to other governors ) led the last military operation that also ended in disaster . He died in the Battle of Randeniwela , refusing to abandon his troops in the face of total annihilation . The energies of Castile ( later , the unified Spain ) , the other major colonial power of the 16th century , were largely concentrated on the Americas , not South and East Asia , but the Spanish did establish a footing in the Far East in the Philippines . After fighting with the Portuguese by the Spice Islands since 1522 and the agreement between the two powers in 1529 ( in the treaty of Zaragoza ) , the Spanish , led by Miguel López de Legazpi , settled and conquered gradually the Philippines since 1564 . After the discovery of the return voyage to the Americas by Andres de Urdaneta in 1565 , cargoes of Chinese goods were transported from the Philippines to Mexico and from there to Spain . By this long route , Spain reaped some of the profits of Far Eastern commerce . Spanish officials converted the islands to Christianity and established some settlements , permanently establishing the Philippines as the area of East Asia most oriented toward the West in terms of culture and commerce . The Moro Muslims fought against the Spanish for over three centuries in the Spanish -- Moro conflict . Decline of Portugal 's Asian Empire since the 17th century ( edit ) The lucrative trade was vastly expanded when the Portuguese began to export slaves from Africa in 1541 ; however , over time , the rise of the slave trade left Portugal over-extended , and vulnerable to competition from other Western European powers . Envious of Portugal 's control of trade routes , other Western European nations -- mainly the Netherlands , France , and England -- began to send in rival expeditions to Asia . In 1642 , the Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Gold Coast in Africa , the source of the bulk of Portuguese slave labourers , leaving this rich slaving area to other Europeans , especially the Dutch and the English . Rival European powers began to make inroads in Asia as the Portuguese and Spanish trade in the Indian Ocean declined primarily because they had become hugely over-stretched financially due to the limitations on their investment capacity and contemporary naval technology . Both of these factors worked in tandem , making control over Indian Ocean trade extremely expensive . The existing Portuguese interests in Asia proved sufficient to finance further colonial expansion and entrenchment in areas regarded as of greater strategic importance in Africa and Brazil . Portuguese maritime supremacy was lost to the Dutch in the 17th century , and with this came serious challenges for the Portuguese . However , they still clung to Macau , and settled a new colony on the island of Timor . It was as recent as the 1960s and 1970s that the Portuguese began to relinquish their colonies in Asia . Goa was invaded by India in 1961 and became an Indian state in 1987 ; Portuguese Timor was abandoned in 1975 and was then invaded by Indonesia . It became an independent country in 2002 ; and Macau was handed back to the Chinese as per a treaty in 1999 . Holy wars ( edit ) The arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish and their holy wars against Muslim states in the Malayan -- Portuguese war , Spanish -- Moro conflict and Castilian War inflamed religious tensions and turned Southeast Asia into an arena of conflict between Muslims and Christians . The Brunei Sultanate 's capital at Kota Batu was assaulted by Governor Sande who led the 1578 Spanish attack . The word `` savages '' in Spanish , cafres , was from the word `` infidel '' in Arabic - Kafir , and was used by the Spanish to refer to their own `` christian savages '' who were arrested in Brunei . It was said Castilians are kafir , men who have no souls , who are condemned by fire when they die , and that too because they eat pork by the Brunei Sultan after the term accursed doctrine was used to attack Islam by the Spaniards which fed into hatred between Muslims and Christians sparked by their 1571 war against Brunei . The Sultan 's words were in response to insults coming from the Spanish at Manila in 1578 , other Muslims from Champa , Java , Borneo , Luzon , Pahang , Demak , Aceh , and the Malays echoed the rhetoric of holy war against the Spanish and Iberian Portuguese , calling them kafir enemies which was a contrast to their earlier nuanced views of the Portuguese in the Hikayat Tanah Hitu and Sejarah Melayu . The war by Spain against Brunei was defended in an apologia written by Doctor De Sande . The British eventually partitioned and took over Brunei while Sulu was attacked by the British , Americans , and Spanish which caused its breakdown and downfall after both of them thrived from 1500 - 1900 for four centuries . Dar al - Islam was seen as under invasion by `` kafirs '' by the Atjehnese led by Zayn al - din and by Muslims in the Philippines as they saw the Spanish invasion , since the Spanish brought the idea of a crusader holy war against Muslim Moros just as the Portuguese did in Indonesia and India against what they called `` Moors '' in their political and commercial conquests which they saw through the lens of religion in the 16th century . In 1578 , an attack was launched by the Spanish against Jolo , and in 1875 it was destroyed at their hands , and once again in 1974 it was destroyed by the Philippines . The Spanish first set foot on Borneo in Brunei . The Spanish war against Brunei failed to conquer Brunei but it totally cut off the Philippines from Brunei 's influence , the Spanish then started colonizing Mindanao and building fortresses . In response , the Bisayas , where Spanish forces were stationed , were subjected to retaliatory attacks by the Magindanao in 1599 - 1600 due to the Spanish attacks on Mindanao . The Brunei royal family was related to the Muslim Rajahs who in ruled the principality in 1570 of Manila ( Kingdom of Maynila ) and this was what the Spaniards came across on their initial arrival to Manila , Spain uprooted Islam out of areas where it was shallow after they began to force Christianity on the Philippines in their conquests after 1521 while Islam was already widespread in the 16th century Philippines . In the Philippines in the Cebu islands the natives killed the Spanish fleet leader Magellan . Borneo 's western coastal areas at Landak , Sukadana , and Sambas saw the growth of Muslim states in the sixteenth century , in the 15th century at Nanking , the capital of China , the death and burial of the Borneo Bruneian king Maharaja Kama took place upon his visit to China with Zheng He 's fleet . The Spanish were expelled from Brunei in 1579 after they attacked in 1578 . There were half a hundred thousand inhabitants before the 1597 attack by the Spanish in Brunei . During first contact with China , numerous aggressions and provocations were undertaken by the Portuguese They believed they could mistreat the non-Christians because they themselves were Christians and acted in the name of their religion in committing crimes and atrocities . This resulted in the Battle of Xicaowan where the local Chinese navy defeated and captured a fleet of Portuguese caravels . Dutch trade and colonization in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Dutch colonial empire Rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century ( edit ) Dutch settlement in the East Indies . Batavia ( now Jakarta ) , Java , c. 1665 . Portuguese decline in Asia was accelerated by the attacks on their commercial empire by the Dutch and the English , which began a global struggle over empire in Asia that lasted until the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule facilitated Dutch encroachment of the Portuguese monopoly over South and East Asian trade . The Dutch looked on Spain 's trade and colonies as potential spoils in war . When the two crowns of the Iberian peninsula were joined in 1581 , the Dutch felt free to attack Portuguese territories in Asia . By the 1590s , a number of Dutch companies were formed to finance trading expeditions in Asia . Because competition lowered their profits , and because of the doctrines of mercantilism , in 1602 the companies united into a cartel and formed the Dutch East India Company , and received from the government the right to trade and colonise territory in the area stretching from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan . In 1605 , armed Dutch merchants captured the Portuguese fort at Amboyna in the Moluccas , which was developed into the first secure base of the company . Over time , the Dutch gradually consolidated control over the great trading ports of the East Indies . Control over the East Indies trading ports allowed the company to monopolise the world spice trade for decades . Their monopoly over the spice trade became complete after they drove the Portuguese from Malacca in 1641 and Ceylon in 1658 . Colombo , Dutch Ceylon , based on an engraving of circa 1680 Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were later established in Atjeh ( Aceh ) , 1667 ; Macassar , 1669 ; and Bantam , 1682 . The company established its headquarters at Batavia ( today Jakarta ) on the island of Java . Outside the East Indies , the Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were also established in Persia ( Iran ) , Bengal ( now Bangladesh and part of India ) , Mauritius ( 1638 - 1658 / 1664 - 1710 ) , Siam ( now Thailand ) , Guangzhou ( Canton , China ) , Taiwan ( 1624 -- 1662 ) , and southern India ( 1616 -- 1795 ) . Ming dynasty China defeated the Dutch East India Company in the Sino - Dutch conflicts . The Chinese first defeated and drove the Dutch out of the Pescadores in 1624 . The Ming navy under Zheng Zhilong defeated the Dutch East India Company 's fleet at the 1633 Battle of Liaoluo Bay . In 1662 , Zheng Zhilong 's son Zheng Chenggong ( also known as Koxinga ) expelled the Dutch from Taiwan after defeating them in the Siege of Fort Zeelandia . ( see History of Taiwan ) Further , the Dutch East India Company trade post on Dejima ( 1641 -- 1857 ) , an artificial island off the coast of Nagasaki , was for a long time the only place where Europeans could trade with Japan . The Vietnamese Nguyễn lords defeated the Dutch in a naval battle in 1643 . The Cambodians defeated the Dutch in the Cambodian -- Dutch War in 1644 . In 1652 , Jan van Riebeeck established an outpost at the Cape of Good Hope ( the southwestern tip of Africa , currently in South Africa ) to restock company ships on their journey to East Asia . This post later became a fully - fledged colony , the Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) . As Cape Colony attracted increasing Dutch and European settlement , the Dutch founded the city of Kaapstad ( Cape Town ) . By 1669 , the Dutch East India Company was the richest private company in history , with a huge fleet of merchant ships and warships , tens of thousands of employees , a private army consisting of thousands of soldiers , and a reputation on the part of its stockholders for high dividend payments . Dutch new imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Dutch East Indies The Dutch Governor - General , highest authority in the colony and the Sultan of Jogjakarta . The company was in almost constant conflict with the English ; relations were particularly tense following the Amboyna Massacre in 1623 . During the 18th century , Dutch East India Company possessions were increasingly focused on the East Indies . After the fourth war between the United Provinces and England ( 1780 -- 1784 ) , the company suffered increasing financial difficulties . In 1799 , the company was dissolved , commencing official colonisation of the East Indies . During the era of New Imperialism the territorial claims of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) expanded into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies . Partly driven by re-newed colonial aspirations of fellow European nation states the Dutch strived to establish unchallenged control of the archipelago now known as Indonesia . Six years into formal colonisation of the East Indies , in Europe the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French forces of Napoleon . The Dutch government went into exile in England and formally ceded its colonial possessions to Great Britain . The pro-French Governor General of Java Jan Willem Janssens , resisted a British invasion force in 1811 until forced to surrender . British Governor Raffles , who the later founded the city of Singapore , ruled the colony the following 10 years of the British interregnum ( 1806 -- 1816 ) . After the defeat of Napoleon and the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 colonial government of the East Indies was ceded back to the Dutch in 1817 . The loss of South Africa and the continued scramble for Africa stimulated the Dutch to secure unchallenged dominion over its colony in the East Indies . The Dutch started to consolidate its power base through extensive military campaigns and elaborate diplomatic alliances with indigenous rulers ensuring the Dutch tricolor was firmly planted in all corners of the Archipelago . These military campaigns included : the Padri War ( 1821 -- 1837 ) , the Java War ( 1825 -- 1830 ) and the Aceh War ( 1873 -- 1904 ) . This raised the need for a considerable military buildup of the colonial army ( KNIL ) . From all over Europe soldiers were recruited to join the KNIL . The Dutch concentrated their colonial enterprise in the Dutch East Indies ( Indonesia ) throughout the 19th century . The Dutch lost control over the East Indies to the Japanese during much of World War II . Following the war , the Dutch fought Indonesian independence forces after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 . In 1949 , most of what was known as the Dutch East Indies was ceded to the independent Republic of Indonesia . In 1962 , also Dutch New Guinea was annexed by Indonesia de facto ending Dutch imperialism in Asia . British in India ( edit ) Portuguese , French , and British competition in India ( 1600 -- 1763 ) ( edit ) Robert Clive , 1st Baron Clive The English sought to stake out claims in India at the expense of the Portuguese dating back to the Elizabethan era . In 1600 , Queen Elizabeth I incorporated the English East India Company ( later the British East India Company ) , granting it a monopoly of trade from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan . In 1639 , it acquired Madras on the east coast of India , where it quickly surpassed Portuguese Goa as the principal European trading centre on the Indian Subcontinent . Through bribes , diplomacy , and manipulation of weak native rulers , the company prospered in India , where it became the most powerful political force , and outrivaled its Portuguese and French competitors . For more than one hundred years , English and French trading companies had fought one another for supremacy , and , by the middle of the 18th century , competition between the British and the French had heated up . French defeat by the British under the command of Robert Clive during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) marked the end of the French stake in India . Collapse of Mughal India ( edit ) Main article : Company rule in India The British East India Company , although still in direct competition with French and Dutch interests until 1763 , was able to extend its control over almost the whole of India in the century following the subjugation of Bengal at the 1757 Battle of Plassey . The British East India Company made great advances at the expense of a Mughal dynasty . The reign of Aurangzeb had marked the height of Mughal power , By 1690 . Mughal territorial expansion reached its greatest extent , Aurangzeb 's Empire encompassed the entire Indian Subcontinent . But this period of power was followed by one of decline . Fifty years after the death of Aurangzeb , the great Mughal empire had crumbled . Meanwhile , marauding warlords , nobles , and others bent on gaining power left the Subcontinent increasingly anarchic . Although the Mughals kept the imperial title until 1858 , the central government had collapsed , creating a power vacuum . From Company to Crown ( edit ) Main article : British Raj The British Empire in 1920 Aside from defeating the French during the Seven Years ' War , Robert Clive , the leader of the Company in India , defeated a key Indian ruler of Bengal at the decisive Battle of Plassey ( 1757 ) , a victory that ushered in the beginning of a new period in Indian history , that of informal British rule . While still nominally the sovereign , the Mughal Indian emperor became more and more of a puppet ruler , and anarchy spread until the company stepped into the role of policeman of India . The transition to formal imperialism , characterised by Queen Victoria being crowned `` Empress of India '' in the 1870s was a gradual process . The first step toward cementing formal British control extended back to the late 18th century . The British Parliament , disturbed by the idea that a great business concern , interested primarily in profit , was controlling the destinies of millions of people , passed acts in 1773 and 1784 that gave itself the power to control company policies and to appoint the highest company official in India , the Governor - General . ( This system of dual control lasted until 1858 . ) By 1818 , the East India Company was master of all of India . Some local rulers were forced to accept its overlordship ; others were deprived of their territories . Some portions of India were administered by the British directly ; in others native dynasties were retained under British supervision . The First Anglo - Sikh War , 1845 - 46 Until 1858 , however , much of India was still officially the dominion of the Mughal emperor . Anger among some social groups , however , was seething under the governor - generalship of James Dalhousie ( 1847 -- 1856 ) , who annexed the Punjab ( 1849 ) after victory in the Second Sikh War , annexed seven princely states using the doctrine of lapse , annexed the key state of Oudh on the basis of misgovernment , and upset cultural sensibilities by banning Hindu practices such as sati . The 1857 Sepoy Rebellion , or Indian Mutiny , an uprising initiated by Indian troops , called sepoys , who formed the bulk of the Company 's armed forces , was the key turning point . Rumour had spread among them that their bullet cartridges were lubricated with pig and cow fat . The cartridges had to be bit open , so this upset the Hindu and Muslim soldiers . The Hindu religion held cows sacred , and for Muslims pork was considered haraam . In one camp , 85 out of 90 sepoys would not accept the cartridges from their garrison officer . The British harshly punished those who would not by jailing them . The Indian people were outraged , and on May 10 , 1857 , sepoys marched to Delhi , and , with the help of soldiers stationed there , captured it . Fortunately for the British , many areas remained loyal and quiescent , allowing the revolt to be crushed after fierce fighting . One important consequence of the revolt was the final collapse of the Mughal dynasty . The mutiny also ended the system of dual control under which the British government and the British East India Company shared authority . The government relieved the company of its political responsibilities , and in 1858 , after 258 years of existence , the company relinquished its role . Trained civil servants were recruited from graduates of British universities , and these men set out to rule India . Lord Canning ( created earl in 1859 ) , appointed Governor - General of India in 1856 , became known as `` Clemency Canning '' as a term of derision for his efforts to restrain revenge against the Indians during the Indian Mutiny . When the Government of India was transferred from the Company to the Crown , Canning became the first viceroy of India . The Company initiated the first of the Anglo - Burmese wars in 1824 , which led to total annexation of Burma by the Crown in 1885 . The British ruled Burma as a province of British India until 1937 , then administered her separately under the Burma Office except during the Japanese occupation of Burma , 1942 -- 1945 , until granted independence on 4 January 1948 . ( Unlike India , Burma opted not to join the Commonwealth of Nations . ) Rise of Indian nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Indian independence movement The denial of equal status to Indians was the immediate stimulus for the formation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress , initially loyal to the Empire but committed from 1905 to increased self - government and by 1930 to outright independence . The `` Home charges '' , payments transferred from India for administrative costs , were a lasting source of nationalist grievance , though the flow declined in relative importance over the decades to independence in 1947 . Although majority Hindu and minority Muslim political leaders were able to collaborate closely in their criticism of British policy into the 1920s , British support for a distinct Muslim political organisation , the Muslim League from 1906 and insistence from the 1920s on separate electorates for religious minorities , is seen by many in India as having contributed to Hindu - Muslim discord and the country 's eventual Partition . France in Indochina ( edit ) Main article : French Indochina The capture of Lạng Sơn in 1885 France , which had lost its empire to the British by the end of the 18th century , had little geographical or commercial basis for expansion in Southeast Asia . After the 1850s , French imperialism was initially impelled by a nationalistic need to rival the United Kingdom and was supported intellectually by the notion that French culture was superior to that of the people of Annam ( Vietnam ) , and its mission civilisatrice -- or its `` civilizing mission '' of the Annamese through their assimilation to French culture and the Catholic religion . The pretext for French expansionism in Indochina was the protection of French religious missions in the area , coupled with a desire to find a southern route to China through Tonkin , the European name for a region of northern Vietnam . French religious and commercial interests were established in Indochina as early as the 17th century , but no concerted effort at stabilizing the French position was possible in the face of British strength in the Indian Ocean and French defeat in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century . A mid-19th century religious revival under the Second Empire provided the atmosphere within which interest in Indochina grew . Anti-Christian persecutions in the Far East provided the pretext for the bombardment of Tourane ( Danang ) in 1847 , and invasion and occupation of Danang in 1857 and Saigon in 1858 . Under Napoleon III , France decided that French trade with China would be surpassed by the British , and accordingly the French joined the British against China in the Second Opium War from 1857 to 1860 , and occupied parts of Vietnam as its gateway to China . By the Treaty of Saigon in 1862 , on June 5 , the Vietnamese emperor ceded France three provinces of southern Vietnam to form the French colony of Cochinchina ; France also secured trade and religious privileges in the rest of Vietnam and a protectorate over Vietnam 's foreign relations . Gradually French power spread through exploration , the establishment of protectorates , and outright annexations . Their seizure of Hanoi in 1882 led directly to war with China ( 1883 -- 1885 ) , and the French victory confirmed French supremacy in the region . France governed Cochinchina as a direct colony , and central and northern Vietnam under the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin , and Cambodia as protectorates in one degree or another . Laos too was soon brought under French `` protection '' . By the beginning of the 20th century , France had created an empire in Indochina nearly 50 percent larger than the mother country . A Governor - General in Hanoi ruled Cochinchina directly and the other regions through a system of residents . Theoretically , the French maintained the precolonial rulers and administrative structures in Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina , Cambodia , and Laos , but in fact the governor - generalship was a centralised fiscal and administrative regime ruling the entire region . Although the surviving native institutions were preserved in order to make French rule more acceptable , they were almost completely deprived of any independence of action . The ethnocentric French colonial administrators sought to assimilate the upper classes into France 's `` superior culture . '' While the French improved public services and provided commercial stability , the native standard of living declined and precolonial social structures eroded . Indochina , which had a population of over eighteen million in 1914 , was important to France for its tin , pepper , coal , cotton , and rice . It is still a matter of debate , however , whether the colony was commercially profitable . Russia and `` the great Game '' ( edit ) Main article : The Great Game See also : Russian conquest of Siberia and Russian conquest of Turkestan Russian troops taking Samarkand in 1868 . Tsarist Russia is not often regarded as a colonial power such as the United Kingdom or France because of the manner of Russian expansions : unlike the United Kingdom , which expanded overseas , the Russian empire grew from the centre outward by a process of accretion , like the United States . In the 19th century , Russian expansion took the form of a struggle of an effectively landlocked country for access to a warm water port . Qing China defeated Russia in the Sino - Russian border conflicts . While the British were consolidating their hold on India , Russian expansion had moved steadily eastward to the Pacific , then toward the Middle East . In the early 19th century it succeeded in conquering the South Caucasus and Dagestan from Qajar Persia following the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) , the Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) and the out coming treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , giving Russia direct borders with both Persia 's as well as Ottoman Turkey 's heartlands . Later , they eventually reached the frontiers of Afghanistan as well ( which had the largest foreign border adjacent to British holdings in India ) . In response to Russian expansion , the defense of India 's land frontiers and the control of all sea approaches to the Subcontinent via the Suez Canal , the Red Sea , and the Persian Gulf became preoccupations of British foreign policy in the 19th century . Anglo - Russian rivalry in the Middle East and Central Asia led to a brief confrontation over Afghanistan in the 1870s . In Persia ( Iran ) , both nations set up banks to extend their economic influence . The United Kingdom went so far as to invade Tibet , a land subordinate to the Chinese empire , in 1904 , but withdrew when it became clear that Russian influence was insignificant and when Chinese resistance proved tougher than expected . In 1907 , the United Kingdom and Russia signed an agreement which -- on the surface -- ended their rivalry in Central Asia . ( see Anglo - Russian Entente ) As part of the entente , Russia agreed to deal with the sovereign of Afghanistan only through British intermediaries . In turn , the United Kingdom would not annex or occupy Afghanistan . Chinese suzerainty over Tibet also was recognised by both Russia and the United Kingdom , since nominal control by a weak China was preferable to control by either power . Persia was divided into Russian and British spheres of influence and an intervening `` neutral '' zone . The United Kingdom and Russia chose to reach these uneasy compromises because of growing concern on the part of both powers over German expansion in strategic areas of China and Africa . Following the entente , Russia increasingly intervened in Persian domestic politics and suppressed nationalist movements that threatened both St. Petersburg and London . After the Russian Revolution , Russia gave up its claim to a sphere of influence , though Soviet involvement persisted alongside the United Kingdom 's until the 1940s . In the Middle East , in Persia ( Iran ) and the Ottoman Empire , a German company built a railroad from Constantinople to Baghdad and the Persian Gulf in the latter , while it built a railroad from the north of the country to the south , connecting the Caucasus with the Persian Gulf in the former . Germany wanted to gain economic influence in the region and then , perhaps , move on to India . This was met with bitter resistance by the United Kingdom , Russia , and France who divided the region among themselves . European intrusions into China ( edit ) A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back , with Queen Victoria ( UK ) , William II ( Germany ) , Nicholas II ( Russia ) , Marianne ( France ) , and Mutsuhito ( Japan ) cutting up a king cake with Chine ( `` China '' in French ) written on it . Main article : List of foreign enclaves in China The 16th century brought many Jesuit missionaries to China , such as Matteo Ricci , who established missions where Western science was introduced , and where Europeans gathered knowledge of Chinese society , history , culture , and science . During the 18th century , merchants from Western Europe came to China in increasing numbers . However , merchants were confined to Guangzhou and the Portuguese colony of Macau , as they had been since the 16th century . European traders were increasingly irritated by what they saw as the relatively high customs duties they had to pay and by the attempts to curb the growing import trade in opium . By 1800 , its importation was forbidden by the imperial government . However , the opium trade continued to boom . Early in the 19th century , serious internal weaknesses developed in the Qing dynasty that left China vulnerable to Western , Meiji period Japanese , and Russian imperialism . In 1839 , China found itself fighting the First Opium War with Britain . China was defeated , and in 1842 , signed the provisions of the Treaty of Nanjing which were first of the unequal treaties signed during the Qing Dynasty . Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain , and certain ports , including Shanghai and Guangzhou , were opened to British trade and residence . In 1856 , the Second Opium War broke out . The Chinese were again defeated , and now forced to the terms of the 1858 Treaty of Tientsin . The treaty opened new ports to trade and allowed foreigners to travel in the interior . In addition , Christians gained the right to propagate their religion . The United States Treaty of Wanghia and Russia later obtained the same prerogatives in separate treaties . Toward the end of the 19th century , China appeared on the way to territorial dismemberment and economic vassalage -- the fate of India 's rulers that played out much earlier . Several provisions of these treaties caused long - standing bitterness and humiliation among the Chinese : extraterritoriality ( meaning that in a dispute with a Chinese person , a Westerner had the right to be tried in a court under the laws of his own country ) , customs regulation , and the right to station foreign warships in Chinese waters , including its navigable rivers . Jane E. Elliott criticized the allegation that China refused to modernize or was unable to defeat Western armies as simplistic , noting that China embarked on a massive military modernization in the late 1800s after several defeats , buying weapons from Western countries and manufacturing their own at arsenals , such as the Hanyang Arsenal during the Boxer Rebellion . In addition , Elliott questioned the claim that Chinese society was traumatized by the Western victories , as many Chinese peasants ( 90 % of the population at that time ) living outside the concessions continued about their daily lives , uninterrupted and without any feeling of `` humiliation '' . Historians have judged the Qing dynasty 's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land , the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that `` China 's nineteenth - century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea . At the start of the Opium War , China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea ; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go ... In the Arrow War ( 1856 - 60 ) , the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo - French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing . Meanwhile , new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions , bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia , and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino - French War ( 1884 - 85 ) . But the defeat of the fleet , and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan , forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms . '' During the Sino - French War , Chinese forces defeated the French at the Battle of Cầu Giấy ( Paper Bridge ) , Bắc Lệ ambush , Battle of Phu Lam Tao , Battle of Zhenhai , the Battle of Tamsui in the Keelung Campaign and in the last battle which ended the war , the Battle of Bang Bo ( Zhennan Pass ) , which triggered the French Retreat from Lạng Sơn and resulted in the collapse of the French Jules Ferry government in the Tonkin Affair . The Qing dynasty forced Russia to hand over disputed territory in Ili in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1881 ) , in what was widely seen by the west as a diplomatic victory for the Qing . Russia acknowledged that Qing China potentially posed a serious military threat . Mass media in the west during this era portrayed China as a rising military power due to its modernization programs and as a major threat to the western world , invoking fears that China would successfully conquer western colonies like Australia . The British observer Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger suggested a British - Chinese alliance to check Russian expansion in Central Asia . During the Ili crisis when Qing China threatened to go to war against Russia over the Russian occupation of Ili , the British officer Charles George Gordon was sent to China by Britain to advise China on military options against Russia should a potential war break out between China and Russia . The Russians observed the Chinese building up their arsenal of modern weapons during the Ili crisis , the Chinese bought thousands of rifles from Germany . In 1880 , massive amounts of military equipment and rifles were shipped via boats to China from Antwerp as China purchased torpedoes , artillery , and 260,260 modern rifles from Europe . The Russian military observer D.V. Putiatia visited China in 1888 and found that in Northeastern China ( Manchuria ) along the Chinese - Russian border , the Chinese soldiers were potentially able to become adept at `` European tactics '' under certain circumstances , and the Chinese soldiers were armed with modern weapons like Krupp artillery , Winchester carbines , and Mauser rifles . Compared to Russian controlled areas , more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz on the Chinese controlled areas . Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz , which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China . The Muslim Kirghiz were sure that in an upcoming war , that China would defeat Russia . Russian sinologists , the Russian media , threat of internal rebellion , the pariah status inflicted by the Congress of Berlin , the negative state of the Russian economy all led Russia to concede and negotiate with China in St Petersburg , and return most of Ili to China . Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives . Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 5 The rise of Japan since the Meiji Restoration as an imperial power led to further subjugation of China . In a dispute over China 's longstanding claim of suzerainty in Korea , war broke out between China and Japan , resulting in humiliating defeat for the Chinese . By the Treaty of Shimonoseki ( 1895 ) , China was forced to recognize effective Japanese rule of Korea and Taiwan was ceded to Japan until its recovery in 1945 at the end of the WWII by the Republic of China . China 's defeat at the hands of Japan was another trigger for future aggressive actions by Western powers . In 1897 , Germany demanded and was given a set of exclusive mining and railroad rights in Shandong province . Russia obtained access to Dairen and Port Arthur and the right to build a railroad across Manchuria , thereby achieving complete domination over a large portion of northwestern China . The United Kingdom and France also received a number of concessions . At this time , much of China was divided up into `` spheres of influence '' : Germany dominated Jiaozhou ( Kiaochow ) Bay , Shandong , and the Yellow River valley ; Russia dominated the Liaodong Peninsula and Manchuria ; the United Kingdom dominated Weihaiwei and the Yangtze Valley ; and France dominated the Guangzhou Bay and several other southern provinces . British and Japanese forces engage Boxers in battle , 1900 China continued to be divided up into these spheres until the United States , which had no sphere of influence , grew alarmed at the possibility of its businessmen being excluded from Chinese markets . In 1899 , Secretary of State John Hay asked the major powers to agree to a policy of equal trading privileges . In 1900 , several powers agreed to the U.S. - backed scheme , giving rise to the `` Open Door '' policy , denoting freedom of commercial access and non-annexation of Chinese territory . In any event , it was in the European powers ' interest to have a weak but independent Chinese government . The privileges of the Europeans in China were guaranteed in the form of treaties with the Qing government . In the event that the Qing government totally collapsed , each power risked losing the privileges that it already had negotiated . The erosion of Chinese sovereignty and seizures of land from Chinese by foreigners contributed to a spectacular anti-foreign outbreak in June 1900 , when the `` Boxers '' ( properly the society of the `` righteous and harmonious fists '' ) attacked foreigners around Beijing . The Imperial Court was divided into anti-foreign and pro-foreign factions , with the pro-foreign faction led by Ronglu and Prince Qing hampering any military effort by the anti-foreign faction led by Prince Duan and Dong Fuxiang . The Qing Empress Dowager ordered all diplomatic ties to be cut off and all foreigners to leave the legations in Beijing to go to Tianjin . The foreigners refused to leave . Fueled by entirely false reports that the foreigners in the legations were massacred , the Eight - Nation Alliance decided to launch an expedition on Beijing to reach the legations but they underestimated the Qing military . The Qing and Boxers defeated the foreigners at the Seymour Expedition , forcing them to turn back at the Battle of Langfang . In response to the foreign attack on Dagu Forts the Qing responded by declaring war against the foreigners . the Qing forces and foreigners fought a fierce battle at the Battle of Tientsin before the foreigners could launch a second expedition . On their second try Gaselee Expedition , with a much larger force , the foreigners managed to reach Beijing and fight the Battle of Peking ( 1900 ) . British and French forces looted , plundered and burned the Old Summer Palace to the ground for the second time ( the first time being in 1860 , following the Second Opium War ) . German forces were particularly severe in exacting revenge for the killing of their ambassador due to the orders of Kaiser Wilhelm II , who held anti-Asian sentiments , while Russia tightened its hold on Manchuria in the northeast until its crushing defeat by Japan in the war of 1904 -- 1905 . The Qing court evacuated to Xi'an and threatened to continue the war against foreigners , until the foreigners tempered their demands in the Boxer Protocol , promising that China would not have to give up any land and gave up the demands for the execution of Dong Fuxiang and Prince Duan . The correspondent Douglas Story observed Chinese troops in 1907 and praised their abilities and military skill . Extraterritorial jurisdiction was abandoned by the United Kingdom and the United States in 1943 . Chiang Kai - shek forced the French to hand over all their concessions back to China control after World War II . Foreign political control over leased parts of China ended with the incorporation of Hong Kong and the small Portuguese territory of Macau into the People 's Republic of China in 1997 and 1999 respectively . U.S. imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : History of United States overseas expansion One of the New York Journal 's most infamous cartoons , depicting Philippine -- American War General Jacob H. Smith 's order `` Kill Everyone over Ten '' , from the front page on May 5 , 1902 . Some Americans in the Nineteenth Century advocated for the annexation of Taiwan from China . Aboriginals on Taiwan often attacked and massacred shipwrecked western sailors . In 1867 , during the Rover incident , Taiwanese aborigines attacked shipwrecked American sailors , killing the entire crew . They subsequently defeated a retaliatory expedition by the American military and killed another American during the battle . As the United States emerged as a new imperial power in the Pacific and Asia , one of the two oldest Western imperialist powers in the regions , Spain , was finding it increasingly difficult to maintain control of territories it had held in the regions since the 16th century . In 1896 , a widespread revolt against Spanish rule broke out in the Philippines . Meanwhile , the recent string of U.S. territorial gains in the Pacific posed an even greater threat to Spain 's remaining colonial holdings . As the U.S. continued to expand its economic and military power in the Pacific , it declared war against Spain in 1898 . During the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila and U.S. troops landed in the Philippines . Spain later agreed by treaty to cede the Philippines in Asia and Guam in the Pacific . In the Caribbean , Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. The war also marked the end of Spanish rule in Cuba , which was to be granted nominal independence but remained heavily influenced by the U.S. government and U.S. business interests . One year following its treaty with Spain , the U.S. occupied the small Pacific outpost of Wake Island . The Filipinos , who assisted U.S. troops in fighting the Spanish , wished to establish an independent state and , on June 12 , 1898 , declared independence from Spain . In 1899 , fighting between the Filipino nationalists and the U.S. broke out ; it took the U.S. almost fifteen years to fully subdue the insurgency . The U.S. sent 70,000 troops and suffered thousands of casualties . The Filipinos insurgents , however , suffered considerably higher casualties than the Americans . Most casualties in the war were civilians dying primarily from disease . U.S. attacks into the countryside often included scorched earth campaigns where entire villages were burned and destroyed , and concentrated civilians into camps known as `` protected zones '' . Most of these civilian casualties resulted from disease and famine . Reports of the execution of U.S. soldiers taken prisoner by the Filipinos led to disproportionate reprisals by American forces . The Moro Muslims fought against the Americans in the Moro Rebellion . In 1914 , Dean C. Worcester , U.S. Secretary of the Interior for the Philippines ( 1901 -- 1913 ) described `` the regime of civilisation and improvement which started with American occupation and resulted in developing naked savages into cultivated and educated men '' . Nevertheless , some Americans , such as Mark Twain , deeply opposed American involvement / imperialism in the Philippines , leading to the abandonment of attempts to construct a permanent U.S. naval base and using it as an entry point to the Chinese market . In 1916 , Congress guaranteed the independence of the Philippines by 1945 . World War I : changes in imperialism ( edit ) World War I brought about the fall of several empires in Europe . This had repercussions around the world . The defeated Central Powers included Germany and the Turkish Ottoman Empire . Germany lost all of its colonies in Asia . German New Guinea , a part of Papua New Guinea , became administered by Australia . German possessions and concessions in China , including Qingdao , became the subject of a controversy during the Paris Peace Conference when the Beiyang government in China agreed to cede these interests to Japan , to the anger of many Chinese people . Although the Chinese diplomats refused to sign the agreement , these interests were ceded to Japan with the support of the United States and the United Kingdom . Turkey gave up her provinces ; Syria , Palestine , and Mesopotamia ( now Iraq ) came under French and British control as League of Nations Mandates . The discovery of petroleum first in Iran and then in the Arab lands in the interbellum provided a new focus for activity on the part of the United Kingdom , France , and the United States . Japan ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese imperialism and Japanese expansionism Europeans in Dejima , the Dutch trading colony in the harbor of Nagasaki , early 19th century . In 1641 , all Westerners were thrown out of Japan . For the next two centuries , Japan was free from Western influence , except for at the port of Nagasaki , which Japan allowed Dutch merchant vessels to enter on a limited basis . Japan 's freedom from Western penetration ended on 8 July 1853 , when Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy sailed a squadron of black - hulled warships into Edo ( modern Tokyo ) harbor . The Japanese told Perry to sail to Nagasaki but he refused . Perry sought to present a letter from U.S. President Millard Fillmore to the emperor which demanded concessions from Japan . Japanese authorities responded by stating that they could not present the letter directly to the emperor , but scheduled a meeting on July 14 with a representative of the emperor . On 14 July , the squadron sailed towards the shore , giving a demonstration of their cannon 's firepower thirteen times . Perry landed with a large detachment of Marines and presented the emperor 's representative with Fillmore 's letter . Perry said he would return , and did so , this time with even more war ships . The U.S. show of force led to Japan 's concession to the Convention of Kanagawa on 31 March 1854 . This treaty conferred extraterritoriality on American nationals , as well as , opening up further treaty ports beyond Nagasaki . This treaty was followed up by similar treaties with the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Russia and France . These events made Japanese authorities aware that the country was lacking technologically and needed the strength of industrialism in order to keep their power . This realisation eventually led to a civil war and political reform known the Meiji Restoration . The Meiji Restoration of 1868 led to administrative overhaul , deflation and subsequent rapid economic development . Japan had limited natural resources of her own and sought both overseas markets and sources of raw materials , fuelling a drive for imperial conquest which began with the defeat of China in 1895 . Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by Japanese . Taiwan , ceded by Qing Dynasty China , became the first Japanese colony . In 1899 , Japan won agreements from the great powers ' to abandon extraterritoriality for their citizens , and an alliance with the United Kingdom established it in 1902 as an international power . Its spectacular defeat of Russia 's navy in 1905 gave it the southern half of the island of Sakhalin ; exclusive Japanese influence over Korea ( propinquity ) ; the former Russian lease of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur ( Lüshunkou ) ; and extensive rights in Manchuria ( see the Russo - Japanese War ) . The Empire of Japan and the Joseon Dynasty in Korea formed bilateral diplomatic relations in 1876 . China lost its suzerainty of Korea after defeat in the Sino - Japanese War in 1894 . Russia also lost influence on the Korean peninsula with the Treaty of Portsmouth as a result of the Russo - Japanese war in 1904 . The Joseon Dynasty became increasingly dependent on Japan . Korea became a protectorate of Japan with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 . Korea was then de jure annexed to Japan with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 . Japan was now one of the most powerful forces in the Far East , and in 1914 , it entered World War I on the side of the Allies , seizing German - occupied Kiaochow and subsequently demanding Chinese acceptance of Japanese political influence and territorial acquisitions ( Twenty - One Demands , 1915 ) . Mass protests in Peking in 1919 coupled with Allied ( and particularly U.S. ) opinion led to Japan 's abandonment of most of the demands and Joseon 's 1922 return to China . Japan received the German territory from the Treaty of Versailles , 1919 , sparking widespread Chinese nationalism . Tensions with China increased over the 1920s , and in 1931 Japanese army units based in Manchuria seized control of the region without direction from Tokyo . Intermittent conflict with China led to full - scale war in mid-1937 , drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony ( Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ) , which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II ( see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism ) . After world War II ( edit ) Decolonisation and the rise of nationalism in Asia ( edit ) In the aftermath of World War II , European colonies , controlling more than one billion people throughout the world , still ruled most of the Middle East , South East Asia , and the Indian Subcontinent . However , the image of European pre-eminence was shattered by the wartime Japanese occupations of large portions of British , French , and Dutch territories in the Pacific . The destabilisation of European rule led to the rapid growth of nationalist movements in Asia -- especially in Indonesia , Malaya , Burma , and French Indochina . British Army 's counter-insurgency campaign in the British controlled territories of South Arabia , 1967 The war , however , only accelerated forces already in existence undermining Western imperialism in Asia . Throughout the colonial world , the processes of urbanisation and capitalist investment created professional merchant classes that emerged as new Westernised elites . While imbued with Western political and economic ideas , these classes increasingly grew to resent their unequal status under European rule . British in India and the Middle East ( edit ) In India , the westward movement of Japanese forces towards Bengal during World War II had led to major concessions on the part of British authorities to Indian nationalist leaders . In 1947 , the United Kingdom , devastated by war and embroiled in economic crisis at home , granted British India its independence as two nations : India and Pakistan . The following year independence was granted to Burma and Ceylon . In the Middle East , the United Kingdom granted independence to Jordan in 1946 and two years later ended its mandate of Palestine . Dutch East Indies ( edit ) Dutch soldiers control the papers of Javanese women , 1946 Following the end of the war , nationalists in Indonesia demanded complete independence from the Netherlands . A brutal conflict ensued , and finally , in 1949 , through United Nations mediation , the Dutch East Indies achieved independence , becoming the new nation of Indonesia . Dutch imperialism moulded this new multi-ethnic state comprising roughly 3,000 islands of the Indonesian archipelago with a population at the time of over 100 million . The end of Dutch rule opened up latent tensions between the roughly 300 distinct ethnic groups of the islands , with the major ethnic fault line being between the Javanese and the non-Javanese . Netherlands New Guinea was under the Dutch administration until 1962 ( see also West New Guinea dispute ) . United States in Asia ( edit ) In the Philippines , the U.S. remained committed to its previous pledges to grant the islands their independence , and the Philippines became the first of the Western - controlled Asian colonies to be granted independence post-World War II . However , the Philippines remained under pressure to adopt a political and economic system similar to their old imperial master . This aim was greatly complicated by the rise of new political forces . During the war , the Hukbalahap ( People 's Army ) , which had strong ties to the Communist Party of the Philippines ( PKP ) , fought against the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and won strong popularity among many sectors of the Filipino working class and peasantry . In 1946 , the PKP participated in elections as part of the Democratic Alliance . However , with the onset of the Cold War , its growing political strength drew a reaction from the ruling government and the United States , resulting in the repression of the PKP and its associated organisations . In 1948 , the PKP began organizing an armed struggle against the government and continued U.S. military presence . In 1950 , the PKP created the People 's Liberation Army ( Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan ) , which mobilised thousands of troops throughout the islands . The insurgency lasted until 1956 , when the PKP gave up armed struggle . In 1968 , the PKP underwent a split , and in 1969 the Maoist faction of the PKP created the New People 's Army . Maoist rebels re-launched an armed struggle against the government and the U.S. military presence in the Philippines , which continues to this day . France in Indochina ( edit ) Post-war resistance to French rule ( edit ) French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950 France remained determined to retain its control of Indochina . However , in Hanoi , in 1945 , a broad front of nationalists and communists led by Ho Chi Minh declared an independent Republic of Vietnam , commonly referred to as the Viet Minh regime by Western outsiders . France , seeking to regain control of Vietnam , countered with a vague offer of self - government under French rule . France 's offers were unacceptable to Vietnamese nationalists ; and in December 1946 the Việt Minh launched a rebellion against the French authority governing the colonies of French Indochina . The first few years of the war involved a low - level rural insurgency against French authority . However , after the Chinese communists reached the Northern border of Vietnam in 1949 , the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the France granted the State of Vietnam based in Saigon independence in 1949 while Laos and Cambodia received independence in 1953 . The US recognized the regime in Saigon , and provided the French military effort with military aid . Meanwhile , in Vietnam , the French war against the Viet Minh continued for nearly eight years . The French were gradually worn down by guerrilla and jungle fighting . The turning point for France occurred at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 , which resulted in the surrender of ten thousand French troops . Paris was forced to accept a political settlement that year at the Geneva Conference , which led to a precarious set of agreements regarding the future political status of Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . List of European colonies in Asia ( edit ) British Burma ( 1824 -- 1948 , merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937 ) Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) : Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Portuguese Timor ( 1702 -- 1975 , now East Timor ) British Hong Kong ( 1842 -- 1997 ) Colonial India ( includes the territory of present - day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh ) : Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) French India ( 1769 -- 1954 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Dutch Bengal Danish India ( 1696 -- 1869 ) British India ( 1613 -- 1947 ) British East India Company ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) French Indochina ( 1887 -- 1953 ) , including : French Laos ( 1893 -- 1953 ) French Cambodia ( 1863 -- 1953 ) Annam ( now Vietnam ) ( 1883 -- 1953 ) Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) -- Dutch colony from 1602 -- 1949 ( included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962 ) Portuguese Macau -- Portuguese colony , the first European colony in China ( 1557 -- 1999 ) , longest European occupation in Asia , 442 years . Malaya ( now part of Malaysia ) : Portuguese Malacca ( 1511 -- 1641 ) Dutch Malacca ( 1641 -- 1824 ) British Malaya , included : Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1946 ) Federated Malay States ( 1895 -- 1946 ) Unfederated Malay States ( 1885 -- 1946 ) Federation of Malaya ( under British rule , 1948 -- 1963 ) British Borneo ( now part of Malaysia ) , including : Labuan ( 1848 -- 1946 ) North Borneo ( 1882 -- 1941 ) Crown Colony of North Borneo ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Crown Colony of Sarawak ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Brunei British Brunei ( 1888 -- 1984 ) ( British protectorate ) Outer Manchuria -- ceded to Russian Empire through Treaty of Aigun ( 1858 ) and Treaty of Peking ( 1860 ) Philippines : Spanish Philippines ( 1565 -- 1898 , 2nd longest European occupation in Asia , 333 years ) , British Manila ( 1762 -- 1764 , Shortly British occupation in Philippines , 2 years ) Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and Commonwealth of the Philippines , United States colony ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Singapore -- British colony ( 1819 -- 1959 ) Taiwan : Spanish Formosa ( 1626 -- 1642 ) Dutch Formosa ( 1624 -- 1662 ) Bahrain Portuguese Bahrain ( 1521 -- 1602 ) Iraq Mandatory Iraq ( 1920 -- 1932 ) ( British protectorate ) Kingdom of Iraq ( 1932 -- 1958 ) Israel and Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( 1920 -- 1948 ) ( British Mandate ) Jordan Emirate of Transjordan ( 1921 -- 1946 ) ( British protectorate ) Kuwait Sheikhdom of Kuwait ( 1899 -- 1961 ) ( British protectorate ) Lebanon and Syria French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon ( 1923 -- 1946 ) Oman Portuguese Oman ( 1507 -- 1650 ) Muscat and Oman ( 1892 -- 1971 ) ( British protectorate ) Qatar British protectorate of Qatar ( 1916 -- 1971 ) United Arab Emirates Trucial States ( 1820 -- 1971 ) ( British protectorate ) Yemen Aden Protectorate ( 1869 -- 1963 ) Colony of Aden ( 1937 -- 1963 ) Federation of South Arabia ( 1962 -- 1967 ) Protectorate of South Arabia ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Independent states ( edit ) Afghanistan -- founded by the Anglo - Afghan Treaty of 1919 of the United Kingdom and declared independence in 1919 China -- independent , but within European spheres of influence Bhutan -- in British sphere of influence Iran -- in Russian sphere of influence in the north and British in the south Japan -- a Great power that had its own colonial empire ( including Korea and Taiwan ) Mongolia -- in Russian sphere of influence and later Soviet controlled Nepal -- in British sphere of influence Thailand -- the only independent state in Southeast Asia , but bordered by a British sphere of influence in the north and south and French influence in the northeast and east Turkey -- successor to the Ottoman Empire in 1923 ; the Ottoman Empire itself could be considered a colonial empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years , the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan . In 1717 , and again in 1732 , the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade , and to receive all duties on imports ; but , by a strange infatuation , the Portuguese government refused , and its decline is dated from that period . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Weisner - Hanks , Early Modern Europe 1450 -- 1789 ( Cambridge , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( Digitized 12 October 2007 ) ( First published in 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : in the U.S. sloop - of - war Peacock ... during the years 1832 - 3 - 4 . Harper & brothers . image 173 , p. 166 . OCLC 12212199 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jude Lal Fernando ( 11 June 2013 ) . Religion , Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka : The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 90428 - 7 . Jump up ^ C. Gaston Perera ( 2007 ) . Kandy fights the Portuguese : a military history of Kandyan resistance . Vijitha Yapa Publications . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 955 - 1266 - 77 - 6 . Jump up ^ Donald Obeyesekere ( 1999 ) . Outlines of Ceylon History . Asian Educational Services . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1363 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rasin Deviyo Archived 2015 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . - Chandra Tilake Edirisuriya ( Ceylon Today ) Accessed 2015 - 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Philippine Studies . Ateneo de Manila University Press . 1986 . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Brunei Museum journal . 1985 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ The Brunei Museum Journal . The Museum . 1986 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barbara Watson Andaya ; Leonard Y . Andaya ( 19 February 2015 ) . A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia , 1400 - 1830 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 145 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88992 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reid ( 1 January 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce , 1450 - 1680 : Expansion and crisis . Yale University Press . pp. 148 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05412 - 5 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reid ( 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era : Trade , Power , and Belief . Cornell University Press . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert Nicholl ( 1975 ) . European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the 16th Century . Muzium Brunei . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Eric Casiño ; Eric S. Casiño ( 1976 ) . The Jama Mapun : a changing Samal society in the southern Philippines . Ateneo de Manila University Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stephen Frederic Dale ( 1980 ) . Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier : The Māppiḷas of Malabar , 1498 - 1922 . Clarendon Press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 821571 - 4 . Jump up ^ Keat Gin Ooi ( 1 January 2004 ) . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor . ABC - CLIO . pp. 1705 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Frederick Albion Ober ( 1907 ) . Ferdinand Magellan. Harper and brothers . pp. 295 -- . Jump up ^ Filipino Heritage : The Spanish colonial period ( 16th century ) . Lahing Pilipino Pub . ; ( Manila ) . 1977 . p. 1083 . Jump up ^ The Criterion . K. Siddique. 1971 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Junaidi Payne ( 2000 ) . This is Borneo . New Holland . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85974 - 106 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ; Robert M. Salkin ; Sharon La Boda ( 1994 ) . International Dictionary of Historic Places : Asia and Oceania . Taylor & Francis . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ; Noelle Watson ; Paul Schellinger ( 12 November 2012 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 63979 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Brill Archive . pp. 48 -- . GGKEY : 0671BSWDRPY . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Late E.J. Brill Limited . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Brill Archive . pp. 67 -- . GGKEY : 0671BSWDRPY . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Late E.J. Brill Limited . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Note : In 1819 the standing army consisted of over 7,000 European and 5,000 indigenous troops . See : Willems , Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden ( 1600 - 1942 ) . ( COMT , Leiden , 1994 ) . Chapter I , P. 24 ISBN 90 - 71042 - 44 - 8 Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 - 1942 '' . Jump up ^ Allen F. Chew . An Atlas of Russian History : Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders . Yale University Press , 1967 . pp 74 . Jump up ^ Mohammad Gholi Majd . August 1941 : The Anglo - Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs . pp 239 -- 240 University Press of America , 2012 ISBN 0761859403 Jump up ^ Jane E. Elliott ( 2002 ) . Some did it for civilisation , some did it for their country : a revised view of the boxer war . Chinese University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 962 - 996 - 066 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ PO , Chung - yam ( 28 June 2013 ) . Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier : The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . Ruprecht - Karls - Universität Heidelberg . p. 11 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 96 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Scott ( 7 November 2008 ) . China and the International System , 1840 - 1949 : Power , Presence , and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation . SUNY Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7742 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Scott ( 7 November 2008 ) . China and the International System , 1840 - 1949 : Power , Presence , and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation . SUNY Press . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7742 - 7 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 79 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 80 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 95 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Douglas Story ( 1907 ) . To - morrow in the East . Chapman & Hall , Limited . pp. 224 -- . Jump up ^ Leonard H.D. Gordon ( 2009 ) . Confrontation Over Taiwan : Nineteenth - Century China and the Powers . Lexington Books . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1869 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shiyuan Hao ( 15 December 2015 ) . How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality : An Evolving Topic . Springer . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 662 - 48462 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harris Inwood Martin ( 1949 ) . The Japanese Demand for Formosa in the Treaty of Shimonoseki , 1895 . Stanford Univ . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ronald Stone Anderson ( 1946 ) . Formosa Under the Japanese : A Record of Fifty Years ' Occupation ... Stanford University . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jonah Grad ( 1942 ) . Formosa Today : An Analysis of the Economic Development and Strategic Importance of Japan 's Tropical Colony . AMS Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 59526 - 5 . Jump up ^ John Fisher ; Antony Best ( 2011 ) . On the Fringes of Diplomacy : Influences on British Foreign Policy , 1800 - 1945 . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 185 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 0120 - 9 . Jump up ^ Japan Weekly Mail . Jappan Meru Shinbunsha. 1874 . pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ The Nation . J.H. Richards . 1889 . pp. 256 -- . Jump up ^ John M. Gates . `` The Pacification of the Philippines '' . The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare . wooster.edu . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fall , Street Without Joy , p. 17 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Asia Reborn : A Continent Rises from the Ravages of Colonialism and War to a New Dynamism '' by Prasenjit K. Basu , Publisher : Aleph Book Company Panikkar , K.M. ( 1953 ) . Asia and Western dominance , 1498 - 1945 , by K.M. Panikkar . London : G. Allen and Unwin . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonial Asia . Ringmar , Erik ( 2013 ) . Liberal Barbarism : The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China ( PDF ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Senaka Weeraratna , Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese ( 1505 - 1658 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_imperialism_in_Asia&oldid=864525122 '' Categories : European colonisation in Asia New Imperialism The Great Game Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Қазақша Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 19 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following was one way that western powers gained	[]	[]
2175066917685554144	Bull riding	Bull riding - wikipedia Bull riding This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 12 , 27 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 12 , 27 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Bull riding Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a bucking bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal attempts to buck off the rider . In the American style of the sport , the rider must stay on top of the bucking bull while holding onto the bull rope with one hand for eight seconds and not touching the bull with his free hand . A bull rope is a fiber rope wrapped around the chest of the bull directly behind the bull 's front legs , which the rider grips while riding . If he does that , it is a qualified ride . If he gets bucked off before eight seconds , it is a no score . In most bull riding circuits , four judges mark scores for the rider and the bull . Two judges score the rider based on his ability up to 25 points each for up to a total of 50 points . The other two judges score the bull on his bucking performance for up to 25 points each for a total of up to 50 points . Thus , the ride is scored up to 100 points . Most professional riders score between the mid-70s and high 80s . American bull riding has been called `` the most dangerous eight seconds in sports . '' Outside of the United States , bull riding traditions with varying rules and histories also exist in Canada , Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Cuba , Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Australia and New Zealand with the majority of them following similar rules , especially with the Professional Bull Riders organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules and regulations 2.1 Points and scoring 3 Equipment 3.1 Rider equipment 3.2 Bull equipment 3.3 The arena 4 North America 5 Australia and New Zealand 6 Animal welfare 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The taming of bulls has ancient roots in contests dating as far back as Minoan culture . Bull riding itself has its direct roots in Mexican contests of equestrian and ranching skills now collectively known as charreada . During the 16th century , a hacienda contest called jaripeo developed . Originally considered a variant of bull fighting , in which riders literally rode a bull to death , the competition evolved into a form where the bull was simply ridden until it stopped bucking . By the mid-19th century , charreada competition was popular on Texas and California cattle ranches where Anglo and Hispanic ranch hands often worked together . Many early Texas rangers , who had to be expert horsemen and later went on to become ranchers , learned and adapted Hispanic techniques and traditions to ranches in the United States . Many also enjoyed traditional Mexican celebrations , and H.L. Kinney , a rancher , promoter and former Texas Ranger staged what is thought to be the first Anglo - American organized bullfight in the southwest in 1852 . This event also included a jaripeo competition and was the subject of newspaper reports from as far away as the New Orleans Daily Delta . However , popular sentiment shifted away from various blood sports and both bullfighting and prize fighting were banned by the Texas legislature in 1891 . In the same time period , however , Wild West Shows began to add steer riding to their exhibitions , choosing to use castrated animals because steers were easier to handle and transport than bulls . Additionally , informal rodeos began as competitions between neighboring ranches in the American Old West . The location of the first formal Rodeo is debated . Deer Trail , Colorado claims the first rodeo in 1869 but so does Cheyenne , WY in 1872 . Although steer riding contests existed into the 1920s , the sport did not gain popularity until bulls were returned to the arena and replaced steers as the mount of choice . The first - known rodeo to use brahma bulls was in Columbia , Mississippi , produced in 1935 by Canadian brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom with Jake Lybbert and Waldo Ross . This rodeo was the first to feature a bull riding event at a night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights . A pivotal moment for modern bull riding , and rodeo in general , came with the founding of the Rodeo Cowboy Association ( RCA ) in 1936 , which later became the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) . Through this organization many hundreds of rodeos are held each year . Since that time , the popularity of all aspects of the rodeo has risen . In addition to the PRCA , which has PRCA ProRodeo with bull riding and the Xtreme Bulls events for bull riding only , there are two separate organizations that promote and produce shows for stand - alone professional bull riding in the United States : Championship Bull Riding ( CBR ) and Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) . CBR tours all over the United States and its major league tour , the Road to Cheyenne Tour , is broadcast on Fox Sports Networks . The CBR world championships take place at Cheyenne Frontier Days . The Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) stages a large number of events in the United States , Canada , Mexico , Brazil , and Australia . For many years the annual PBR World Finals were held at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . However , starting in 2016 , the Finals are now held at the T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas . The PBR 's major league tour , the Built Ford Tough Series , is broadcast on CBS Sports Network , with the primary broadcast network televising selected bonus rounds ( known as 15 / 15 bucking battles ) . From these roots , bull riding as a competitive sport has spread to a number of other nations worldwide . Rules and regulations ( edit ) Bull riding at the Calgary Stampede . The `` bullfighter '' or `` rodeo clown '' is standing just to the right of the bull Each bull has a unique name and number used to help identify it . A sufficient number of bulls , each judged to be of good strength , health , agility , and age , are selected to perform . The rider and bull are matched randomly before the competition , although starting in 2008 , some ranked riders are allowed to choose their own bulls from a bull draft for selected rounds in PBR events . A rider mounts a bull and grips a flat braided rope . After they secure a good grip on the rope , the rider nods to signal they are ready . The bucking chute ( a small enclosure which opens from the side ) is opened and the bull storms out into the arena . The rider must attempt to stay on the bull for at least eight seconds , while only touching the bull with their riding hand . The other hand must remain free for the duration of the ride . Originally , the rules required a 10 - second ride , but that was changed to the current eight seconds . The bull bucks , rears , kicks , spins , and twists in an effort to throw the rider off . This continues for a number of seconds until the rider bucks off or dismounts after completing the ride . A loud buzzer or whistle announces the completion of an eight - second ride . Throughout the ride , bullfighters , also popularly known as rodeo clowns , stay near the bull to aid the rider if necessary . When the ride ends , either intentionally or not , the bullfighters distract the bull to protect the rider from harm . Many competitions have a format that involves multiple rounds , sometimes called `` go - rounds '' . Generally , events span two to three nights . The rider is given a chance to ride one bull per night . The total points scored by the end of the event are recorded , and after the first or first two go rounds , the top 20 riders are given a chance to ride one more bull . This final round is called the `` short go '' . After the end of the short go , the rider with the most total points wins the event . Points and scoring ( edit ) The ride is scored from 0 -- 100 points . Both the rider and the bull are awarded points . There are usually two judges , each judge scoring the bull from 0 -- 50 points , and the rider from 0 -- 50 points . The combined point totals from both judges make up the final score for the ride . This system was spearheaded by former PRCA president Dale Smith . Scores of zero are quite common as many riders lose control of the animal almost immediately after the bull leaves the bucking chute . Many experienced professionals are able to earn scores of 75 or more . Scores above 80 are considered excellent , and a score in the 90s exceptional . Judges award points based on several key aspects of the ride . Judges look for constant control and rhythm in the rider in matching their movements with the bull . Points are usually deducted if a rider is constantly off balance . For points actually to be awarded the rider must stay mounted for a minimum of 8 seconds , and they are scored only for actions during those 8 seconds . The ability to control the bull well allows riders to gain extra style points . These are often gained by spurring the animal . A rider is disqualified for touching the bull , the rope , or themselves with their free arm . Bulls have more raw power and a different style of movement from bucking horses . One move particular to bulls is a belly roll or sunfishing , in which the bull is completely off the ground and kicks either his hind feet or all four feet to the side in a twisting , rolling motion . Bulls also are more likely than horses to spin in tight , quick circles , while they are less likely to run or to jump extremely high and `` break in two '' . For the bull , judges look at the animal 's overall agility , power and speed ; its back end kicks ; and its front end drops . In general , if a bull gives a rider a very hard time , more points will be awarded . If a rider fails to stay mounted for at least 8 seconds the bull is still awarded a score . The PBR , CBR , PRCA , IPRA and PRS record bulls ' past scores so that the best bulls can be brought to the finals , ensuring that riders will be given a chance to score highly . All five organizations also award one bull the `` Bucking Bull of the Year '' award , decided by scores and the number of riders it has bucked off . The award brings prestige to the ranch at which the bull was raised . If a rider scores sufficiently low due to poor bull performance , the judges may offer the rider the option of a re-ride . By taking the option , the rider gives up the score received , waits until all other riders have ridden , and rides again . This can be risky because the rider loses their score and risks being bucked off and receiving no score . A re-ride may also be given if a bull stumbles or runs into the fence or gate . Equipment ( edit ) Rider equipment ( edit ) Bull riders use many pieces of equipment both functionally and to ensure maximum safety , both to themselves and to the animals involved . The primary piece of equipment used is the bull rope . The bull rope is a braided rope made of polypropylene , grass , or some combination . A handle is braided into the center of the rope and is usually stiffened with leather . One side of the rope is tied in an adjustable knot that can be changed for the size of bull . The other side of the rope ( the tail ) is a flat braid and is usually coated with rosin to keep it from sliding through the rider 's hand . A metallic bell is strapped to the knot and hangs directly under the bull throughout the ride . In addition to the sound the bell produces , it also gives the rope some weight , allowing it to fall off the bull once a rider has dismounted . Chaps are probably the most noticeable piece of bull rider clothing , as their distinctive coloring and patterns add flair to the sport . Usually made of leather , chaps also provide protection for the rider 's legs and thighs . Bull riders are required to wear a protective vest , most usually wear one made of high impact foam that allows the shock to disperse over a wide area , thereby reducing pain and injury . To prevent a rope burn , riders must wear a protective glove , usually of leather . This glove must be fastened to the rider 's hand since the force the animal is able to exert could tear the glove away . The rider often applies rosin to the glove , which allows for additional grip . Cowboy boots are also worn . The dull and loosely locked spurs help keep the rider balanced and is crucial piece of equipment to the sport as a whole . The bulls are unharmed by the rowels , as their hide is roughly seven times thicker than a human being 's skin . Truly skilled riders will often spur the bull in the hope of achieving extra style points from the judges . Cowboy hats remain the primary headwear used . While the professional organizations permit protective helmets and masks , some riders continue to believe that this equipment can detrimentally affect balance , and many professionals still avoid wearing them . However , the trend is changing , as more champion riders begin to wear helmets for added safety . Public health researchers found evidence suggesting that bull riding helmets are protective , when riders wearing one particular type of helmet suffered approximately 50 % fewer head and facial injuries . In 2004 , at the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , a group of top rodeo medicine researchers and clinical care providers came to a consensus on the use of helmets declaring that all youth rodeo participants should wear helmets , and that helmets should be recommended for adult bull riders . For competitors under the age of 18 , protective headgear incorporating a helmet and ice hockey style face mask are worn . While optional at the upper levels of the sport , it has become mandatory at younger levels , and riders who use helmets and face masks as youths tend to continue to wearing them as they reach adulthood and turn professional . Bull equipment ( edit ) This bull is wearing a flank strap . The flank strap is a rope made of a soft cotton rope at least 5 / 8 '' in diameter is acceptable as a flank strap and does not require extra padding with sheepskin or neoprene . It is tied around the bull 's flank . Contrary to popular belief , the flank strap is not tied around the bull 's testicles . This rope is to encourage the bull to use its hind legs more in a bucking motion , as this is a true test of a rider 's skill in maintaining the ride . If it is applied improperly a rider may request to ride again , as the bull will not buck well if the flank strap is too tight . The flank strap is applied by the stock contractor or his designate . The arena ( edit ) The arenas used in professional bull riding vary . Some are rodeo arenas that are used only for bull riding and other rodeo events . Others are event centers that play host to many different sports . Common to all arenas is a large , open area that gives the bulls , bull riders , and bull fighters plenty of room to maneuver . The area is fenced , usually 6 to 7 feet high , to protect the audience from escaped bulls . There are generally exits on each corner of the arena for riders to get out of the way quickly . Riders can also hop onto the fence to avoid danger . One end of the arena contains the bucking chutes from which the bulls are released . There is also an exit chute where the bulls can exit the arena . North america ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , most professional bull riders start out riding in high school rodeo or other junior associations . From there , riders may go on the college rodeo circuit or to one of several semi-pro associations including the Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association ( SEBRA ) , the Southern States Bull Riders Association ( SSBR ) , the International Bull Riders Association ( IBR ) , the Professional Championship Bull Riders Tour ( PCB ) , Bull Riders Canada ( BRC ) , the American Bull Riders Tour ( ABT ) , the International Professional Rodeo Association ( IPRA ) , the United Professional Rodeo Association ( UPRA ) , the Southern Rodeo Association ( SRA ) , the Professional Western Rodeo Association ( PWRA ) , the Canadian Cowboys Association ( CCA ) , among others . Bull riders compete in these organizations as they are climbing the ladder to the professional ranks and to supplement their income . The top bull riders in the world compete on the Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) , Championship Bull Riding ( CBR ) and Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) circuits . Most of the riders who compete in the CBR tour also compete in the PRCA 's rodeos and ' Xtreme Bulls ' tour ( a small series of one day bull riding events sanctioned by the PRCA ) , while only a handful of PBR riders also compete in the PRCA . Professional bull riders can win in excess of $100,000 a year while competing in any of these three organizations . In Mexico , there are several local American - style bull riding organizations . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) There are approximately 200 rodeos and bushmen 's carnivals held annually across Australia . At most of these events bull riding is one of the featured competitions . Initially bullocks and steers were used for roughriding events and these were owned by local graziers that lent them for these events . Nowadays bulls are used for the open events and stock contractors supply the various roughriding associations . Contract stock has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which is also quieter to handle . The competitions are run and scored in a similar style to that used in the United States . In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia ( NRCA ) was formed to promote and further the sport of rodeo and has represented the following associations , which also control bull riding : Australian Bushmen 's Campdraft & Rodeo Association ( ABCRA ) Australian Professional Bull Riders Association ( APBA ) Central Rodeo Cowboys Association ( CRCA ) Indigenous Rodeo Riders Australia ( IRRA ) National Student Rodeo Association ( NSRA ) National Rodeo Association ( NRA ) Northern Cowboys Association ( NCA ) Queensland Rodeo Association ( QRA ) Rodeo Services Association ( RSA ) West Coast Rodeo Circuit ( WCRC ) There are strict standards for the selection , care and treatment of rodeo livestock , arenas , plus equipment requirements and specifications . Chainsaw was one of Australia 's most famous bucking bulls . Only nine contestants scored on him and he won the Australian national title of Bull of the Year a world record eight times during 1987 to 1994 . Some of Australia 's best bull riders travel and compete internationally in Canada , New Zealand and the United States . Some of Australia 's leading bull riders conduct bull riding clinics to assist learners and novice riders . A World Challenge of Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) was held on 29 May 2010 at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre ( BEC ) . The 2010 PBR Finals were held over two nights at the Australian Equine and Livestock Events Centre ( AELEC ) , with five top - ranked professional bull riders from the United States and 25 of Australia 's best bull riders contesting the event . Rodeo is also popular in country regions of New Zealand where approximately 32 rodeos , which include bull riding contests , are held each summer . Animal welfare ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Rodeo § Animal treatment controversies . There is debate between animal rights / welfare organizations and bull riding enthusiasts over many aspects of the sport . One source of controversy is the flank strap . The flank strap is placed around a bull 's flank , just in front of the hind legs , to encourage bucking . Critics say that the flank strap encircles or otherwise binds the genitals of the bull . However , the flank strap is anatomically impossible to place over the testicles . Many point out that the bull 's genes are valuable and that there is a strong economic incentive to keep the animal in good reproductive health . Further , particularly in the case of bulls , an animal that is sick and in pain usually will not want to move at all , will not buck as well , and may even lie down in the chute or ring rather than buck . Critics also claim that electric cattle prods ( `` hot shots '' ) are used to injure and torture bulls , while supporters of bull riding claim that the cattle prod simply gets the bull out of the chute quickly and is only a moderate irritation due to the thickness of the animal 's hide . Cattle prods have not been used in the Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) tour for several years . However , in smaller associations , a cattle prod is still sometimes used to ensure that the animal leaves the chute as soon as the rider nods their head . Cattle prods are not allowed by any major association . Spurs are also a source of controversy , though modern rodeo rules place strict regulations on the type and use of spurs and participants point out that they are a tool commonly used in other non-rodeo equestrian disciplines . Spurs used in bull riding do not have a fixed rowel , nor can they be sharpened . The PBR currently allows only two types of rowels to ensure the safety of the animals . Bull riding has the highest rate of injury to humans of any rodeo sport . It accounts for approximately 50 % of all traumatic injuries to rodeo contestants , and the bullfighters have the highest injury rate of any non-contestant group . See also ( edit ) Steer riding Mechanical bull Bronc riding Jineteada gaucha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Facing the Bull : The Most Dangerous Eight Seconds in Sports '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . National Geographic News . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubke , Jane & Kubke Jessica 2006 . `` Bull Riding '' . The Rosen Publishing Group ^ Jump up to : LeCompte , Mary Lou . ( 1985 ) `` The Hispanic influence on Rodeo '' ( PDF ) . ( 109 KB ) . Journal of Sport History . volume 12 . Issue 1 . Jump up ^ Melody Groves ( 2006 ) , Ropes , reins , and rawhide , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3822 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 3822 - 8 https://books.google.com/books?id=ztGsU7ISp50C&pg=PA51&dq=Cowboy+Up:+The+History+of+Bull+Riding&client=firefox-a#PPA4,M1 Jump up ^ REVIEW - JOURNAL , BETSY HELFAND LAS VEGAS ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Here are 5 reasons to pay attention to the PBR at T - Mobile Arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Ride : The History and Lore of Rodeo - Joel H. Bernstein - Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bull Riding Basics '' Professional Bull Rider , Inc . Archived February 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Web site accessed February 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Brandenburg1998 / Brandenburg MA , Archer P ( April 1998 ) . `` A Survey Analysis to Assess the Effectiveness of the Bull Tough Helmet in Preventing Head Injuries in Bull Riders '' ( PDF ) . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine . 31 : 360 -- 366 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg MA , Archer P. Mechanisms of Head Injury in Bull Riders with and without the Bull Tough Helmet - A Case Series . J Okla State Med Assoc , 2005 ; 98 ( 12 ) : 591 - 95 ( 1 ). pdf url = http://www.bulltough.com/Medical%20Studies%20PDFs/Bull_Riding_Injury_Mechanisms%7Cdate=November 2016 Jump up ^ Butterwick2005 / Butterwick DJ , Brandenburg MA ( April 2005 ) . `` Agreement Statement from the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference Calgary , Alberta , Canada July 7 - 9 , 2004 '' . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine . 15 ( 12 ) : 192 -- 195 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. jsm. 0000160553.87755. 2a . Jump up ^ Texas law mandates competitors under 18 in rodeos , including bull riding , must wear a helmet . Jump up ^ flank ropes Jump up ^ Hicks Jenny , `` Australian Cowboys , Roughriders & Rodeos '' , CQU Press , Rockhampton , QLD , 2000 Jump up ^ NCRA . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Code of practice for the welfare of rodeo and rodeo school livestock Archived October 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Isa Rotary Rodeo . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 ... Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ PBRA Archived 2011 - 07 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jock Phillips . ' Rural recreation - Rural horse sports ' , Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , updated 1 - Mar - 09 URL : http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/rural-recreation/7 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Livestock Welfare Rules '' . www.prorodeo.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Frank X . Jr . `` Rodeo injuries : Mess with the bull , you get the horns '' Reno Gazette - Journal 21 June 2005 External links ( edit ) Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association Professional Bull Riders Championship Bull Riding International Bull Riders Professional Championship Bullriders American Bullriders Tour PBR - Australia International Professional Rodeo Association Professional Roughstock Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bull_riding&oldid=797497717 '' Categories : Rodeo events Bucking bulls Bull sports Bull riders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Deutsch Frysk Norsk Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the flank strap go on a bull	[ "The flank strap is a rope made of a soft cotton rope at least 5/8” in diameter is acceptable as a flank strap and does not require extra padding with sheepskin or neoprene. It is tied around the bull's flank.[12] Contrary to popular belief, the flank strap is not tied around the bull's testicles. This rope is to encourage the bull to use its hind legs more in a bucking motion, as this is a true test of a rider's skill in maintaining the ride. If it is applied improperly a rider may request to ride again, as the bull will not buck well if the flank strap is too tight. The flank strap is applied by the stock contractor or his designate." ]	[ "around the bull's flank" ]
-9054455007347769068	Ivy League	Ivy League - wikipedia Ivy League This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name . For other uses , see Ivy League ( disambiguation ) . Ivy League Established 1954 Association NCAA Division Division I Subdivision FCS Members 8 Sports fielded 33 men 's : 17 women 's : 16 Region Northeast Headquarters Princeton , New Jersey Commissioner Robin Harris ( since 2009 ) Website ivyleaguesports.com Locations The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . The term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) . Ivy League institutions account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution ; the other two are Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top fourteen of the 2019 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for third ) . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past eighteen years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times . Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000 , making them larger than those of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university . Total enrollments , including graduate students , range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia , Cornell , Harvard , and Penn . Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown 's $3.5 billion to Harvard 's $34.5 billion , the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world . The Ivy League has drawn many comparisons to other elite grouping of universities in other nations such as Oxbridge and the Golden Triangle in the United Kingdom , C9 League in China , Group of Eight in Australia , and Imperial Universities in Japan . These counterparts are often referred to in the American media as the `` Ivy League '' of their respective nations . Locations of Ivy League universities Contents 1 Members 2 History 2.1 Year founded 2.2 Origin of the name 2.3 Pre -- Ivy League 2.4 History of the athletic league 2.4. 1 19th and early 20th centuries 2.4. 2 Post -- World War II 3 Academics 3.1 Admissions 3.2 Prestige 3.3 Collaboration 4 Culture 4.1 Fashion and lifestyle 4.2 Social elitism 4.3 U.S. presidents in the Ivy League 5 Student demographics 5.1 Geographic distribution 5.2 Socioeconomics and social class 6 Competition and athletics 6.1 Teams 6.2 Historical results 6.3 Rivalries 6.3. 1 Intra-conference football rivalries 6.3. 2 Extra-conference football rivalries 7 Championships 7.1 NCAA team championships 8 Athletic facilities 9 Other Ivies 9.1 Ivy Plus 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links Members Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world , which allows the universities to provide many resources for their academic programs and research endeavors . As of 2014 , Harvard University has an endowment of $36.4 billion . Additionally , each university receives millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state governments . Institution Location Athletic nickname Enrollment 2017 Endowment Academic staff Colors Brown University Providence , Rhode Island Bears 7003864900000000000 ♠ 8,649 $3.5 billion 7002736000000000000 ♠ 736 Columbia University New York City , New York Lions 7004229200000000000 ♠ 22,920 $10.0 billion 7003376300000000000 ♠ 3,763 Cornell University Ithaca , New York Big Red 7004206330000000000 ♠ 20,633 $6.8 billion 7003290800000000000 ♠ 2,908 Dartmouth College Hanover , New Hampshire Big Green 7003614100000000000 ♠ 6,141 $4.96 billion 571 Harvard University Cambridge , Massachusetts Crimson 7004212250000000000 ♠ 21,225 $37.1 billion 7003467100000000000 ♠ 4,671 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Quakers 7004206430000000000 ♠ 20,643 $12.2 billion 7003446400000000000 ♠ 4,464 Princeton University Princeton , New Jersey Tigers 7003759200000000000 ♠ 7,592 $23.8 billion 7003117200000000000 ♠ 1,172 Yale University New Haven , Connecticut Bulldogs 7004116660000000000 ♠ 11,666 $27.8 billion 7003414000000000000 ♠ 4,140 History Year founded Institution Founded Founding affiliation Harvard University 1636 as New College Calvinist ( Congregationalist Puritans ) Yale University 1701 as Collegiate School Calvinist ( Congregationalist ) University of Pennsylvania 1740 as Unnamed Charity School Nonsectarian , founded by Church of England / Methodists members Princeton University 1746 as College of New Jersey Nonsectarian , founded by Calvinist Presbyterians Columbia University 1754 as King 's College Church of England Brown University 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Baptist , founding charter promises `` no religious tests '' and `` full liberty of conscience '' Dartmouth College 1769 Calvinist ( Congregationalist ) Cornell University 1865 Nonsectarian Note : Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees . Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college . Harvard was chartered in 1650 , although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then . The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750 ; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal . Later in Penn 's early history , the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749 , which was used for all of the nineteenth century , including a centennial celebration in 1849 . In 1899 , Penn 's board of trustees formally adopted a third founding date of 1740 , in response to a petition from Penn 's General Alumni Society . Penn was chartered in 1755 , the same year collegiate classes began . `` Religious affiliation '' refers to financial sponsorship , formal association with , and promotion by , a religious denomination . All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion . Origin of the name Harvard Yard , 2007 : Hollis Hall , Stoughton Hall , and Holworthy Hall Brown 's Front Green , 2012 : Hope College , Manning Hall , University Hall , and Slater Hall Yale 's Old Campus , 2012 : Durfee Hall , Battell Chapel , Farnham Hall , and Lawrence Hall On the Dartmouth Green , 2007 : Dartmouth Hall and Thornton Hall Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges . `` Planting the ivy '' was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s . In 1893 , an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson , `` In 1850 , class day was placed upon the University Calendar ... the custom of planting the ivy , while the ivy oration was delivered , arose about this time . '' At Penn , graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as `` Ivy Day '' in 1874 . Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale , Simmons , Bryn Mawr and many others . Princeton 's `` Ivy Club '' was founded in 1879 . The first usage of Ivy in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward ( 1895 -- 1965 ) . A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil . -- Stanley Woodward , New York Tribune , October 14 , 1933 , describing the football season The first known instance of the term Ivy League being used appeared in The Christian Science Monitor on February 7 , 1935 . Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges , those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States , chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era , together with the United States Military Academy ( West Point ) , the United States Naval Academy , and a few others . These schools were known for their long - standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics , often being the first schools to participate in such activities . However , at this time , none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league . A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four ( IV ) , asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members . The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief . The supposed `` IV League '' was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story . However , it is clear that Harvard , Princeton , Yale and Columbia met on November 23 , 1876 at the so - called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football , which rapidly spread . Pre -- Ivy League Chancellor Green Library at Princeton , 2007 Robinson Hall at Brown , 2009 Cornell baseball player , 1908 Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution ; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War . These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies , and their early faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions . There were also some British graduates from the University of Cambridge , the University of Oxford , the University of St. Andrews , the University of Edinburgh , and elsewhere on their boards . Similarly , the founder of The College of William & Mary , in 1693 , was a British graduate of the University of Edinburgh . Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president . The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable . This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states . In 1801 , a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni . They appointed Jonathan Maxcy , a Brown graduate , as the university 's first president . Thomas Cooper , an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member , became the second president of the South Carolina college . The founders of the University of California came from Yale , hence the school colors of University of California are Yale Blue and California Gold . Some of the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots , while others were founded as non-sectarian schools . Church of England King 's College broke up during the Revolution and was reformed as public nonsectarian Columbia College . In the early nineteenth century , the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries , but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century . Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools . Brown 's charter promised no religious tests and `` full liberty of conscience '' , but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty - two Baptists , five Quakers , four Congregationalists , and five Episcopalians . Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding . `` Ivy League '' is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class , even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies . This dates back to at least 1935 . Novels and memoirs attest this sense , as a social elite ; to some degree independent of the actual schools . After the Second World War , the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students . They had always had distinguished faculties ; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them ; but they now decided that they could not both be world - class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport ; in addition , the schools experienced the scandals of any other big - time football programs , although more quietly . History of the athletic League Yale University 's four - oared crew team , posing with the 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy . The 1879 Brown baseball varsity , with W.E. White seated second from right ; White 's appearance in an 1879 major league game , the first for an African American , came 68 years before Jackie Robinson permanently broke the baseball color line Yale rowing team in the annual Harvard -- Yale Regatta , 2007 Penn 's ICAA track champions in 1907 19th and early 20th centuries The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools ( or any US colleges , for that matter ) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges . The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870 -- 1894 . In 1895 , Cornell , Columbia , and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association , which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US . To this day , the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete . A basketball league was later created in 1902 , when Columbia , Cornell , Harvard , Yale and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League ; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth . In 1906 , the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed , primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football . But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA , only two of them ( Dartmouth and Penn ) later became Ivies . In February 1903 , intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia , published in the Yale News . The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie . Two years later , Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams , leading to the formation of the student - run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association , now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association ( EIWA ) , the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US . In 1930 , Columbia , Cornell , Dartmouth , Penn , Princeton and Yale formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League ; they were later joined by Harvard , Brown , Army and Navy . Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League , there was an `` unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations '' . The earliest reference to the `` Ivy colleges '' came in 1933 , when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army . In 1935 , the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools : The athletic authorities of the so - called `` Ivy League '' are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields . -- The Associated Press , The New York Times Despite such collaboration , the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent . Romeyn Berry , Cornell 's manager of athletics , reported the situation in January 1936 as follows : I can say with certainty that in the last five years -- and markedly in the last three months -- there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency . Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic `` Ivy League '' . That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment . Within a year of this statement and having held month - long discussions about the proposal , on December 3 , 1936 , the idea of `` the formation of an Ivy League '' gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator , The Cornell Daily Sun , The Dartmouth , The Harvard Crimson , The Daily Pennsylvanian , The Daily Princetonian and the Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled `` Now Is the Time '' , encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics . Part of the editorial read as follows : The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football , and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association . The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics . The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States . Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee , New Hampshire , on August 3 , 1852 . Harvard 's team , `` The Oneida '' , won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then presidential nominee General Franklin Pierce . The proposal did not succeed -- on January 11 , 1937 , the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the `` possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball , baseball and track . '' However , they noted that the league `` has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration . '' Post -- World War ii Students in Stell Hall at Dartmouth 's Tuck School of Business , 2007 Students of Yale College , 1866 In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement , which set academic , financial , and athletic standards for the football teams . The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard - Yale - Princeton Presidents ' Agreement of 1916 . The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant 's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions : The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships . Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students . In 1954 , the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports , effective with the 1955 -- 56 basketball season . This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League . As part of the transition , Brown , the only Ivy that had n't joined the EIBL , did so for the 1954 -- 55 season . A year later , the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL . The Ivy League claims the EIBL 's history as its own . Through the EIBL , it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I . As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities ' undergraduate programs remained open only to men , with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding ( 1865 ) and Columbia being the last ( 1983 ) to become coeducational . Before they became coeducational , many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women 's colleges , including weekend visits , dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle . This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College , which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard , but at more distant institutions as well . The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women , a drive of more than two hours . As noted by Irene Harwarth , Mindi Maline , and Elizabeth DeBra , `` The ' Seven Sisters ' was the name given to Barnard , Smith , Mount Holyoke , Vassar , Bryn Mawr , Wellesley , and Radcliffe , because of their parallel to the Ivy League men 's colleges . '' In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members , with Army , Navy , and Northwestern as the most likely candidates ; if it had done so , the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I - AA ( now Division I FCS ) for football . In 1983 , following the admission of women to Columbia College , Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women 's athletic teams , which replaced the women 's teams previously sponsored by Barnard . When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992 , all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner . Academics Admissions Admission statistics ( Class of 2022 ) Applicants Admission rates Brown 35,438 7.2 % Columbia 40,203 5.5 % Cornell 51,328 10.3 % Dartmouth 22,033 8.7 % Harvard 42,749 4.59 % Penn 44,482 8.39 % Princeton 35,370 5.5 % Yale 35,306 6.31 % The Ivy League schools are highly selective , with acceptance rates since 2018 being 10 percent or less at each of the universities . Admitted students come from around the world , although students from New England and the Northeastern United States make up a significant proportion of students . In the most recent academic year , seven of the eight Ivy League schools reported record - high application numbers ; seven also reported record - low acceptance rates . Prestige See also : List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings . In addition to the broad rankings listed in the accompanying chart , several Ivy League schools are highly ranked in the current 2018 US News & World Report assessment of Best Undergraduate Teaching : 1 . Princeton ; 2 . Dartmouth ; 3 . Brown ; 10 . Yale . The Wall Street Journal rankings place all eight of the universities within the top 20 in the country . National academic rankings University ( in alphabetical order ) ARWU ( 2017 ) Forbes ( 2017 ) USNWR ( 2018 ) Washington Monthly ( 2017 ) Brown 101 - 150 9 14 41 Columbia 8 14 5 16 Cornell 14 15 14 32 Dartmouth 201 - 300 12 11 27 Harvard Penn 17 7 8 7 Princeton 6 11 Yale 11 10 Further , Ivy League members have produced many Nobel laureates , winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . According to the Nobel Foundation 's website , as of 2016 the number of prize - winners affiliated with each Ivy League university at the time of their awards is : Brown , 2 ; Columbia , 17 ; Cornell , 8 ; Dartmouth , 0 ; Harvard , 36 ; Penn , 4 ; Princeton , 14 ; and Yale , 8 . In addition , each university self - reports their number of affiliated Nobel laureates , but they use varying definitions for which Nobel winners they claim ( for example , alumni , active faculty , former faculty , visiting faculty , adjunct faculty , etc . ) Collaboration Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student - led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year , with representatives from every Ivy League school . The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents , composed of each university president . During meetings , the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives for the universities . The universities also collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange program , which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or one of the eligible schools , which include the University of California at Berkeley , University of Chicago , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and Stanford University . Culture Fashion and lifestyle See also : Ivy League ( clothes ) , Preppy , Take Ivy , and Ivy League ( haircut ) Statue of Benjamin Franklin on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania , 2011 Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time , and fashion trends such as Ivy League and Preppy are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture . Ivy League style is a style of men 's dress , popular during the late 1950s , believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses . The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner . The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the preppy style of dress . Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress . J. Press represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand , stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture . In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and Brooks Brothers , both being pioneers in preppy fashion , had stores on Ivy League school campuses , including Harvard , Princeton , and Yale . Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class New England leisure activities , such as equestrian , sailing or yachting , hunting , fencing , rowing , lacrosse , tennis , golf , and rugby . Longtime New England outdoor outfitters , such as L.L. Bean , became part of conventional preppy style . This can be seen in sport stripes and colours , equestrian clothing , plaid shirts , field jackets and nautical - themed accessories . Vacationing in Palm Beach , Florida , long popular with the East Coast upper class , led to the emergence of bright colour combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as Lilly Pulitzer . By the 1980s , other brands such as Lacoste , Izod and Dooney & Bourke became associated with preppy style . Today , these styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses , throughout the U.S. , and abroad , and are oftentimes labeled as `` Classic American style '' or `` Traditional American style '' . Social elitism The A.D. White Reading Room at Cornell 's Uris Library , 2008 A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man , 1902 The Ivy League is often associated with the upper class White Anglo - Saxon Protestant community of the Northeast , Old Money , or more generally , the American upper middle and upper classes . Although most Ivy League students come from upper middle - and upper - class families , the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse . The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students . Several reports suggest , however , that the proportion of students from less - affluent families remains low . Phrases such as `` Ivy League snobbery '' are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century . A Louis Auchincloss character dreads `` the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges '' . A business writer , warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring , presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid ( the bracketed phrase is his ) : We Ivy Leaguers ( read : mostly white and Anglo ) know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization . The phrase Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence , but also with social elitism . In 1936 , sportswriter John Kieran noted that student editors at Harvard , Yale , Princeton , Cornell , Columbia , Dartmouth , and Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association . In urging them to consider `` Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt '' as candidates for membership , he exhorted : It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear ( to themselves especially ) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not `` exclusive '' as this term is used with a slight up - tilting of the tip of the nose . Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election , when George H.W. Bush ( Yale ' 48 ) derided Michael Dukakis ( graduate of Harvard Law School ) for having `` foreign - policy views born in Harvard Yard 's boutique . '' New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked `` Was n't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite ? '' Bush explained , however , that , unlike Harvard , Yale 's reputation was `` so diffuse , there is n't a symbol , I do n't think , in the Yale situation , any symbolism in it ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism '' and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent `` a philosophical enclave '' and not a statement about class . Columnist Russell Baker opined that `` Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard . All they know is that both are full of rich , fancy , stuck - up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets . '' Still , the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education -- George H.W. Bush ( Yale undergrad ) , Bill Clinton ( Yale Law School ) , George W. Bush ( Yale undergrad , Harvard Business School ) , Barack Obama ( Columbia undergrad , Harvard Law School ) , and Donald Trump ( Penn undergrad ) . U.S. presidents in the Ivy League See also : List of Presidents of the United States by education Franklin Delano Roosevelt , third from left , top row , with his Harvard class in 1904 Of the 44 men who have served as President of the United States , 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university . Of them , eight have degrees from Harvard , five from Yale , three from Columbia , two from Princeton and one from Penn . Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees . Three of these were transfer students : Donald Trump transferred from Fordham University , Barack Obama transferred from Occidental College and John F. Kennedy transferred from another Ivy , Princeton , where he had been class of 1939 . John Adams was the first president to graduate from college , graduating from Harvard in 1755 . President School ( s ) Graduation year John Adams Harvard University 1755 James Madison Princeton University 1771 John Quincy Adams Harvard University 1787 William Henry Harrison University of Pennsylvania ( withdrew ) Rutherford B. Hayes Harvard Law School 1845 Theodore Roosevelt Harvard University Columbia Law School 1880 ( withdrew ) ( Awarded J.D. in 2008 , class of 1882 ) William Howard Taft Yale University 1878 Woodrow Wilson Princeton University 1879 Franklin D. Roosevelt Harvard University Columbia Law School 1903 ( withdrew ) ( Awarded J.D. in 2008 , class of 1907 ) John F. Kennedy Princeton University Harvard University ( withdrew ) 1940 Gerald Ford Yale Law School 1941 George H.W. Bush Yale University 1948 Bill Clinton Yale Law School 1973 George W. Bush Yale University Harvard Business School 1968 Barack Obama Columbia University Harvard Law School 1991 Donald Trump University of Pennsylvania 1968 Student demographics Racial and / or ethnic background ( 2011 ) Asian Black Hispanic ( of any race ) Non-Hispanic White Other / international Unknown Brown 14 % 6 % 10 % 45 % 14 % 11 % Columbia 15 % 8 % 13 % 41 % 17 % 6 % Cornell 17 % 6 % 10 % 46 % 13 % 10 % Dartmouth 14 % 8 % 9 % 48 % 13 % 8 % Harvard 12 % 7 % 9 % 45 % 22 % 6 % Penn 19 % 7 % 8 % 46 % 13 % 7 % Princeton 18 % 7 % 8 % 49 % 15 % 3 % Yale 15 % 6 % 8 % 58 % 5 % 8 % United States 5 % 13 % 17 % 63 % 4 % NA Geographic distribution Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast , largely from the New York City , Boston , and Philadelphia areas . As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast , it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation . An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42 % hailed from the Northeast and 55 % overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast . Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living . Socioeconomics and social class Harvard Law School students circa 1895 Students of the Ivy League , both graduate and undergraduate , come primarily from upper middle and upper class families . In recent years , however , the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity , by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower , working , and middle class American families . In 2013 , 46 % of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8 % of all American households ( i.e. , over $200,000 annual income ) . In 2012 , the bottom 25 % of the American income distribution accounted for only 3 -- 4 % of students at Brown , a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992 . In 2014 , 69 % of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000 , putting most Yale College students in the upper middle and / or upper class . ( The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700 . ) In the 2011 -- 2012 academic year , students qualifying for Pell Grants ( federally funded scholarships on the basis of need ) comprised 20 % at Harvard , 18 % at Cornell , 17 % at Penn , 16 % at Columbia , 15 % at Dartmouth and Brown , 14 % at Yale , and 12 % at Princeton . Nationally , 35 % of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant . Competition and athletics Brown ( right ) plays at Cornell 's Homecoming game , October 2017 . The Yale Bowl in 2001 during the annual football game played between Harvard and Yale Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men 's and sixteen women 's sports . In some sports , Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league , the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members ' records in play against each other ; for example , the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey , but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year . In one sport , rowing , the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions . While the Intercollegiate Rowing Association governs all four sex - and bodyweight - based divisions of rowing , the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women 's heavyweight . The Ivy League was the last Division I basketball conference to institute a conference postseason tournament ; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I Men 's and Women 's Basketball Tournaments ; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular - season results . Before the 2016 -- 17 season , the automatic bids were based solely on regular - season record , with a one - game playoff ( or series of one - game playoffs if more than two teams were tied ) held to determine the automatic bid . The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular - season results ; the other is the Southeastern Conference . Since its inception , an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men 's or women 's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament . On average , each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams . All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools . Unlike most Division I athletic conferences , the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships ; all scholarships awarded are need - based ( financial aid ) . In addition , the Ivies have a rigid policy against redshirting , even for medical reasons ; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution . Ivy League teams ' non-league games are often against the members of the Patriot League , which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies ( although unlike the Ivies , the Patriot League allows redshirting ) . In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes , the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country . In particular , Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in college football ( last in 1935 ) , and Yale won 18 ( last in 1927 ) . Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Alabama , which has won 15 , Notre Dame , which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13 , and USC , which has won 11 . Yale , whose coach Walter Camp was the `` Father of American Football , '' held on to its place as the all - time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century , but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10 , 2001 . Harvard , Yale , Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar - athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame . Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles , with 18 , followed closely by Harvard and Penn , each with 17 titles . In addition , the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe ( Cornell ) , two - time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie ( Brown ) , Sean Morey ( Brown ) , All - Pro selection Matt Birk ( Harvard ) , Calvin Hill ( Yale ) , Derrick Harmon ( Cornell ) and 1999 `` Mr. Irrelevant '' Jim Finn ( Penn ) . Beginning with the 1982 football season , the Ivy League has competed in Division I - AA ( renamed FCS in 2006 ) . The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion , and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid ( and any other team may qualify for an at - large selection ) from the NCAA . However , the Ivy League has not played any postseason games at all since 1956 due to the league 's concerns about the extended December schedule 's effects on academics . For this reason , any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turns down the bid . The Ivy League plays a strict 10 - game schedule , compared to other FCS members ' schedules of 11 ( or , in some seasons , 12 ) regular season games , plus post-season , which was most recently expanded in 2013 to five rounds with 24 teams , with a bye week for the top eight teams . Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title . In addition to varsity football , Penn , Princeton and Cornell also field teams in the eight - team Collegiate Sprint Football League , in which all players must weigh 172 pounds or less . Penn and Princeton are the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut , and Cornell is the next - oldest , joining in 1937 . Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so . Teams Teams in Ivy League competition Sport Men 's Women 's Baseball 8 - Basketball 8 8 Cross-country 8 8 Fencing 6 7 Field hockey - 8 Football 8 - Golf 8 7 Ice hockey 6 6 Lacrosse 7 8 Rowing 7 7 Soccer 8 8 Softball - 8 Squash 8 8 Swimming and diving 7 8 Tennis 8 8 Track and field ( indoor ) 8 8 Track and field ( outdoor ) 8 8 Volleyball - 8 Wrestling 6 - The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States . Although these teams are not `` varsity '' sports , they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference . Historical results Total championships won ( 1956 -- 2017 ) Institution Ivy League Championships NCAA Team Championships Princeton University Tigers 476 12 Harvard University Crimson 415 Cornell University Big Red 231 5 University of Pennsylvania Quakers 210 Yale University Bulldogs 202 Dartmouth College Big Green 140 Brown University Bears 123 7 Columbia University Lions 105 11 The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition ( 1956 -- 57 academic year ) through 2016 - 17 . Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year , an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton , including a conference - record 15 championships in 2010 -- 11 . Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year ( Cornell with nine in 2005 -- 06 ) . In the 38 academic years beginning 1979 -- 80 , Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year , one - third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports . In the 12 academic years beginning 2005 -- 06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports , all except wrestling and men 's tennis . Rivalries Built in 1927 , Penn 's Palestra is shown around 2006 Performance of a Greek play at Harvard Stadium in 1903 Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League . For instance , Princeton and Penn are longstanding men 's basketball rivals ; `` Puck Frinceton '' T - shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games . In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball , and in only seven seasons since Yale 's 1962 title , has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball , with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times . Penn has won 21 outright , Princeton 19 outright . Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times , sharing 4 of those titles with Penn ( these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion ) . Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011 , losing a dramatic play - off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid , then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout , defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now - defunct tournament . Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports , including Cornell and Harvard in hockey , Harvard and Princeton in swimming , and Harvard and Penn in football ( Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982 , Penn - 16 ; Harvard - 12 ) . During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships . In men 's lacrosse , Cornell and Princeton are perennial rivals , and they are the only two Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament . In 2009 , the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the NCAA tournament . No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men 's swimming conference title outright since 1972 , although Yale , Columbia , and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time . Similarly , no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women 's swimming championship since Brown 's 1999 title . Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship , both men 's and women 's , every year since 2002 -- 03 , with one exception ( Columbia women won indoor championship in 2012 ) . Harvard and Yale are football and crew rivals although the competition has become unbalanced ; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races . Intra-conference football rivalries Teams Name Trophy First met Games played Series record Columbia - Cornell Empire State Bowl Empire Cup 1889 103 games 36 -- 64 -- 3 Cornell - Penn None Trustee 's Cup 1893 122 games 46 -- 71 -- 5 Dartmouth - Princeton None Sawhorse Dollar 1897 95 games 48 -- 43 -- 4 Harvard - Yale The Game None 1875 132 games 59 -- 65 -- 8 Princeton - Yale None None 1873 138 games 52 -- 76 -- 10 The Yale - Princeton series is the nation 's second longest , exceeded only by `` The Rivalry '' between Lehigh and Lafayette , which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons . For the first three decades of the Yale - Princeton rivalry , the two played their season - ending game at a neutral site , usually New York City , and with one exception ( 1890 : Harvard ) , the winner of the game also won at least a share of the national championship that year , covering the period 1869 through 1903 . This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a Super Bowl in the era prior to the establishment of the NFL in 1920 . These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities , so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well , drawing record crowds for that sport also , largely from the same social demographic . In a period when the only professional sports were fledgling baseball leagues , these high - profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports , demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college . Extra-conference football rivalries Teams Name Trophy First met Games played Series record Brown - Rhode Island None Governor 's Cup 1909 98 games 70 -- 26 -- 2 Columbia - Fordham None Liberty Cup 1890 22 games 12 -- 10 -- 0 Cornell - Colgate None None 1896 95 games 48 -- 44 -- 3 Dartmouth - New Hampshire Granite Bowl Granite Bowl Trophy 1901 37 games 17 -- 18 -- 2 Harvard - Holy Cross None None 1904 67 games 41 -- 24 -- 2 Penn - Lafayette None None 1882 90 games 63 -- 23 -- 4 Penn - Lehigh None None 1885 56 games 43 - 13 Princeton - Rutgers None None 1869 71 games 53 -- 17 -- 1 Yale - Army None None 1893 45 games 22 -- 16 -- 8 Championships NCAA team championships This list , which is current through July 1 , 2015 , includes NCAA championships and women 's AIAW championships ( one each for Yale and Dartmouth ) . Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition , including football titles and retroactive Helms Foundation titles . School Total Men Women Co-ed Nickname Yale University 29 26 0 Bulldogs Princeton University 24 19 Tigers Columbia University 14 11 0 Lions Harvard University 10 7 Crimson Brown University 7 0 7 0 Bears Cornell University 5 5 0 0 Big Red Dartmouth College 5 Big Green University of Pennsylvania 0 Quakers ^ Jump up to : The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939 , but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records . Of these pre-NCAA titles , Yale , Princeton , Harvard and Dartmouth won 20 , 11 , 6 and 1 , respectively . See also : List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships and List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships Athletic facilities Football stadium Basketball arena Baseball field Hockey rink Soccer stadium School Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Brown Brown Stadium 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 1925 Pizzitola Sports Center 7003280000000000000 ♠ 2,800 Murray Stadium 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 1959 Meehan Auditorium 7003310000000000000 ♠ 3,100 1961 Stevenson Field 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 1979 Columbia Wien Stadium 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 1984 Levien Gymnasium 7003340800000000000 ♠ 3,408 Hal Robertson Field at Phillip Satow Stadium N / A N / A Non-hockey school Commisso Soccer Stadium 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 1985 Cornell Schoellkopf Field 7004255970000000000 ♠ 25,597 1915 Newman Arena 7003447200000000000 ♠ 4,472 Hoy Field 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 1922 Lynah Rink 7003426700000000000 ♠ 4,267 1957 Charles F. Berman Field 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2000 Dartmouth Memorial Field 7004156000000000000 ♠ 15,600 1923 Leede Arena 7003210000000000000 ♠ 2,100 1986 Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 2008 Thompson Arena 7003450000000000000 ♠ 4,500 Burnham Field 7003160000000000000 ♠ 1,600 2007 Harvard Harvard Stadium 7004308980000000000 ♠ 30,898 1903 Lavietes Pavilion 7003219500000000000 ♠ 2,195 1926 Joseph J. O'Donnell Field 7003160000000000000 ♠ 1,600 1898 Bright Hockey Center 7003285000000000000 ♠ 2,850 1956 Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium 7003250000000000000 ♠ 2,500 Penn Franklin Field 7004525930000000000 ♠ 52,593 1895 The Palestra 7003872200000000000 ♠ 8,722 1927 Meiklejohn Stadium 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 2000 Class of 1923 Arena 7003250000000000000 ♠ 2,500 1972 Rhodes Field 7003170000000000000 ♠ 1,700 2002 Princeton Princeton University Stadium 7004278000000000000 ♠ 27,800 1998 Jadwin Gymnasium 7003685400000000000 ♠ 6,854 1969 Bill Clarke Field 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 1961 Hobey Baker Memorial Rink 7003209400000000000 ♠ 2,094 1923 Roberts Stadium 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 2008 Yale Yale Bowl 7004614460000000000 ♠ 61,446 1914 Payne Whitney Gymnasium 7003310000000000000 ♠ 3,100 1932 Yale Field 7003620000000000000 ♠ 6,200 1927 Ingalls Rink 7003348600000000000 ♠ 3,486 1958 Reese Stadium 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 1981 Other Ivies The term Ivy is often used to connote a positive comparison to or association with the Ivy League , often along academic lines . The term has been used to describe the Little Ivies , a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States . Other uses include the Southern Ivies , Hidden Ivies , and the Public Ivies . The 2007 edition of Newsweek 's How to Get Into College Now , the editors designated 25 schools as `` New Ivies '' . Ivy Plus The term Ivy Plus is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations , university affiliations , or endowment comparisons . In his book Untangling the Ivy League , Zawel writes , `` The inclusion of non -- Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others . Among these other schools , Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included . The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well . '' In their 2015 book Acing Admissions , Mehta and Dixit write , `` The ( Ivy Plus schools ) include , but are not limited to : Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Stanford University and Northwestern University . Besides selectivity , these Ivy Plus colleges are thought to share similar values around academic and professional excellence , intellectual curiosity , leadership and civil engagement . '' See also University portal Big Three -- informally referred to as HYP ; the historical term that stands for Harvard , Yale , and Princeton Little Ivies -- a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States . Seven Sisters -- seven liberal arts colleges all previously open to only enrollment by women considered the Ivy League of female - only colleges Little Three -- three private liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts and Connecticut ( Amherst , Wesleyan , and Williams ) , in contrast to the Big Three ( a term used to refer to Harvard , Yale , and Princeton ) of the Ivy League . Colby - Bates - Bowdoin Consortium -- three private liberal arts colleges in Maine ( Bates , Bowdoin and Colby ) known as the Maine Big Three contrasting also with the Ivy League 's Big Three . List of Ivy League medical schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education ( both MDs and PhDs ) . List of Ivy League law schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees . List of Ivy League business schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees , especially the MBA . List of Ivy League public policy schools -- schools of the Ivy League universities that offer public policy or public administration degrees . Hidden Ivies : Thirty Colleges of Excellence -- complementary use of Ivy to characterize schools in the United States that showcase academic excellence . Jesuit Ivy -- complementary use of Ivy to characterize Boston College . Black Ivy League -- informal list of private historically black colleges that attracted a high number of top African American students . Notes Jump up ^ `` Executive Director Robin Harris '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Campus Guide -- Ivy League '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ivy League History and Timeline '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Best Colleges '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dartmouth and Cornell respectively Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2013 Endowment Market Value '' ( published Jan. 28 , 2014 ) . `` National Association of College and University Business Officers ( NACUBO ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.oxbridgeapplications.com/blog/oxbridge-vs-the-ivy-league-whats-the-difference/ Jump up ^ https://www.crimsoneducation.org/us/blog/Ivy-League-or-Oxbridge-Best-University-Experience Jump up ^ http://en.people.cn/203691/7822275.html Jump up ^ http://theconversation.com/three-misguided-beliefs-of-the-group-of-eight-universities-31334 Jump up ^ https://www.studyinternational.com/news/prestigious-imperial-universities-best-japan-rankings/ Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Dan ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Harvard Endowment Earns 15.4 % Return for Fiscal 2014 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Clark , Brian E. ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` With a 13.4 percent return , Brown University 's endowment grows to $3.5 billion '' . Brown . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faculty & Employees '' . Brown University . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Xia , Karen ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Columbia University endowment increases to over $10 billion , reports 13.7 percent return '' . Columbia Spectator . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time faculty distribution by school / division , Fall 2007 - 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Walters , Karen ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Endowment performance ' solid , ' hits highest total ever '' . Cornell Chronicle . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dartmouth Announces Endowment Returns '' . Dartmouth Office of Communications . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Brandon J. ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Harvard Returns 8.1 Percent in ' Disappointing ' Fiscal Year 2017 '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Penn : Penn Facts '' . The University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton endowment earns 12.5 percent return '' . Princeton Office of Communications . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Tom ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Investment return of 11.3 % brings Yale endowment value to $27.2 billion '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The institution , though founded in 1636 , did not receive its name until 1639 . It was nameless for its first two years Jump up ^ See University of Pennsylvania for details of the circumstances of Penn 's origin . Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century. ( 1 ) In 1895 , elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution 's founding dates . Penn 's periodical `` The Alumni Register , '' published by the General Alumni Society , then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university 's founding date to 1740 , in order to appear older than Princeton University , which had been chartered in 1746 . In 1899 , the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740 . The rationale offered in 1899 was that , in 1750 , founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed an unnamed trust from a group which had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia . This edifice was commonly called the `` New Building '' by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin 's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn 's archives . No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust , hence `` Unnamed Charity School '' serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn 's association with a founding date of 1740 . The first named entity in Penn 's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called `` Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania . '' ( 2 ) Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to `` College , Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania . '' ( 3 ) Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later . Jump up ^ Penn 's website , like other sources , makes an important point of Penn 's heritage being nonsectarian , associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia 's nonsectarian board of trustees : `` The goal of Franklin 's nonsectarian , practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen . '' ( 4 ) . Jencks and Riesman ( 2001 ) write `` The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania , however , were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia 's Quakers , and they made their new college officially nonsectarian . '' In Franklin 's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania ( page images ) Archived 2007 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study , but he states in a footnote that the study of `` History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion , from its Usefulness to the Publicks ; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons ; the Mischiefs of Superstition , &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern . '' Starting in 1751 , the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys , whose curriculum combined `` general principles of Christianity '' with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the `` mechanical arts . '' ( 5 ) , and thus might be described as `` non-denominational Christian . '' The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield . The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents . But the organizers ran short of financing and , although the frame of the building was raised , the interior was left unfinished . The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and , in the process , assumed the original trust . Since 1899 , Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740 , based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia . Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening ; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784 , Whitefield in 1740 would be labelled Episcopalian , and in fact Brown University , emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism , refers to Penn 's origin as `` Episcopalian ''. ( 6 ) Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties ( its athletic teams are called `` Quakers , '' and the cross-registration alliance between Penn , Haverford , Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the `` Quaker Consortium . '' ) But Penn 's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism , historic or otherwise , and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that `` Founded in 1833 , Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Addison , Daniel Dulany ( 1911 ) . `` Protestant Episcopal Church '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 473 -- 475 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Admission : Our History '' . Brown.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` University Chapel : Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University '' . Princeton University . Jump up ^ Brown 's website characterizes it as `` the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard ; Presbyterian Princeton ; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia , '' but adds that at the time it was `` the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions . '' ( 7 ) Brown 's charter stated that `` into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests , but on the contrary , all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full , free , absolute , and uninterrupted liberty of conscience . '' The charter called for twenty - two of the thirty - six trustees to be Baptists , but required that the remainder be `` five Friends , four Congregationalists , and five Episcopalians . '' ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Samuel ( 2002 ) . `` Whiskey , Loose Women , and Fig Leaves : The University 's seal has a curious history '' . Pennsylvania Gazette. 100 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` Class Day , New and Old '' . Jump up ^ `` Penn : Ivy day and Ivy Stones , a Penn Tradition '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Boston Daily Globe , Jun 27 , 1882 , p. 4 : `` CLASS DAY. : Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy , Sing `` Blage , '' and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven ; '' Jump up ^ Boston Evening Transcript , Jun 11 , 1912 , p. 12 , `` Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon , Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features ; Jump up ^ `` Play a Romance and Plant Ivy , Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women 's College '' . The Gazette Times . June 9 , 1907 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy Club : History '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Yale Book of Quotations '' ( 2006 ) Yale University Press edited by Fred R. Shapiro Jump up ^ `` The Yale Book of Quotations '' ( 2006 ) Yale University Press , edited by Fred R. Shapiro Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary entry for `` Ivy League '' Jump up ^ The Chicago Public Library reports the `` IV League '' explanation , ( 9 ) sourced only from the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins . Jump up ^ Various Ask Ezra student columns report the `` IV League '' explanation , apparently relying on the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins as the sole source : ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) Jump up ^ `` The Penn Current / October 17 , 2002 / Ask Benny '' . Upenn.edu . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` This according to the Penn history of varsity football '' . Archives.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Resource : Student history '' . Resource.berkeley.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Joseph ( 2003 ) . Snobbery : The American Version . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34073 - 4 . p. 55 , `` by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific ; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions : certain eastern prep schools , the Ivy League colleges , and the Episcopal Church among them . '' ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( 2004 ) . East Side Story . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 45244 - 3 . p. 179 , `` he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges '' Jump up ^ McDonald , Janet ( 2000 ) . Project Girl . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22345 - 4 . p. 163 `` Newsweek is a morass of incest , nepotism , elitism , racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption ... It is completely Ivy League -- a Vassar / Columbia J - School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded , regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire , because of the next level of hurdles : family connections and money . '' Jump up ^ scandals : James Axtell , The Making of Princeton University ( 2006 ) , p. 274 ; quoting a former executive director of the Ivy League Jump up ^ Robert Siegel , `` Black Baseball Pioneer William White 's 1879 Game , '' National Public Radio , broadcast Jan. 30 , 2004 ( audio at npr.org ) ; Stefan Fatsis , `` Mystery of Baseball : Was William White Game 's First Black ? '' , Wall Street Journal , Jan. 30 , 2004 ; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis , `` Baseball 's Secret Pioneer : William Edward White , the first black player in major - league history , '' Slate , Feb. 4 , 2014 ; `` Bill White ( whitebi01 ) '' , Baseball-Reference.com ; Rick Harris , Brown University Baseball : A Legacy of the game ( Charleston : The History Press , 2012 ) , pp. 41 -- 43 Jump up ^ `` Columbia Celebrates College Wrestling Centennial '' . Columbia College Today . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1935 - 12 - 06 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Robert F. Kelley ( 1936 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah '' . The New York Times . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges '' . The New York Times . 1936 - 12 - 03 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Crimson : : News : : AN EDITORIAL '' . Thecrimson.com. 1936 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities '' . The New York Times . 1937 - 01 - 12 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Gwertzman , Bernard M. ( October 13 , 1956 ) . `` Ivy League : Formalizing the Fact '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Group '' Archived 2015 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , Sports-reference.com Jump up ^ `` Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book - p. 221 `` Division I Conference Alignment History '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Women 's Colleges in the United States : History , Issues , and Challenges '' . Ed.gov . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ White , Gordon S. Jr. ( 1982 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Ivy League Considers Adding 2 Schools '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Alicia Mies , `` University admits record low 7.2 percent of applicants to Class of 2022 '' , The Brown Daily Herald , March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonnie K. Goodman , `` Columbia accepts record - low for the Class of 2023 just 5.5 percent acceptance rate '' , Medium , March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meredith Liu , `` Class of 2022 Has Lowest Admissions Rate , Most Diverse in School History '' , Cornell Daily Sun , March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Dartmouth Senior Staff , `` College admits record - low percent to the class of 2022 '' , The Dartmouth , March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delano R. Franklin & Samuel W. Zwickel , `` Record - Low 4.59 Percent of Applicants Accepted to Harvard Class of 2022 '' , The Harvard Crimson , March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoni Gutenmacher , `` Penn admits a record - low 8.39 percent of applicants to the Class of 2022 '' , The Daily Pennsylvanian , March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mallory Williamson , `` U. offers admission to 5.5 percent of students in most selective year yet '' , The Daily Princetonian , March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anastasiia Posnova , `` Yale admits 6.31 percent of applicants '' , Yale Daily News , March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` How to Get Into an Ivy League College -- Guaranteed '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Annicchiarico , Francesca ; Weinstock , Samuel Y. ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Freshman Survey Part I : Meet Harvard 's Class of 2017 '' . The Harvard Crimson . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Admits 4.6 % of Applicants ; Other Ivy League Schools Get Tougher , Too '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League , Ranked '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . Academic Ranking of World Universities . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings -- Top National Universities '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` 2017 National Universities Rankings '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates and Research Affiliations '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Scholar Program ( IvyPlus Exchange ) '' . Yale University . Jump up ^ Elements of Fashion and Apparel Design . New Age Publishers . p. 25 . ISBN 81 - 224 - 1371 - 4 . Ivy League : A popular look for men in the fifties that originated on such campuses as Harvard , Priceton ( sic ) and Yale ; a forerunner to the preppie look ; a style characterized by button down collar shirts and pants with a small buckle in the back . ^ Jump up to : Zlotnick , Sarah ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Your cheat sheet to preppy style '' . The Washingtonian . Jump up ^ Peterson , Amy T. ; Ann T. Kellogg ( 2008 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present : 1900 -- 1949 . ABC - CLIO . p. 285 . ISBN 9780313043345 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Guide to American Style '' . Details . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Adam ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` The American Way '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Epstein , Joseph ( 2003 ) . Snobbery : The American Version . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34073 - 4 . p. 55 , `` by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific ; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions : certain eastern prep schools , the Ivy League colleges , and the Episcopal Church among them . '' and Wolff , Robert Paul ( 1992 ) . The Ideal of the University . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 603 - X . p. viii : `` My genial , aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr 's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique . '' Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Alan ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` The End Of WASP - Dominated Politics '' . NPR.org . Jump up ^ Orlet , Christopher ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Missing the WASPs '' . The American Spectator . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Triumphant Decline of the WASP '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Robin J. ( February 2014 ) . `` Why Ivy League Schools Are So Bad at Economic Diversity '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Time magazine , Noliwe M. Rooks , Feb. 27 , 2013 , The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Is n't Affordability . It 's Accessibility , Retrieved Aug. 27 , 2014 , `` ... accessibility of these schools to students who are poor , minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools ... unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority , poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities ... '' Jump up ^ August 26 , 2014 , Boston Globe ( via NY Times ) , A Generation Later , Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges , Retrieved Aug. 30 , 2014 , `` more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities , including all eight Ivy League members , ... from 2001 to 2009 , ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent ... '' Jump up ^ Wolff , Robert Paul ( 1992 ) . The Ideal of the University . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 603 - X . p. viii : `` My genial , aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr 's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Mark ( 2001 ) . The 10 Lenses : your guide to living and working in a multicultural world . Capital Books . , p. 85 Jump up ^ Kieran , John ( December 4 , 1936 ) . `` Sports of the Times -- The Ivy League '' . The New York Times . p. 36 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . There will now be a little test of ' the power of the press ' in intercollegiate circles since the student editors at Harvard , Yale , Princeton , Cornell , Columbia , Dartmouth and Penn are coming out in a group for the formation of an Ivy League in football . The idea is n't new ... It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear ( to themselves especially ) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not ' exclusive ' as this term is used with a slight up - tilting of the tip of the nose . '' He recommended the consideration of `` plenty of institutions covered with home - grown ivy that are not included in the proposed group . ( such as ) Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt , just to offer a few examples that come to mind '' and noted that `` Pitt and Georgetown and Brown and Bowdoin and Rutgers were old when Cornell was shining new , and Fordham and Holy Cross had some building draped in ivy before the plaster was dry in the walls that now tower high about Cayuga 's waters . Jump up ^ Webster G. Tarpley ; Anton Chaitkin . `` George Bush : The Unauthorized Biography : Chapter XXII Bush Takes The Presidency '' . Webster G. Tarpley . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 1998 ) , `` Bush Traces How Yale Differs From Harvard . '' The New York Times , June 11 , 1998 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Baker , Russell ( 1998 ) , `` The Ivy Hayseed . '' The New York Times , June 15 , 1988 , p . A31 Jump up ^ New York Sun , Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees , September 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ Columbia Law School , Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt to Receive Posthumous Law Degrees from Columbia Law School , September 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Ivy League Schools Do n't Reflect U.S. Minority Ratios '' . www.nationaljournal.com . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . U.S. Department of Commerce . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Crimson '' . The Harvard Crimson , Inc . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Where Ivy League Students Go When They Graduate ( Presentation ) '' . Business Insider. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do So Many Ivy League Grads Go to Wall Steet ? '' . The Atlantic . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League in the Age of Obama '' . The American Conservative . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Best and the Greediest ? Ivy League Students Are Still Heading to Wall Street '' . Alternet . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Maggie ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Challenge Of Being Poor At America 's Richest Colleges '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Nickens , Margaret ; Nussenbaum , Kate ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` How diverse are we ? '' . The Brown Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Miele , Adriana ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` MIELE : Wanted , fewer dumb students '' . Yale Daily News . Jump up ^ Zax , David . `` Wanted : smart students from poor families '' . Yale Alumni Magazine . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yale basketball shares Ivy League title '' . Yale Daily News . 2002 - 03 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Years : SEC Champions '' ( PDF ) . 2015 -- 2016 SEC Men 's Basketball Media Guide . Southeastern Conference . p. 61 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . From 1933 -- 50 the SEC Champion was determined by a tournament , except for 1935 . Since 1951 , when the round - robin schedule was introduced , the title has been decided by a winning percentage on the conference schedule . Jump up ^ `` Through the Years : SEC Champions '' ( PDF ) . 2015 -- 2016 SEC Women 's Basketball Media Guide . Southeastern Conference . p. 54 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Since 1986 , the SEC champion has been determined by the regular season schedule . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . The Ivy League . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brown , C.L. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Which players injured last season will make the strongest comebacks ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . It 's easy to forget what Siyani Chambers has meant to Harvard as a three - time all - Ivy League player because he was n't enrolled in school last season . The Ivy League does n't allow redshirts , so Chambers was forced to withdraw after a preseason ACL injury if he wanted to return for his senior season . Jump up ^ `` Recognized National Championships by Year '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Times -- 2006 - 11 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Ivy League '' . Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy League Championships -- By School '' . Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy League Championships -- Women 's Sports '' . Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League . Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The game : the tables are turned -- Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball '' . The Daily Princetonian. 2002 - 02 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The rivalry ? Not with Penn 's paltry performance this season '' . The Daily Princetonian. 2002 - 02 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ivy League Basketball Archived June 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ivy League Football Archived January 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New wrinkle in the Cornell Princeton lacrosse rivalry , The Ithaca Journal , May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rivalry : Lehigh vs. Lafayette '' . LehigSports.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( 16 November 1997 ) . `` A Woeful Yale Loses To Princeton '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hyland , Tim . `` College Football National Champions : The Complete List '' . About.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Colman , Dan ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Princeton v. Yale , 1903 : The Oldest College Football Game on Film '' . OpenCulture.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 College Football National Championship '' . TipTop25.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Beats Yale '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 19 June 1904 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHAMPIONSHIPS SUMMARY THROUGH JAN. 8 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Facilities '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodes Field -- PennAthletics.com -- The Official Website of University of Pennsylvania Athletics '' . Pennathletics.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NESCAC '' . www.nescac.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 25 New Elite ' Ivies ' '' . Newsweek.com. 2006 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Babbit , Nory ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Yale Hosts Ivy Plus Conference '' . The Blue Print . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Zawel , Marc ( September 1 , 2005 ) . `` Defining the Ivy League '' . Untangling the Ivy League . College Prowler . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 59658 - 500 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Plus Sustainability Working Group '' . Yale . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ivy plus annual fund '' . harvard . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy + Alumni Relations Conference '' . Princeton . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Robert ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Risk pays off for endowments '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Perloff - Giles , Alexandra ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Columbia , MIT Fall Into Line on Aid '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Anthony ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` The Dangerous Wealth of the Ivy League '' . Businessweek . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Josh ; Antoinette Schoar ; Jialan Wang ( Summer 2008 ) . `` Secrets of the Academy : The Drivers of University Endowment Success '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives . Nashville , TN : The American Economic Association . 22 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 22 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 22.3. 207 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . OCLC 16474127 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Kavita ; Dixit , Kimberly Wright ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` How to Choose a College '' . Acing Admissions . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5106 - 794 - 8 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . 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2830856671326526565	Interspecific competition	Interspecific competition - wikipedia Interspecific competition Jump to : navigation , search Subadult male lion and spotted hyena in the Masai Mara . The two species share the same ecological niche , and are thus in competition with each other . Interspecific competition , in ecology , is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem ( e.g. food or living space ) . This can be contrasted with interspecific cooperation , a type of symbiosis . Competition between members of the same species is called intraspecific competition . If a tree species in a dense forest grows taller than surrounding tree species , it is able to absorb more of the incoming sunlight . However , less sunlight is then available for the trees that are shaded by the taller tree , thus interspecific competition . Leopards and lions can also be in interspecific competition , since both species feed on the same prey , and can be negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food . Competition is only one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure . Moreover , competition is not always a straightforward , direct , interaction . Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area . If the resource can not support both populations , then lowered fecundity , growth , or survival may result in at least one species . Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations , communities and the evolution of interacting species . On an individual organism level , competition can occur as interference or exploitative competition . Direct competition has been observed between individuals , populations and species , but there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups . For example , between amphibians , reptiles and mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Based on mechanism 1.2 Based on outcome 2 Apparent competition 3 Consequences 3.1 Competitive exclusion 3.2 Niche differentiation 3.3 Local extinction 3.4 Impacts on communities 4 Competitive Lotka - Volterra model 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Types ( edit ) All of the types described here can also apply to intraspecific competition , that is , competition among individuals within a species . Also , any specific example of interspecific competition can be described in terms of both a mechanism ( e.g. , resource or interference ) and an outcome ( symmetric or asymmetric ) . Based on mechanism ( edit ) Exploitative competition , also referred to as resource competition , is a form of competition in which one species consumes and either reduces or more efficiently uses a shared limiting resource and therefore depletes the availability of the resource for the other species . Thus , it is an indirect interaction because the competing species interact via a shared resource . Interference competition is a form of competition in which individuals of one species interacts directly with individuals of another species via antagonistic displays or more aggressive behavior . In a review and synthesis of experimental evidence regarding interspecific competition , Schoener described six specific types of mechanisms by which competition occurs , including consumptive , preemptive , overgrowth , chemical , territorial , and encounter . Consumption competition is always resource competition , but the others are can not always be regarded as exclusively exploitative or interference . Separating the effect of resource use from that of interference is not easy . A good example of exploitative competition is found in aphid species competing over the sap in plant phloem . Each aphid species that feeds on host plant sap uses some of the resource , leaving less for competing species . In one study , Fordinae geoica was observed to out - compete F. formicaria to the extent that the latter species exhibited a reduction in survival by 84 % . Another example is the one of competition for calling space in amphibians , where the calling activity of a species prevents the other one from calling in an area as wide as it would in allopatry . A last example is driving of bisexual rock lizards of genus Darevskia from their natural habitats by a daughter unisexual form ; interference competition can be ruled out in this case , because parthenogenetic forms of the lizards never demonstrate aggressive behavior . This type of competition can also be observed in forests where large trees dominate the canopy and thus allow little light to reach smaller competitors living below . These interactions have important implications for the population dynamics and distribution of both species . Based on outcome ( edit ) Main articles : Scramble competition and Contest competition Scramble and contest competition refer to the relative success of competitors . Scramble competition is said to occur when each competitor is equal suppressed , either through reduction in survival or birth rates . Contest competition is said to occur when one or a few competitors are unaffected by competition , but all others suffer greatly , either through reduction in survival or birth rates . Sometimes these types of competition are referred to as symmetric ( scramble ) vs. asymmetric ( contest ) competition . Scramble and contest competition are two ends of a spectrum , of completely equal or completely unequal effects . Apparent competition ( edit ) Apparent competition is actually an example of predation that alters the relative abundances of prey on the same trophic level . It occurs when two or more species in a habitat affect shared natural enemies in a higher trophic level . If two species share a common predator , for example , apparent competition can exist between the two prey items in which the presence of each prey species increases the abundance of the shared enemy , and thereby suppresses one or both prey species . This mechanism gets its name from experiments in which one prey species is removed and the second prey species increases in abundance . Investigators sometimes mistakenly attribute the increase in abundance in the second species as evidence for resource competition between prey species . It is `` apparently '' competition , but is in fact due to a shared predator , parasitoid , parasite , or pathogen . Consequences ( edit ) Many studies , including those cited previously , have shown major impacts on both individuals and populations from interspecific competition . Documentation of these impacts has been found in species from every major branch of organism . The effects of interspecific competition can also reach communities and can even influence the evolution of species as they adapt to avoid competition . This evolution may result in the exclusion of a species in the habitat , niche separation , and local extinction . The changes of these species over time can also change communities as other species must adapt . Competitive exclusion ( edit ) Main article : Gause 's law The competitive exclusion principle , also called `` Gause 's law '' which arose from mathematical analysis and simple competition models states that two species that use the same limiting resource in the same way in the same space and time can not coexist and must diverge from each other over time in order for the two species to coexist . One species will often exhibit an advantage in resource use . This superior competitor will out - compete the other with more efficient use of the limiting resource . As a result , the inferior competitor will suffer a decline in population over time . It will be excluded from the area and replaced by the superior competitor . A well - documented example of competitive exclusion was observed to occur between Dolly Varden charr ( Trout ) ( Salvelinus malma ) and white spotted char ( Trout ) ( S. leucomaenis ) in Japan . Both of these species were morphologically similar but the former species was found primarily at higher elevations than the latter . Although there was a zone of overlap , each species excluded the other from its dominant region by becoming better adapted to its habitat over time . In some such cases , each species gets displaced into an exclusive segment of the original habitat . Because each species suffers from competition , natural selection favors the avoidance of competition in such a way . Niche differentiation ( edit ) Main article : Niche differentiation Niche differentiation is a process by which competitive exclusion leads to differences in resource use . In the previous example , niche differentiation resulted in spatial displacement . In other cases it may result in other changes that also avoid competition . If competition avoidance is achievable , each species will occupy an edge of the niche and will become more specialized to that area thus minimizing competition . This phenomenon often results in the separation of species over time as they become more specialized to their edge of the niche , called niche differentiation . The species do not have to be in separate habitats however to avoid niche overlap . Some species adapt regionally to utilizing different resources than they ordinarily would in order to avoid competition . There have been several well - documented cases in birds where species that are very similar change their habitat use where they overlap . For example , they may consume different food resources or use different nesting habitat or materials . On the Galapagos Islands , finch species have been observed to change dietary specializations in just a few generations in order to utilize limited resources and minimize competition . In some cases , third party species interfere to the detriment or benefit of the competing species . In a laboratory study , coexistence between two competing bacterial species was mediated by phage parasites . This type of interaction actually helped to maintain diversity in bacterial communities and has far reaching implications in medical research as well as ecology . Similar effects have been documented for many communities as a result of the action of a keystone predator that preys on a competitively superior species . Local extinction ( edit ) Main article : Local extinction Although local extinction of one or more competitors has been less documented than niche separation or competitive exclusion , it does occur . In an experiment involving zooplankton in artificial rock pools , local extinction rates were significantly higher in areas of interspecific competition . In these cases , therefore , the negative effects are not only at the population level but also species richness of communities . Impacts on communities ( edit ) Naturalised purple - loosestrife plants growing in the Cooper Marsh Conservation Area , near Cornwall Ontario . As mentioned previously , interspecific competition has great impact on community composition and structure . Niche separation of species , local extinction and competitive exclusion are only some of the possible effects . In addition to these , interspecific competition can be the source of a cascade of effects that build on each other . An example of such an effect is the introduction of an invasive species to the United States , purple - loosestrife . This plant when introduced to wetland communities often outcompetes much of the native flora and decreases species richness , food and shelter to many other species at higher trophic levels . In this way , one species can influence the populations of many other species as well as through a myriad of other interactions . Because of the complicated web of interactions that make up every ecosystem and habitat , the results of interspecific competition are complex and site - specific . Competitive Lotka - Volterra model ( edit ) Main article : Competitive Lotka -- Volterra equations The impacts of interspecific competition on populations have been formalized in a mathematical model called the Competitive Lotka -- Volterra equations , which creates a theoretical prediction of interactions . It combines the effects of each species on the other . These effects are calculated separately for the first and second population respectively : d N 1 d t = r 1 N 1 K 1 − N 1 − α N 2 K 1 ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 1 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 1 ) N_ ( 1 ) ( K_ ( 1 ) - N_ ( 1 ) - \ alpha N_ ( 2 ) \ over K_ ( 1 ) ) ) d N 2 d t = r 2 N 2 K 2 − N 2 − β N 1 K 2 ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 2 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 2 ) N_ ( 2 ) ( K_ ( 2 ) - N_ ( 2 ) - \ beta N_ ( 1 ) \ over K_ ( 2 ) ) ) In these formulae , N is the population size , t is time , K is the carrying capacity , r is the intrinsic rate of increase and α and β are the relative competition coefficients . The results show the effect that the other species has on the species being calculated . The results can be graphed to show a trend and possible prediction for the future of the species . One problem with this model is that certain assumptions must be made for the calculation to work . These include the lack of migration and constancy of the carrying capacities and competition coefficients of both species . The complex nature of ecology determines that these assumptions are rarely true in the field but the model provides a basis for improved understanding of these important concepts . An equivalent formulation of these models is : d N 1 d t = r 1 N 1 ( 1 − α 11 N 1 − α 12 N 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 1 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 1 ) N_ ( 1 ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha _ ( 11 ) N_ ( 1 ) - \ alpha _ ( 12 ) N_ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) d N 2 d t = r 2 N 2 ( 1 − α 21 N 1 − α 22 N 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 2 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 2 ) N_ ( 2 ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha _ ( 21 ) N_ ( 1 ) - \ alpha _ ( 22 ) N_ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) In these formulae , α 11 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 11 ) ) is the effect that an individual of species 1 has on its own population growth rate . Similarly , α 12 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 12 ) ) is the effect that an individual of species 2 has on the population growth rate of species 1 . One can also read this as the effect on species 1 of species 2 . In comparing this formulation to the one above , we note that α 11 = 1 / K 1 , α 22 = 1 / K 2 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 11 ) = 1 / K_ ( 1 ) , ~ \ alpha _ ( 22 ) = 1 / K_ ( 2 ) ) , and α 12 = α / K 1 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 12 ) = \ alpha / K_ ( 1 ) ) . Coexistence between competitors occurs when α 11 > α 12 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 11 ) > \ alpha _ ( 12 ) ) and α 22 > α 21 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 22 ) > \ alpha _ ( 21 ) ) . We can translate this as coexistence occurs when the effect of each species on itself is greater the effect of the competitor . There are other mathematical representations that model species competition , such as using non-polynomial functions . See also ( edit ) Minimum viable population Symbiosis Mutualism ( biology ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. ; Ferry , P.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Links between global taxonomic diversity , ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land '' ( PDF ) . Biology Letters. 6 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 547 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.1024 . PMC 2936204 . PMID 20106856 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tilman , D. ( 1982 ) . Resource Competition and Community Structure . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Schoener T.W. ( 1983 ) . `` Field experiments on interspecific competition '' . The American Naturalist. 122 ( 2 ) : 240 -- 285 . doi : 10.1086 / 284133 . Jump up ^ Borzée , Amaël ; Kim , Jun Young ; Jang , Yikweon ( 7 Sep 2016 ) . `` Asymmetric competition over calling sites in two closely related treefrog species '' . Scientific Reports . 6 : 32569 . doi : 10.1038 / srep32569 . PMC 5013533 . PMID 27599461 . Jump up ^ Tarkhnishvili David ( 2010 ) . `` Unisexual rock lizard might be outcompeting its bisexual progenitors in the Caucasus '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 101 : 447 -- 460 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2010. 01498. x . Jump up ^ Holt R.D. , Lawton J.H. ( 1994 ) . `` The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 25 : 495 -- 520 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 25.1. 495 . Jump up ^ Holt , R.D. ( 1977 . ) Predation , apparent competition , and the structure of prey communities . Theoretical Population Biology 12 : 197 - 229 . Jump up ^ Iannelli , Mimmo ; Pugliese , Andrea ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Competition among species . UNITEXT . Springer International Publishing . pp. 175 -- 208 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 03026 - 5_7 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 03025 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brockhurst , M.A. , A. Fenton , B. Roulston and P.B. Rainey. 2006 . The impact of phages on interspecific competition in experimental populations of bacteria . BMC Ecology6 : 19 . Jump up ^ Bengtsson J ( 1989 ) . `` Interspecific competition increases local extinction rate in a metapopulation system '' . Nature . 340 : 713 -- 715 . doi : 10.1038 / 340713a0 . Jump up ^ Gotelli , N.J. 2008 . A Primer of Ecology , 4th ed . Sinauer Associates , Sunderland , MA , USA . Jump up ^ Stevens , M.H.H. ( 2009 ) . A Primer of Ecology with R. ( R. Gentleman , Hornik K. , & G. Parmigiani , Eds . ) . Springer . Jump up ^ Rabajante JF , Talaue CO ( April 2015 ) . `` Equilibrium switching and mathematical properties of nonlinear interaction networks with concurrent antagonism and self - stimulation '' . Chaos , Solitons & Fractals. 73 : 166 -- 182 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2015.01. 018 . Further reading ( edit ) Begon , M. , C.R. Townsend and J.L. Harper . 2006 . Ecology : From Individuals to Ecosystems . Blackwell Publishing , Malden , MA . Connell J.H. ( 1961 ) . `` Factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus '' . Ecology. 42 ( 4 ) : 710 -- 723 . doi : 10.2307 / 1933500 . Giller , P.S. 1984 . Community Structure and the Niche . Chapman & Hall , London . Holekamp , K.E. 2006 . Interspecific competition and anti-predator behavior . National Science Foundation . http://www.nsf.gov/ Inbar M. , Eshel A. , Wool D. ( 1995 ) . `` Interspecific competition among phloem - feeding insects mediated by induced host - plant sinks '' . Ecology. 76 ( 5 ) : 1506 -- 1515 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938152 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Schoener T.W. ( 1983 ) . `` Field experiments on interspecific competition '' . American Naturalist. 122 : 240 . doi : 10.1086 / 284133 . Solomon , E.P. , Berg , L.R. , & Martin , D.W. ( 2002 ) . Biology , sixth edition . ( N. Rose , Ed . ) . Stamford , CT : Thomson Learning Taniguchi Y. and S. Nakano 2000 . Condition - Specific Competition : Implications for the Altitudinal Distribution of Stream Fishes . Ecology , 81 . 7 : 2027 - 2039 Weiner , J. 1994 . The Beak of the Finch . Cambridge University Press , New York . External links ( edit ) Competition for Territory : The Levins Model for Two Species Wolfram Demonstrations Project -- requires CDF player ( free ) Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interspecific_competition&oldid=831798122 '' Categories : Biological interactions Competition Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 07 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of species if removed from the community could lead to collapse of the entire community	[]	[]
4536136870274113774	Sare Jahan se Accha	Sāre Jahan se Accha - wikipedia Sāre Jahan se Accha Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Urdu poem . For other use ( s ) , see Sare Jahan se Accha ( disambiguation ) . `` Sare Jahan se Accha '' Song Language Urdu English title Anthem of the People of India Published 16 August 1904 ( 1904 - 08 - 16 ) Genre Patriotic song Songwriter ( s ) Muhammad Iqbal `` Sare Jahan se Accha '' ( Urdu : سارے جہاں سے اچھا ‬ ‎ , Hindi : सारे जहां से अच्छा ; Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā ) , formally known as `` Tarānah - i - Hindi '' ( Urdu : ترانۂ ہندی ‬ ‎ , Hindi : तराना - ए - हिंदी ; `` Anthem of the People of India '' ) , is an Urdu language patriotic song written for children by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry . The poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904 . Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College , Lahore , British India ( now in Pakistan ) it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British Raj . The song , an ode to Hindustan -- the land comprising present - day Bangladesh , India and Pakistan , was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang - i - Dara . The song has remained popular , especially in India . An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces . A satirical version of the same from a 1958 Hindi movie also remains popular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Iqbal 's transformation and Tarana - e-Milli 3 Text 4 English Translation 5 Popularity in India and in popular culture 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 See also 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College , Lahore at that time , and was invited by a student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function . Instead of delivering a speech , Iqbal sang `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' . The song , in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan , expressed `` cultural memory '' and had an elegiac quality . In 1905 , the 27 - year - old Iqbal viewed the future society of the subcontinent as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu - Muslim culture . Later that year he left for Europe for a three - year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic philosopher and a visionary of a future Islamic society . Iqbal 's transformation and Tarana - e-Milli ( edit ) In 1910 , Iqbal wrote another song for children , `` Tarana - e-Milli '' ( Anthem of the Religious Community ) , which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' , but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song . The sixth stanza of `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' ( 1904 ) , which is often quoted as proof of Iqbal 's secular outlook : Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā Hindī haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai Hindūstāṉ hamārā Religion does not teach us to bear ill - will among ourselves We are of Hind , our homeland is Hindustan . contrasted significantly with the first stanza of Tarana - e-Milli ( 1910 ) reads : Cīn o - ʿArab hamārā , Hindūstāṉ hamārā Muslim haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai sārā jahāṉ hamārā Central Asia and Arabia are ours , Hindustan is ours We are Muslims , the whole world is our homeland . Iqbal 's world view had now changed ; it had become both global and Islamic . Instead of singing of Hindustan , `` our homeland , '' the new song proclaimed that `` our homeland is the whole world . '' Two decades later , in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad in 1930 , he supported a separate nation - state in the Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent , an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan . Text ( edit ) Urdu Hindi Romanisation ( ALA - LC ) سارے جہاں سے اچھا ہندوستاں ہمارا ہم بلبلیں ہیں اس کی ، یہ گلستاں ہمارا غربت میں ہوں اگر ہم ، رہتا ہے دل وطن میں سمجھو وہیں ہمیں بھی دل ہو جہاں ہمارا پربت وہ سب سے اونچا ، ہمسایہ آسماں کا وہ سنتری ہمارا ، وہ پاسباں ہمارا گودی میں کھیلتی ہیں اس کی ہزاروں ندیاں گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشکِ جناں ہمارا اے آبِ رودِ گنگا ! وہ دن ہیں یاد تجھ کو ؟ اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا مذہب نہیں سکھاتا آپس میں بیر رکھنا ہندی ہیں ہم ، وطن ہے ہندوستاں ہمارا یونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے اب تک مگر ہے باقی نام و نشاں ہمارا کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستی مٹتی نہیں ہماری صدیوں رہا ہے دشمن دورِ زماں ہمارا اقبال ! کوئی محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں میں معلوم کیا کسی کو دردِ نہاں ہمارا ! ‏ सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी यह गुलसिताँ हमारा ग़ुर्बत में हों अगर हम , रहता है दिल वतन में समझो वहीं हमें भी दिल हो जहाँ हमारा परबत वह सबसे ऊँचा , हम्साया आसमाँ का वह संतरी हमारा , वह पासबाँ हमारा गोदी में खेलती हैं इसकी हज़ारों नदियाँ गुल्शन है जिनके दम से रश्क - ए - जनाँ हमारा ऐ आब - ए - रूद - ए - गंगा ! वह दिन हैं याद तुझको ? उतरा तिरे किनारे जब कारवाँ हमारा मज़्हब नहीं सिखाता आपस में बैर रखना हिंदी हैं हम , वतन है हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा यूनान - ओ - मिस्र - ओ - रूमा सब मिट गए जहाँ से अब तक मगर है बाक़ी नाम - ओ - निशाँ हमारा कुछ बात है कि हस्ती मिटती नहीं हमारी सदियों रहा है दुश्मन दौर - ए - ज़माँ हमारा इक़्बाल ! कोई महरम अपना नहीं जहाँ में मालूम क्या किसी को दर्द - ए - निहाँ हमारा ! Sāre jahāṉ se acchā , Hindositāṉ hamārā Ham bulbuleṉ haiṉ is kī , yih gulsitāṉ hamārā G̱ẖurbat meṉ hoṉ agar ham , rahtā hai dil wat̤an meṉ Samjho wuhīṉ hameṉ bhī dil ho jahāṉ hamārā Parbat wuh sab se ūṉchā , hamsāyah āsmāṉ kā Wuh santarī hamārā , wuh pāsbāṉ hamārā Godī meṉ kheltī haiṉ is kī hazāroṉ nadiyāṉ Guls̱ẖan hai jin ke dam se ras̱ẖk - i janāṉ hamārā Ai āb - i rūd - i Gangā ! wuh din haiṉ yād tujh ko ? Utrā tire kināre jab kārwāṉ hamārā Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā Hindī haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai Hindositāṉ hamārā Yūnān o - Miṣr o - Rūmā , sab miṭ ga'e jahāṉ se Ab tak magar hai bāqī , nām o - nis̱ẖaṉ hamārā Kuch bāt hai kih hastī , miṭtī nahīṉ hamārī Ṣadiyoṉ rahā hai dus̱ẖman daur - i zamāṉ hamārā Iqbāl ! ko'ī maḥram apnā nahīṉ jahāṉ meṉ Maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard - i nihāṉ hamārā ! English translation ( edit ) Better than the entire world , is our Hindustan , We are its nightingales , and it ( is ) our garden abode If we are in an alien place , the heart remains in the homeland , Know us to be only there where our heart is . That tallest mountain , that shade - sharer of the sky , It ( is ) our sentry , it ( is ) our watchman In its lap where frolic thousands of rivers , Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise . O the flowing waters of the Ganges , do you remember that day When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront ? Religion does not teach us to bear animosity among ourselves We are of Hind , our homeland is Hindustan . In a world in which ancient Greece , Egypt , and Rome have all vanished Our own attributes ( name and sign ) live on today . There is something about our existence for it does n't get wiped Even though , for centuries , the time - cycle of the world has been our enemy . Iqbal ! We have no confidant in this world What does any one know of our hidden pain ? Popularity in India and in popular culture ( edit ) Saare Jahan Se Achcha has remained popular in India for nearly a century . Mahatma Gandhi is said to have sung it over a hundred times when he was imprisoned at Yerawada Jail in Pune in the 1930s . In the 1930s and 1940s , it was sung to a slower tune . In 1945 , while working in Mumbai with IPTA ( Indian Peoples Theater Association ) , the sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar was asked to compose the music for the K.A. Abbas movie Dharti ka Laal and the Chetan Anand movie Neecha Nagar . During this time , Ravi Shankar was asked to compose music for the song Saare jahan se accha . In an interview in 2009 with Shekhar Gupta , Ravi Shankar recounts that he felt that the existing tune was too slow and sad . To give it a more inspiring impact , he set it to a stronger tune which is today the popular tune of this song , which they then tried out as a group song . It was later recorded by the singer Lata Mangeshkar to an 3rd altogether different tune . Stanzas ( 1 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , and ( 6 ) of the song became an unofficial national song in India , and the Ravi Shankar version was adopted as the official quick march of the Indian Armed Forces . Rakesh Sharma , the first Indian astronaut , employed the first line of the song in 1984 to describe to then prime minister Indira Gandhi how India appeared from outer space . In his inaugural speech , the former prime minister of India Manmohan Singh quoted this poem at his first press conference after becoming the Prime Minister . The song is popular in India in schools , and as a marching song for the Indian armed forces ( played during public events and parades including those for the Indian independence day , republic day and Beating the Retreat ) . A parody of the song was written by the Urdu poet Sahir Ludhianvi for the 1958 Hindi film Phir Subah Hogi and sung by Mukesh . With the title `` Cheeno arab hamara '' , the song drew the irony between the reality of life for the common and poor people , with the idealized context drawn in the original song . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Taranah - e Hindi ' ( 1904 ) was explicitly written as a patriotic song for children ; Iqbal also composed a number of others meant for children , but this one has always been the most popular . This little ghazal , composed by the man widely considered to be the philosophical father of Pakistan , is now extremely popular -- but only in India . '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pritchett , Frances. 2000 . `` Tarana - e-Hindi and Taranah - e-Milli : A Study in Contrasts . '' Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies . ^ Jump up to : `` Saare Jahan Se Accha : Facts about the song and its creator '' . India Today . 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Imam , Sharjeel ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Sare Jahan Se Acha : The Idea of India in Early 20th Century Urdu Poetry '' . The Wire . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal : Tarana - e-Milli , 1910 . Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Although `` Chin '' refers to China in modern Urdu , in Iqbal 's day it referred to Central Asia , coextensive with historical Turkestan . See also , Iqbal : Tarana - e-Milli , 1910 . Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Pritchett , Frances. 2000 . Tarana - e-Hindi and Tarana - e-Milli : A Close Comparison . Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ A look at Iqbal ; The Sunday Tribune -- May 28 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Here they are to be pronounced not Hindūstāṉ and gu - lis - tāṉ , respectively , as usual , but Hindositāṉ and gul - si - tāṉ , respectively , to suit the meter . '' From : Pritchett , F. 2004 . `` Taraanah - i - Hindii '' Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Pronounced `` tiray '' to suit the meter , in contrast to the usual `` tayray . '' From : From : Pritchett , F. 2004 . `` Taraanah - i - Hindii '' Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Times of India : Saare Jahan Se ... , it 's 100 now Jump up ^ Gupta , Shekhar ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` Walk the talk - Interview with Pandit Ravi Shankar '' . NDTV . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Military Marches . Jump up ^ India Empowered to Me Is : Saare Jahan Se Achcha , the home of world citizens Jump up ^ Times of India : Saare Jahan Se ... , it 's 100 now See also ( edit ) Iqbal bibliography Amar Shonar Bangla Jana Gana Mana Vande Mataram Qaumi Tarana National Pledge ( India ) `` Dil Dil Pakistan '' External links ( edit ) `` Tarana - e-Hindi at Rabia Memorial School , Fatehpur Mau ( UP ) India '' . 23 January 2013 . ( Children singing the complete lyrics of the song . ) ( hide ) Muhammad Iqbal Family Javed Iqbal ( son ) Yousuf Salahuddin ( grandson ) Waleed Iqbal ( grandson ) Prose The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam The Development of Metaphysics in Persia Ilm Al - Iqtisad Poetry Asrar - i - Khudi ( `` The Secrets of the Self '' ) Rumuz - i - Bekhudi ( `` The Secrets of Selflessness '' ) Payam - i - Mashriq ( `` Message from the East '' ) Bang - i - Dara ( `` The Call Of The Marching Bell '' ) Zabur - i - Ajam ( `` Persian Psalms '' ) Javid Nama Bal - i - Jibril ( `` Gabriel 's Wing '' ) Zarb - i - Kalim ( `` The Rod of the Moses '' ) Pas Chih Bayad Kard ( `` What should then be done O people of the East '' ) Armaghan - i - Hijaz ( `` Gift from Hijaz '' ) Scholars Annemarie Schimmel Arthur J. Arberry R.A. Nicholson Javid Iqbal Muhammad Munawwar Suheyl Umar more Related topics Bibliography Iqbal Academy Pakistan Iqbal Academy , UK Iqbal Day Iqbal Review Pakistan Movement ( Allahabad Address ) Tomb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sare_Jahan_se_Accha&oldid=813684722 '' Categories : Poetry by Muhammad Iqbal Indian patriotic songs Indian poems Indian culture Literature of Indian independence movement Muhammad Iqbal Urdu words and phrases 1904 songs Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Simple English اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who compose the song sare jahan se achha	[]	[]
-6265014067709601109	Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)	Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) - wikipedia Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) '' UK vinyl single ; artwork also used for other European releases and the back cover of the parent album , Secrets Single by Robert Palmer from the album Secrets B - side `` Love Can Run Faster '' Released July 1979 Format Phonograph record Genre Rock , hard rock Length 3 : 10 Label Island Records Songwriter ( s ) Moon Martin Robert Palmer singles chronology `` Every Kinda People '' ( 1978 ) `` Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Can We Still Be Friends '' ( 1979 ) `` Every Kinda People '' ( 1978 ) `` Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Can We Still Be Friends '' ( 1979 ) `` Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) '' is a 1978 song , written and originally recorded by Moon Martin , and sung a year later by Robert Palmer . The song became one of Palmer 's definitive hits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Robert Palmer version 3 Other covers 4 Chart performance 5 References Background ( edit ) Moon Martin originally recorded the song in 1978 . Martin 's record label Capitol Records released the song in the United Kingdom and Spain as a stand - alone vinyl single , but inserted the song into the United States release of Martin 's album Shots from a Cold Nightmare . His original recording did not enter the music charts . Robert Palmer version ( edit ) A year later the song appeared on Robert Palmer 's 1979 album Secrets . In Palmer 's home country , the United Kingdom , the song debuted and peaked at # 61 on the UK Singles Chart on 7 July 1979 . The version became more successful in other countries . In the United States , Palmer 's version reached # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 10 on the Cash Box Top 100 , and # 1 on the Canadian RPM chart in 1979 . The Palmer version was remixed with heavier guitars and drums for his greatest hits collection Addictions : Volume 1 . The song was nominated for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance at the 22nd Annual Grammy Awards . In the Netherlands , it reached # 2 on the Dutch Top 40 chart on 4 August 1979 , five weeks after its debut ( 7 July ) on the chart . In New Zealand , it reached # 20 in the Top 40 Singles Chart on the week of 7 October 1979 , five weeks after its debut at # 43 on the chart ( 9 September ) . The song begins with a stanza written in typical eight - bar blues structure and chord sequence , and then progresses to a 10 bar blues chorus . Other uses of mixing bar structure include `` Bird Dog '' , recorded by The Everly Brothers and written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant in 1957 , which has a 12 - bar blues stanza and an eight - bar blues chorus . `` Bad Case of Loving You '' , however , is an example of mixing the rarer 10 bar blues structure in charted country compositions . Billboard reviewer Ed Harrison praised Palmer 's rendition as `` the kind of intelligent rock tune . '' Other covers ( edit ) Mexican - American singer Tatiana recorded a Spanish - language cover version in 1994 for her album Un Alma Desnuda and was released as the second single from the album . A cover version of the chorus also is part of the theme of the American syndicated series The Doctors . Chart performance ( edit ) style = `` width : 50 % ; text - align : left ; vertical - align : top ; '' Weekly charts Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia KMR 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Canadian RPM France 9 Netherlands ( Top 40 Singles ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 UK Singles Chart 61 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Cash Box Top 100 10 US Record World 9 style = `` width : 50 % ; text - align : left ; vertical - align : top ; '' Year - end charts Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 76 Canada 35 US Billboard Hot 100 92 US Cash Box 76 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) ( Media notes ) . Robert Palmer . Island Records / EMI Records . WIP 6481 . Jump up ^ Leszczak , Bob . `` Bad Case of Loving You '' . Who Did It First ? Great Rock and Roll Cover Songs and Their Original Artists . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 3321 - 8 . LCCN 2014000482 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search results for ' Bad Case of Lovin ' You ( Doctor Doctor ) ' '' . Official Charts . United Kingdom . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Palmer '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Week 31 ( 4 Augustus 1979 ) '' . Media Markt Top 40 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Palmer -- ' Bad Case Of Lovin ' You ( Doctor , Doctor ) ' '' . Media Markt Top 40 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 07 October 1979 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 09 September 1979 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Case of Loving You by Robert Palmer Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ed ( 4 August 1979 ) . `` Closeup : ' Robert Palmer -- Secrets , Island ILPS9544 ( WB ) ' '' . Billboard . p. 60 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tatiana -- Un Alma Desnuda '' . iTunes ( in Spanish ) . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robert Palmer -- Bad Case Of Lovin ' You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song artist 304 - Robert Palmer '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Robert Palmer -- Bad Case Of Lovin ' You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Robert Palmer -- Bad Case Of Lovin ' You '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 29 / 79 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1979 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . ( hide ) Robert Palmer Studio albums Sneakin ' Sally Through the Alley ( 1974 ) Pressure Drop ( 1975 ) Some People Can Do What They Like ( 1976 ) Double Fun ( 1978 ) Secrets ( 1979 ) Clues ( 1980 ) Pride ( 1983 ) Riptide ( 1985 ) Heavy Nova ( 1988 ) Do n't Explain ( 1990 ) Ridin ' High ( 1992 ) Honey ( 1994 ) Rhythm & Blues ( 1999 ) Drive ( 2003 ) Live albums Maybe It 's Live ( 1982 ) Live at the Apollo ( 2001 ) At the BBC ( 2010 ) Compilations Addictions : Volume 1 ( 1989 ) Addictions : Volume II ( 1992 ) Very Best of Robert Palmer ( 1995 ) Woke Up Laughing ( 1998 ) 20th Century Masters ( 1999 ) Singles `` Every Kinda People '' `` Best of Both Worlds '' `` Bad Case of Loving You ( Doctor , Doctor ) '' `` Can We Still Be Friends '' `` Johnny and Mary '' `` Looking for Clues '' `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' `` Discipline of Love '' `` Addicted to Love '' `` Hyperactive '' `` I Did n't Mean to Turn You On '' `` Sweet Lies '' `` Simply Irresistible '' `` Early in the Morning '' `` She Makes My Day '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Change His Ways '' `` Life in Detail '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` You 're Amazing '' `` Mercy Mercy Me '' / `` I Want You '' `` Happiness '' `` Girl U Want '' `` Know by Now '' `` You Blow Me Away '' `` True Love '' Related articles Discography The Power Station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Case_of_Loving_You_(Doctor,_Doctor)&oldid=821643486 '' Categories : 1978 songs 1979 singles Robert Palmer ( singer ) songs Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 19 : 22 . About Wikipedia	who sang doctor doctor give me the news i got a bad case of loving you	[]	[]
-2890769319517445707	United States House of Representatives	United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 238 ) Republican ( 238 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 4 ) Vacant ( 4 ) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they compose the legislature of the United States . The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . He and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Surveys 12.2 Notes 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House , Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state he represents . Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts , Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and Maine ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and Maine were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,000 in 2017 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Then Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Then Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 112th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner and Paul Ryan in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the junior position 's discontinuation in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 239 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal House Trade Working Group United States Presidents and control of Congress U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . 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-1861160950081833438	Small business	Small business - wikipedia Small business Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Small businesses on Dalrymple Street in Greenock , Scotland Small businesses are privately owned corporations , partnerships , or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and / or less annual revenue than a regular - sized business or corporation . Businesses are defined as `` small '' in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry . Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009 , fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union , and fewer than five thousand employees , to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs . While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods , such as annual revenues , shipments , sales , assets , or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits , the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures . Small businesses in many countries include service or retail operations such as convenience stores , small grocery stores , bakeries or delicatessens , hairdressers or tradespeople ( e.g. , carpenters , electricians ) , restaurants , guest houses , photographers , very small - scale manufacturing , and Internet - related businesses such as web design and computer programming . Some professionals operate as small businesses , such as lawyers , accountants , dentists and medical doctors ( although these professionals can also work for large organizations or companies ) . Small businesses vary a great deal in terms of size , revenues and regulatory authorization , both within a country and from country to country . Some small businesses , such as a home accounting business , may only require a business license . On the other hand , other small businesses , such as day cares , retirement homes and restaurants serving liquor are more heavily regulated , and may require inspection and certification from various government authorities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Relationship with entrepreneurship 1.2 Size definitions 1.3 Demographics 1.4 Franchise businesses 1.5 Retailers ' cooperative 2 Advantages 3 Challenges 3.1 Bankruptcy 3.2 Social responsibility 3.3 Job quality 4 Marketing 5 Contribution to the economy 6 Sources of funding 7 Business networks and advocacy groups 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Small businesses in the Central Zone of São Paulo . Researchers and analysts of small or owner - managed businesses generally behave as if nominal organizational forms ( e.g. , partnership , sole - trader , or corporation ) , and the consequent legal and accounting boundaries of owner - managed firms are consistently meaningful . However , owner - managers often do not delineate their behavior to accord with the implied separation between their personal and business interests . Lenders also often contract around organizational ( corporate ) boundaries by seeking personal guarantees or accepting privately held assets as collateral . Because of this behavior , researchers and analysts may wish to be cautious in the way they assess the organizational types and implied boundaries in contexts relating to owner - managed firms . These include analyses that use traditional accounting disclosures , and studies that view the firm as defined by some formal organizational structure . Relationship with entrepreneurship ( edit ) Portici di Sottoripa , Genova , Italy Galleries tend to form clusters of small business owners over time . The term `` entrepreneur '' is often conflated with the term `` small business '' or used interchangeably with this term . While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business , not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term . Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner , or they have a small number of employees , and many of these small businesses offer an existing product , process or service , and they do not aim at growth . In contrast , entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product , process or service , and the entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees , seeking international sales , and so on , a process which is financed by venture capital and angel investments . Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning , to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weakness . Size definitions ( edit ) The legal definition of `` small business '' varies by country and by industry . In the United States , the Small Business Administration establishes small business size standards on an industry - by - industry basis , but generally specifies a small business as having fewer than five hundred employees for manufacturing businesses and less than $7.5 million in annual receipts for most non manufacturing businesses . The definition can vary by circumstance -- for example , a small business having fewer than twenty - five full - time equivalent employees with average annual wages below $50,000 qualifies for a tax credit under the health care reform bill Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . The European Union generally defines a small business as one that has fewer than fifty employees . However , in Australia , a small business is defined by the Fair Work Act 2009 as one with fewer than fifteen employees . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than five hundred employees in the US , and fewer than two hundred in Australia . In addition to number of employees , other methods used to classify small companies include annual sales ( turnover ) , value of assets and net profit ( balance sheet ) , alone or in a mixed definition . These criteria are followed by the European Union , for instance ( headcount , turnover , and balance sheet totals ) . Small businesses are usually not dominant in their field of operation . The table below serves as a useful guide to business size nomenclature . Business size definitions ( by number of employees ) AUS US CAN EU Minute / Micro 1 - 2 1 - 6 1 - 4 < 10 Small < 15 < 250 1 - 99 < 50 Medium < 200 < 500 100 - 499 < 250 Large < 500 < 1000 > 500 < 1000 Enterprise > 500 > 1000 N / A > 1000 Most cells reflect sizes not defined in legislation Some definitions are multi-parameter , e.g. , by industry , revenue or market share Demographics ( edit ) According to the US 2012 Survey of Business Owners ( SBO ) there are : 27.6 million businesses in the United States . 9.9 million of these businesses in the United States were owned or led by a woman , representing 35.9 % of overall business ownership . Franchise businesses ( edit ) Franchising is a way for small business owners to benefit from the economies of scale of the big corporation ( franchiser ) . McDonald 's and Subway are examples of a franchise . The small business owner can leverage a strong brand name and purchasing power of the larger company while keeping their own investment affordable . However , some franchisees conclude that they suffer the `` worst of both worlds '' feeling they are too restricted by corporate mandates and lack true independence . It is an assumption that small business are just franchisees , but the truth is many franchisers are also small businesses , Although considered to be a successful way of doing business , literature has proved that there is a high failure rate in franchising as well , especially in UK , where research indicates that out of 1658 franchising companies operating in 1984 , only 601 remained in 1998 , a mere 36 % . Retailers ' cooperative ( edit ) A retailers ' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members . Retailers ' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses . It is common for locally owned grocery stores , hardware stores , and pharmacies to participate in retailers ' cooperatives . Ace Hardware , True Value , and NAPA are examples of a retailers ' cooperative . Advantages ( edit ) Small business in Bursa , Turkey . One of the claimed advantages of small business owners is the ability to serve market niches not served by mass production industries . Consider how few major corporations would be willing to deal the risks and uncertainty that small antique store deals with : buying and selling non-standardized items and making quick assessments of the value of rare items . Many small businesses can be started at a low cost and on a part - time basis , while a person continues a regular job with an employer or provides care for family members in the home . In developing countries , many small businesses are sole - proprietor operations such as selling produce at a market stall or preparing hot food to sell on the street , that provide a small income . In the 2000s , a small business is also well suited to Internet marketing ; because , it can easily serve specialized niches , something that would have been more difficult prior to the Internet revolution which began in the late 1990s . Adapting to change is crucial in business and particularly small business ; not being tied to the bureaucratic inertia associated with large corporations , small businesses can respond to changing marketplace demand more quickly . Small business proprietors tend to be in closer personal contact with their customers and clients than large corporations , as small business owners see their customers in person each week . One study showed that small , local businesses are better for a local economy than the introduction of new chain stores . By opening up new national level chain stores , the profits of locally owned businesses greatly decrease and many businesses end up failing and having to close . This creates an exponential effect . When one store closes , people lose their jobs , other businesses lose business from the failed business , and so on . In many cases , large firms displace just as many jobs as they create . Independence is another advantage of owning a small business . A small business owner does not have to report to a supervisor or manager . In addition , many people desire to make their own decisions , take their own risks , and reap the rewards of their efforts . Small business owners possess the flexibility and freedom to making their own decisions within the constraints imposed by economic and other environmental factors . However , entrepreneurs have to work for very long hours and understand that ultimately their customers are their bosses . Several organizations in the United States also provide help for the small business sector , such as the Internal Revenue Service 's Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource . Small businesses ( often carried out by family members ) adjust quicker to the changing conditions ; however , they are closed to the absorption of new knowledge and employing new labor from outside . Challenges ( edit ) Small businesses often face a variety of problems , some of which are related to their size . A frequent cause of bankruptcy is under capitalization . This is often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions . It is a common `` rule of thumb '' that the entrepreneur should have access to a sum of money at least equal to the projected revenue for the first year of business in addition to his or her anticipated expenses . For example , if the prospective owner thinks that he or she will generate $100,000 in revenues in the first year with $150,000 in start - up expenses , then he or she should have not less than $250,000 available . Failure to provide this level of funding for the company could leave the owner liable for all of the company 's debt should he or she end up in bankruptcy court , under the theory of under capitalization . In addition to ensuring that the business has enough capital , the small business owner must also be mindful of contribution margin ( sales minus variable costs ) . To break even , the business must be able to reach a level of sales where the contribution margin equals fixed costs . When they first start out , many small business owners under price their products to a point where even at their maximum capacity , it would be impossible to break even . Cost controls or price increases often resolve this problem . In the United States , some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs ( such as liability and health ) , rising energy costs , taxes , and tax compliance . In the United Kingdom and Australia , small business owners tend to be more concerned with excessive governmental red tape . Contracting fraud has been an ongoing problem for small businesses in the United States . Small businesses are legally obligated to receive a fair portion ( 23 percent ) of the total value of all the government 's prime contracts as mandated by the Small Business Act of 1953 . Since 2002 , a series of federal investigations have found fraud , abuse , loopholes , and a lack of oversight in federal small business contracting , which has led to the diversion of billions of dollars in small business contracts to large corporations . Another problem for many small businesses is termed the ' Entrepreneurial Myth ' or E-Myth . The mythic assumption is that an expert in a given technical field will also be expert at running that kind of business . Additional business management skills are needed to keep a business running smoothly . Some of this misunderstanding arises from the failure to distinguish between small business managers as entrepreneurs or capitalists . While nearly all owner - managers of small firms are obliged to assume the role of capitalist , only a minority will act as entrepreneur . The line between an owner - manager and an entrepreneur can be defined by whether or not their business is growth oriented . In general , small business owners are primarily focused on surviving rather than growing ; therefore , not experiencing the five stages of the corporate life cycle ( birth , growth , maturity , revival , and decline ) like an entrepreneur would . Another problem for many small businesses is the capacity of much larger businesses to influence or sometimes determine their chances for success . Business networking and social media has been used as a major tool by small businesses in the UK , but most of them just use a `` scatter - gun '' approach in a desperate attempt to exploit the market which is not that successful . Over half of small firms lack a business plan , a tool that is considered one of the most important factors for a venture 's success . Business planning is associated with improved growth prospects . Funders and investors usually require a business plan . A plan also serves as a strategic planning document for owners and CEOs , which can be used as a `` bible '' for decision - making An international trade survey indicated that the British share of businesses which are exporting rose from 32 % in 2012 to 39 % in 2013 . Although this may seem positive , in reality the growth is slow , as small business owners shy away from exporting due to actual and perceived barriers . Learning the basics of a foreign language could be the solution to open doors to new trade markets , it is a reality that not all foreign business partners speak English . China is stated to grow by 7.6 % in 2013 and still sadly 95 % of business owners who want to export to China have no desire and no knowledge to learn their local language . Bankruptcy ( edit ) When small business fails , the owner may file for bankruptcy . In most cases , this can be handled through a personal bankruptcy filing . Corporations can file bankruptcy , but if it is out of business and valuable corporate assets are likely to be repossessed by secured creditors , there is little advantage to going to the expense of a corporate bankruptcy . Many states offer exemptions for small business assets so they can continue to operate during and after personal bankruptcy . However , corporate assets are normally not exempt ; hence , it may be more difficult to continue operating an incorporated business if the owner files bankruptcy . Researchers have examined small business failures in some depth , with attempts to model the predictability of failure . Social responsibility ( edit ) Small businesses can encounter several problems related to engaging in corporate social responsibility , due to characteristics inherent in their size . Owners of small businesses often participate heavily in the day - to - day operations of their companies . This results in a lack of time for the owner to coordinate socially responsible efforts , such as supporting local charities or not - for - profit activities . Additionally , a small business owner 's expertise often falls outside the realm of socially responsible practices , which contributing to a lack of participation . Small businesses also face a form of peer pressure from larger forces in their respective industries , making it difficult to oppose and work against industry expectations . Furthermore , small businesses undergo stress from shareholder expectations . Because small businesses have more personal relationships with their patrons and local shareholders , they must also be prepared to withstand closer scrutiny if they want to share in the benefits of committing to socially responsible practices or not . Job quality ( edit ) While small businesses employ over half the workforce in the US and have been established as a main driving force behind job creation , the quality of the jobs these businesses create has been called into question . Small businesses generally employ individuals from the Secondary labour market . As a result , in the U.S. , wages are 49 % higher for employees of large firms . Additionally , many small businesses struggle or are unable to provide employees with benefits they would be given at larger firms . Research from the U.S. Small Business Administration indicates that employees of large firms are 17 % more likely to receive benefits including salary , paid leave , paid holidays , bonuses , insurance , and retirement plans . Both lower wages and fewer benefits combine to create a job turnover rate among U.S. small businesses that is three times higher than large firms . Employees of small businesses also must adapt to the higher failure rate of small firms , which means that they are more likely to lose their job due to the firm going under . In the U.S. 69 % of small businesses last at least two years , but this percentage drops to 51 % for firms reaching five years in operation . The U.S. Small Business Administration counts companies with as much as $35.5 million in sales and 1,500 employees as `` small businesses '' , depending on the industry . Outside government , companies with less than $7 million in sales and fewer than five hundred employees are widely considered small businesses . Marketing ( edit ) Although small business have close relationships with their existing customers , finding new customers and reaching new markets is a major challenge for small business owners . Small businesses typically find themselves strapped for time to do marketing , as they have to run the day - to - day aspects of the business . To create a continual stream of new business and find new clients and customers , they must work on marketing their business each week . Common marketing techniques for small business include business networking ( e.g. , attending Chamber of Commerce events or trade fairs ) , `` word of mouth '' promotion by existing customers , customer referrals , Yellow pages directories , television , radio , and outdoor ads ( e.g. , roadside billboards ) , print ads , and Internet marketing . TV ads can be quite expensive , so they are normally intended to create awareness of a product or service . Another means by which small businesses can advertise is through the use of `` deal of the day '' websites such as Groupon and Living Social . These Internet deals encourage customers to patronize small businesses . Example of keyword analysis based on market competition . Many small business owners find internet marketing more affordable . Google AdWords and Yahoo ! Search Marketing are two popular options of getting small business products or services in front of motivated web searchers . Social media has also become an afforable route of marketing for small business . It is a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing and small businesses are able to do it themselves or find small social marketing agencies that they can hire out for a small fee . Statistically , social media marketing has a higher lead - to - close rate than traditional media . Successful online small business marketers are also adept at utilizing the most relevant keywords in their website content . Advertising on niche websites that are frequented by potential customers can also be effective , but with the long tail of the Internet , it can be time intensive to advertise on enough websites to garner an effective reach . Creating a business website has become increasingly affordable with many do - it - yourself programs now available for beginners . A website can provide significant marketing exposure for small businesses when marketed through the Internet and other channels . Some popular services are WordPress , Joomla Squarespace , and EXAI . Social media has proven to be very useful in gaining additional exposure for many small businesses . Many small business owners use Facebook and Twitter as a way to reach out to their loyal customers to give them news about specials of the day or special coupons , generate repeat business and reach out to new potential clients . The relational nature of social media , along with its immediacy and twenty - four - hour presence lend intimacy to the relationships small businesses can have with their customers , while making it more efficient for them to communicate with greater numbers . Facebook ads are also a very cost - effective way for small businesses owners to reach a targeted audience with a very specific message . In addition to the social networking sites , blogs have become a highly effective way for small businesses to position themselves as experts on issues that are important to their customers . This can be done with a proprietary blog and / or by using a back - link strategy wherein the marketer comments on other blogs and leaves a link to the small business ' own website . Posting to a blog about the company 's business or service area regularly can increase web traffic to a company website . Marketing plan Market research -- To produce a marketing plan for small businesses , research needs to be done on similar businesses , which should include desk research ( done online or with directories ) and field research . This gives an insight in the target group 's behavior and shopping patterns . Analyzing the competitor 's marketing strategies makes it easier for small business to gain market share . Marketing mix -- Marketing mix is a crucial factor for any business to be successful . Especially for a small business , examining a competitor 's marketing mix can be very helpful . An appropriate market mix , which uses different types of marketing , can help to boost sales . Product life cycle -- After the launch of the business , crucial points of focus should be the growth phase ( adding customers , adding products or services , and / or expanding to new markets ) and working towards the maturity phase . Once the business reaches maturity stage , an extension strategy should be in place . Re-launching is also an option at this stage . Pricing strategy should be flexible and based on the different stages of the product life cycle . Promotion techniques -- It is preferable to keep promotion expenses as low as possible . ' Word of mouth ' , ' email marketing ' , ' print - ads ' in local newspapers etc. can be effective . Channels of distribution -- Selecting an effective channel of distribution may reduce the promotional expenses as well as overall expenses for a small business . Contribution to the economy ( edit ) In the US , small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) account for more than half the non-farm , private GDP and around half the private sector employment . Regarding small business , the top job provider is those with fewer than ten employees , and those with ten or more but fewer than twenty employees comes in as the second , and those with twenty or more but fewer than one hundred employees comes in as the third ( interpolation of data from the following references ) . The most recent data shows firms with fewer than twenty employees account for slightly more than 18 % of the employment . According to `` The Family Business Review , '' `` There are approximately seventeen million sole - proprietorship in the US . It can be argued that a sole - proprietorship ( an unincorporated business owned by a single person ) is a type of family business '' and `` there are twenty - two million small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) in the US and approximately 14,000 big businesses . '' Also , it has been found that small businesses created the most new jobs in communities , `` In 1979 , David Birch published the first empirical evidence that small firms ( fewer than 100 employees ) created the most new jobs '' , and Edmiston claimed that `` perhaps the greatest generator of interest in entrepreneurship and small business is the widely held belief that small businesses in the United States create most new jobs . The evidence suggests that small businesses indeed create a substantial majority of net new jobs in an average year . '' Local businesses provide competition to each other and also challenge corporate giants . Of the 5,369,068 employer firms in 1995 , 78.8 percent had fewer than ten employees , and 99.7 percent had fewer than five hundred employees . Sources of funding ( edit ) Small businesses in Biloela , Central Queensland , Australia , 1949 Small businesses use various sources available for start - up capital : Self - financing by the owner through cash savings , equity loan on his or her home , and or other assets Loans or financial gifts from friends or relatives Grants from private foundations , government or other sources Private stock issue Forming partnerships Angel investors Loans from banks , credit unions , or other financial institutions SME finance , including collateral - based lending and venture capital , given sufficiently sound business venture plans Some small businesses are further financed through credit card debt -- usually a poor choice , given that the interest rate on credit cards is often several times the rate that would be paid on a line of credit at a bank or a bank loan . Recent research suggests that the use of credit scores in small business lending by community banks is surprisingly widespread . Moreover , the scores employed tend to be the consumer credit scores of the small business owners rather than the more encompassing small business credit scores that include data on the firms as well as on the owners . Many owners seek a bank loan in the name of their business ; however , banks will usually insist on a personal guarantee by the business owner . In the United States , the Small Business Administration ( SBA ) runs several loan programs that may help a small business secure loans . In these programs , the SBA guarantees a portion of the loan to the issuing bank , and thus , relieves the bank of some of the risk of extending the loan to a small business . The SBA also requires business owners to pledge personal assets and sign as a personal guarantee for the loan . The 8 ( a ) Business Development Program assists in the development of small businesses owned and operated by African Americans , Hispanics , and Asians . Canadian small businesses can take advantage of federally funded programs and services . See Federal financing for small businesses in Canada ( grants and loans ) . On October 2010 , Alejandro Cremades and Tanya Prive founded the first equity crowdfunding platform for small businesses in history as an alternative source of financing . The platform operates under the name of Rock The Post . Business networks and Advocacy groups ( edit ) Small businesses often join or come together to form organizations to advocate for their causes or to achieve economies of scale that larger businesses benefit from , such as the opportunity to buy cheaper health insurance in bulk . These organizations include local or regional groups such as Chambers of Commerce and independent business alliances , as well as national or international industry - specific organizations . Such groups often serve a dual purpose , as business networks to provide marketing and connect members to potential sales leads and suppliers , and also as advocacy groups , bringing together many small businesses to provide a stronger voice in regional or national politics . In the case of independent business alliances , promoting the value of locally owned , independent business ( not necessarily small ) through public education campaigns is integral to their work . The largest regional small business group in the United States is the Council of Smaller Enterprises , located in Greater Cleveland . United Kingdom trade and Investment ( www.ukti.gov.in ) gives out research in different markets around the world , also research in program planning and promotional activities to exporters . The BEXA ( British Exporters Association ) role is to connect new exporters to expert services , it can provide details about regional export contacts , who could be made informally to discuss issues . Trade associations and all major banks could often provide links to international groups in foreign markets , some could also help set up joint venture , trade fairs etc . A number of youth organizations , including 4 - H , Junior Achievement , and Scouting have special interactive programs and training to help young people run their own small business under adult supervision . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal American Independent Business Alliance Big business Business Alliance for Local Living Economies Distributism - Distributism strongly emphasizes the importance of small business Federation of Small Businesses Home business Independent telephone company Localism ( politics ) versus Transnational corporations Market capitalization National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Administration Small Business Commissioner Small Business Innovation Research ( SBIR ) Small business software Small Business Technology Transfer ( STTR ) Small - scale Project Management Small office / home office Small start units Small is Profitable S corporation References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Shailer , Gregory E.P. ( 1 September 1993 ) . `` The irrelevance of organisational boundaries of owner - managed firms '' . Small Bus Econ. 5 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 237 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01531920 -- via link.springer.com . Jump up ^ Driessen , Martyn P. ; Zwart , Peter S. ( 2010 ) . `` The role of the entrepreneur in small business success : the Entrepreneurship Scan '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Small Business Administration . Summary of Size Jump up ^ Small Business Health Care Tax Credit for Small Employers . IRS . Jump up ^ Small Businesses joined by Facebook . Steve Kaplan. 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` Survey of Business Owners and Self - Employed Persons ( SBO ) '' . Jump up ^ * Healeas , S. Purdy , D. Stanworth , C. Watson , A. 2004 . Franchising as small business growth strategy : A resource based view organisational development : International small business journal , 22 ( 6 ) , pp 539 - 599 Jump up ^ Fox , W.F. ; Murray , M.N. ( 2004 ) . `` Do Economic Effects Justify the Use of Fiscal Incentives ? '' . Southern Economic Journal . 71 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135311 . Jump up ^ Longenecker , Justin G. ; Carlos W. Moore ; J. William Petty ; Leslie E. Palich ( 2008 ) . Small business management : launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures . ( 14th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 56972 - 6 . OCLC 191487420 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource '' . Irs.gov. 2010 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walczak , D. ; Voss , G. `` New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK '' . Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences . 4 ( 9 ) : 759 . Jump up ^ `` Surveying Businesses on Tax Compliance Costs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business : The Art Of The Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shailer , G. Capitalists and Entrepreneurs in Owner - managed Firms . International Small Business Journal 12 ( 3 ) April - June 1994 : 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/3121621781/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=&cit:auth=Armstrong,%20Craig%20E&cit:title=Competence%20or%20flexibility?%20Survival%20and%20growth%20implications%20of%20...&cit:pub=Journal%20of%20Strategy%20and%20Management&cit:vol=6&cit:iss=4&cit:pg=377&cit:date=2013&ic=true&cit:prod=ABI/INFORM%20Complete&_a=ChgyMDE&_s=isTHBF+8fhiXE4YF6oLH5yZLbn0=#statusbar=1&zoom=110 '' . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Coleman , A. , 2013 . Targeting networking and social media ; how to win new business effectively . The Guardian , ( online ) 27 November . Available at http://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2013/nov/27/targeted-networking-social-media-business ( accessed 15 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Richbell , S.M. ; Wardle , P. ; Watts , H.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Owner - managers and Business Planning in the Small Firm '' . International Small Business Journal . 24 ( 5 ) : 496 -- 514 . doi : 10.1177 / 0266242606067275 . Jump up ^ `` Profitable Tactics Using Internet Marketing For Small Business '' . Jump up ^ e.g. , Shailer , G. 1989 , The Predictability of Small Enterprise Failures : Evidence and Issues , International Small Business Journal , Vol. 7 , No. 4 , July - September , pp. 54 - 58 . Jump up ^ An list of examples is available at ICSB . ^ Jump up to : Lepoutre , Jan , and Hoyehnusy Ezekiel `` Investigating the Impact of Firm Size on Small Business Social Responsibility : A Critical Review . '' Journal of Business Ethics 67.3 ( 2006 ) : 257 - 273 . JSTOR . Web . 3 Jan. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States . Small Business Administration . `` Frequently Asked Questions . '' Frequently Asked Question About Small Business . SBA Office of Advocacy , Jan. 2011 . Web . 21 Mar. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Edmiston , Kelley . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development . '' Economic Review 92.2 ( 2007 ) : 73 - 97 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 18 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Hope , John B. ; Mackin , Patrick C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Relationship Between Employee Turnover and Employee Compensation in Small Business '' . Small Business Research Summary. 308 : 1 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Needham , Dave ( 1996 ) . Business for Higher Awards . Heinemann . Jump up ^ Kotler , Philip ( 2007 ) . Principles of Marketing . Pearson . Jump up ^ The Small Business Economy - A Report to the President : 2001 pg. 84 - Table A. 3 ( the last time data was granular enough for the figures for fewer than 10 employees was 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy : The Small Business Economy 2008 , A Report to the President '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Advocacy - U.S. SBA - Characteristics of Small Business Employees and Owners '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Use of Credit Scoring in Small Business Lending by Community Banks and the Attendant Effects on Credit Availability and Risk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 8 ( a ) Business Development '' . SBA.gov . Jump up ^ `` Equity Crowdfunding '' . Equity Crowdfunding . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crowdfunding comes to small businesses '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ STEVE LOHR Special to The New York Times ( 1980 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Steve Lohr , `` Small - Business Forces Unite ; Meeting Drafts Proposals For Carter Memories of Earlier Gatherings Small - Business Forces Unite '' , The New York Times , Special , Jan. 15 , 1980 , Business & Finance , Page D1 `` . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Senior , Norah . `` Small businesses need to see exporting as a viable option and ' think global ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide , 22 Jun 2015 . Works cited Birch , D. ( 1979 ) . The job generation process . Unpublished Report , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , prepared for the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce , Washington D.C. Birch , David ( 1987 ) , Job Creation in America , How our smallest companies put the most people to work , The Free Press , New York Edmiston , Kelly ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development '' . Economic Review . 1 : 1 -- 93 . Shanker , Melissa Carey , and Joseph H. Astrachan . `` Family Business Review . '' Sage Publication 9.2 ( 1996 ) : 1 - 123 . Print . External links ( edit ) Business.usa.gov , Official website for business related activities in the USA Federation of Small Business . UK based resource for small business owners . What You Need to Know when Starting Your Business , Antioch University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_business&oldid=801799645 '' Categories : Small business Business terms Business models Business occupations Entrepreneurship Management occupations Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2015 Western culture - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 23 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a small business is defined as a company that	[]	[]
-423097666647083060	Diary of a Wimpy Kid	Diary of a Wimpy Kid - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original book . For the book series , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( book series ) . For the film , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) . For other uses , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( disambiguation ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid Cover of the first edition of the book Author Jeff Kinney Illustrator Jeff Kinney Cover artist Jeff Kinney Chad W. Beckerman Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Comedy , Young adult fiction Publisher Amulet Books Publication date April 1 , 2007 Media type Print ( paperback , hardcover ) Pages 221 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 330383 - 1 Followed by Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a satirical realistic fiction comedy novel for children and teenagers written and illustrated by Jeff Kinney . It is the first book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . The book is about a boy named Greg Heffley and his struggles to fit in as he begins middle school . Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004 , where it was read 20 million times . The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1 , 2007 . The book was named New York Times bestseller , among other awards and praise . A film of the same name was released on March 19 , 2010 . The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules , followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Characters 4 Sequels 5 Awards 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 External links Plot This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As Greg Heffley is getting ready for his first day of middle school , he is teased by his teenage brother Rodrick , because his mom bought him his supplies for school . He has a little brother , a toddler named Manny , who is `` spoiled rotten '' because he gets everything he wants and also gets away with everything he does wrong . His father , named Frank Heffley , does not encourage Greg 's way of life - playing video games all day - rather than going outside and playing sports . During the first day of school , Greg is immediately rejected and is forced to sit with another outcast named Fregley , from whom Greg tries to keep `` a safe distance '' . He is initially unsure whether his best friend Rowley Jefferson will be able to fit in , as he considers Rowley to be immature . However , Greg strongly believes that he can become popular . He and Rowley decide to take part in wrestling at school , although Greg quits after losing a match against Fregley . On Halloween , Greg and Rowley go trick - or - treating , but are challenged by teens who spray Greg and Rowley with a water - filled fire extinguisher . Greg tries to threaten them by saying he 's going to call the police , but the teenagers start to chase them . The two friends escape and go to Greg 's grandmother 's house until the teens leave . After getting few presents for Christmas , Greg decides to play a game with Rowley in which Rowley must ride a bike while Greg tries to knock him off . On one of Greg 's tries , the ball gets under the front wheel , which causes Rowley to fall off and break his arm . When Rowley goes to school with a plaster cast , the girls take care of him ( carrying his books , feeding him food ) which makes Greg jealous . After Rowley 's arm heals , he and Greg decide to enroll in the safety patrol program in which they walk younger kids to their homes . One day , as Greg is walking the kids by himself he chases the young children after scaring them with a stick with worms on it . A neighbour contacts the school and tells them about Greg 's unusual behavior . The principal suspects Rowley , as Greg was wearing Rowley 's jacket . Rowley is suspended from the safety patrol . Greg later decides to confess the truth , but Rowley has already informed on him , resulting in their friendship breaking off . Greg tries to befriend Fregley to make Rowley jealous , although he is uncomfortable around Fregley . Resorting to auditioning for the school play ( based on The Wizard of Oz ) Greg lands the role as a tree , while Patty Farrel is cast as Dorothy , the protagonist of the novel . During the show 's opening performance , Rodrick brings a camera to film the play . Greg becomes too nervous to sing , confusing the other `` trees '' who also fail to sing . Patty gets frustrated and angers Greg , who throws props at Patty , and then everyone gets in the fight , ending the play in chaos . Feeling desolate from being blatantly rejected by everyone , Greg is surprised and a little happy to see Rowley approaching him at recess , until , he discovers that he 's only there to demand back a CD he 'd left with Greg . They get into an awkward fist - fight . While they are fighting , the teens who chased them at halloween are drawn to the chaos crowding around Greg and Rowley tumbling around in the dirt . When the leader of the teen gang scares away the rest of the students , they force Greg and Rowley to eat a moldy piece of cheese that has been left on the school grounds for years . Rowley is the first to eat the cheese - except when it comes to Greg 's turn , he claims that he 's lactose intolerant and that eating cheese will kill him . The principal turns up and the teens disappear . The other students see the cheese in front of Rowley and believe he has eaten from it . Greg takes the blame and claims he ate the cheese . Greg and Rowley mend their friendship . Background Picture of the online version In 2005 , FunBrain and Jeff Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid . The website made daily entries until June 2005 . The book became an instant hit and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2007 . Many online readers requested a printed version . At the 2006 New York Comic - Con Kinney proposed Diary to Charles Kochman , Editorial Director of the ComicArts division of Abrams Books , who purchased the rights to the book . According to Kochman , the two initially conceived it as a book for adults , believing it would appeal to audiences similar to that of the TV series The Wonder Years . Kochman brought it before the Abrams publishing board , which convinced Kinney and Kochman that it would be better aimed toward children . In 2007 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid , an abridged version of the original online book , was published . Characters Gregory Heffley The main character , Greg , has trouble with family , friends , and his local middle school . He is very concerned about how popular he is at school , and he daydreams a lot about being rich and famous when he grows up . He tries to fit in at his school , but usually he does not succeed . Facing many challenges , Greg attempts to handle them very creatively , but unfortunately his antics often backfire on him . Rowley Jefferson Greg 's best friend has a larger than average frame . He is always willing to do what Greg tells him , including dangerous stunts . Rowley goes on vacations all the time , which annoys Greg . Rowley is a loyal friend , but he sometimes behaves in an immature or childish manner . He also dresses in an unusual way . Manny Heffley Greg 's `` spoiled '' little brother , a three - year - old toddler . He never gets in trouble no matter what , even when he really deserves it . Manny is just getting toilet trained . Rodrick Heffley Rodrick is Greg 's teenage brother and he never misses a chance to be cruel to Greg . He is known for sleeping excessively in the morning and for his rebellious attitude . Rodrick is part of a garage band called `` The Löded Diper '' . Rodrick will do anything to embarrass Greg and will even cause problems for Manny to make everyone 's life miserable . Sequels Author and illustrator Jeff Kinney signs copies of `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid '' in 2009 . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is the first book in an ongoing book franchise . The second , Rodrick Rules was released February 1 , 2008 , and was listed on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 117 weeks . The Last Straw , the third book in the series , released on January 13 , 2009 was on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 65 weeks , peaking at number one . Dog Days was released October 12 , 2009 with 217 pages . The book was ranked at number one on the New York Times Best Sellers List for all 25 weeks of inclusion , making Dog Days the # 1 Best Selling Book of 2009 . The Ugly Truth was released November 9 , 2010 with 217 pages . The sixth , Cabin Fever was released November 15 , 2011 . The seventh , The Third Wheel was released on November 13 , 2012 . The eighth , Hard Luck was released on November 5 , 2013 , in the United States and on November 6 in the United Kingdom . The ninth , The Long Haul was released on November 4 , 2014 , in the US and November 5 , 2014 , in the UK . The tenth , Old School , was released globally on November 3 , 2015 . The eleventh , Double Down , was published on November 1 , 2016 . The twelfth book , The Getaway was published on November 7 , 2017 . Awards The book won the Blue Peter Book Award 2012 , revealed live on British kids channel CBBC on March 1 , 2012 . Adaptations Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American comedy directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney 's book . The film was released on March 19 , 2010 . It was released on DVD , iTunes , and Blu - ray on August 3 , 2010 . The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley , Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson , Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley ( Dad ) , Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley ( Mom ) , Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley , Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman , and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley , Greg 's brother . References ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of A Wimpy Kid details '' . Amulet Books . 2007 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Book is in Stores , April 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Vorce , Kristin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Abrams Books : Making Publishing an Art '' . NYU Pub Posts . Jump up ^ Thomases , Martha ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Harry N. Abrams ' Charles Kochman '' . ComicMix . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( February 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( January 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ Dixler , Elsa . `` The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( October 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( November 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ `` Latest Diary of a Wimpy Kid Debuts as Global Bestseller '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter Book Awards 2012 '' . BookTrust . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` First Look : ' Wimpy Kid ' actor embraces being ' a likable jerk ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` Steve Zahn to star in ' Wimpy Kid ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid Movie main page '' . 20th Century Fox . Jeff Kinney . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Children 's literature portal External links Official website Diary of a Wimpy Kid on FunBrain.com Diary of a Wimpy Kid - Channel One News Interview with Jeff Kinney on Channel One News The Wonderful World of Wimpy - Parade magazine An interview with Jeff Kinney in Parade Magazine ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway The Meltdown Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid&oldid=835686052 '' Categories : 2007 American novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Novels by Jeff Kinney American young adult novels American novels adapted into films 2007 children 's books Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ελληνικά فارسی Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 45 . 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7285485682039799209	British Virgin Islands	British Virgin Islands - wikipedia British Virgin Islands Jump to : navigation , search For the island group , which also includes the United States Virgin Islands and Spanish Virgin Islands , see Virgin Islands . Coordinates : 18 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 18.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 18.500 ; - 64.500 Virgin Islands Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Vigilate '' ( Latin ) `` Be Vigilant '' Anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Territorial song : `` Oh , Beautiful Virgin Islands '' Location of British Virgin Islands ( circled in red ) Status British Overseas Territory Capital and largest city Road Town 18 ° 25.883 ′ N 64 ° 37.383 ′ W / 18.431383 ° N 64.623050 ° W / 18.431383 ; - 64.623050 Official languages English Ethnic groups 76.5 % Black 7 % White 5 % Hispanic 5 % Multiracial 2 % East Indian 4.5 % Other Demonym Virgin Islander Government Parliamentary dependency under constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor Augustus Jaspert Deputy Governor V. Inez Archibald Premier Orlando Smith Responsible Minister ( UK ) Tariq Ahmad , Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon Legislature House of Assembly Established as a dependency of the United Kingdom Separate 1960 Autonomy 1967 Area Total 153 km ( 59 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2010 census 28,054 ( 212th ) Density 260 / km ( 673.4 / sq mi ) ( 68th ) GDP ( PPP ) estimate Total $853.4 million Per capita $43,366 Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone AST ( UTC - 4 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 1 - 284 ISO 3166 code VG Internet TLD . vg Source for all ethnic groups including labels : 2010 Census of Population For the Overseas Territories . The British Virgin Islands ( BVI ) , officially simply `` Virgin Islands '' , are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean , to the east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles . The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , and Jost Van Dyke , along with over 50 other smaller islands and cays . About 15 of the islands are inhabited . The capital , Road Town , is on Tortola , the largest island , which is about 20 km ( 12 mi ) long and 5 km ( 3 mi ) wide . The islands had a population of about 28,000 at the 2010 Census , of whom approximately 23,500 lived on Tortola . For the islands , the latest United Nations estimate ( 2016 ) is 30,661 . British Virgin Islanders are British Overseas Territories citizens and since 2002 are British citizens as well . Although the territory is not part of the European Union and not directly subject to EU law , British Virgin Islanders are deemed to be citizens of the EU by virtue of their British citizenship . Parts of the islands were damaged in September 2017 by Hurricane Irma . The most severe destruction was on Tortola . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Politics 5.1 Subdivisions 5.2 Law and criminal justice 5.3 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.2. 1 Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act 6.3 Agriculture and industry 6.4 Currency 6.5 Workforce 6.5. 1 CARICOM status & The CARICOM Single Market Economy 7 Hurricane Irma 8 Transport 9 Demographics 10 Education 11 Religion 12 Culture 12.1 Language 12.2 Music 12.3 Literature 13 Sport 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Name ( edit ) The official name of the territory is still simply the `` Virgin Islands '' , but the prefix `` British '' is often used . This is commonly believed to distinguish it from the neighbouring American territory which changed its name from the `` Danish West Indies '' to `` Virgin Islands of the United States '' in 1917 . However , local historians have disputed this , pointing to a variety of publications and public records dating from between 21 February 1857 and 12 September 1919 where the Territory is referred to as the British Virgin Islands . British Virgin Islands government publications continue to begin with the name `` The territory of the Virgin Islands '' , and the territory 's passports simply refer to the `` Virgin Islands '' , and all laws begin with the words `` Virgin Islands '' . Moreover , the territory 's Constitutional Commission has expressed the view that `` every effort should be made '' to encourage the use of the name `` Virgin Islands '' . But various public and quasi-public bodies continue to use the name `` British Virgin Islands '' or `` BVI '' , including BVI Finance , BVI Electricity Corporation , BVI Tourist Board , BVI Athletic Association , BVI Bar Association and others . In 1968 the British Government issued a memorandum requiring that the postage stamps in the territory should say `` British Virgin Islands '' ( whereas previously they had simply stated `` Virgin Islands '' ) , a practice which is still followed today . This was likely to prevent confusion following on from the adoption of US currency in the Territory in 1959 , and the references to US currency on the stamps of the Territory . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the British Virgin Islands The Virgin Islands were first settled by the Arawak from South America around 100 BC ( though there is some evidence of Amerindian presence on the islands as far back as 1500 BC ) . The Arawaks inhabited the islands until the 15th century when they were displaced by the more aggressive Caribs , a tribe from the Lesser Antilles islands , after whom the Caribbean Sea is named . The first European sighting of the Virgin Islands was by Christopher Columbus in 1493 on his second voyage to the Americas . Columbus gave them the fanciful name Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Vírgenes ( Saint Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins ) , shortened to Las Vírgenes ( The Virgins ) , after the legend of Saint Ursula . The Spanish Empire claimed the islands by discovery in the early 16th century , but never settled them , and subsequent years saw the English , Dutch , French , Spanish , and Danish all jostling for control of the region , which became a notorious haunt for pirates . There is no record of any native Amerindian population in the British Virgin Islands during this period , although most of the native population on nearby Saint Croix was killed or dispersed . The Dutch established a permanent settlement on the island of Tortola by 1648 . In 1672 , the English captured Tortola from the Dutch , and the English annexation of Anegada and Virgin Gorda followed in 1680 . Meanwhile , over the period 1672 -- 1733 , the Danish gained control of the nearby islands of Saint Thomas , Saint John and Saint Croix . The ruins of St. Phillip 's Church , Tortola , one of the most important historical ruins in the territory . The British islands were considered principally a strategic possession , but were planted when economic conditions were particularly favourable . The British introduced sugar cane which was to become the main crop and source of foreign trade , and slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar cane plantations . The islands prospered economically until the middle of the nineteenth century , when a combination of the abolition of slavery in the territory , a series of disastrous hurricanes , and the growth in the sugar beet crop in Europe and the United States significantly reduced sugar cane production and led to a period of economic decline . In 1917 , the United States purchased St. John , St. Thomas , and St. Croix from Denmark for US $25 million , renaming them the United States Virgin Islands . The British Virgin Islands were administered variously as part of the British Leeward Islands or with St. Kitts and Nevis , with an administrator representing the British Government on the islands . The islands gained separate colony status in 1960 and became autonomous in 1967 . Since the 1960s , the islands have diversified away from their traditionally agriculture - based economy towards tourism and financial services , becoming one of the wealthiest areas in the Caribbean . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the British Virgin Islands Map of British Virgin Islands ( Note : Anegada is farther away from the other islands than shown ) The British Virgin Islands comprise around 60 tropical Caribbean islands , ranging in size from the largest , Tortola 20 km ( 12 mi ) long and 5 km ( 3 mi ) wide , to tiny uninhabited islets , altogether about 150 square kilometres ( 58 square miles ) in extent . They are located in the Virgin Islands archipelago , a few miles east of the US Virgin Islands . The North Atlantic Ocean lies to the north of the islands , and the Caribbean Sea lies to the south . Most of the islands are volcanic in origin and have a hilly , rugged terrain . Anegada is geologically distinct from the rest of the group and is a flat island composed of limestone and coral . In addition to the four main islands of Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , and Jost Van Dyke , other islands include ( see also Islands of the British Virgin Islands ) : Beef Island ( connected to Tortola ) Cooper Island Ginger Island Great Camanoe Great Thatch Guana Island ( owned by Henry Jarecki ) Little Thatch ( owned by Curt and Nancy Richardson ) Mosquito Island ( owned by Sir Richard Branson ) Necker Island ( owned by Sir Richard Branson ) Norman Island ( owned by Henry Jarecki ) Peter Island ( owned by Van Andel family ) Salt Island Prickly Pear Eustatia Saba Rock Frenchman 's Cay ( connected to Tortola ) Nanny Cay ( connected to Tortola ) Scrub Island Sandy Cay Green Cay Sandy Spit Little Jost Van Dyke Great Tobago Little Tobago Dog Islands a.k.a. `` The Dogs '' Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands have a tropical rainforest climate , moderated by trade winds . Temperatures vary little throughout the year . In the capital , Road Town , typical daily maxima are around 32 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) in the summer and 29 ° C ( 84.2 ° F ) in the winter . Typical daily minima are around 24 ° C ( 75.2 ° F ) in the summer and 21 ° C ( 69.8 ° F ) in the winter . Rainfall averages about 1,150 mm ( 45.3 in ) per year , higher in the hills and lower on the coast . Rainfall can be quite variable , but the wettest months on average are September to November and the driest months on average are February and March . ( hide ) Climate data for Virgin Gorda , British Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33 ( 91 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 35 ( 95 ) 34 ( 93 ) 35 ( 95 ) 35 ( 95 ) 36 ( 96 ) 35 ( 95 ) 33 ( 92 ) 33 ( 91 ) 31 ( 87 ) 36 ( 96 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26 ( 79 ) 27 ( 80 ) 28 ( 82 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 87 ) 31 ( 87 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 85 ) 28 ( 82 ) 27 ( 80 ) 29 ( 84 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20 ( 68 ) 19 ( 67 ) 20 ( 68 ) 21 ( 69 ) 22 ( 71 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 71 ) 21 ( 69 ) 22 ( 71 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17 ( 62 ) 16 ( 60 ) 16 ( 60 ) 17 ( 62 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 65 ) 19 ( 66 ) 19 ( 66 ) 16 ( 61 ) 18 ( 64 ) 17 ( 63 ) 16 ( 60 ) 16 ( 60 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 74.2 ( 2.92 ) 63.2 ( 2.49 ) 55.4 ( 2.18 ) 84.6 ( 3.33 ) 116.6 ( 4.59 ) 70.6 ( 2.78 ) 83.1 ( 3.27 ) 112 ( 4.4 ) 156 ( 6.14 ) 133.4 ( 5.25 ) 178.8 ( 7.04 ) 112 ( 4.4 ) 1,239.9 ( 48.79 ) Source : Intellicast Hurricanes occasionally hit the islands , with the hurricane season running from June to November . Hurricane Danny ( 2015 ) was the most recent until 7 September 2017 when Hurricane Irma caused extensive damage . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the British Virgin Islands Legislative Council building in Road Town . The High Court sits upstairs . Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions The territory operates as a parliamentary democracy . Ultimate executive authority in British Virgin Islands is vested in the Queen , and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of the British Virgin Islands . The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government . Defence and most foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom . The most recent constitution was adopted in 2007 ( the Virgin Islands Constitution Order , 2007 ) and came into force when the Legislative Council was dissolved for the 2007 general election . The head of government under the constitution is the Premier ( before the new constitution the office was referred to as Chief Minister ) , who is elected in a general election along with the other members of the ruling government as well as the members of the opposition . Elections are held roughly every four years . A cabinet is nominated by the Premier and appointed and chaired by the Governor . The Legislature consists of the Queen ( represented by the Governor ) and a unicameral House of Assembly made up of 13 elected members plus the Speaker and the Attorney General . The current Governor is Augustus Jaspert ( since 22 August 2017 ) . The current Premier is Orlando Smith ( since 9 November 2011 ) , who is leader of the ruling National Democratic Party . Subdivisions ( edit ) Main articles : Elections in the British Virgin Islands and Districts of the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands is a unitary territory . The territory is divided into nine electoral districts , and each voter is registered in one of those districts . Eight of the nine districts are partly or wholly on Tortola , and encompass nearby neighbouring islands . Only the ninth district ( Virgin Gorda and Anegada ) does not include any part of Tortola . At elections , in addition to voting their local representative , voters also cast votes for four `` at - large '' candidates who are elected upon a territory - wide basis . The territory is also technically divided into five administrative districts ( one for each of the four largest islands , and then a fifth for all other islands ) , and into six civil registry districts ( three for Tortola , Jost Van Dyke , Virgin Gorda and Anegada ) although these have little practical relevance today . Law and criminal Justice ( edit ) Main article : Law of the British Virgin Islands Crime in the British Virgin Islands is comparatively low by Caribbean standards ( and indeed compared to the neighbouring US Virgin Islands ) . Whilst statistics and hard data are relatively rare , and are not regularly published by governmental sources in the British Virgin Islands , the Premier did announce that in 2013 there has been a 14 % decline in recorded crime as against 2012 . Homicides are rare , with just one incident recorded in 2013 . The British and US Virgin Islands sit at the axis of a major drugs transshipment point between Latin America and the continental United States . The American DEA regards the adjacent US territories of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands as a `` High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area '' . A co-operation agreement exists between the British Virgin Islands and the US Coast Guard allowing American forces to pursue suspected drug traffickers through the territorial waters of the British Virgin Islands . In August 2011 a joint raid between the American DEA and the Royal Virgin Islands Police Force arrested a number of British Virgin Islands residents who are accused of being involved in major drugs transshipments , although their extradition to the United States has become bogged down in protracted legal wrangling . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military of the British Virgin Islands Economy ( edit ) Road Town , Tortola , British Virgin Islands Main article : Economy of the British Virgin Islands As a tax haven with an opaque banking system , the British Virgin Islands enjoys one of the more prosperous economies of the Caribbean region , with a per capita average income of around $42,300 ( 2010 est . ) The average monthly income earned by a worker in the territory was US $2,452 as at the time of the 2010 Census . 29 % of the population fell into the `` low income '' category . Although it is common to hear criticism in the British Virgin Islands ' press about income inequality , no serious attempt has been made by economists to calculate a Gini coefficient or similar measure of income equality for the territory . A report from 2000 suggested that , despite the popular perception , income inequality was actually lower in the British Virgin Islands than in any other OECS state , although in global terms income equality is higher in the Caribbean than in many other regions . The `` twin pillars '' of the economy are tourism and financial services . Politically , tourism is the more important of the two , as it employs a greater number of people within the territory , and a larger proportion of the businesses in the tourist industry are locally owned , as are a number of the highly tourism - dependent sole traders ( for example , taxi drivers and street vendors ) . Economically however , financial services associated with the territory 's status as an offshore financial centre are by far the more important . 51.8 % of the Government 's revenue comes directly from licence fees for offshore companies , and considerable further sums are raised directly or indirectly from payroll taxes relating to salaries paid within the trust industry sector ( which tend to be higher on average than those paid in the tourism sector ) . Tourism ( edit ) The Baths , Virgin Gorda Tourism accounts for approximately 45 % of national income . The islands are a popular destination for US citizens . In 2006 a total of 825,603 people visited the islands , of whom 443,987 were cruise ship passengers . Tourists frequent the numerous white sand beaches , visit The Baths on Virgin Gorda , snorkel the coral reefs near Anegada , or experience the well - known bars of Jost Van Dyke . The BVI are known as one of the world 's greatest sailing destinations , and charter sailboats are a very popular way to visit less accessible islands . Every year since 1972 the BVI has hosted the Spring Regatta , which is a seven - day collection of sailing races throughout the islands . A substantial number of the tourists who visit the BVI are cruise ship passengers , and although they produce far lower revenue per head than charter boat tourists and hotel based tourists , they are nonetheless important to the substantial - and politically important - taxi driving community . Only Virgin Islanders are permitted to work as taxi drivers . Financial services ( edit ) Financial services account for over half of the income of the territory . The majority of this revenue is generated by the licensing of offshore companies and related services . The British Virgin Islands is a significant global player in the offshore financial services industry . In 2000 KPMG reported in its survey of offshore jurisdictions for the United Kingdom government that over 45 % of the world 's offshore companies were formed in the British Virgin Islands . Since 2001 , financial services in the British Virgin Islands have been regulated by the independent Financial Services Commission . At the end of 2012 the banking sector of the British Virgin Islands comprised six commercial banks and one restricted bank , 12 authorised custodians , two licensed money services businesses and one licensed financing service provider . As such the British Virgin Islands is frequently labelled as a `` tax haven '' by campaigners and NGOs , and has been expressly named in anti-tax haven legislation in other countries on various occasions . Successive governments in the British Virgin Islands have fought against the tax haven label , and made various commitments to tax exchange and recording beneficial ownership information of companies following the 2013 G8 summit . On 10 September 2013 British Prime Minister David Cameron said `` I do not think it is fair any longer to refer to any of the Overseas Territories or Crown Dependencies as tax havens . They have taken action to make sure that they have fair and open tax systems . It is very important that our focus should now shift to those territories and countries that really are tax havens . '' In the April 2016 Panama Papers leak , the British Virgin Islands was the most commonly used tax haven by clients of Mossack Fonseca . Foreign Account tax Compliance Act ( edit ) On June 30 , 2014 , The British Virgin Islands was deemed to have an Inter - Governmental Agreement ( IGA ) with the United States of America with respect to the `` Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act '' of the United States of America . The Model 1 Agreement ( 14 Pages ) recognizes that : The Government of Great Britain and Northern Ireland provided a copy of the Letter of Entrustment which was sent to the Government of the British Virgin Islands , to the Government of the United States of America `` via diplomatic note of May 28 , 2014 '' . The Letter of Entrustment dated July 14 , 2010 was originally provided to the Government of the British Virgin Islands and authorized the Govt of the BVI `` to negotiate and conclude Agreements relating to taxation that provide for exchange of information on tax matters to the OECD standard '' ( Paragraph 2 of the FATCA Agreement ) . Via an `` Entrustment Letter '' dated March 24 , 2014 , The Govt of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , authorized the Govt of the BVI to sign an agreement on information exchange to facilitate the Implementation of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act . On March 27 , 2017 , the US Treasury site disclosed that the Model 1 agreement and related agreement were `` In Force '' on July 13 , 2015 . Agriculture and industry ( edit ) Agriculture and industry account for only a small proportion of the islands ' GDP . Agricultural produce includes fruit , vegetables , sugar cane , livestock and poultry , and industries include rum distillation , construction and boat building . Currency ( edit ) The official currency of the British Virgin Islands has been the United States dollar ( US $ ) since 1959 , the currency also used by the United States Virgin Islands . Workforce ( edit ) The British Virgin Islands is heavily dependent on migrant workers , and over 50 % of all workers on the islands are of a foreign descent . Only 37 % of the entire population were born in the territory . The national labour - force is estimated at 12,770 , of whom approximately 59.4 % work in the service sector but less than 0.6 % are estimated to work in agriculture ( the balance in industry ) . CARICOM status & the CARICOM Single market economy ( edit ) According to the membership section of the CARICOM Community site , as of July 2 , 1991 , The British Virgin Islands holds Associate Member status in CARICOM . In recognition of the CARICOM ( Free Movement ) Skilled Persons Act which came into effect in July 1997 in some of the CARICOM countries such as Jamaica and which has been adopted in other CARICOM countries , such as Trinidad and Tobago , it is possible that CARICOM nationals who hold the `` A Certificate of Recognition of Caribbean Community Skilled Person '' may be allowed to work in the BVI under normal working conditions . Hurricane Irma ( edit ) The islands were struck by Hurricane Irma on 6 September 2017 , causing extensive damage , as well as four deaths in the BVI . A state of emergency was declared by the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency . The most significant damage was on Tortola . The UK 's Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson visited Tortola on 13 September 2017 and said that he was reminded of photos of Hiroshima after it had been hit by the atom bomb . By 8 September , the UK government sent troops with medical supplies and other aid . More troops were expected to arrive a day or two later , but the ship HMS Ocean , carrying more extensive assistance , was not expected to reach the islands for another two weeks , however . Entrepreneur Richard Branson , a resident of Necker Island ( British Virgin Islands ) , called on the UK government to develop a massive disaster recovery plan for British islands that were damaged . That should include `` both through short - term aid and long - term infrastructure spending '' , he said . Premier Orlando Smith also called for a comprehensive aid package to rebuild the BVI . On 10 September , PM Theresa May pledged £ 32 million to the Caribbean for a Hurricane relief fund ; the UK government would also match donations made by the public via the British Red Cross appeal . Specifics were not provided to the news media as to the amount that would be allocated to the Virgin Islands . Boris Johnson 's visit to Tortola on 13 September 2017 during his Caribbean tour was intended to confirm the UK 's commitment to helping restore British islands but he provided no additional comments on the aid package . He did confirm that HMS Ocean ( L12 ) was on the way to the BVI items like timber , buckets , bottled water , food , baby milk , bedding and clothing , as well as ten pickup trucks , building materials and hardware . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in the British Virgin Islands There are 113 kilometres ( 70 mi ) of roads . The main airport , Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport , also known as Beef Island Airport , is located on Beef Island , which lies off the eastern tip of Tortola and is accessible by the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge . Cape Air , LIAT and Air Sunshine are amongst the airlines offering scheduled service . Virgin Gorda and Anegada have their own smaller airports . Private air charter services operated by Island Birds Air Charter fly directly to all three islands from any major airport in the Caribbean . Helicopters are used to get to islands with no runway facilities ; Antilles Helicopter Services is the only helicopter service based in the country . The main harbour is in Road Town . There are also ferries that operate within the British Virgin Islands and to the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands . As in the UK and in the United States Virgin Islands , cars in the British Virgin Islands drive on the left , however they differ in that nearly all cars are left hand drive , being imported from the United States . The roads are often quite steep , narrow and winding , and ruts can be a problem when it rains . Cyril E. King Airport in the US Virgin Islands has flights to a wider range of destinations , so is also used for travelling to the British Virgin Islands . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the British Virgin Islands As of the 2010 Census , the population of the territory was 28,054 . At the time of the 2003 census the population was around 21,730 . The majority of the population ( 83 % ) are Afro - Caribbean , descended from slaves brought to the islands by the British . Other large ethnic groups include those of British and other European origin . The 2004 Census reports : 83.4 % African 7 % European / Caucasian 9.6 % Others * * Includes Indian , Carib / Amerindian , Black / Carib mixed , and mixed - race Hispanic The 2010 Census reports the main places of origin of residents as follows : 37 % local born ( many locals go to St. Thomas or the United States for maternity services ) 7.2 % Guyana 7.0 % St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6.0 % Jamaica 5.5 % United States 5.4 % Dominican Republic 5.3 % United States Virgin Islands * Includes Indian , Carib / Amerindian , Black / Carib mixed , and mixed - race Hispanic . About 4 % of the population is of Hispanic origin , irrespective of race , primarily from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic . The territory has also been recently relieving immigrants from many islands in Lesser Antilles . The islands are heavily dependent upon migrant labour . In 2004 , migrant workers accounted for 50 % of the total population . 32 % of workers employed in the British Virgin Islands work for the government . Unusually , the territory has one of the highest drowning mortality rates in the world being higher than other high risk countries such as China and India . 20 % of deaths in the British Virgin Islands during 2012 were recorded as drownings , all of them being tourists . Despite this , the territory 's most popular beach still has no lifeguard presence . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands operates several government schools as well as private schools . There is also a community college , H. Lavity Stoutt Community College , that is located on the eastern end of Tortola . This college was named after Lavity Stoutt , the first Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands . It is extremely common for students from the British Virgin Islands to travel overseas for tertiary education , either to the University of the West Indies , or to colleges and universities in either the United Kingdom , United States , or Canada . The literacy rate in the British Virgin Islands is high at 98 % . Religion ( edit ) Over 90 % of the population who indicated a religious affiliation at the 2010 Census were Christian with the largest individual Christian denominations being Methodist ( 17.6 % ) , Anglican ( 12 % ) , Church of God ( 11 % ) and Roman Catholic ( 9 % ) . The Constitution of the British Virgin Islands commences with a professed national belief in God . Hindus and Muslims constitute each approximately 1.2 % of the population according to Word Religion Database 2005 . Religion in % of population National Census 2001 ( hide ) 1991 Methodist 22.7 32.9 Anglican 11.6 16.7 Church of God 11.4 9.2 Roman Catholic 9.5 10.5 Pentecostal 9.1 4.1 Seventh Day Adventist 8.4 6.3 Baptist 8.2 4.7 None 6.4 3.6 Other 3.4 4.4 Not stated 2.7 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.2 Hindu 2.0 2.2 Muslim 0.9 0.6 Evangelical 0.5 -- Moravian 0.5 0.6 Rastafarian 0.4 0.2 Presbyterian 0.4 0.7 Bahai 0.03 0.00 Brethren 0.03 0.04 Salvation Army 0.03 0.04 Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands Language ( edit ) Main article : Virgin Islands Creole The primary language is British English , although there is a local dialect . Spanish is spoken by Puerto Rican , Dominican and other Spanish - speaking immigrants . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of the Virgin Islands The traditional music of the British Virgin Islands is called fungi after the local cornmeal dish with the same name , often made with okra . The special sound of fungi is due to a unique local fusion between African and European music . It functions as a medium of local history and folklore and is therefore a cherished cultural form of expression that is part of the curriculum in BVI schools . The fungi bands , also called `` scratch bands '' , use instruments ranging from calabash , washboard , bongos and ukulele , to more traditional western instruments like keyboard , banjo , guitar , bass , triangle and saxophone . Apart from being a form of festive dance music , fungi often contains humorous social commentaries , as well as BVI oral history . Literature ( edit ) Among the noted names in Virgin Islands literature are Alphaeus Osario Norman ( 1885 - 1942 ) , Verna Penn Moll , Jennie Wheatley , and Patricia G. Turnbull . Their poetry and that of 22 other writers , including the fastly emerging poet and literary critic Richard Georges , can be found in Where I See the Sun -- Contemporary Poetry in The Virgin Islands ( Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , Jost Van Dyke ) , an anthology edited by Lasana M. Sekou in 2016 . Sport ( edit ) See also : Cricket in the West Indies Because of its location and climate the British Virgin Islands has long been a haven for sailing enthusiasts . Sailing is regarded as one of the foremost sports in all of the BVI . Calm waters and steady breezes provide some of the best sailing conditions in the Caribbean . Many sailing events are held in the waters of this country , the largest of which is a week - long series of races called the Spring Regatta , the premier sailing event of the Caribbean , with several races hosted each day . Boats include everything from full - size mono - hull yachts to dinghies . Captains and their crews come from all around the world to attend these races . The Spring Regatta is part race , part party , part festival . There are races , games , and music during the day , and some partying at night . The Spring Regatta is normally held during the first week of April . Since 2009 , the BVI have made a name for themselves as a host of international basketball events . The BVI hosted three of the last four events of the Caribbean Basketball Championship ( FIBA CBC Championship ) . See also ( edit ) Outline of the British Virgin Islands List of British Virgin Islanders British Virgin Islands portal Caribbean portal United Kingdom portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The BVI Beacon `` Portrait of a population : 2010 Census published '' p. 4 , 20 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ According to the Virgin Islands Constitution Order , 2007 , the territory 's official name is simply ' Virgin Islands ' . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Although under Council Regulation No. 1932 / 2006 BOTCs `` without the right of abode in the UK '' were classified as non-EU nationals , the conferment of British citizenship in 2002 means most BOTCs acquired the right of abode in the United Kingdom along with British citizenship and hence are not considered by the EU as third - country nationals . Jump up ^ `` Survivors on Tortola recall storm horror '' . BBC News . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moll , Peter ( 15 December 2016 ) . `` Victorian news mined for VI history '' . BVI Beacon . Jump up ^ `` About the Territory '' . Government of the Virgin Islands . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Samuel M. ed . The Indigenous People of the Caribbean . Gainesville : University Press of Florida , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1692 - 4 Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , a major market for sugar from the Territory , the Sugar Duties Act 1846 also created a considerable downward effect on the price of Caribbean sugar cane . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Gorda historic weather averages in British Virgin Islands '' . Intellicast . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Branson ' devastated ' about Hurricane Irma destruction '' . 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Explanatory Memorandum to the Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Which Caribbean Islands are the Safest , Most Dangerous ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crimes down by 14 % -- Premier '' . BVI News . 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How safe is the Caribbean ? An Island by Island Look '' . International Business Times . 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US sees shift in cocaine trafficking '' . BVI Beacon. 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ US Justice Department ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Thirteen Indicted for Airdropping Multi-Hundred Kilogram Quantities of Cocaine in the Caribbean Sea and for Money Laundering Offenses '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Three Years On & Extradition Proceedings Still Unsettled '' . BVI Platinum. 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ben ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Islands resent crackdown of the tax havens by G - 20 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Nick ; Baker , Richard ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Leighton Holdings linked to ' corrupt ' fees for Iraq pipeline contracts '' . The Australian . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ CIA . Economy : British Virgin Islands . The World Factbook , CIA publications , 19 December . 2006 . Retrieved 25 December . 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis C. Canterbury . European Bloc Imperialism . ISBN 9004184953 . Jump up ^ Review of Financial Regulation in the Crown Dependencies ( Cmnd Paper 4855 of 2000 ) . HMSO . Part III , paragraph 1.3 . ISBN 0 10 148554 9 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of Banks in British Virgin Islands '' . thebanks.eu . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2012 ( Final ) '' . bvifsc.vg . Jump up ^ Leigh , David ; Frayman , Harold ; Ball , James ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` Offshore secrets : British Virgin Islands , land of sand , sea and secrecy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ See for example the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act Jump up ^ International Adviser ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Jersey , Guernsey , IoM revel in Cameron 's ' not tax havens ' comments '' . BBC News ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` David Cameron : Crown dependency tax haven banner ' not fair ' '' . Jump up ^ Karmanau , Yuras ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ukrainian president under fire over Panama Papers '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ( FATCA ) '' . www.treasury.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-BVI-6-30-2014.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-BVI-6-30-2014.pdf . ^ Jump up to : The Times . `` British Virgin Islands -- workforce '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Secretariat , CARICOM . `` Country Profile for British Virgin Islands -- Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat '' . caricom.org . Jump up ^ Secretariat , CARICOM . `` Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) -- Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat '' . caricom.org . Jump up ^ `` : Caribbean Single Market Economy ( CSME ) :. : : Ministry of Labour and Social Security : :. : '' . www.mlss.gov.jm . Jump up ^ Security , Immigration Division Ministry of National . `` CSME '' . immigration.gov.tt . Jump up ^ http://www.caribbeanjobs.com/careers/page/How-to-Apply-for-a-CARICOM-Skills-Certificate.aspx Jump up ^ `` Richard Branson ' devastated ' about Hurricane Irma destruction '' . 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eliza Mackintosh and Donie O'Sullivan , . `` Do n't forget about us : Irma 's desperate Caribbean survivors '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Bosotti , Aurora ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma damage UPDATE : British Virgin Islands Destroyed by deadly storm '' . Daily Express . Jump up ^ `` Paradise lost : Tortola seeks UK aid after Irma '' . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson reminded of Hiroshima on visit to Irma - hit Tortola '' . Jump up ^ ( now ) , Naaman Zhou ; Yuhas , Alan ; Weaver , Matthew ; Farrer , Martin ; ( earlier ) , and Martin Pengelly ; Pilkington , Ed ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Caribbean in chaos as Irma brings floods to Florida Keys -- as it happened '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ben ; Swinford , Steven ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` British response to Hurricane Irma ' found wanting ' , senior MPs say , as Royal Navy arrives in Caribbean '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ ( now ) , Naaman Zhou ; Yuhas , Alan ; Weaver , Matthew ; Farrer , Martin ; ( earlier ) , and Martin Pengelly ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Caribbean in chaos as Irma brings floods to Florida Keys -- as it happened '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ CNN , Hilary Clarke and Samantha Beech , . `` European leaders step up Irma relief effort in Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ; Pengelly , Martin ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` What we know so far as Hurricane Irma lashes Florida '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hurricane-irma-foreign-secretarys-visit-to-the-uk-overseas-territories-in-the-Caribbean Jump up ^ `` French , British officials view Irma 's damage , vow island aid '' . 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Nicole ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : British marines hunt Caribbean prison inmates after storm jailbreak '' . Jump up ^ `` British Virgin Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice - GOV.UK '' . fco.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Drowning '' , publication World Health Organization ^ Jump up to : The BVI Beacon , Thursday , August 15 , 2013 article entitled `` Report : Passports up , marriages down last year '' . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Civil Registry and Passport Office for 2012 which includes `` For the 20 percent that represented drowning , all were tourists who died from snorkelling or diving in the VI waters in and around caves at Norman Island , as well as near Virgin Gorda ... The Virgin Islands should , therefore put safety measures in place such as the dissemination of information to hotels , dive shops and marinas . '' The same report confirms that the deaths of 86 persons were recorded in the Territory during 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No lifeguards at Cane Garden Bay & Virgin Gorda beaches '' . virginislandsnewsonline.com . Jump up ^ British Virgin Islands Schools Archived 23 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , BVI Government website ^ Jump up to : The BVI Beacon `` Portrait of a population : 2010 Census published '' pg. 6 , 20 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` National Population Census Report 2001 -- The British Virgin Islands '' ( PDF ) . Caribbean Community Secretariat. 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ The second paragraphs of the recitals ( appearing between Article 1 and Article 2 ) contains the words : `` ( T ) he society of the Virgin Islands is based upon certain moral , spiritual and democratic values including a belief in God . '' Jump up ^ cited in `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Penn , Dexter J.A. Music of the British Virgin Islands : Fungi Archived 26 May 2012 at Archive.is . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BVI Book Of Poetry Set For Year End Reveal '' . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sailing '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yacht Races '' . vacationtortola.com . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBritish Virgin Islandsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Directories British Virgin Islands from UCB Libraries GovPubs British Virgin Islands at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) British Virgin Islands Guide from The Moorings NGO sources `` Non-Self - Governing Territories listed by General Assembly in 2002 '' . United Nations Special Committee of 24 on Decolonization . Retrieved 10 March 2005 . Official sites and overviews The Government of the British Virgin Islands ( official government site ) The Government of the BVI , London Office -- Official government site HM Governor 's Office in the British Virgin Islands Old Government House Museum , British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Tourist Board The British Virgin Islands Ports Authority -- Official site National Parks Trust of the British Virgin Islands -- Official site British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission -- Official site `` British Virgin Islands '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Wikimedia content Wikimedia Atlas of British Virgin Islands Articles related to the British Virgin Islands Geographic locale Lat. and Long . 18 ° 25 ′ 53 '' N 64 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 18.43139 ° N 64.62306 ° W / 18.43139 ; - 64.62306 ( Road Town ) Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta International membership Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat ( Secretary - General ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Associate members Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Observers Aruba Colombia Curaçao Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Venezuela Institutions Common Fund for Commodities ( CFC ) Court of Justice ( CCJ ) Disaster Emergency Management ( CDEMA ) Examinations Council ( CXC ) Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology Public Health Agency ( CARPHA ) Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) Related organizations CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Member of the Community but not of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) British overseas territory awaiting entrustment to join the CSME Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Associate members Anguilla British Virgin Islands Martinique Financial institutions East Caribbean dollar Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Eastern Caribbean Central Securities Registry Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange Other institutions Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Countries , territories and dependencies of the United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Crown dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey Alderney Sark Isle of Man Jersey Former colonies List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas . Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty . Dependencies of European Union states Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland France Clipperton Island French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Île Amsterdam Crozet Islands Îles Éparses Kerguelen Islands Île Saint - Paul New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Crown dependencies Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Sovereign Base Areas Akrotiri and Dhekelia Overseas territories Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe ( see inclusion criteria for further information ) . Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Alhucemas Islands Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Northumbria Sunderland Tyneside Pitmatic Yorkshire South Kent London Cockney Multicultural London Sussex Thames Estuary West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Northern Ireland Mid Ulster Ulster Scots Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin D4 South - West Cork Supraregional Ulster Channel Islands Alderney Guernsey Jersey Elsewhere Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Appalachian Boston Cajun California Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes Chicano Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimorese General American High Tider Maine Miami Midland Midwestern New England New Mexican New York Old Southern Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Dutch Pittsburghese Rhode Island Southern Texan Upper Midwestern Western Vermont Yat Yeshivish Yooper Varieties by geographic location Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimore Midland Midwest Great Lakes ; Inland North Upper Midwest Upper Peninsula of Michigan New England Boston Maine Rhode Island Vermont New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey New York Latino North South Acadiana Appalachia Chesapeake ; Pamlico Miami New Orleans Tangier Texas West California New Mexico Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Cape Breton Newfoundland Lunenburg Standard Ottawa Valley Pacific Northwest Quebec Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad Elsewhere Bermuda Falkland Islands Guyana Oceania Australia Aboriginal Broad ; Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . GND : 4063590 - 9 NARA : 10044948 VIAF : 124830565 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Virgin_Islands&oldid=838677976 '' Categories : British Virgin Islands Dependent territories in the Caribbean British Overseas Territories Virgin Islands British Leeward Islands British West Indies Countries in the Caribbean English - speaking countries and territories Former Dutch colonies Member states of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Small Island Developing States Special territories of the European Union States and territories established in 1672 1672 establishments in the British Empire 1672 establishments in North America 1670s establishments in the Caribbean British Leeward Islands in World War II Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gagauz Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 15 : 56 . 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2591398739821514690	Education reform	Education reform - Wikipedia Education reform Jump to : navigation , search Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education . Historically , reforms have taken different forms because the motivations of reformers have differed . However , since the 1980s , education reform has been focused on changing the existing system from one focused on inputs to one focused on outputs ( i.e. , student achievement ) . In the United States , education reform acknowledges and encourages public education as the primary source of K - 12 education for American youth . Education reformers desire to make public education into a market ( in the form of an input - output system ) , where accountability creates high - stakes from curriculum standards tied to standardized tests . As a result of this input - output system , equality has been conceptualized as an end point , which is often evidenced by an achievement gap among diverse populations . This conceptualization of education reform is based on the market - logic of competition . As a consequence , competition creates inequality which has continued to drive the market - logic of equality at an end point by reproduce the achievement gap among diverse youth . Overall , education reform has and continues to be used as a substitute for needed economic reforms in the United States . The one constant for all forms of education reform includes the idea that small changes in education will have large social returns in citizen health , wealth and well - being . For example , a stated motivation has been to reduce cost to students and society . From ancient times until the 1800s , one goal was to reduce the expense of a classical education . Ideally , classical education is undertaken with a highly educated full - time ( extremely expensive ) personal tutor . Historically , this was available only to the most wealthy . Encyclopedias , public libraries and grammar schools are examples of innovations intended to lower the cost of a classical education . Related reforms attempted to develop similar classical results by concentrating on `` why '' , and `` which '' questions neglected by classical education . Abstract , introspective answers to these questions can theoretically compress large numbers of facts into relatively few principles . This path was taken by some Transcendentalist educators , such as Amos Bronson Alcott . In the early modern age , Victorian schools were reformed to teach commercially useful topics , such as modern languages and mathematics , rather than classical subjects , such as Latin and Greek . Many reformers focused on reforming society by reforming education on more scientific , humanistic , pragmatic or democratic principles . John Dewey and Anton Makarenko are prominent examples of such reformers . Some reformers incorporated several motivations , e.g. Maria Montessori , who both `` educated for peace '' ( a social goal ) , and to `` meet the needs of the child '' ( A humanistic goal ) . In historic Prussia , an important motivation for the invention of Kindergarten was to foster national unity by teaching a national language while children were young enough that learning a language was easy . Reform has taken many forms and directions . Throughout history and the present day , the meaning and methods of education have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society . Changes may be implemented by individual educators and / or by broad - based school organization and / or by curriculum changes with performance evaluations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Classical times 1.2 Modern reforms 1.3 Reforms of classical education 1.4 England in the 19th century 1.5 Progressive reforms in Europe and the United States 1.5. 1 Child - study 1.5. 2 Horace Mann 1.5. 3 National identity 1.5. 4 Dewey 1.5. 5 The administrative progressives 1.6 Critiques of progressive and classical reforms 1.7 Late - 20th century ( United states ) 1.7. 1 Reforms arising from the civil rights era 1.7. 2 1980s 1.7. 3 1990s and 2000s 1.7. 4 National Equity Project 2 Contemporary issues ( United States ) 2.1 Overview 2.2 Funding levels 2.3 Alternatives to public education 2.4 School choice 2.5 Teacher tenure 2.6 Barriers to reform 3 Internationally 3.1 Education for All 3.2 Taiwan 4 Motivations 5 Strategies 6 Digital education 7 Notable reforms 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Classical times ( edit ) Plato believed that children would never learn unless they wanted to learn . In The Republic , he said , `` ... compulsory learning never sticks in the mind . '' An educational debate in the time of the Roman Empire arose after Christianity had achieved broad acceptance . The question concerned the educational value of pre-Christian classical thought : `` Given that the body of knowledge of the pre-Christian Romans was heathen in origin , was it safe to teach it to Christian children ? '' Modern reforms ( edit ) Though educational reform occurred on a local level at various points throughout history , the modern notion of education reform is tied with the spread of compulsory education . Education reforms did not become widespread until after organized schooling was sufficiently systematized to be ' reformed . ' In the modern world , economic growth and the spread of democracy have raised the value of education and increased the importance of ensuring that all children and adults have access to high - quality , effective education . Modern education reforms are increasingly driven by a growing understanding of what works in education and how to go about successfully improving teaching and learning in schools . However , in some cases , the reformers ' goals of `` high - quality education '' has meant `` high - intensity education '' , with a narrow emphasis on teaching individual , test - friendly subskills quickly , regardless of long - term outcomes , developmental appropriateness , or broader educational goals . Reforms of classical education ( edit ) Western classical education as taught from the 18th to the 19th century has missing features that inspired reformers . Classical education is most concerned with answering the who , what , where , and when ? questions that concern a majority of students . Unless carefully taught , group instruction naturally neglects the theoretical `` why '' and `` which '' questions that strongly concern fewer students . Classical education in this period also did not teach local ( vernacular ) languages and cultures . Instead it taught high - status ancient languages ( Greek and Latin ) and their cultures . This produced odd social effects in which an intellectual class might be more loyal to ancient cultures and institutions than to their native vernacular languages and their actual governing authorities . England in the 19th century ( edit ) Before there were government - funded public schools , education of the lower classes was by the charity school , pioneered in the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted by the Roman Catholic Church and governments . Because these schools operated on very small budgets and attempted to serve as many needy children as possible , they were designed to be inexpensive . The basic program was to develop `` grammar '' schools . These taught only grammar and bookkeeping . This program permitted people to start businesses to make money , and gave them the skills to continue their education inexpensively from books . `` Grammar '' was the first third of the then - prevalent system of classical education . Joseph Lancaster The ultimate development of the grammar school was by Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell who developed the monitorial system . Lancaster started as a poor Quaker in early 19th century London . Bell started the Madras School of India . The monitorial system uses slightly more - advanced students to teach less - advanced students , achieving student - teacher ratios as small as 2 , while educating more than a thousand students per adult . Lancaster promoted his system in a piece called Improvements in Education that spread widely throughout the English - speaking world . Discipline and labor in a Lancaster school were provided by an economic system . Scrip , a form of money meaningless outside the school , was created at a fixed exchange rate from a student 's tuition . Every job of the school was bid - for by students in scrip , with the largest bid winning . However , any student tutor could auction positions in his or her classes . Besides tutoring , students could use scrip to buy food , school supplies , books , and childish luxuries in a school store . The adult supervisors were paid from the bids on jobs . With fully developed internal economies , Lancaster schools provided a grammar - school education for a cost per student near $40 per year in 1999 U.S. dollars . The students were very clever at reducing their costs , and once invented , improvements were widely adopted in a school . For example , Lancaster students , motivated to save scrip , ultimately rented individual pages of textbooks from the school library , and read them in groups around music stands to reduce textbook costs . Students commonly exchanged tutoring , and paid for items and services with receipts from `` down tutoring . '' Lancaster schools usually lacked sufficient adult supervision . As a result , the older children acting as disciplinary monitors tended to become brutal task masters . Also , the schools did not teach submission to orthodox Christian beliefs or government authorities . As a result , most English - speaking countries developed mandatory publicly paid education explicitly to keep public education in `` responsible '' hands . These elites said that Lancaster schools might become dishonest , provide poor education and were not accountable to established authorities . Lancaster 's supporters responded that any schoolchild could avoid cheats , given the opportunity , and that the government was not paying for the education , and thus deserved no say in their composition . Lancaster , though motivated by charity , claimed in his pamphlets to be surprised to find that he lived well on the income of his school , even while the low costs made it available to the poorest street - children . Ironically , Lancaster lived on the charity of friends in his later life . Progressive reforms in Europe and the United States ( edit ) The term progressive in education has been used somewhat indiscriminately ; there are a number of kinds of educational progressivism , most of the historically significant kinds peaking in the period between the late 19th and the middle of the 20th centuries . Child - study ( edit ) Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Jacques Rousseau has been called the father of the child - study movement . It has been said that Rousseau `` discovered '' the child ( as an object of study ) . Rousseau 's principal work on education is Emile : Or , On Education , in which he lays out an educational program for a hypothetical newborn 's education to adulthood . Rousseau provided a dual critique of both the vision of education set forth in Plato 's Republic and also of the society of his contemporary Europe and the educational methods he regarded as contributing to it ; he held that a person can either be a man or a citizen , and that while Plato 's plan could have brought the latter at the expense of the former , contemporary education failed at both tasks . He advocated a radical withdrawal of the child from society and an educational process that utilized the natural potential of the child and its curiosity , teaching it by confronting it with simulated real - life obstacles and conditioning it by experience rather than teaching it intellectually . His ideas were rarely implemented directly , but were influential on later thinkers , particularly Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel , the inventor of the kindergarten . Horace Mann ( edit ) In the United States , Horace Mann ( 1796 -- 1859 ) of Massachusetts used his political base and role as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education to promote public education in his home state and nationwide . His crusading style attracted wide middle class support . Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts : No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal , non-sectarian , free , and that its aims should be social efficiency , civic virtue , and character , rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends . National identity ( edit ) Education is often seen in Europe and Asia as an important system to maintain national , cultural and linguistic unity . Prussia instituted primary school reforms expressly to teach a unified version of the national language , `` Hochdeutsch '' . One significant reform was kindergarten , whose purpose was to have the children spend time in supervised activities in the national language , when the children were young enough that they could easily learn new language skills . Since most modern schools copy the Prussian models , children start school at an age when their language skills remain plastic , and they find it easy to learn the national language . This was an intentional design on the part of the Prussians . In the U.S. over the last twenty years , more than 70 % of non-English - speaking school - age immigrants have arrived in the U.S. before they were 6 years old . At this age , they could have been taught English in school , and achieved a proficiency indistinguishable from a native speaker . In other countries , such as the Soviet Union , France , Spain , and Germany this approach has dramatically improved reading and math test scores for linguistic minorities . Dewey ( edit ) John Dewey John Dewey , a philosopher and educator based in Chicago and New York , helped conceptualize the role of American and international education during the first four decades of the 20th century . An important member of the American Pragmatist movement , he carried the subordination of knowledge to action into the educational world by arguing for experiential education that would enable children to learn theory and practice simultaneously ; a well - known example is the practice of teaching elementary physics and biology to students while preparing a meal . He was a harsh critic of `` dead '' knowledge disconnected from practical human life . Dewey criticized the rigidity and volume of humanistic education , and the emotional idealizations of education based on the child - study movement that had been inspired by Bill Joel and those who followed him . He presented his educational theories as a synthesis of the two views . His slogan was that schools should encourage children to `` Learn by doing . '' He wanted people to realize that children are naturally active and curious . Dewey 's understanding of logic is best presented in his `` Logic , the Theory of Inquiry '' ( 1938 ) . His educational theories were presented in `` My Pedagogic Creed '' , The School and Society , The Child and Curriculum , and Democracy and Education ( 1916 ) . Bertrand Russell criticized Dewey 's conception of logic , saying `` What he calls `` logic '' does not seem to me to be part of logic at all ; I should call it part of psychology . '' The question of the history of Deweyan educational practice is a difficult one . He was a widely known and influential thinker , but his views and suggestions were often misunderstood by those who sought to apply them , leading some historians to suggest that there was never an actual implementation on any considerable scale of Deweyan progressive education . The schools with which Dewey himself was most closely associated ( though the most famous , the `` Laboratory School '' , was really run by his wife ) had considerable ups and downs , and Dewey left the University of Chicago in 1904 over issues relating to the Dewey School . Dewey 's influence began to decline in the time after the Second World War and particularly in the Cold War era , as more conservative educational policies came to the fore . The administrative progressives ( edit ) Horace Mann , regarded as the father of American public education The form of educational progressivism which was most successful in having its policies implemented has been dubbed `` administrative progressivism '' by historians . This began to be implemented in the early 20th century . While influenced particularly in its rhetoric by Dewey and even more by his popularizers , administrative progressivism was in its practice much more influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the concept economies of scale . The administrative progressives are responsible for many features of modern American education , especially American high schools : counseling programs , the move from many small local high schools to large centralized high schools , curricular differentiation in the form of electives and tracking , curricular , professional , and other forms of standardization , and an increase in state and federal regulation and bureaucracy , with a corresponding reduction of local control at the school board level . ( Cf . `` State , federal , and local control of education in the United States '' , below ) ( Tyack and Cuban , pp. 17 -- 26 ) These reforms have since become heavily entrenched , and many today who identify themselves as progressives are opposed to many of them , while conservative education reform during the Cold War embraced them as a framework for strengthening traditional curriculum and standards . In more recent times , groups such as the think tank Reform 's education division , and S.E.R. have attempted to pressure the government of the U.K. into more modernist educational reform , though this has met with limited success . Critiques of progressive and classical reforms ( edit ) Many progressive reforms failed to transfer learned skills . ( citation needed ) Evidence suggests that higher - order thinking skills are unused by many people ( cf. Jean Piaget , Isabel Myers , and Katharine Cook Briggs ) . Some authorities ( citation needed ) say that this refutes key assumptions of progressive thinkers such as Dewey . Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who studied people 's developmental stages . He showed by widely reproduced experiments ( citation needed ) that most young children do not analyze or synthesize as Dewey expected . Some authorities ( citation needed ) therefore say that Dewey 's reforms do not apply to the primary education of young children . Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers developed a psychological test that reproducibly identifies sixteen distinct human temperaments , building on work by Jung . A wide class of temperaments ( `` Sensors '' , half by category , 60 % of the general population ) ( citation needed ) prefer to use concrete information such as facts and procedures . They prefer not to use abstract theories or logic . In terms of education , some authorities ( citation needed ) interpret this to mean that 60 % of the general population only use , and therefore would prefer to learn answers to concrete `` Who , what , when , where '' , and `` how '' questions , rather than answers to the theoretical `` which '' and `` why '' questions advocated by progressives . This information was confirmed ( on another research track ( citation needed ) ) by Jean Piaget , who discovered that nearly 60 % of adults never habitually use what he called `` formal operational reasoning '' , a term for the development and use of theories and explicit logic . If this criticism is true , then schools that teach only principles would fail to educate 60 % of the general population . ( citation needed ) The data from Piaget , Myers and Briggs can also be used to criticize classical teaching styles that never teach theory or principle . In particular , a wide class of temperaments ( `` Intuitives '' , half by category , 40 % of the general population ) prefer to reason from trusted first principles , and then apply that theory to predict concrete facts . In terms of education , some authorities interpret this to mean that 40 % of the general population prefer to use , and therefore want to learn , answers to theoretical `` Which and `` Why '' questions , rather than answers to the concrete `` Who , what , when , where '' and `` How '' questions . The synthesis resulting from this two - part critique is a `` neoclassical '' learning theory similar to that practiced by Marva Collins , in which both learning styles are accommodated . The classroom is filled with facts , that are organized with theories , providing a rich environment to feed children 's natural preferences . To reduce the limitations of depending only on natural preferences , all children are required to learn both important facts , and important forms of reasoning . Diane Ravitch argues ( citation needed ) that `` progressive '' reformers have replaced a challenging liberal arts curriculum with ever - lower standards and indoctrination , particularly in inner - city schools , thereby preventing vast numbers of students from achieving their full potential . Late - 20th century ( United States ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Education reform in the United States . ( Discuss ) ( July 2016 ) See also : History of education in the United States Reforms arising from the civil rights era ( edit ) From the 1950s to the 1970s , many of the proposed and implemented reforms in U.S. education stemmed from the civil rights movement and related trends ; examples include ending racial segregation , and busing for the purpose of desegregation , affirmative action , and banning of school prayer . 1980s ( edit ) In the 1980s , some of the momentum of education reform moved from the left to the right , with the release of A Nation at Risk , Ronald Reagan 's efforts to reduce or eliminate the United States Department of Education . `` ( T ) he federal government and virtually all state governments , teacher training institutions , teachers ' unions , major foundations , and the mass media have all pushed strenuously for higher standards , greater accountability , more `` time on task , '' and more impressive academic results `` . This shift to the right caused many families to seek alternatives , including `` charter schools , progressive schools , Montessori schools , Waldorf schools , Afrocentric schools , religious schools - or teaching them at home and in their communities . '' In the latter half of the decade , E. D. Hirsch put forth an influential attack on one or more versions of progressive education , advocating an emphasis on `` cultural literacy '' -- the facts , phrases , and texts that Hirsch asserted every American had once known and that now only some knew , but was still essential for decoding basic texts and maintaining communication . Hirsch 's ideas remain significant through the 1990s and into the 21st century , and are incorporated into classroom practice through textbooks and curricula published under his own imprint . 1990s and 2000s ( edit ) See also : Standards - based education reform Most states and districts in the 1990s adopted Outcome - Based Education ( OBE ) in some form or another . A state would create a committee to adopt standards , and choose a quantitative instrument to assess whether the students knew the required content or could perform the required tasks . The standards - based National Education Goals ( Goals 2000 ) were set by the U.S. Congress in the 1990s . Many of these goals were based on the principles of outcomes - based education , and not all of the goals were attained by the year 2000 as was intended . The standards - based reform movement culminated in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , which as of 2016 is still an active nationwide mandate in the United States . OBE reforms usually had other disputed methods , such as constructivist mathematics and whole language , added onto them . Some proponents advocated replacing the traditional high school diploma with a Certificate of Initial Mastery . Other reform movements were school - to - work , which would require all students except those in a university track to spend substantial class time on a job site . See also Uncommon Schools . National Equity Project ( edit ) Main article : National Equity Project The National Equity Project is a non-profit organization that has the goal to , `` dramatically improve educational experiences , outcomes , and life options for students and families who have been historically underserved by their schools and districts . '' The organization was first started as a non-profit organization in Oakland , CA called the Bay Area Coalition for Equitable Schools in 1998 . The organization focuses on low income areas of the United States that have been deemed to have extreme educational disadvantages . The National Equity Project aims to use such research and implementation to bring equality to the United States education system , under the goal that low income schools can close the education gap by helping schools improve their structure and systems so that schools can provide an equal and inclusive environment for students and teachers . To help with the issues that are present in these areas , the organization aims to help schools when it `` hosts professional development institutes throughout the year for teachers , principals , administrators , non-profit professionals and others committed to educational equity '' . Alongside providing professional development for schools , the organization also provides research and case studies about the changes that occurs in the areas that work with the organization . Through this research , the organization uses this work ( 1 ) to help develop and implement new strategies that can help schools and districts improve the way that they teach their students . The organization has received over $30 million in grants , including foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Lumina Foundation . The National Equity Project also works with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation as well as Oakland 's Promise Neighborhoods and Ready Schools in Miami , helping these groups work towards their goal of achieving educational equality in the United States . Contemporary issues ( United States ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Education reform in the United States . ( Discuss ) ( July 2016 ) See also : Standards - based education reform in the United States Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal Overview ( edit ) In the first decade of the 21st century , several issues are salient in debates over further education reform : Longer school day or school year After - school tutoring Charter schools , school choice , or school vouchers Smaller class sizes Improved teacher quality Improved training Higher credential standards Generally higher pay to attract more qualified applicants Performance bonuses ( `` merit pay '' ) Firing low - performing teachers Internet and computer access in schools Track and reduce drop - out rate Track and reduce absenteeism English - only vs. bilingual education Mainstreaming or fully including students with special educational needs , rather than placing them in separate special schools Content of curriculum standards and textbooks What to teach , at what age , and to which students . For example , at what age should children normally learn to read ? Should all teenagers study algebra , or would it be more useful for them to take a mathematics class focused on statistics or personal finances ? Funding , neglected infrastructure , and adequacy of educational supplies Student rights Funding levels ( edit ) According to a 2005 report from the OECD , the United States is tied for first place with Switzerland when it comes to annual spending per student on its public schools , with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000 ( in U.S. currency ) . Despite this high level of funding , U.S. public schools lag behind the schools of other rich countries in the areas of reading , math , and science . A further analysis of developed countries shows no correlation between per student spending and student performance , suggesting that there are other factors influencing education . Top performers include Singapore , Finland and Korea , all with relatively low spending on education , while high spenders including Norway and Luxembourg have relatively low performance . One possible factor is the distribution of the funding . In the US , schools in wealthy areas tend to be over-funded while schools in poorer areas tend to be underfunded . These differences in spending between schools or districts may accentuate inequalities , if they result in the best teachers moving to teach in the most wealthy areas . The inequality between districts and schools led to 23 states instituting school finance reform based on adequacy standards that aim to increase funding to low - income districts . A 2016 study conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that between 1990 and 2012 , these finance reforms led to an increase in funding and test scores in the low income districts ; which suggests finance reform is effective at bridging inter-district performance inequalities . It has also been shown that the socioeconomic situation of the students family has the most influence in determining success ; suggesting that even if increased funds in a low income area increase performance , they may still perform worse than their peers from wealthier districts . Starting in the early 1980s , a series of analyses by Eric Hanushek indicated that the amount spent on schools bore little relationship to student learning . This controversial argument , which focused attention on how money was spent instead of how much was spent , led to lengthy scholarly exchanges . In part the arguments fed into the class size debates and other discussions of `` input policies . '' It also moved reform efforts towards issues of school accountability ( including No Child Left Behind ) and the use of merit pay and other incentives . There have been studies that show smaller class sizes and newer buildings ( both of which require higher funding to implement ) lead to academic improvements . It should also be noted that many of the reform ideas that stray from the traditional format require greater funding . It has been shown that some school districts do not use their funds in the most productive way . For example , according to a 2007 article in the Washington Post , the Washington , D.C. public school district spends $12,979 per student per year . This is the third highest level of funding per student out of the 100 biggest school districts in the United States . Despite this high level of funding , the school district provides outcomes that are lower than the national average . In reading and math , the district 's students score the lowest among 11 major school districts -- even when poor children are compared only with other poor children . 33 % of poor fourth graders in the United States lack basic skills in math , but in Washington , D.C. , it 's 62 % . According to a 2006 study by the Goldwater Institute , Arizona 's public schools spend 50 % more per student than Arizona 's private schools . The study also says that while teachers constitute 72 % of the employees at private schools , they make up less than half of the staff at public schools . According to the study , if Arizona 's public schools wanted to be like private schools , they would have to hire approximately 25,000 more teachers , and eliminate 21,210 administration employees . The study also said that public school teachers are paid about 50 % more than private school teachers . In 1985 in Kansas City , Missouri , a judge ordered the school district to raise taxes and spend more money on public education . Spending was increased so much , that the school district was spending more money per student than any of the country 's other 280 largest school districts . According to a 1999 article , William J. Bennett , former U.S. Secretary of Education , argued that increased levels of spending on public education have not made the schools better , citing the following statistics : Alternatives to public education ( edit ) In the United States , Private schools ( independent schools ) have long been an alternative to public education for those with the ability to pay tuition . These include religious schools , preparatory and boarding schools , and schools based on alternative paradigms such as Montessori education . Over 4 million students , about one in twelve children attend religious schools in the United States , most of them Christian . Montessori pre - and primary school programs employ rigorously tested scientific theories of guided exploration which seek to embrace children 's natural curiosity rather than , for instance , scolding them for falling out of rank . Home education is favored by a growing number of parents who take direct responsibility for their children 's education rather than enrolling them in local public schools seen as not meeting expectations . School choice ( edit ) Economists such as Nobel laureate Milton Friedman advocate school choice to promote excellence in education through competition and choice . A competitive `` market '' for schools eliminates the need to otherwise attempt a workable method of accountability for results . Public education vouchers permit guardians to select and pay any school , public or private , with public funds currently allocated to local public schools . The theory is that children 's guardians will naturally shop for the best schools , much as is already done at college level . Though appealing in theory , many reforms based on school choice have led to slight to moderate improvements -- which some teachers ' union members see as insufficient to offset the decreased teacher pay and job security . For instance , New Zealand 's landmark reform in 1989 , during which schools were granted substantial autonomy , funding was devolved to schools , and parents were given a free choice of which school their children would attend , led to moderate improvements in most schools . It was argued that the associated increases in inequity and greater racial stratification in schools nullified the educational gains . Others , however , argued that the original system created more inequity ( due to lower income students being required to attend poorer performing inner city schools and not being allowed school choice or better educations that are available to higher income inhabitants of suburbs ) . Instead , it was argued that the school choice promoted social mobility and increased test scores especially in the cases of low income students . Similar results have been found in other jurisdictions . Though discouraging , the merely slight improvements of some school choice policies often seems to reflect weaknesses in the way that choice is implemented rather than a failure of the basic principle itself . Teacher tenure ( edit ) Critics of teacher tenure claim that the laws protect ineffective teachers from being fired , which can be detrimental to student success . Tenure laws vary from state to state , but generally they set a probationary period during which the teacher proves themselves worthy of the life long position . Probationary periods range from one to three years . Advocates for tenure reform often consider these periods too short to make such an important decision ; especially when that decision is exceptionally hard to revoke . Due process restriction protect tenured teachers from being wrongfully fired ; however these restrictions can also prevent administrators from removing ineffective or inappropriate teachers . A 2008 survey conducted by the US Department of Education found that , on average , only 2.1 % of teachers are dismissed each year for poor performance . In October 2010 Apple Inc . CEO Steve Jobs had a consequential meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama to discuss U.S. competitiveness and the nation 's education system . During the meeting Jobs recommended pursuing policies that would make it easier for school principals to hire and fire teachers based on merit . In 2012 tenure for school teachers was challenged in a California lawsuit called Vergara v. California . The primary issue in the case was the impact of tenure on student outcomes and on equity in education . On June 10 , 2014 , the trial judge ruled that California 's teacher tenure statute produced disparities that `` shock the conscience '' and violate the equal protection clause of the California Constitution . On July 7 , 2014 , U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan commented on the Vergara decision during a meeting with President Barack Obama and representatives of teacher 's unions . Duncan said that tenure for school teachers `` should be earned through demonstrated effectiveness '' and should not be granted too quickly . Specifically , he criticized the 18 - month tenure period at the heart of the Vergara case as being too short to be a `` meaningful bar . '' Barriers to reform ( edit ) A study by the Fordham Institute found that some labor agreements with teachers ' unions may restrict the ability of school systems to implement merit pay and other reforms . Contracts were more restrictive in districts with high concentrations of poor and minority students . The methodology and conclusions of the study have been criticized by teachers ' unions . Another barrier to reform is assuming that schools are like businesses -- when in fact they are very different . Legal barriers to reform are low in the United States compared to other countries : State and local governance of education creates `` wiggle room for educational innovators '' who can change local laws or move somewhere more favourable . Cultural barriers to reform are also relatively low , because the question of who should control education is still open . Internationally ( edit ) Education for all ( edit ) Main articles : Education For All and Education 2030 Agenda Education 2030 Agenda refers to the global commitment of the Education for All movement to ensure access to basic education for all . It is an essential part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . The roadmap to achieve the Agenda is the Education 2030 Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action , which outlines how countries , working with UNESCO and global partners , can translate commitments into action . Taiwan ( edit ) In other parts of the world , educational reform has had a number of different meanings . In Taiwan in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century a movement tried to prioritize reasoning over mere facts , reduce the emphasis on central control and standardized testing . There was consensus on the problems . Efforts were limited because there was little consensus on the goals of educational reforms , and therefore on how to fix the problems . By 2003 , the push for education reform had declined . Motivations ( edit ) Education reform has been pursued for a variety of specific reasons , but generally most reforms aim at redressing some societal ills , such as poverty - , gender - , or class - based inequities , or perceived ineffectiveness . Current education trends in the United States represent multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities , income levels , and geographies . As McKinsey and Company reported in a 2009 analysis , `` These educational gaps impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession . '' Reforms are usually proposed by thinkers who aim to redress societal ills or institute societal changes , most often through a change in the education of the members of a class of people -- the preparation of a ruling class to rule or a working class to work , the social hygiene of a lower or immigrant class , the preparation of citizens in a democracy or republic , etc . The idea that all children should be provided with a high level of education is a relatively recent idea , and has arisen largely in the context of Western democracy in the 20th century . The `` beliefs '' of school districts are optimistic that quite literally `` all students will succeed '' , which in the context of high school graduation examination in the United States , all students in all groups , regardless of heritage or income will pass tests that in the introduction typically fall beyond the ability of all but the top 20 to 30 percent of students . The claims clearly renounce historical research that shows that all ethnic and income groups score differently on all standardized tests and standards based assessments and that students will achieve on a bell curve . Instead , education officials across the world believe that by setting clear , achievable , higher standards , aligning the curriculum , and assessing outcomes , learning can be increased for all students , and more students can succeed than the 50 percent who are defined to be above or below grade level by norm referenced standards . States have tried to use state schools to increase state power , especially to make better soldiers and workers . This strategy was first adopted to unify related linguistic groups in Europe , including France , Germany and Italy . Exact mechanisms are unclear , but it often fails in areas where populations are culturally segregated , as when the U.S. Indian school service failed to suppress Lakota and Navaho , or when a culture has widely respected autonomous cultural institutions , as when the Spanish failed to suppress Catalan . Many students of democracy have desired to improve education in order to improve the quality of governance in democratic societies ; the necessity of good public education follows logically if one believes that the quality of democratic governance depends on the ability of citizens to make informed , intelligent choices , and that education can improve these abilities . Politically motivated educational reforms of the democratic type are recorded as far back as Plato in The Republic . In the United States , this lineage of democratic education reform was continued by Thomas Jefferson , who advocated ambitious reforms partly along Platonic lines for public schooling in Virginia . Another motivation for reform is the desire to address socio - economic problems , which many people see as having significant roots in lack of education . Starting in the 20th century , people have attempted to argue that small improvements in education can have large returns in such areas as health , wealth and well - being . For example , in Kerala , India in the 1950s , increases in women 's health were correlated with increases in female literacy rates . In Iran , increased primary education was correlated with increased farming efficiencies and income . In both cases some researchers have concluded these correlations as representing an underlying causal relationship : education causes socio - economic benefits . In the case of Iran , researchers concluded that the improvements were due to farmers gaining reliable access to national crop prices and scientific farming information . Strategies ( edit ) Reforms can be based on bringing education into alignment with a society 's core values . Reforms that attempt to change a society 's core values can connect alternative education initiatives with a network of other alternative institutions . Digital education ( edit ) Main article : Electronic learning The movement to use computers more in education naturally includes many unrelated ideas , methods , and pedagogies since there are many uses for digital computers . For example , the fact that computers are naturally good at math leads to the question of the use of calculators in math education . The Internet 's communication capabilities make it potentially useful for collaboration , and foreign language learning . The computer 's ability to simulate physical systems makes it potentially useful in teaching science . More often , however , debate of digital education reform centers around more general applications of computers to education , such as electronic test - taking and online classes . The idea of creating artificial intelligence led some computer scientists to believe that teachers could be replaced by computers , through something like an expert system ; however , attempts to accomplish this have predictably proved inflexible . The computer is now more understood to be a tool or assistant for the teacher and students . Harnessing the richness of the Internet is another goal . In some cases classrooms have been moved entirely online , while in other instances the goal is more to learn how the Internet can be more than a classroom . Web - based international educational software is under development by students at New York University , based on the belief that current educational institutions are too rigid : effective teaching is not routine , students are not passive , and questions of practice are not predictable or standardized . The software allows for courses tailored to an individual 's abilities through frequent and automatic multiple intelligences assessments . Ultimate goals include assisting students to be intrinsically motivated to educate themselves , and aiding the student in self - actualization . Courses typically taught only in college are being reformatted so that they can be taught to any level of student , whereby elementary school students may learn the foundations of any topic they desire . Such a program has the potential to remove the bureaucratic inefficiencies of education in modern countries , and with the decreasing digital divide , help developing nations rapidly achieve a similar quality of education . With an open format similar to Wikipedia , any teacher may upload their courses online and a feedback system will help students choose relevant courses of the highest quality . Teachers can provide links in their digital courses to webcast videos of their lectures . Students will have personal academic profiles and a forum will allow students to pose complex questions , while simpler questions will be automatically answered by the software , which will bring you to a solution by searching through the knowledge database , which includes all available courses and topics . The 21st century ushered in the acceptance and encouragement of internet research conducted on college and university campuses , in homes , and even in gathering areas of shopping centers . Addition of cyber cafes on campuses and coffee shops , loaning of communication devices from libraries , and availability of more portable technology devices , opened up a world of educational resources . Availability of knowledge to the elite had always been obvious , yet provision of networking devices , even wireless gadget sign - outs from libraries , made availability of information an expectation of most persons . Cassandra B. Whyte researched the future of computer use on higher education campuses focusing on student affairs . Though at first seen as a data collection and outcome reporting tool , the use of computer technology in the classrooms , meeting areas , and homes continued to unfold . The sole dependence on paper resources for subject information diminished and e-books and articles , as well as on - line courses , were anticipated to become increasingly staple and affordable choices provided by higher education institutions according to Whyte in a 2002 presentation . Digitally `` flipping '' classrooms is a trend in digital education that has gained significant momentum . Will Richardson , author and visionary for the digital education realm , points to the not - so - distant future and the seemingly infinite possibilities for digital communication linked to improved education . Education on the whole , as a stand - alone entity , has been slow to embrace these changes . The use of web tools such as wikis , blogs , and social networking sites is tied to increasing overall effectiveness of digital education in schools . Examples exist of teacher and student success stories where learning has transcended the classroom and has reached far out into society . Creativity is of the utmost importance when improving education . The `` creative teachers '' must have the confidence through training and availability of support and resources . These creative teachers are strongly encouraged to embrace a person - centered approach that develops the psychology of the educator ahead or in conjunction with the deployment of machines . Creative teachers have been also been inspired through Crowd - Accelerated Innovation . Crowd - Accelerated Innovation has pushed people to transition between media types and their understanding thereof at record - breaking paces . This process serves as a catalyst for creative direction and new methods of innovation . Innovation without desire and drive inevitably flat lines . Mainstream media continues to be both very influential and the medium where Crowd - Accelerated Innovation gains its leverage . Media is in direct competition with formal educational institutions in shaping the minds of today and those of tomorrow . ( Buchanan , Rachel footnote ) The media has been instrumental in pushing formal educational institutions to become savvier in their methods . Additionally , advertising has been ( and continues to be ) a vital force in shaping students and parents thought patterns . Technology is a dynamic entity that is constantly in flux . As time presses on , new technologies will continue to break paradigms that will reshape human thinking regarding technological innovation . This concept stresses a certain disconnect between teachers and learners and the growing chasm that started some time ago . Richardson asserts that traditional classroom 's will essentially enter entropy unless teachers increase their comfort and proficiency with technology . Administrators are not exempt from the technological disconnect . They must recognize the existence of a younger generation of teachers who were born during the Digital Age and are very comfortable with technology . However , when old meets new , especially in a mentoring situation , conflict seems inevitable . Ironically , the answer to the outdated mentor may be digital collaboration with worldwide mentor webs ; composed of individuals with creative ideas for the classroom . Another viable addition to digital education has been blended learning . In 2009 , over 3 million K - 12 students took an online course , compared to 2000 when 45,000 took an online course . Blended learning examples include pure online , blended , and traditional education . Research results show that the most effective learning takes place in a blended format . This allows children to view the lecture ahead of time and then spend class time practicing , refining , and applying what they have previously learned . Notable reforms ( edit ) Some of the methods and reforms have gained permanent advocates , and are widely utilized . Many educators now believe that anything that more precisely meets the needs of the child will work better . This was initiated by Maria Montessori and is still utilized in Montessori schools . The teaching method must be teachable ! This is a lesson from both Montessori and Dewey . This view now has very wide currency , and is used to select much of the curricula of teachers ' colleges . New programs based on modern learning theories that test individual learning , and teach to mastery of a subject have been proved by the Kentucky Education Reform Act ( KERA ) to be far more effective than group instruction with compromise schedules , or even class - size reduction . Schools with chicken pot pie , such as most public schools and most third - world and missionary schools , use a grammar - school approach . The evidence of Lancaster schools suggests using students as teachers . If the culture supports it , perhaps the economic discipline of the Lancaster school can reduce costs even further . However , much of the success of Lancaster 's `` school economy '' was that the children were natives of an intensely mercantile culture . In order to be effective , classroom instruction needs to change subjects at times near a typical student 's attention span , which can be as frequently as every two minutes for young children . This is an important part of Marva Collins ' method . Substantial resources and time can be saved by permitting students to test out of classes . This also increases motivation , directs individual study , and reduces boredom and disciplinary problems . To support inexpensive continuing adult education a community needs a free public library . It can start modestly as shelves in an attended shop or government building , with donated books . Attendants are essential to protect the books from vandalism . Adult education repays itself many times over by providing direct opportunity to adults . Free libraries are also powerful resources for schools and businesses . A notable reform of the education system of Massachusetts occurred in 1993 . The current ' student voice ' effort echoes past school reform initiatives focusing on parent involvement , community involvement , and other forms of participation in schools . However , it is finding a significant amount of success in schools because of the inherent differences : student voice is central to the daily schooling experience because students spend all day there . Many educators today strive for meaningful student involvement in their classrooms , while school administrators , school board members , and elected officials each lurch to hear what students have to say . See also ( edit ) Education portal Politics portal Anti-schooling activism Blab school Block scheduling Certificate of Initial Mastery Criterion - referenced test Educational philosophies High school graduation examination Higher - order thinking Inquiry - based Science Learning environment Learning space Merit pay Multiculturalism Political correctness Project - based learning Special Assistance Program Student - centered learning Sudbury model democratic schools Sudbury Valley School Teaching for social justice University reform Web literacy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://parentreolution.org/who-we-are/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.edtrust.org/issues/pre-k-12/closing-the-gaps Jump up ^ Whelan , Lessons Learned ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Kohn , Alfie . `` The trouble with calls for universal ' high - quality ' pre-K '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Educational Economies in the 1800s -- K12 Academics Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jonathan Messerli , Horace Mann : A Biography ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Ellwood P. Cubberley , Public Education in the United States ( 1919 ) p. 167 Jump up ^ Alan Ryan , John Dewey and the high tide of American liberalism ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( January 2 , 1919 ) . `` Professor Dewey 's `` Essays in Experimental Logic '' `` . The Journal of Philosophy , Psychology and Scientific Methods. 16 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 26 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tyack and Cuban , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Ron Miller ( 2002 ) . Free Schools , Free People : Education and Democracy After the Nineteen Sixties . SUNY Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8824 - 9 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Joint Platform for Education Reform '' ( PDF ) . The Center for American Progress . United States Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Professor : Smaller Class Sizes Optimal For Kids . All Things Considered , National Public Radio . 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ OECD calls for broader access to post-school education and training , OECD , September 13 , 2005 Jump up ^ Who 's No. 1 ? Finland , Japan , and Korea , Says OECD Jump up ^ OECD , PISA 2006 . Whelan , Lessons Learned : How Good Policies Produce Better Schools , 2009 . See also Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann , `` The economics of international differences in educational achievement , '' in Eric A. Hanushek , Stephen Machin , and Ludger Woessmann ( eds . ) , Handbook of the Economics of Education , Vol. 3 ( Amsterdam : North Holland , 2011 ) : 89 - 200 . Jump up ^ `` More Than 40 % of Low - Income Schools Do n't Get a Fair Share of State and Local Funds , Department of Education Research Finds '' . Ed.gov . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ National Catholic Reporter , May 2 , 1997 , by John Allen Jump up ^ Lafortune , Julien ; Rothstein , Jesse ; Schanzenbach , Diane Whitmore . `` School Finance Reform and the Distribution of Student Achievement '' ( PDF ) . doi : 10.3386 / w22011 . Jump up ^ See Eric Hanushek , `` Throwing money at schools '' , Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1 , no . 1 ( Fall 1981 ) : 19 - 41 ; Eric Hanushek , `` The economics of schooling : Production and efficiency in public schools , '' Journal of Economic Literature 24 , no . 3 ( September 1986 ) : 1141 - 1177 ; Eric Hanushek , `` The failure of input - based schooling policies '' , Economic Journal 113 , no . 485 ( February ) : F64 - F98 . Jump up ^ For example , see Gary Burtless ( ed . ) , Does money matter ? The effect of school resources on student achievement and adult success ( Washington , DC : Brookings , 1996 ) or Alan B. Krueger , `` Reassessing the view that American schools are broken . '' FRBNY Economic Policy Review , 1998 Jump up ^ Alan B. Krueger , `` Experimental estimates of education production functions , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 , no . 2 ( May 1999 ) : 497 - 532 ; Eric Hanushek `` The evidence on class size '' , in Susan E. Mayer and Paul E. Peterson ( eds . ) , Earning and learning : How schools matter ( Washington , DC : Brookings Institution , 1999 ) : 131 - 168 ; Lawrence Mishel and Richard Rothstein ( eds . ) , The class size debate ( Washington , DC : Economic Policy Institute , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Class Size '' . Education Week . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jago and Ken Tanner ( April 1999 ) . `` Influence of the School Facility on Student Achievement '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dan Keating and V. Dion Haynes ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` Can D.C. Schools Be Fixed ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Coulson ( October 18 , 2006 ) . `` Private Schools Now 33 % Off ! '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ 20 Troubling Facts about American Education , William J. Bennett , October 1999 Jump up ^ `` Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Op - ed / Making the case for parochial schools '' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Lillard , Angeline . `` The Science Behind the Genius '' . Montessori-Genius.org . Angeline Lillard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Given , Casey ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` School Vouchers Are a Good Way to Promote School Choice '' . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Lessons Learned : How good policies produce better schools ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Whelan , Lessons Learned : How good policies produce better schools ( 2009 ) . Fiske , Ladd , When Schools Compete ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Teacher Tenure - Requirements for earning nonprobationary status '' . ecs.force.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Julianne ; Schroth , Stephen T. ; Molinaro , Lisa ; Green , Mark ( 2005 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Tenure : An Important Due Process Right or a Hindrance to Change in the Schools ? '' . Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education . 18 ( 3 ) : 219 . doi : 10.1007 / s11092 - 006 - 9020 - 5 . ISSN 0920 - 525X . ^ Jump up to : Chait , Robin ( 2010 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Removing Chronically Ineffective Teachers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2011 ) , Steve Jobs , Simon & Schuster , pp. 544 -- 45 , ISBN 9781451648539 Jump up ^ Vergara v. California - Judgment , page 7 , line 21 ( Superior Court of the State of California , County of Los Angeles August 27 , 2014 ) . Text Jump up ^ Vergara ( 2014 ) - Judgment , page 3 , lines 19 - 27 . Text Jump up ^ Earle , Geoff ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Duncan digs at California teacher tenure during Obama meeting '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frederick M. Hess and Coby Loup , `` The LEADERSHIP LIMBO : Teacher Labor Agreements in America 's Fifty Largest School Districts '' , Fordham Institute , February 2008 Jump up ^ Nelson Hernandez ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` Some Teachers ' Contracts Bind Reforms , Study Says : Agreements in D.C. Region Generally Praised '' . The Washington Post : B04 . Jump up ^ White , J. , & Lowenthal , P. R. ( 2009 , Spring ) . `` The cyclical rhetoric of educational reform and the rationalization of a failed zeitgeist '' . eJournal of Education Policy . Retrieved from Jump up ^ Mitchell Stevens ( 9 February 2009 ) . Kingdom of Children : Culture and Controversy in the Homeschooling Movement . Princeton University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 2480 - 9 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2017 ) . Education Transforms Lives ( PDF ) . Paris , UNESCO . pp. 6 , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ McKinsey and Company , `` The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap on America 's Schools . '' April 2009 . Jump up ^ Sudbury Valley School ( 1 January 1970 ) . `` The American Dream '' . The crisis in American education : an analysis and a proposal . The Sudbury Valley School . ISBN 978 - 1 - 888947 - 05 - 2 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Amy Gutmann ( 29 March 1999 ) . Democratic Education . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 2291 - 1 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Paula Polk Lillard ( 7 September 2011 ) . Montessori Today : A Comprehensive Approach to Education from Birth to Adulthood . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 76132 - 3 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . , quoted in Mitchell Stevens ( 9 February 2009 ) . Kingdom of Children : Culture and Controversy in the Homeschooling Movement . Princeton University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 2480 - 9 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Cassandra Bolyard. ( 1989 ). `` Student Affairs - The Future '' . Journal of College Student Development. 30 . ( 1 ) . 86 - 89 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Cassandra Bolyard ( 2002 ) Presentation at a Round Table Forum on Higher Education Topics. Oxford , England . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Will . 2010 . Blogs , Wikis , Podcasts and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms 3rd ed. , 155 , Corwin Press Jump up ^ Song , H. - D. , Wang , W. - T. , & Liu , C. - Y. ( 2011 ) . A Simulation Model that Decreases Faculty Concerns about Adopting Web Based Instruction . Educational Technology & Society , 14 ( 3 ) , 141 -- 151 . Retrieved from http://www.ifets.info/journals/14_3/12.pdf . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Chris . `` Crowd Accelerated Innovation . '' Wired Magazine . January 2011 . Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/12/ff_tedvideos/ Jump up ^ Buchanan , Rachel. `` Paradox , Promise and Public Pedagogy : Implications of the Federal Government 's Digital Education Revolution '' . Vol. 36 , Issue 2 , Article 6 , P. 73 , March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , S. ( 2009 ) . Are our pre-service teachers prepared to teach in a digital age ? In T. Bastiaens et al. ( Eds . ) , Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate , Government , Healthcare , and Higher Education 200 ( pp. 2609 - 2617 ) . Jump up ^ Horn , M. , Stacker , H. `` The Rise of K - 12 Blended Learning '' Innosight Institute . January 2011 . Retrieved from www.innosightinstitute.org Jump up ^ `` The Kentucky Education Reform Act '' . Cber.uky.edu. 1997 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06 . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 License statement : Education Transforms Lives , 6 , 8 - 9 , UNESCO , UNESCO . UNESCO . To learn how to add open - license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Further reading ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comer , J.P. ( 1997 ) . Waiting for a Miracle : Why Schools Ca n't Solve Our Problems - and How We Can . New York : Penguin Books . Cuban , L. ( 2003 ) . Why Is It So Hard to Get Good Schools ? New York : Teachers College , Columbia University . Darling - Hammond , Linda . ( 1997 ) The Right to Learn : A Blueprint for Creating Schools that Work . Jossey - Bass . Dewey , J. and Dewey , E. ( 1915 ) . Schools of To - morrow . New York : E.P. Dutton and Company . Gatto , John Taylor ( 1992 ) . Dumbing Us Down : The Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling . Canada : New Society Publishers . Glazek , S.D. and Sarason , S.B. ( 2007 ) . Productive Learning : Science , Art , and Einstein 's Relativity in Education Reform . New York : Sage Publications , Inc . Goldstein , Dana ( 2014 ) . The Teacher Wars : A History of America 's Most Embattled Profession . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 53695 - 0 . Goodland , J.I. and Anderson , R.H. ( 1959 and 1987 ) . The Nongraded Elementary School . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Green , Elizabeth ( 2014 ) . Building a Better Teacher : How Teaching Works ( and How to Teach It to Everyone ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08159 - 6 . Hanushek , Eric ( 2013 ) . Endangering Prosperity : A Global View of the American School . Brookings Institution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0373 - 0 . James , Laurie. ( 1994 ) Outrageous Questions : Legacy of Bronson Alcott and America 's One - Room Schools New York . Katz , M.B. ( 1971 ) . Class , Bureaucracy , and Schools : The Illusion of Educational Change in America . New York : Praeger Publishers . Kliebard , Herbert . ( 1987 ) The Struggle for the American Curriculum . New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Kohn , A. ( 1999 ) . The Schools Our Children Deserve : Moving Beyond Traditional Classrooms and ' Tougher Standards ' . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co . Murphy , J.H. and Beck , L.G. ( 1995 ) . School - Based Management as School Reform : Taking Stock . Thousand Oaks , CA : Corwin Press , Inc . Ogbu , J.U. ( 1978 ) . Minority Education and Caste : The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective . New York : Academic Press . Ravitch , D. ( 1988 ) . The Great School Wars : A History of the New York City Public Schools . New York : Basic Books , Inc . Sarason , S.B. ( 1996 ) . Revisiting ' The Culture of the School and the Problem of Change ' . New York : Teachers College Press . Sarason , S.B. ( 1990 ) . The Predictable Failure of Educational Reform : Can We Change Course Before Its Too Late ? San Francisco : Josey - Bass , Inc . Sizer , T.R. ( 1984 ) . Horace 's Compromise : The Dilemma of the American High School . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . Tough , Paul . ( 2008 ) . Whatever It Takes : Geoffrey Canada 's Quest to Change Harlem and America . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . Tough , Paul . ( 2012 ) . How Children Succeed . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . Tyack , David and Cuban , Larry . ( 1995 ) Tinkering Toward Utopia : A Century of Public School Reform . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Zwaagstra , Michael ; Clifton , Rodney ; and Long , John . ( 2010 ) What 's Wrong with Our Schools : and How We Can Fix Them . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 1 - 60709 - 157 - 7 External links ( edit ) Education reform at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Stanford University Libraries . `` School and Education Reform '' . Topic Guides . USA . Education reform advocacy groups Education reform and policy videos at the Forum for Education and Democracy Conference The Education Trust , USA Parent Revolution : Creating positive change by pressuring the public school system to put kids first ; USA Students First : A movement to transform public education in America . Democrats for Education Reform : political reform organization supporting Democratic leaders who champion America 's public schoolchildren . 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-5787896950113882241	All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)	All Creatures great and small ( TV series ) - wikipedia All Creatures great and small ( TV series ) All Creatures Great and Small Cast of All Creatures Great and Small , circa 1978 : Christopher Timothy , Robert Hardy , Peter Davison , Mary Hignett and Carol Drinkwater Genre Comedy - drama Created by Bill Sellars Based on If Only They Could Talk and It Should n't Happen to a Vet by James Herriot Written by Johnny Byrne Ted Rhodes Starring Christopher Timothy Robert Hardy Peter Davison Carol Drinkwater Mary Hignett John McGlynn Margaretta Scott Lynda Bellingham ( list of characters ) Theme music composer Johnny Pearson Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 7 No. of episodes 90 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Bill Sellars Location ( s ) Yorkshire Dales Running time 48 minutes Release Original network BBC1 Picture format 4 : 3 Audio format Mono Original release 8 January 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 08 ) -- 24 December 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 24 ) All Creatures Great and Small is a British television series based on the books of the British veterinary surgeon Alf Wight , who wrote under the pseudonym James Herriot . In early 1977 , the BBC tasked producer Bill Sellars with the creation of a television series from Herriot 's first two novels , If Only They Could Talk and It Should n't Happen to a Vet , using the title of the 1975 film adaptation . It is part of a series of movies and television series based on Herriot 's novels . The Herriot novels were written in an episodic style , with each chapter generally containing a short story within the ongoing narrative of Herriot 's life . This format greatly facilitated their adaptation for a television series . The series had two runs : the original ( 1978 to 1980 , based directly on Herriot 's books ) was for three series ; the second ( 1988 to 1990 , filmed with original scripts ) for four . A total of ninety episodes were broadcast . Set in the Yorkshire Dales , beginning in the mid-1930s , it stars Christopher Timothy as Herriot , Robert Hardy as Siegfried Farnon , the proprietor of the Skeldale House surgery , and Peter Davison as Siegfried 's `` little brother '' , Tristan . Herriot 's wife , Helen , is played by a different actress in each of the series ' runs : Carol Drinkwater originally , then Linda Bellingham for the revival . The supporting cast , both recurring and one - offs , numbers over 600 , most of whom appear as farmers or clients of the surgery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Central characters 1.2 Recurring characters 2 Production 2.1 Locations 3 Episodes 4 Theme tune 4.1 1978 soundtrack 4.1. 1 Side One 4.1. 2 Side Two 5 Home media 6 Skeldale House 7 Legacy 8 Reunions and interviews 9 References 10 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of All Creatures Great and Small ( TV series ) characters Central characters ( edit ) James Herriot -- Christopher Timothy ( series 1 -- 7 , 90 episodes ) Siegfried Farnon -- Robert Hardy ( series 1 -- 7 , 90 episodes ) Tristan Farnon -- Peter Davison ( series 1 -- 7 , 65 episodes ) Helen Herriot ( née Alderson ) -- Carol Drinkwater ( series 1 -- 3 ) and Lynda Bellingham ( series 4 -- 7 ) ( 86 episodes ) The leading role is played by Christopher Timothy . Simon Ward ( who had played the part in the 1975 film ) , John Alderton ( who had replaced Ward in the sequel , It Should n't Happen to a Vet ) and Richard Beckinsale all turned down the role . Bill Sellars had wanted to give the role to Timothy from the outset , but the powers that be wanted to cast the role . Sellars , instead , asked Timothy if he would accept the role of Tristan Farnon . `` I had a wife , I had children , I had a mortgage to pay , and I was n't working . So I said , ' No . It 's Herriot or nothing . ' '' Timothy put everything on the line . `` I got home one night , at about 9 o'clock . My wife was washing up in the kitchen . I walked into the kitchen and she said , without turning round , ' You 've got the Herriot part . ' '' Timothy also stated that , after all of the roles had been cast except that of Herriot , one of the directors said , `` Why do n't we give ( the Herriot part ) to Christopher Timothy and make him a name ? '' In 2003 , Timothy said that Alf Wight wrote him a letter after the series started , saying `` You are the Herriot I wrote about '' . Siegfried Farnon , based on Wight 's real life partner Donald Sinclair , is played by Robert Hardy . Writer Michael Russell sums up the character 's composition thus : `` He is capricious , cantankerous , whimsical , arbitrary , unreasonable , unpredictable , ill - tempered , extravagant , effusive , contradictory , etc. , yet in the midst of all that , the most loyal and caring of friends . '' The cast met for the first time in June 1977 . `` We all had a meeting together in London , '' recalled Hardy , `` and Bill Sellars said , ' Now , these characters are all based on real people . None of you are to meet these people until we have made at least three episodes . ' So I immediately got into my car and fled up to Yorkshire to meet my man , Donald Sinclair . I was intrigued beyond measure by him . He was a true eccentric and , like all true eccentrics , he had no idea himself how odd he was ! He absolutely hated what I did , because he had no idea he was at all like that , but when we 'd really got into it and were producing them at high speed , his friends used to come to me and say , ' You 've got him , that 's him . ' '' Upon first meeting Davison , Christopher Timothy joked to Bill Sellars , `` Too tall , re-cast ! '' Davison was concerned : `` I thought , ' What if they suddenly noticed I was quite a bit taller than Robert Hardy ? ' '' Timothy continued : `` He thought I meant it . He was horrified that I was trying to get him re-cast . I was in no position to do that and I would n't have done that joke for the world if I thought it would upset him . He 's a lovely bloke , Pete , an absolute gent . I 'm very fond of him . '' `` In the early episodes I smoked a pipe , because I knew that Donald did in the early days , '' continued Hardy . `` By the end I was very involved with my costumes and used to wear a lot of my own clothes , because at the beginning the designer put me into some of the most frightful stuff , which really made me unhappy because it just made me look like a block of really absurd tweeds . '' `` ( In series 6 ) Robert Hardy was still getting his costumes from Carters Country Wear in Helmsley , '' recalled costume designer Janice Rider in 2016 . `` I purchased his green tweed jacket and several waistcoats in a selection of bottle - green , fawn and mustard colours . He always wore Tattersall checked shirts and , apart from the shape of the collar , they have n't changed a great deal over the years . '' A bachelor at the time , Siegfried took over Skeldale House from another vet , named Grant . In the 1983 Christmas Special , Siegfried meets an old flame , Caroline Fisher , who has returned after living in America . They later marry and have children , as mentioned in the series 7 episode `` Hampered '' . `` Some writers considered ( Siegfried ) an explosion , and all they needed to do was light the fuse and -- bang -- he would lose his temper , which was a great bore , '' explained Hardy . `` So I ended up occasionally writing my own scenes . I did make a nuisance of myself , and I 'm afraid I made enemies amongst some of the younger writers . But that 's necessary . Out of these battles come , if you 're lucky , quality . It needs steel and a stone to make a spark . '' `` He would simply say , ' This is nonsense , I 'm not doing it , ' '' laughed Peter Davison , who plays Siegfried 's boyish younger brother , Tristan ( affectionately called `` Mister Tristan '' by housekeeper Edna Hall ) , whose character was based on Brian Sinclair . `` One afternoon , my agent rang to ask how I felt about doing a small part at Birmingham repertory theatre , where Peter Farago , whom I 'd worked with in Edinburgh , had taken over as artistic director , '' recalled Davison . `` I asked how long it ran for , which was only a few weeks . This was a difficult one . I was n't doing anything else but a few lines in Birmingham did n't sound particularly appetising . ' What do you think ? ' I asked . ' Well , it 's work , I suppose ' . I thought it was an odd thing to say , and was about to ask for the weekend to think it over , when he went on . ' The trouble is , if you did it , you would n't be available for the BBC series they 've just offered you . ' I was to be what was described as a semi-regular . Tristan did n't appear in the opening show , and I was only booked for five episodes out of the thirteen , as the character was away at veterinary college . '' `` I ended up in more of the series because Robert Hardy really liked the way the two brothers worked , '' continued Davison . `` It gave him more scope for what he wanted to do . I 've never learned so much from anyone as I learned from Robert , because I 've just never worked with anyone else like him . He is an extraordinary actor . He would never do the same thing twice . In two takes he would give an entirely different performance -- he would bark where he had whispered before . I had to keep on my toes , but I managed to keep up with him , I think , though obviously I 'm not on his level . '' Hardy 's demand for professionalism became plain to see . `` If he thinks that someone is not doing the absolute best they can , he will tell them so , '' said Davison . `` Ted Rhodes , the script editor , asked how I was getting on with Robert , '' he continued . `` I said we were getting on fine . Ted leant over and whispered in my ear : ' Landed gentry , you know . Can be very difficult , ' and raised an eyebrow . So I convinced myself they 'd made a terrible mistake in casting me . I was n't a reprobate , as Tristan was supposed to be . '' `` I was very , very shy growing up . I was very shy in company . I was shy at drama school . I came over as quite affable in a way , which served me well , but I was n't confident , '' admitted Davison . `` I think I lied about every aspect of playing the part . I said I smoked ; I did n't smoke . I said I drank ; I did n't drink . I said I knew a bit about animals ; did n't know anything about animals . '' Tristan likes nothing more than slipping out to the Drovers Arms for a pint or two of Best Yorkshire Bitter whenever the opportunity presents itself , one of several `` intensely irritating habits '' that annoy his brother . Others include his penchant for sleeping late , failing his exams , and spending too much time chasing women . In the episode `` The Prodigal Returns '' , when Siegfried mistakenly thinks `` little brother '' is impersonating a client on the other end of the telephone line , a few home truths come out : `` Mr Biggins , if you 've got it into your head that young Mr Farnon is a veterinary surgeon of any quality whatsoever , let me disabuse you of that idea immediately . He is nothing more than a slothful , drunken , incompetent lecher who will soon be seeking employment elsewhere . '' Tristan 's party piece is a rendition of `` The Mad Conductor '' ( Benito Mussolini conducting the Neurasthenic Strings ) , which he performs in `` Out of Practice '' and `` ... The Healing Touch '' . In the former episode , he downs a pint of beer . `` That was real beer ! '' Davison said . `` I do n't think coloured water would have worked for some reason , and I do n't know if they had the alcohol - free beer then ? '' As for `` The Mad Conductor '' , Davison continued : `` I have no idea what I was doing ! I just went a bit nuts really . '' `` Meeting ( Brian Sinclair ) was useful because I 'd been worried about how to make my Tristan endearing , even though he behaved appallingly , and now , shaking his hand , I could see how Brian could have managed it . '' `` Peter was so good . We worked well together , '' said Hardy of his on - screen sibling . `` In the early filming days , I realised he was watching me . He watched and watched , and I said , ' Why are you looking at me all the time ? ' and he said , ' Because we 're brothers , and I want to catch some sort of family thing that I can use so that it 's obvious we are of the same family . ' I was very impressed by that . He was very , very good . '' `` They highlighted my hair to match Robert 's , '' explained Davison , `` and over the next three years I would regularly be seen sitting in a high - end hairdressing salon in a fashionable part of London , with bits of tin foil covering my head . '' Davison missed twenty - five episodes in the second run of the series because of other acting commitments , including his role as Doctor Who ; indeed Alison Lewis , who played Rosie Herriot in the final series , revealed : `` I never met Peter Davison because I did n't have any scenes with him . '' `` I did n't ever want to leave the series , it 's just that other programmes came up and I wanted to do them , '' he explained in 2016 . `` I 'd miss the second half of series 5 because of A Very Peculiar Practice and series 6 I missed because I was doing Campion . I was incredibly lucky to move onto the things I did . There was no plan to it ; it 's just good fortune , being in the right place at the right time . But in the end , when I 'd finished Campion and A Very Peculiar Practice , All Creatures was still going and I never had any problem coming back . '' Helen Herriot ( née Alderson ) is played by Carol Drinkwater in the first three series and two specials , then by Lynda Bellingham in the final four series . ( Bellingham fell pregnant with her first son , Robert , during series 5 , so she was confined to bed scenes for several episodes , with a hole cut out of the mattress to hide her bump . ) Mary Hignett plays housekeeper Edna Hall in the first three series , with Mrs Hubbard ( Marjorie Suddell ) ( 1983 Christmas Special ) , Mrs Greenlaw ( Judy Wilson ) ( 1985 special and series 4 , episodes 1 -- 5 ) and Mrs Alton ( Jean Heywood ) ( series 7 ) inheriting the roles . ( A housekeeper by the name of Mary preceded Mrs Hall , who is a widow after the death of her husband , Arthur . ) With the amount of screen time to fill , the series quickly became much more of an ensemble show , developing all the characters considerably . In particular , the role of Tristan was significantly increased . This was partly because Christopher Timothy was injured in a car accident on Boxing Day 1977 during a fortnight break between the recording of `` Out of Practice '' and `` Nothing Like Experience '' in the first series . As a result , the actor was largely restricted to studio scenes , which meant that all the scenes involving location filming be rewritten and include Davison . `` I remember Christopher 's accident vividly , '' recalled Robert Hardy . `` It was a ghastly shock , and one thought , ' Well , that 's the end of that . We sha n't be going on . ' '' Timothy remembers : `` The news from the hierarchy was : ' Tragic news about Christopher . Glad he 's okay . Send his wife some flowers and re-cast . ' '' `` One of the plans was to make me James Herriot , '' said Peter Davison , `` and then re-cast Tristan . '' Bill Sellars refused this option : `` I said , ' I 'm not doing that . It 's an awful waste . We 'll find another way around it . ' We took the rest of the series apart , scene by scene , and all the scenes that ( Peter Davison ) was involved in , I extracted and took them down to the hospital , threw them on the hospital bed , and said , ' Learn those . ' '' This accounts for the three - week break in transmission dates between episodes 11 ( `` Bulldog Breed '' ) and 12 ( `` Practice Makes Perfect '' ) of the first series . `` I was plated and screwed instead of plastered , '' recalled Timothy , `` and I was back at work in nine weeks -- which was insane , in retrospect : I could barely walk , I was terrified , I 'd lost a lot of weight and everybody worked round me . '' `` They would prop him up against a surgery table , '' said Peter Davison . `` Then he 'd start having a conversation with me . And then , at some point in the scene , I would have to move my eyes slowly across the room while two people would come in and literally carry him across to the next position . '' `` As ( series 2 ) started filming , Chris had managed to find a way of walking that concealed his limp , as long as he affected a kind of John Wayne swagger , something he grew more attached to over the next couple of years , '' added Davison . Recurring characters ( edit ) Margaretta Scott appears as the aristocratic dog - owner Mrs Pumphrey . Her servant , irked at having to look after his employer 's pampered Pekingese Tricki - Woo , is William Hodgekin ( Teddy Turner ) . He longs for it to `` have its chips '' and succumb to illness , which is why he grumbles whenever the vets pay a visit . In series 4 , new vet Calum Buchanan ( John McGlynn ) , based on Herriot 's real - life assistant Brian Nettleton , is introduced . He and Tristan know each other from veterinary school in Edinburgh . He marries fellow Scot Deirdre McEwan ( Andrea Gibb ) early in series 6 , and the pair emigrate to Nova Scotia . The Herriot children , Jimmy and Rosie , are played by several different actors in their various stints . Jimmy is portrayed by Harry Brayne in the 1983 special . Oliver Wilson takes over the role from the 1985 special until the end of series 5 . Paul Lyon plays him in the final series . Rosie , meanwhile , is played by Rebecca Smith from the 1985 special until the end of series 5 . Alison Lewis takes over for the final series . James ' early rival for Helen 's affections , the well - off Richard Edmundson , was played by Norman Mann . Several farmers make recurring appearances throughout the series . Mr Biggins ( John Sharp ) is a notorious payment - dodger who regularly attempts to procure free service out of the practice , as well as decrying the cost of the vets ' visits . In one episode he calls Herriot out to question a bill charge from 18 months earlier . On another occasion , in exchange for Herriot 's assistance with a puncture on his car , Biggins agrees to settle his account . Little does Herriot know that Biggins post-dated the cheque . Biggins ' first name is revealed to be Ezra in the series 7 episode `` If Music Be the Food of Love '' . `` John Sharp was just like you see him , '' recalled Peter Davison . `` He was a wonderful raconteur and would tell you these long stories . '' Christopher Timothy added : `` I found myself getting quite moved when I watched an episode recently -- not because of what we were doing , but because all those lovely people are no longer with us . John Sharp was a lovely , lovely man . '' Bill Hartley ( Peter Martin , who also plays Arthur Handshaw in series 1 and 2 ) , meanwhile , is a relatively good - natured client , compared to the perpetually disgruntled Ted Grimsdale ( Bryan Pringle ) . `` Peter Martin was fantastic , '' remembered Peter Davison . `` He was mainly known then for the Jewson commercials . He was just very funny . He played two parts for us over the years . '' Knackerman Jeff Mallock ( Frank Birch from series 1 to 3 and Fred Feast from series 4 to 7 ) is regularly waiting in the wings to take ailing livestock to his knacker 's yard . Whatever the vets ' diagnoses , Mallock always thinks the real reason is `` stagnation o ' t'lung '' . Fellow vet Granville Bennett ( James Grout ) , a cat and dog specialist , is often on hand to help out with the more severe small animal cases . His enjoyment of alcohol is always of a concern for James , however , who regularly ends up inebriated and making a fool of himself in front of Bennett 's wife , Zoe ( Pamela Salem ) , whom he always thought considered him a dipsomaniac . `` One of the guest characters we both adored was Granville Bennett , from whom James never escaped without being utterly plastered , '' recalled Sandy Byrne , the widow of writer Johnny Byrne . `` He was played by James Grout , who was wonderful ! He very much enjoyed writing for Mrs Pumphrey and Hodgekin too . '' As evidenced by Peter Martin above , several actors played more than one character throughout the course of the series ; none more so than Bill Lund , who played four different people : Mr Sykes in `` Fair Means and Fowl '' , a farmhand in `` Pups , Pigs and Pickle '' , Mr Edgeworth in the 1985 Christmas Special and Mr Bushell in `` Hail Caesar ! '' . Geoffrey Bayldon played three characters : Roland Partridge in `` Pride of Possession '' , Mr Mason in the 1983 Christmas Special and confectioner Geoff Hatfield in `` Where Sheep May Safely Graze '' . Anna Turner also played three characters : Miss Thompson in `` Big Steps and Little ' Uns '' , a stall holder in the 1983 Christmas Special and Mrs Pettinger in `` A Cat in Hull 's Chance '' . Jack Watson played two cantankerous characters : farmer Isaac Cranford in `` Nothing Like Experience '' and vet Hilary Mottram in `` One of Nature 's Little Miracles '' . He reprised the role of Cranford in the 1990 Christmas Special . Others who played two characters : Joby Blanshard : Mr Bailes in `` Pig in the Middle '' and Mr Bellerby in `` Faint Hearts '' Also in `` Faint Hearts '' , Anthea Holloway plays Mrs Tompkins . Three series later , she plays Mrs Pumphrey 's housemaid , Edna George Malpas : Mr Dean in `` Dog Days '' and Mr Dakin in `` The Bull with the Bowler Hat '' Joe Belcher : Dan Cooper in `` Dog Days '' and Mr Thwaites in `` Only One Woof '' Enid Irvin : Mrs Allen in `` Sleeping Partners '' and Mrs Wheatley in `` For Richer , For Poorer '' Alan Hulse : Mr Willis in `` Hair of the Dog '' and Mr Stott in `` The Pig Man Cometh '' Pearl Hackney : Mrs Crump in `` Calf Love '' and Mrs Hird in `` Choose a Bright Morning '' Avril Angers : Miss Dooley in `` Pups , Pigs and Pickle '' and Molly Shadwell in `` A Friend for Life '' Barry Jackson : Ken Billings in `` Matters of Life and Death '' and Mr Dowson in `` Blood and Water '' Madeline Smith : Angela Farmer in `` Pride of Possession '' and Anne Grantley in the 1983 Christmas Special Katharine Page : Aunt Lucy in `` Golden Lads and Girls '' and Mollie Minikin in `` Only One Woof '' Fine Time Fontayne : George Forsyth in the 1985 Christmas Special and Joe Bentley in `` A New Chapter '' Tony Capstick : Fred Allan in `` In Whom We Trust '' and Clem Hudson in the 1985 Christmas Special June Ellis : Mrs Bellerby in `` Faint Hearts '' and Mrs Mason in `` The New World '' Michael Lees : Mr Bond in `` Cats and Dogs '' and Colonel Bosworth in `` The Healing Touch '' Peter Ivatts : Mr Blackburn in `` A Dying Breed '' and Tom Maxwell in `` The Bull With the Bowler Hat '' and `` Against the Odds '' James Bree : Mr Plenderleith in `` Out of Practice '' and Humphrey Cobb in `` The Bull With the Bowler Hat '' Danny O'Dea : Tom in `` Faint Hearts '' and Rupe in `` The Pig Man Cometh '' Graham Hamilton : a soldier in `` Alarms and Excursions '' and Sergeant Bannister in the 1983 Christmas Special Danny James : Smedley in `` Dog Days '' and Mr Meynell in `` The Jackpot '' John Barrett : Kitson in `` Breath of Life '' and Mr Dent in `` Every Dog His Day '' Keith Marsh : George Hindley in `` Will to Live '' and Mr Howell in `` The Prodigal Returns '' `` They used some genuine Yorkshire characters to play the farmers , '' recalls Sandy Byrne , `` so ( Johnny ) relished writing for them because they were so quirky and funny . '' Robert Hardy concurs : `` What I think made the thing a success was those Yorkshire and Lancashire actors we had playing the farmers . They were wonderful . They lent a real authenticity to their stuff , farmers complaining about their bills and all that . '' Ted Moult , who played Harold Carter , was a real farmer in the 1940s but became a radio and television personality in the mid-1960s . He committed suicide in 1986 , aged 60 , after a period of depression after several weeks of wet weather that worried arable farmers . In addition to the aforementioned roles of Helen Herriot , her children and Jeff Mallock , a few characters were played by more than one actor : Hilda Biggins : Kathleen Helme and Margaret Jackman Kit Bilton : Gorden Kaye and Bill Croasdale Stewie Brannan : Ronald Lacey and Dinsdale Landen Major Bullen : Norman Shelley and Mark Kingston Phineas Calvert : Johnny Allan and Alan Partington Mr Dimmock : John Comer and Harry Goodier Eleanor `` Nellie '' Dimmock : Georgina Eastwood and Jane Clifford Mr Dowson : John Ronane and Barry Jackson Caleb Mount : Dave King and John Woodvine Ewan Ross : Alex McCrindle and David Ashton . The character was based on Frank Bingham , Brian Sinclair 's first assistant . Bingham died `` like many good vets , in a cow byre doing a tough job . '' Sister Rose : Jessica Spencer and Irene Sutcliffe Roddy Travers : Patrick Troughton and James Ellis Aside from the human characters , Siegfried 's four dogs make regular appearances at Skeldale House . One of them -- a whippet named Christie -- was Robert Hardy 's own . `` A lovely dog whose only failing was the inability to remain in the same room as Robert once he 'd started acting , '' explained Peter Davison . Two dogs belonged to Bill Sellars and a mutt belonged to producer John Nathan - Turner . Production ( edit ) After a meet - and - greet for the cast in June 1977 , filming began the following month . `` The first thing we did was a filming block on location in North Yorkshire , '' explained Peter Davison . `` I just remember driving up and seeing this beautiful countryside that I 'd never seen before . It was untouched . Initially we stayed in a little place called West Witton in Wensleydale , in between Leyburn and Askrigg . '' Robert Hardy , meanwhile , stayed fifteen miles by road to the northeast , at the Punchbowl Inn in Low Row , near Reeth . `` He 'd found this rather grand little bed and breakfast place , '' confirmed Peter Davison . `` He would invite us around for dinner and would normally be sat there working on the script and would go in the next day , bang it on the table and say , ' I 've rewritten this , here it is ! ' It was usually better . '' Norman Mann , who played Richard Edmundson , recalled : `` When we were up in Yorkshire , most of us stayed at the Heifer Hotel in Wensleydale , whilst Robert Hardy stayed in a different hotel . But he used to send a car over to pick us all up and we 'd have dinner with him . He was the established name and he always made everybody feel so welcome . '' `` After filming we used to go for wonderful evenings in the Wensleydale Heifer with Tim Hardy and Chris Timothy , '' remembered Sandy Byrne , `` and Alf and Joan would come along . It was always immensely exciting . We made very good friends with Alf and Joan . We saw them several times over the years . Alf was still practising then , so his car would be packed with dogs . Joan was a very easy , down - to - earth person , I liked her very much . We also got to know their children , Jim and Rosie , very well . '' `` The filming block lasted about five weeks and was a social whirlwind . I drank too much and stayed up too late , '' continued Davison . There were no rehearsals for location filming . `` I had to learn my lines in the make - up chair the following morning . '' `` Looking back at those early episodes , it 's interesting to see what was accepted -- or rather , what is n't now . Every living - room scene involved glass after glass of whisky being poured and knocked back , and I was barely ever without a cigarette . Of course , the whisky was really only water with drops of burnt sugar , and I never inhaled the Woodbines . The beer , for some reason , was real , which in the drunken pub scenes caused problems . '' `` Our routine in the beginning was that we would rehearse for a week ( at BBC Park Western ) in North Acton , '' explained Carol Drinkwater . `` Then we would have Saturday off . Then we would have to be in Birmingham on the Sunday night and Pebble Mill on Monday morning to do the interior studio scenes there . If there was filming , we would do a six - week block where we would all go north . That 's how it started , until eventually Robert Hardy said he wanted it all to be on film , so for the specials we shot the interiors in Yorkshire on a sound stage on film and made it pretty much identical to the studios that we had at Pebble Mill . '' Peter Davison 's memories of the recording process : `` We had this weird process where we would rehearse for ten days in London , and you 'd go up for two or three days to the studio at Pebble Mill . In those days they were n't done in the rehearse - record system . We did it in the old - style way that they used to do when they were doing live television . So we would rehearse all day , and then from 7.30 pm you would record , theoretically , as if it were live : sequentially and with no gaps . It never used to work out like that , but that was the idea behind it ! But there was no recording in the day , which meant there was always this blind panic at night . '' `` Normally after the seventh and final day of rehearsal , the cast and production team would travel to Birmingham to check into their hotel and digs , '' recalled assistant floor manager David Tilley . `` The production team would meet in the studio that evening to see what state the studio was in . We 'd need to check that the set building had been completed and if the sets were dressed ready for camera rehearsals to start the next day . The good thing about using the Birmingham studio was that they were excellent in design and set building . I liked working there , and they had terrific pride in All Creatures . The first day -- in this case the Sunday -- the cameras , sound , lighting , designers , scenery changes and action properties , costume and makeup rehearsed all the scenes technically . On the second day , camera rehearsal continued in the morning . After lunch , all five cameras were synchronised and the recording commenced on scenes that had already been rehearsed . We also allowed for discontinuous recording with breaks between scenes . Earlier in the 1970s , programmes were recorded continuously with very few breaks , but by this time two - machine editing had been established using two - inch - wide tapes . All the 16mm film inserts had also been transferred to videotape . The sequences could be seen on monitors in the studio during breaks in recording , which allowed the cast , designers and production team to check for continuity from scenes filmed months before so that they could match the studio scenes . '' `` Continuity pictures became so important , '' explained make - up artist Maggie Thomas . `` For instance , we would always see the vets leaving and arriving at ( Skeldale House ) , although we never ever went inside the real house on location and the costume and make - up had to match up exactly several weeks later when we saw them arrive back in the studio set of ( Skeldale House ) hall . '' `` Continuity is one of the greatest challenges for a costume designer , '' added June Hudson . `` It is one of the hardest things to get right . I would take Polaroids and stick them in my script , next to the scenes , so that when you came to do the studio , you just look at that photograph . It was the only way to do it , otherwise you were never , ever going to get it right . The smallest details , whether a top button was done up , if they wore rings on a different hand , if they had a watch on ... the viewer notices , so it is a very tough job . '' The series 5 episode `` Two of a Kind '' was the last episode to be filmed at Television Centre . `` We moved All Creatures back to Pebble Mill for the sixth series because we found Pebble Mill a bit more flexible and amenable , whereas Television Centre was quite hard lined in terms of union regulations , so trying to just squeeze that extra bit of time out , or change the lunch hours , and get people to agree to that was a lot more achievable in Birmingham , '' explained production associate Tony Redston . `` We also moved from film to ' lightweight ' video cameras for the location filming of the sixth series , so for the first time we 'd have monitors for instant playback on location . This was double - sided , because whilst it meant you could immediately check what you 'd been shooting , the downside was everyone then wanted to stand around the monitor and check every take . '' Peter Davison concurred about the feel of Pebble Mill . `` Unlike Television Centre , Pebble Mill had an intimate family atmosphere . Everyone was on first - name terms , and even though I had a dressing room , I would still spend most of my time loitering in the make - up department . '' `` The studio recording took place between 2.30 and 6.00 pm , and then again in the evening , 7.30 to 10.00 , '' continued David Tilley . `` The recording had to end at precisely 10.00 and all scenes had to be completed . No overruns were allowed as the cost of overtime with such a large cast , technicians , designers and production staff would have been tremendous , so it was very disciplined . At the end of the studio ( recording ) , the recording and film inserts were then laid onto a master videotape . '' Soundman Alex Christison reminisced about getting the sound right on the show : `` The main problem with All Creatures was that we are talking about the days before multi-mic radio microphones were available , so you could n't just scatter personal mics around each actor and mix accordingly . We were also recording in mono audio , so I did n't even have another track to play with like the dramas do these days with split track . Basically I relied on my boom swinger to get my sound . We 'd done away with the old sync lead by then , thank God , which meant I was n't joined up to the camera ; the boom mic would be connected to my Nagra mixer and would be recorded separately to picture . The clapperboard really did concentrate the minds in those days because it was quite a costly process if you got it wrong . Because the cast were so good , they would see the boom in the corner of their eye and know when it was going to be over their head -- then they would start speaking . '' Separate crews were used for studio recording and exteriors . In early 1978 , news came from London : `` The BBC , planning all their schedules and choosing their programmes , were pestering me after the first series , '' remembered Bill Sellars . `` ' We want thirteen more episodes now ! ' I 'd say , ' Where are we going to get all this from , Ted ? ' '' `` They commissioned a second series , '' explained Peter Davison . `` This time they wanted the show to go out in the autumn slot , which meant we would barely finish the first series before starting the next . Chris 's leg was improving all the time , but we had lost six or seven weeks , and so had a three - week break in transmission in March to allow post-production to catch up . '' Davison married his second wife , American Sandra Dickinson , in Rockville , Maryland , in December 1978 . `` By March , I was back in the Dales , freezing to death and chasing sheep across the snowy hilltops . '' The programme initially ran for three series , with each episode adapting one or two of the Herriot stories -- usually a story thread centred on James , and a second centred on Siegfried or Tristan . The continuity of the show followed the general arc of the books : James ' arrival at Darrowby in 1937 , his growing experience as a vet , his humorous attempts at romance with Helen , and their eventual marriage . The programme ended in 1980 at the stage where the characters were drawn into the Second World War , the final exterior shots broadcast filmed during the winter of 1979 . This completed the adaptation of all the novels which Alf Wight had written up to that point . Two 90 - minute Christmas Specials were subsequently made , in 1983 and 1985 , set after the war and based on his 1981 book The Lord God Made Them All . At the end of the filming of the 1985 special , Christopher Timothy and Carol Drinkwater were asked if they thought that was the end of the series . `` I 'm fairly certain it is , yes , '' said Timothy . `` There 's very , very little material left . '' But surely there is another animal story every day ? `` It 's a case of what James Herriot has written , though , '' replied Drinkwater . `` He will , indeed , only allow us to use what is written . Which , I think , is fair . '' `` Only days after finishing A Very Peculiar Practice , I was back in Yorkshire to film a second All Creatures Christmas Special , '' remembered Peter Davison . `` I ca n't remember when the idea of making another series of the show came up , but it was probably long before anyone mentioned it to the actors . Not that we raised too many eyebrows ; I felt I had done enough other work to prove to myself that Tristan had n't hindered my prospects . Quite the reverse , as Doctor Who had proved : Tristan was a stepping stone to other parts . '' `` By the end of 1986 , it was agreed that the original cast , minus Carol Drinkwater , would re-assemble to film another series , '' continued Davison . `` The date was set for the spring of the following year , dangerously close to the date set for a second series of A Very Peculiar Practice . '' Three years later , the programme was indeed revived , after Sellars was able to persuade Wight to allow new scripts to be written around the existing characters , but not directly based on the Herriot books , with some story lines repeated from the first run . The revived series was one of the first co-productions of the BBC ( a practice that has since become commonplace ) , made in partnership with A&E and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Robert Hardy , though , had one stipulation about his returning to his role : he wanted Roger Davenport to write some of the scripts . The revival , set beginning in 1949 , ran for four more series , taking the characters into the early 1950s . Peter Davison was busy with other projects and was seen far less frequently in these newer series , with the character of Tristan leaving for Ireland at one point before returning after several episodes . He left again after that ( he is only seen in one episode of the sixth series ) , before returning for the majority of the final series . Carol Drinkwater opted not to return to the series . `` Bill Sellars was very , very cross with me for leaving . I think he thought I had been ungrateful . I 'd given everything I could and I could n't think where else I could take the role , because there was no more material . I was n't leaving in any kind of spiteful thing ; it had nothing to do with Chris and I , which is , of course , what everyone thought . Our split was all very amicable . Chris and I , and his wife Annie , are still good friends -- there is no problem there . The BBC was so angry with me , they put a ban on using me . So they re-cast and another actress got the role . I was terribly upset because it was a wonderful role and would have been very good for me . I must say now , looking back on my career , it 's one of the few things in my life I would do differently , and I would n't have left . '' The revived series gradually became more based around the development of the central characters -- particularly after the introduction of Calum and Deirdre , with their romance and subsequent marriage -- and it mainly focused on the activities inside Skeldale House , rather than being a series about a veterinary practice . For the final series , all of the new characters were dropped ( including Calum and Deirdre ) , and the series returned to its 1970s roots , focusing once more on the animals . The final broadcast was another Christmas Special , in 1990 . `` I was glad when we stopped , '' said Robert Hardy . `` I 'd had enough . But I did love playing the character . There was some wonderful writing in the early stories , but later there was some which I always tried to change and , in the end , I made up a lot of my own stuff . I had been longing to leave because the filming conditions were so bad , but each time I eventually made up my mind to carry on . I do n't know whether I was right or wrong . '' The script editor for 42 of the 90 episodes was Ted Rhodes . Rhodes was killed during a confrontation with a cyclist in Wimbledon in 2003 . He was 69 . `` I could n't have done any of it without Ted Rhodes . He was marvellous , '' said Bill Sellars . `` He was a brilliant script editor . He spent his lifetime as a script editor and he had so many ideas . He knew how to put a script together . He knew what the beginning was , he knew the middle and he knew the end , and he could really weave those together to create one whole . They were never disjointed . '' In 2007 , an unfilmed script by the show 's script editor Johnny Byrne was recovered and presented to the BBC as a possible Christmas reunion episode , but the BBC did not commission it . Peter Davison joked , `` Maybe they just thought we were too decrepit , I do n't know ! '' Over 18 -- 20 December 2011 , the BBC screened a three - episode prequel , Young James Herriot , about Herriot 's time at University , with Iain de Caestecker in the title role . Co-stars included Amy Manson and Tony Curran . Locations ( edit ) All exterior scenes were filmed in North Yorkshire , mostly in the village of Askrigg , which doubled for the fictional Darrowby , and Bainbridge . Addlebrough , a 481 metres ( 1,578 ft ) high fell to the south of both villages , is seen prominently in several shots . `` We would take over Askrigg and drive the very few motorists crazy by stopping the traffic , '' remembered Peter Davison . Indeed , three - quarters of the way through the second run the crew was banned from filming in the village due to the disruption it was causing to the lives of the residents . Filming also took place at some of the Dales ' countless farmsteads -- the same ones that Alf Wight visited in the 1960s and 1970s , although the names of villages , farms and people were changed . Exterior shots were originally to be filmed in Derbyshire 's Peak District , but Robert Hardy took offence to the plan and threatened to walk out of the producer 's office . Some indoor scenes ( including all those of the interior of Skeldale House ) were shot at the BBC 's Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham , a few months after the on - location portions . This is demonstrated in the first series , when Christopher Timothy is seen walking normally during the scenes filmed in Yorkshire during the latter part of 1977 , but by the time the studio shots take place , after his accident , his immobility is quite obvious . `` Most of the locations were around Leyburn , where the unit had been based at the Golden Lion Hotel and Eastfield Lodge Hotel , respectively , '' recalled assistant floor manager David Tilley . `` All the timings have to be scheduled in advance . It would be a blank sheet of paper when you started . The only thing that was pre-scheduled was the studio recording dates , which were organised by the BBC 's Planning department , in conjunction with all the other series using the studios . We would then have to work out everything for each individual episode . We would always do the location filming first , so we assembled in Yorkshire to record the film inserts for ' Pig in the Middle ' in the same block as ' Every Dog His Day ... ' I would have to make sure everyone arrived on time , either by car or bus , and that we had everything we needed to complete the scenes in time . '' For the first three series , up until the two Christmas specials of 1983 and 1985 , most interior scenes were recorded on video at Pebble Mill and edited together with exterior shots . This provided hardships in December 1977 , when filming briefly returned to the Dales , after a block of studio recording , to capture the look of winter . The temperatures dropped well below freezing . `` The snow was high and the ice was solid , '' explained Robert Hardy in 2003 . `` I remember two occasions when we were so cold , from the wind on the tops , that we could n't speak . We had to stop . '' Peter Davison recalled : `` People would hand me a cup of tea and I would stick my hand in it , rather than drink it , because my fingers were so cold . '' For the final four series , much of the filming other than at Skeldale House was done wholly on location at the farms . `` Studios are n't really like cow byres or horse stables or country farm houses , '' explained Hardy , `` so one had to make believe a great deal in those early episodes . I mean , they made good sets , but it was better later when we stopped using the studio and did all the filming in real locations in Yorkshire . That was when it really started coming alive , because the cameras were in real situations . '' `` In the first series , we had large animals in the studio , with sets for farm barns and cow sheds , which were later filmed on location , '' explains designer David Crozier . `` There were all sorts of things you had to take into consideration , not least of which was how you are going to dispose of the animal 's waste , so we were effectively building these stables and cow sheds in the studio for real . '' `` If you light one scene in the pub , your next scene in that pub might be set the next day , so you ca n't just whack up the same lights . It might be the same room , but it might be a different time of day , so you had to keep looking at the script , '' explained gaffer Brian Jones . `` We did n't do the studio lighting . That was done back in Pebble Mill by Barry Chatfield , who was a gentleman . Barry would sometimes come out to locations , so he could match the lighting for continuity , where the exterior and interiors are supposed to represent the same building , so the pictures would match and the audience would believe the characters would walk from the studio onto location and they 'd hopefully believe it was the same building . '' `` On location we were constantly concealing double yellow lines on the roads and pulling television aerials down , '' continued Crozier . `` Road signs were always masked and replaced with period signage . Part of my kit when we were on location was large amounts of camouflage netting , because some stuff we just could not remove , we could only disguise , so this netting was quite popular . '' `` For a film day , it would usually be twelve hours , '' remembered production associate Tony Redston . `` Though , for costume and make - up , they 'd be there a couple of hours earlier , and the lighting boys would always be the last to leave . We would often be out in bitter weather in the pouring rain or covered in mud from the farmyards . '' `` I was first scheduled to All Creatures in 1989 , '' explained wardrobe member Helen Scarsbrook . `` An average day 's filming would often start around 6am at the unit base in Leyburn , which was an old empty school where we kept all the costumes and equipment . The actors would arrive and we would dress everybody . Then we would load up the unit cars -- which in Yorkshire were a couple of Ford Sierra estates -- so we could pile up the costumes for all the changes . Then we would drive out to location , which was quite often Bainbridge , so quite a long journey . '' ( Bainbridge is thirteen miles directly west of Leyburn by car . ) Maggie Thomas was one of the three make - up personnel in the original run . She recalled : `` The actual make - up job seemed pretty minimal , until we realised that every storyline had an injured animal in it , and that my designer and I would , as far as possible , be doing them ! What we did n't know was that every animal injury in the storyline would require a lot of attention from the make - up department . It soon became very clear that we were going to have our work cut out to achieve some believable - looking animal injuries . Mostly we always knew in advance what would be needed from reading the script ; otherwise , we would n't be ready when it came to that part of the day 's shoot . We always had a gallon of artificial blood with us , but there were occasions when we could n't foresee an even that would require our ' expertise ' . '' `` It was very important to get the crew on side , '' explained director Tony Virgo . `` The BBC camera crews back then could be very stubborn , and if you were n't careful , you could be stuck with , ' Well , we always do it like this ... ' or ' No , we ca n't do that ... ' But if you said good morning to them all and had a bit of a joke and a laugh , they would bend over backwards for you . '' James Herriot 's Yorkshire , written by the vet and published in 1979 , mentions several of his favourite locations in `` his '' Yorkshire , many of which were used in the television series but with different names . These include Bedale , Keld , Gunnerside , West Witton , West Burton , Muker , Semerwater , Countersett , Coverdale , West Scrafton ( where the Herriots holidayed ) , Middleham , Sutton Bank and Oughtershaw , which is `` some of Yorkshire 's bleakest country '' . `` When I left Glasgow to work as assistant to Siegfried Farnon , I had the conviction , like many Scots , that there was no scenery outside Scotland . I had a mental impression of Yorkshire as a stodgy , uninteresting place -- rural in parts , perhaps , but dull . I remember Siegfried saying to me a few days after I had first met him , ' Wait till you see Swaledale , Wensleydale and Coverdale , my boy . ' ( He ) was right . I suddenly found myself in a wonderland . I think the exact moment it dawned on me that Yorkshire was a magical place was when I pulled my car off the unfenced road leading from Leyburn over Bellerby Moor to Grinton . It was near the highest point , by a little stream , and I looked back over the swelling moorland to the great wooded valley of the River Swale where it curves on its approach to the town of Richmond . '' '' The Kings Arms Hotel , on Main Street , doubled as the Drovers Arms in the series . When it came to the oft - joked - about insertion of an arm into a cow 's rear end , Davison said : `` People think we cheated , or something . I tell them that the BBC are not going to pay for a stunt cow that I can put my arm up . '' Robert Hardy added : `` It 's enchanting , because once you 've got your hand inside you can understand how the interior works . '' Davison first had to perform this examination in the series - one closer `` Breath of Life '' , which was filmed in November 1977 . `` I had not ( yet ) been called upon . Now here in black and white : Interior Barn : Tristan is stripped to the waist with his arm up a cow . I spent so many days worrying about it , I did n't even give much thought to the cold weather . The series was set in 1937 , when vets did n't have the luxury of modern 1977 rubber gloves , so therefore neither did the actors portraying them . All we had was a bar of soap , a bucket of warm water , and Jack Watkinson , our veterinary adviser , to show us what to do . ' It 's very simple , ' he said . ' A quick up and down the arm with the bar of soap , and in you go . ' So on a cold November day with the wind whistling through the cracks in the walls of the wooden barn , in I went . Of course , when I got on with it , it was n't so bad , and even the cow seemed to quite enjoy it . All I remember is thinking the only warm part of my body was my arm . Afterwards , with a real sense of achievement , I made my way back to get cleaned up , and even the sparks seemed to look at me with new respect , although I felt sorry for them , having to clean the cow shit off the cables after filming . '' What is now Skeldale Guest House , a bed and breakfast named for obvious reasons , provided the exterior shots of the surgery building . `` It was actually called Cringley House , '' explained Peter Davison , `` and owned by Olive Turner and her husband Charles , who welcomed us with open arms from the first day of filming . Although we never shot any interior scenes there , it was often used for make - up and costume and , while relaxing between takes , they would make us tea and coffee and show us pictures of their children . The couple even appeared as extras in a couple of scenes . '' The Kings Arms Hotel , which became the Drovers Arms during filming of the later series , features photographs on its interior walls of the cast drinking at the establishment during downtime . The Drovers was made out to be located beside the church in the early series , as evidenced in the episode `` The Name of the Game '' . `` It was fun to design the Drovers , which later on they did on location in Askrigg , '' explained designer David Crozier . `` But in the early days these scenes were all done at Pebble Mill . '' Just up Main Street , past the pub , Lodge Yard was featured in the episode `` Against the Odds '' . The back garden of a nearby house was used as that of Skeldale House in the latter part of the series . For the 1985 Christmas Special , filming was based in Richmond . The gymnasium of the barracks of the Green Howards regiment became Skeldale 's surgery . The King 's Head Hotel , meanwhile , was the scene of James and Helen 's anniversary dinner . It was in Richmond that Peter Davison decided to leave the role of Doctor Who . `` I made the decision to leave the series after sitting on my bed in a hotel room in Richmond . John Nathan - Turner had been pushing me to do a fourth year ( I was yet to start my third ) , and my agent had called me for the second time that day . It would have meant better money ( within reason - this was the BBC , after all ) , and a chance to have more say in story development , but it also broke my unwritten ' three series and out ' rule , and the similar advice Patrick Troughton had given me . We were in the middle of filming the first All Creatures Great and Small Christmas Special , and the previous night , over a thick gammon steak and eggs , in a pub in Middleham , I 'd discussed my future choices with Chris Timothy . I 'd already had a similar talk with Robert Hardy , and both agreed it was time for me to move on . That 's what I told my agent . So I burned my bridges and tried to imagine life after Doctor Who , never imagining that there would n't really be one . '' Parts of the beginning title sequence -- in particular , the car passing through the ford -- were shot on an unnamed road between Feetham in Swaledale and Langthwaite in Arkengarthdale . `` I used to love the old cars , '' explained Robert Hardy . `` Except when they gave up . They were always giving up . We had a permanent mechanic up there and he was always deep inside the bonnet of this or that car . But I had some nice cars to drive , and when they worked they were great fun . And , of course , I was old enough to remember how to double declutch and all that sort of thing , so they were n't a shock to me . '' Other locations used include : Ivelet Bridge , an ancient bridge over the River Swale , is seen in the series 6 episode `` Call of the Wild '' . Redmire was the location for Darrowby 's bus stop . Tristan met and saw off Alice McTavish here in the series 2 episodes `` Puppy Love '' and `` Ways and Means '' . Goathland railway station was used as that of Mannerton in series 4 . Swaledale , near Crackpot ( Heston Grange ) Park Hall , Morley Gate ( Mr Biggins ' farm ) Ellerton Abbey ( Barlby Grange , the home of Mrs Pumphrey ) Leyburn railway station ( in the episode `` Dog Days '' ) Whaw ( where James picks up Helen and suffers a puncture in `` Out of Practice '' ) the Myatt encampment in `` Out of Practice '' and `` Merry Gentlemen '' Low Lane , Healaugh ( Tristan crashes Siegfried 's car ) Bolton Hall ( the home of Lord Hulton in the episode `` Matters of Life and Death '' ) East Hauxwell ( `` Matters of Life and Death '' ) Coverdale Hawes ( Darrowby Cattle Market ) Coverham ( the bridge over the river in the episode `` Advice and Consent '' ) Coverham Abbey ( the home of Mrs Bond ) Ivelet Bridge ( in the episode `` Call of the Wild '' ) Simonstone Hall ( Darrowby Show ) Thornborough Hall , Leyburn ( Ministry of Agriculture building ) Oxnop Scar ( where James finds Siegfried 's car before their heart - to - heart about the war ) Great Gill , West Scrafton ( in the episodes `` A New Chapter '' and `` Alarms and Excursions '' ) West Scrafton ( Scarburn , home of Ewan Ross , in the episode `` Fair Means and Fowl '' ) Village Shop , East Witton ( the Altons ' cottage in the episode `` The Prodigal Returns '' ) Thornton Steward ( in the episode `` If Wishes Were Horses '' ) Langthwaite ( J.R. Stubbs ' store ) High Row , Reeth ( Bob Howell 's Music Shop in the episode `` Charity Begins at Home '' ) Market Place , Leyburn ( Darrowby Market ) Village Hall , Muker ( the venue for the flower show in the episode `` Hampered '' ) The Red Lion , Langthwaite ( as the Red Lion , Briston , in the episode `` Every Dog His Day '' ) The Bolton Arms , Redmire ( in the episode `` Beauty of the Beast '' ) The Green , West Burton ( in the episode `` Plenty to Grouse About '' ) Manor House , Middleham ( Barraclough home in the episode `` Against the Odds '' ) North Road , Middleham ( Geoff Hatfield 's confectioners in the episode `` Where Sheep May Safely Graze '' ) Ferndale , Middleham ( the Darnley sisters ' home in the episode `` The Rough and the Smooth '' ) Constable Burton Hall ( home of Major Headingley ) Marsett Lane , Countersett ( where Calum proposes to Deirdre on the bus in the episode `` Two of a Kind '' ) Hardraw Beck , Hardraw ( in the episode `` The Course of True Love '' ) Goathland railway station ( in the episode `` City Slicker '' ) Semerwater ( in the episode `` The Female of the Species '' ) Braithwaite Lane , East Witton ( in the episodes `` Salt of the Earth '' , `` A Dying Breed '' , and the bus stop in `` Against the Odds '' ) Spennithorne and Harmby Cricket Club ( in the episode `` Big Fish , Little Fish '' ) . The pavilion built for the summer 1988 recording of the episode remained standing until 2015 . Finghall railway station ( which doubled as Rainby Halt in the episode `` The Playing Field '' ) Redmire Village Green ( Darrowby bus stop in the episodes `` Puppy Love '' and `` Ways and Means '' ) Several different churches were used during filming : The exterior of Wensley Holy Trinity Church was used in the wedding of James and Helen in the series 1 episode `` The Last Furlong '' . St Oswald 's , Askrigg ( exterior shots of Darrowby Church ) Church of St Mary & St John , Hardraw ( interior shots of Darrowby Church ) Holy Trinity Church , Wensley ( James ' and Helen 's wedding in the episode `` The Last Furlong '' . This sequence was recorded in December 1977 , before the first episode aired ) St. Michael and All Angels Church , Hubberholme ( Franco and Katharine 's wedding in the episode `` Promises to Keep '' ) Holy Trinity Church , Melbecks ( in the episode `` Golden Lads and Girls '' , the location of Billy Dalby 's funeral ) St Michael 's Church , Spennithorne ( in the episode `` Where Sheep May Safely Graze '' ) St Andrew 's Church , Grinton ( in the episode `` Brotherly Love '' ) St Bartholomew 's Church , West Witton ( in the episode `` Cats and Dogs '' , location of Mr Dean 's funeral ) Holy Trinity Church , Coverham ( its gate in the episode `` Mending Fences '' and in the 1985 Christmas Special ) Old Chapel , Thoralby ( Hargrove Church in the episode `` If Music Be the Food of Love '' ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of All Creatures Great and Small episodes Ninety episodes ( including the three Christmas Specials ) were broadcast over seven series . Each episode is 48 minutes in length . Theme tune ( edit ) What became the eponymous theme tune for All Creatures Great and Small was written as KPM library music in 1968 by Johnny Pearson . Titled `` Piano Parchment '' , it was chosen by producer Bill Sellars , who had earlier selected Pearson 's `` Sleepy Shores '' as the theme for the TV programme Owen MD . Two versions of the theme were re-recorded for the opening titles of All Creatures : that of the first run was flute - oriented ; meanwhile , the version used for the second was more in line with the piano - based original . All the incidental music used in the show was written by Pearson and performed by him and his orchestra . 1978 soundtrack ( edit ) The LP , entitled All Creatures Great and Small : The Original Music from the TV Series and Other Favourite Themes and released on Rampage Records in 1978 , was produced by Larry Page and Adrian Kerridge . ( `` Autumn Reverie '' , also known as `` Heather '' , although featured several times throughout the series , is not on the soundtrack . It was originally featured on Pearson 's 1968 Gentle Sounds album . ) All tracks written by Johnny Pearson except where stated . Side One ( edit ) `` All Creatures Great and Small '' ( 2 : 10 ) `` First Love '' ( 2 : 39 ) `` Love Dream '' ( 2 : 46 ) `` Misty Sunset '' ( 3 : 28 ) `` Lover 's Guitar '' ( 4 : 36 ) `` Today I Met My Love '' ( 2 : 49 ) Side two ( edit ) `` Sleepy Shores '' ( 3 : 06 ) `` Over the Hedge Rows '' ( 3 : 22 ) ( in a shortened version that appears in the episode `` Faint Hearts '' , its ending is slowed down ) `` Sublime Country '' ( 1 : 52 ) `` Helena '' ( 2 : 30 ) `` Sunshine '' ( 3 : 18 ) `` Love Story '' ( Francis Lai ) ( 4 : 56 ) New pieces written after the first run of the series appeared in the second run , but these have not been released as a soundtrack . A few of them appear on Pearson 's 1988 two - part release , KPM 1000 Series : Johnny Pearson Piano and Orchestra , including the notable trumpet piece `` Country Fayre '' , the flute - driven `` Fields and Hedgerows '' , the piano - based `` A Ride in the Sun '' and the orchestral `` Thames Rhapsody '' , `` Crystal Breeze '' , `` Odd Moments '' , `` Camelia Dance '' , `` Lovers and Friends '' and `` Village Green '' . Also , on the first of the two editions , are two alternate versions of `` Piano Parchment '' , a 60 - second edit and a 30 - second edit . Home media ( edit ) All seven series and three Christmas Specials have been released on DVD in Region 1 , Region 2 and Region 4 . The 1990 Christmas Special ( entitled `` Brotherly Love '' ) is regarded as being part of Series 7 . DVD Title No. of Discs Year No. of Episodes Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Series 1 1978 13 14 May 2002 N / A 2 January 2013 Series 1 , Volume 1 1978 6 N / A 7 April 2003 1 September 2003 Series 1 , Volume 2 1978 7 N / A 5 May 2003 1 September 2003 Series 1 & 2 8 1978 27 N / A N / A 5 October 2010 Series 2 1978 14 15 October 2002 N / A 2 January 2013 Series 2 , Volume 1 1978 7 N / A 7 July 2003 5 May 2005 Series 2 , Volume 2 1978 7 N / A 15 September 2003 5 May 2005 Series 3 1979 -- 1980 14 16 September 2003 23 October 2006 4 May 2006 Series 4 1988 10 14 September 2004 26 December 2006 11 April 2007 Series 5 1988 12 19 July 2005 3 March 2008 2 April 2008 Series 6 12 25 July 2006 18 August 2008 2 April 2009 Series 7 13 14 August 2007 26 December 2008 18 May 2010 Christmas Specials 1983 and 1985 16 September 2003 20 October 2008 2 April 2008 Complete Collection 33 1978 -- 1990 90 15 January 2008 9 November 2009 N / A Skeldale House ( edit ) Skeldale House , pictured in July 2011 , when the building was up for sale . It is now a bed and breakfast , named Skeldale Guest House . Although he has not always stayed there , instead living with Caroline later in the series , Siegfried owns Skeldale House , and while he is happy -- within reason -- to pay for its upkeep and renovation , he is rarely seen getting his hands dirty outside the surgery . Tristan , on the other hand , takes over the household duties from Mrs Hall in `` Hair of the Dog '' and `` Home and Away '' , and James has to pick up the slack when Helen is out of action , on account of a slipped disc , in the first few episodes of series 5 . The Pebble Mill set was laid out to match Skeldale House as it appeared in exterior shots . A door on the right side of the building , for example , was used to represent the entrance to the waiting room . On a couple of occasions , the cast had to go inside the Askrigg building to accommodate exterior shots on its windows but , other than a view out of the surgery window in the 1990 Christmas Special , the camera never followed them inside . For example , in the series 3 finalé `` Big Steps and Little ' Uns '' , Helen waves James off to war from an opened second - floor window . On the ground floor there are four rooms ( clockwise from front to back ) : unused dining room ( see below ) , the sitting room ( the front half being the sitting area ; the rear half being the dining area ) , the kitchen , and the surgery . Aside from the back door , another door in the kitchen leads to the surgery 's waiting room . The house 's only phone is in the hallway , in a nook by the stairs which also contains a grandfather clock and , later in the series , the door to the basement , where coal and wine are kept . A coat rack originally also appeared here , but was later moved to the foyer . The window above the front door announces that you are at `` Skeldale House '' , a feature that remains today . Regarding the clock : `` That clock should have been taken out and burnt , '' joked director Roderick Graham . `` When you are doing retakes , how do you sync the tick - tock from the previous take ? It was a nightmare and would drown out the dialogue . '' `` The staircase went nowhere , '' revealed Peter Davison . `` If you had to run downstairs to answer the phone , it meant perching yourself on a small platform just out of shot and launching yourself into the scene . '' The dispensary section of the Skeldale House surgery on permanent display at the James Herriot Museum in Thirsk . `` For the studio , we changed the colours of the surgery in the second series in order to give it a bit of time progression , '' explained David Crozier , the designer . `` I 'd used the whitewashed look in the first series , because I 'd found hundreds and hundreds of photos from that period in Yorkshire of house interiors painted in whitewash . But as we moved closer to wartime , we went with a darker look , which became the fashion at the time . '' `` The surgery was full of a wonderful selection of genuine veterinary implements from the thirties as well as shelves of dodgy - looking medicines , '' recalled Peter Davison . `` For my own character of Tristan , I decided it would be fun if all I ever did in the surgery was clutch a mortar and pestle in case Siegfried appeared , aside from the usual smoking and reading 1937 copies of Health and Efficiency . The first floor contains the bedrooms , while the second floor contains a small suite which Siegfried offers to James and Helen in the first episode of series 2 . When the couple move to Rowangarth , Calum takes over the suite . In `` Merry Gentlemen '' , the final episode of the second series , we see behind the door immediately on the left as one enters the front door of Skeldale . The original , now - unused dining room , Siegfried uses it as overflow for storage of his reserve wine collection . Covered in dust , the room is brought back to life by Helen and Mrs Hall . The fire is lit , and the Christmas tree is put up in one of the corners . In the early series , the back door opens into a narrow alley ; later , the back garden becomes an expansive area of grass , shrubbery and stone walls . An aviary is seen in the episodes `` Fair Means and Fowl '' and , twelve years later , `` A Cat in Hull 's Chance '' . The original set of the interior of the Skeldale House surgery is now located at the Richmondshire Museum in Richmond and is open to the public . Other extensive parts , including the living room and the dispensary , are on display at The World of James Herriot museum in Thirsk , which is also open to the public . Legacy ( edit ) `` There was something about the series . It had the right content , '' recalled producer Bill Sellars . `` It became a world favourite , and at its height was actually watched by twenty million viewers . '' The series occupied a slot in the TV week that helped solidify it as Sunday - evening fare . In the BBC documentary on the series , David Butcher of the Radio Times said : `` At the end of the weekend you do n't want anything too taxing , you want some kind of escapist , gentle , heartwarming , cozy kind of drama . A cup - of - cocoa drama . It 's warm and simple and nice and lovely , and it 's not going to frighten the horses . '' Robert Hardy remarked that : `` It hit the right moment . There was a feeling still in the towns that the country was a glorious place inhabited by amazing people . '' TV historian Chris Diamond commented , `` It 's the perfect post-dinner , pre-bath time slot . You 're going to be either hanging about in the living room trying to avoid dishes , or waiting to have a bath . '' Robert Hardy was concerned that the series would be a brief affair . His worry was that it would `` bore the townspeople and irritate the countryfolk '' . He put its success down to the fact that it featured `` real people '' . Christopher Timothy , on the other hand , thought it had an excellent chance due to the popularity of Wight 's books . The cast became household names around the world . `` I 've had letters from vets , both male and female , who say they became vets because of the series , '' said Robert Hardy . Christopher Timothy became the most famous vet on the planet , which became a mixed blessing . `` After I did All Creatures , it was eight years before I acted on television again , '' he recalled . `` I remember once going to see my agent and , going up the stairs to his office , hearing him screaming down the phone : ' He 's not a vet , he 's a bloody actor ! ' '' `` I asked Pete ( Davison ) once , ' How is it that you go from one role to the other and I ca n't get arrested on television ? ' He said , ' Because I did n't play James Herriot ... ' I think there 's an element of truth in that . '' `` It was a big slice of my career , for which I am very , very grateful , '' added Robert Hardy . `` The series means a great deal to me as it took up such a large span of my life . '' Reunions and interviews ( edit ) Peter Davison was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1982 , early in the life of All Creatures . Christopher Timothy , Davison and Jean Heywood attended Lynda Bellingham 's appearance on the show in 1993 . Christopher Timothy 's time came in 2000 , for which Robert Hardy , Peter Davison , Carol Drinkwater and Lynda Bellingham were in attendance . Christopher Timothy and Robert Hardy attended a service of thanksgiving for Alf Wight at York Minster on 20 October 1995 , eight months after the author 's death . In 2003 , Timothy , Hardy , Carol Drinkwater and Lynda Bellingham appeared together on Stars Reunited . Due to having other commitments , Peter Davison could not be present . Also briefly joining them , and host Dale Winton , on the couch was Jack Watkinson , MRCVS , the Yorkshire vet with whom Timothy worked with a week prior to the filming of the series . Timothy has stated that , for him , it was the best week of the whole series . `` I did seriously feel , with all humility , that when I turned up to start filming : ' I 'm sort of equipped for this . ' '' Carol Drinkwater later said of this appearance : `` ( Dale ) did an interview with each of us on our own , and he asked if I had known what a sex symbol I was ? I was completely stunned , I had no idea . I mean , I used to get boxes of marriage proposals ... I used to bin them , I never read them . I was very naughty . Now I answer all my mail , though there is much less of it now , of course . '' `` Carol will always remain my favourite actress , '' make - up artist Maggie Thomas recalled . `` She was a breath of fresh air ; never moody or difficult , a warm , merry and very natural girl . I can remember our first day on location . We were only working with Chris and a cow , which had fallen and become stuck in a small burn ( episode `` Calf Love '' ) , so Carol had decided to come out to watch and meet everyone . She had n't got any scenes that first day , so she was dressed for the summer in her own clothes . The shorts she wore were kind of Boy Scout - cum - M * A * S * H ex-army drill , but on her figure they looked anything but . There was always an impishness about her and an air of complete unawareness of her own effect on men . The male members of the crew went into meltdown . She was oblivious , smiling and chatting to everyone , just enjoying the beautiful weather and getting to know who was who on the crew . They all remained in love with her for as long as she was the leading lady . '' `` None of us ever did anything that could harm an animal , '' explained Timothy in another interview . `` The injections were all faked and arms up a cow 's bum is not difficult to do -- and the cows do n't mind too much ... in fact , some cows quite like it ! Jack Watkinson would n't tolerate anything that he deemed as unethical . The directors at one point sent out a note about how animals should be treated in the furtherance of entertainment , but it was always left to the attending vet 's discretion . If it had gone against any of his ethical code , Jack would have refused us to do it . '' Watkinson died in May 2013 after suffering a stroke . He was 84 . Watkinson was the on - location technical advisor ; his studio - based counterpart was Eddie Straiton . `` He was an incredible character , an absolutely astonishing man , '' remembered Robert Hardy . Along with Donald and Brian Sinclair , Alf Wight dedicated his 1972 book All Creatures Great and Small to Straiton . As the 1983 Christmas Special had done , the interview included a tribute to Mary Hignett ( Mrs Hall ) , who died shortly after the series ' first run : `` She was the warmest - hearted , most genial , most enchanting companion , '' said Hardy . `` She was a total dear ; I absolutely adored her , and it was tragic that she died far too soon and left us bereft . '' Timothy added : `` A fabulous lady , and greatly , greatly missed . '' Timothy , Hardy and Drinkwater reunited again in 2006 at The World of James Herriot museum in Thirsk . A decade later , in October 2016 , all four main actors from the original run reunited to mark the centenary of Alf Wight 's birth . For their parts , Timothy was 74 , Hardy was 89 , Davison was 65 and Drinkwater was 68 . References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : All Memories Great & Small , Oliver Crocker ( 2016 ; MIWK ) ^ Jump up to : Stars Reunited All Creatures cast reunion , July 2003 ^ Jump up to : Is There Life Outside The Box ? : An Actor Despairs , Peter Davison ( John Blake ; 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : The Cult Of ... All Creatures Great and Small , BBC Four Jump up ^ As mentioned in the episode `` Big Steps and Little ' Uns '' Jump up ^ `` Ted Moult '' . Inside Out East Midlands . BBC . 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Herriot 's Yorkshire ( 1979 ) , James Herriot , St. Martin 's ^ Jump up to : `` Dishing the Dirt : 30 Years Behind The Scenes in Television Make - Up , Maggie Thomas ( 2009 , Authors OnLine ) Jump up ^ `` Coroner condemns street cyclists '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Rawson - Jones , Ben ( 9 January 2009 ) . `` Davison : ' BBC rejected ' All Creatures ' return '' , Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Former Corrie star Iain de Caestekcer to play young James Herriot in BBC drama '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Skeldale House from ' All Creatures Great and Small ' fame brought back to life '' - The Northern Echo , 24 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` All Creatures Great & Small '' -- The Kings Arms website Jump up ^ `` Bridge , Coverham , N Yorks , UK _ All Creatures Great & Small , Advice & Consent ( 1978 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Ivelet Bridge , Ivelet , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Call Of The Wild ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Thornborough Hall , Leyburn , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The New World ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Great Gill , West Scrafton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , A New Chapter ( 1988 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Village Shop , East Witton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Prodigal Returns ( 1990 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Thornton Steward , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , If Wishes Were Horses ( 1980 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Bridge & Shop , Langthwaite , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` High Row , Reeth , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Charity Begins At Home ( 1980 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Market Place , Leyburn , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Blood & Water ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Village Hall , Muker , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Hampered ( 1990 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Red Lion , Langthwaite , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Every Dog His Day ( 1980 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Bolton Arms , Redmire , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Beauty Of The Beast ( 1978 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` The Green , West Burton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Plenty To Grouse About ( 1979 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Manor House , West End , Middleham , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Against The Odds ( 1988 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` North Rd , Middleham , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Where Sheep May Safely Graze ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Ferndale , Middleham . N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Rough & The Smooth ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Constable Burton Hall , Constable Burton , N Yorks -- All Creatures Great & Small , Be Prepared ( 1980 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Marsett Lane , Countersett , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Two Of A Kind ( 1988 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` 40 Braithwaite Lane , East Witton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Salt Of The Earth ( 1988 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` 48 Braithwaite Lane , East Witton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , A Dying Breed ( 1980 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Braithwaite Lane , East Whitton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Against The Odds ( 1988 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Cricket pavilion built for James Herriot recording to be replaced '' - The Northern Echo , 3 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Finghall Railway Station , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Playing Field ( 1988 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` The Green , Redmire , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Puppy Love ( 1978 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` St Oswald 's Church , Askrigg , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Out of Practice ( 1978 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` St Mary & St John 's Church , Hardraw , N Yorkshire , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small ( 1978 - 1990 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Holy Trinity Church , Wensley , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , The Last Furlong ( 1978 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` St Michael 's & All Angels Church , Hubberholme , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Promises To Keep ( 1990 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Holy Trinity Church , Melbecks , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Golden Lads & Girls ( 1978 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` St Michael 's Church Spennithorne , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Where Sheep May Safely Graze ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` St Andrew 's Church , Grinton , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , Brotherly Love ( 1990 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` St Bartholomew 's Church , West Witton , N Yorks , UK '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Coverham Church , Coverham , N Yorks , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small . Mending Fences ( 1989 ) '' - Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Old Chapel , Thoralby , N Yorkshire , UK -- All Creatures Great & Small , If Music be the Food of Love ( 1990 ) '' - Waymarking.com ^ Jump up to : Johnny Pearson obituary in The Independent , viewed 26 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` JACK WATKINSON MRCVS '' - Hollin Rigg Vets website Jump up ^ `` Joy as TV stars reunite for James Herriot centenary event and author 's legacy cemented '' - The Northern Echo , 3 October 2016 General Official James Herriot Website All Creatures Great and Small ( TV series 1978 -- 1990 ) on IMDb Timothy , Christopher ( 7 December 1979 ) . Vet Behind the Ears . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 26075 - 8 . External links ( edit ) All Creatures Great and Small on IMDb All Creatures Great and Small at TV.com All Creatures Great and Small at epguides.com hide James Herriot 's All Creatures Great and Small Films All Creatures Great and Small ( 1975 ) It Should n't Happen to a Vet ( 1976 ) TV series All Creatures Great and Small ( 1978 - 1990 ) ( Characters * Episodes ) Young James Herriot ( 2011 ) People James Herriot Donald Sinclair Brian Sinclair Others The World of James Herriot Darrowby hide All Creatures Great and Small ( TV series ) Episodes Characters Darrowby James Herriot The World of James Herriot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(TV_series)&oldid=844413051 '' Categories : 1978 British television programme debuts 1990 British television programme endings 1970s British drama television series 1980s British drama television series 1990s British drama television series BBC Birmingham productions BBC television dramas Peabody Award - winning television programs Television programmes based on British novels Television series about animals Television series set in the 1930s Television series set in the 1940s Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in Yorkshire English - language television programs Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is all creatures great and small filmed	[]	[]
1555797058327216876	Supreme Court of India	Supreme court of India - Wikipedia Supreme court of India Supreme Court of India Seal of the Supreme Court Established 1 October 1937 ; 81 years ago ( 1937 - 10 - 01 ) ( as Federal Court of India ) 28 January 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 28 ) ( as Supreme Court of India ) Country India Location Tilak Marg , New Delhi , Delhi Coordinates 28 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 23 '' E / 28.622237 ° N 77.239584 ° E / 28.622237 ; 77.239584 Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 23 '' E / 28.622237 ° N 77.239584 ° E / 28.622237 ; 77.239584 Motto यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ॥ ( IAST : Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ ) Where there is truth ( dharma ) , there is victory ( justice ) Composition method Collegium System Authorized by Constitution of India Judge term length Mandatory retirement at 65 years of age No. of positions 31 ( 30 + 1 ; sanctioned strength ) 24 ( 23 + 1 ; present strength ) Website www.sci.gov.in Chief Justice of India Currently Ranjan Gogoi Since 3 October 2018 Lead position ends 17 November 2019 This article is part of a series on Judiciary of India Law of India Administration ( show ) Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Legal Affairs Legislative Department Department of Justice Law Commission of India Civil courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts District courts / additional district judge 's courts Civil judge ( sr . division ) 's courts Civil judge ( jr . division ) 's courts Criminal courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts Session courts / courts of additional sessions judge Courts of assistant sessions judges Chief judicial magistrates Additional chief judicial magistrates Chief metropolitan magistrates Judicial magistrate of first classs / metropolitan magistrates Special judicial magistrates Judicial magistrate of second classs Courts of executive magistrates ( show ) Divisional commissioners District magistrates Additional district magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Special executive magistrates Legal profession ( show ) Bar Council Attorney General of India Solicitor General of India Additional solicitors general Advocates in India All India Bar Examination Legal education ( show ) Legal education in India Autonomous law schools in India List of law schools in India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . As the final court of appeal of the country , it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals . It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country . As an advisory court , it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by President of India . It also may take cognisance of matters on its own ( or suo moto ) , without anyone drawing its attention to them . The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments . Per Article 142 , it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court . Contents 1 History 2 Court building architecture 2.1 Mother and Child Sculpture 2.2 Seal 3 Constitution of the court 3.1 Registry 3.2 Supreme court advocates 4 Composition 4.1 Size of the court 4.2 Eligibility of a judge of the Supreme Court 4.3 Court demographics 5 Judicial independence 5.1 Appointments and the Collegium 5.2 Tenure 5.3 Salary 5.4 Oath of affirmation 5.5 Removal 5.6 Post-retirement 5.7 Review petition 5.8 Powers to punish for contempt 6 Rules 7 Roster system 8 Reporting and citation 9 Right to Information 10 Facilities in the campus 11 Landmark judgments 11.1 Land reform 11.2 Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 11.3 Post-1980 : an assertive court 11.4 Recent important cases 11.4. 1 2G spectrum case 11.4. 2 Black money 11.4. 3 Minority reservations 11.4. 4 Online / postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad ( NRIs ) 11.4. 5 T.S.R. Subramanian vs. Union of India 11.4. 6 Recognition of transgender as ' third gender ' in law 11.4. 7 Relief to over 35,000 public servants 12 Criticism 12.1 Corruption 12.2 Pending cases 12.3 Rule of law 12.4 Four judges vs chief justice 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) In 1861 the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolished supreme courts at Calcutta , Madras and Bombay and also the sadar adalats in presidency towns which had acted as the highest court in their respective regions . These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935 . The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the high courts . The first CJI of India was H.J. Kania . The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950 . It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system . Supreme court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950 . The first Chief Justice of India was H.J. Kania . In 1958 , the supreme court moved to its present premises . Originally , the Constitution of India envisaged a supreme court with a chief justice and seven judges ; leaving it to parliament to increase this number . In formative years , the supreme court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days in a month . Court building architecture ( edit ) Central Wing of the court where the chief justice 's courtroom is located The building is shaped to symbolize scales of justice with its centre - beam being the Central Wing of the building comprising the chief justice 's court , the largest of the courtrooms , with two court halls on either side . The Right Wing of the structure has the bar -- room , the offices of the Attorney General of India and other law officers and the library of the court . The Left Wing has the offices of the court . In all , there are 15 courtrooms in the various wings of the building . Left side of the supreme court building The foundation stone of the supreme court 's building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Dr. Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India . The main block of the building has been built on a triangular plot of 17 acres and has been designed in an Indo - British style by the chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar , the first Indian to head the Central Public Works Department . It has a 27.6 m ( 90 ft 7 in ) high dome and a spacious colonnaded verandah . The court moved into the building in 1958 . In 1979 , two new wings -- the East Wing and the West Wing -- were added to the complex . 1994 saw the last extension . Mother and child sculpture ( edit ) Mother and Child Sculpture On 20 February 1980 , a black bronze sculpture of 210 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) height was installed in the lawn of the supreme court . It portrays Mother India in the form of the figure of a lady , sheltering the young Republic of India represented by the symbol of a child , who is upholding the laws of land symbolically shown in the form of an open book . On the book , a balance beam is shown , which represents dispensation of equal justice to all . The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar . The sculpture is just behind the statue of Mahatma Gandhi . Seal ( edit ) The design of the Court 's seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Asoka with 24 spokes . The inscription in Sanskrit , यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ( IAST : Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ , means `` whence law ( dharma ) , thence victory '' . It is also referred as the wheel of righteousness , encompassing truth , goodness and equity . Constitution of the court ( edit ) Supreme Court building with the sculpture in the foreground Registry ( edit ) The registry of the supreme court is headed by the Secretary - General who is assisted by 8 registrars , several additional and deputy registrars , etc. , with 1770 employees in all ( 221 gazetted officers , 805 non-gazetted and 744 Class IV employees ) Article 146 of the constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the supreme court registry . Supreme court advocates ( edit ) Main article : Advocates - on - Record Supreme Court Rules , 2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court , called advocates - on - record to appear , act and plead for a party in the court . Those advocates who are designated as ' senior advocates ' by the supreme court or any of the high courts can appear for clients along with an advocate - on - record . Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an advocate - on - record . Composition ( edit ) Size of the court ( edit ) Initially the Constitution of India provided for a supreme court with a chief justice and 7 judges . In the early years , a full bench of the supreme court sat together to hear the cases presented before them . As the work of the court increased and cases began to accumulate , parliament increased the number of judges from the original 8 in 1950 to 10 in 1956 , 13 in 1960 , 17 in 1977 , 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 ( current strength ) . As the number of the judges has increased , they sit in smaller benches of two or three ( referred to as a division bench ) -- coming together in larger benches of five or more ( referred to as a constitution bench ) when required to settle fundamental questions of law . A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench , should the need arise . Eligibility of a judge of the supreme court ( edit ) A citizen of India not exceeding 65 years age per Article 124 of the constitution who has been a judge of one high court or more ( continuously ) , for at least five years , or an advocate there , for at least ten years , or a distinguished jurist , in the opinion of the president , power conferred by clause ( 2 ) of article 124 of the Constitution of India is eligible to be recommended for appointment , a judge of the supreme court . Court demographics ( edit ) I am proud to be an Indian . India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1 , 67,000 , like myself , can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India . These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries . -- Former Chief Justice of India , S.H. Kapadia , In practice , judges of the supreme court have been selected so far , mostly from amongst judges of the high courts . Barely seven justices -- S.M. Sikri , S. Chandra Roy , Kuldip Singh , Santosh Hegde , R.F. Nariman , U.U. Lalit , L. Nageswara Rao and Indu Malhotra -- have been appointed to the supreme court directly from the bar ( i.e. who were practising advocates ) . The supreme court saw its first woman judge when Justice M. Fathima Beevi was sworn into office in 1989 . The seventh and the most recent woman judge in the court is Justice Indu Malhotra . In 1968 , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah became the first Muslim Chief Justice of India . In 2000 , Justice K.G. Balakrishnan became the first judge from the dalit community . In 2007 he also became the first dalit Chief Justice of India . In 2010 , Justice S.H. Kapadia coming from a Parsi minority community became the Chief Justice of India . In 2017 , Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India . Indu Malhotra is the first women justice to be selected directly from bar . Judicial independence ( edit ) The constitution seeks to ensure the independence of supreme court judges in various ways . Per Article 50 of directive principles of state policy , the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive . Independence of the judiciary , the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the basic structure of the constitution . Supreme court and high courts are empowered to frame suo moto cases without receiving the formal petitions / complaints on any suspected injustice including actions / acts indulging in contempt of court and contempt of the constitution by the executive , legislators , citizens , etc . The main purpose of supreme court is to decide constitutional issues . It is the duty of the judiciary to frame suo moto cases or to probe the cases / petitions at the earliest against the executive or legislature when laws are implemented violating the basic foundation and basic structure of the constitution as the Article 38 ( 1 ) of directive principles ensures that the state / judiciary shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social , economic and political justice is animated / informed in all institutions of life . B.R. Ambedkar clarified as given below in the Constituent Assembly debates on Article 38 ( 1 ) high lighting its inevitable implementation . ... The word ' strive ' which occurs in the Draft Constitution , in judgement , is very important . We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government , or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles , they shall , even under hard and unpropitious circumstances , always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives . That is why we have used the word ' strive ' . Otherwise , it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad , that the finances are so inadequate that we can not even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go . Appointments and the collegium ( edit ) As per the constitution , as held by the court in the Three Judges Cases -- ( 1982 , 1993 , 1998 ) , a judge is appointed to the supreme court by the president on the recommendation of the collegium -- a closed group of the Chief Justice of India , the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee . This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed , for the appointments . Judges used to be appointed by the president on the advice of the union cabinet . After 1993 ( the Second Judges ' Case ) , no minister , or even the executive collectively , can suggest any names to the president , who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the collegium of the judiciary . Simultaneously , as held in that judgment , the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name . However , according to some , the executive has not been diligent in using this power to reject the names of bad candidates recommended by the judiciary . The collegium system has come under a fair amount of criticism . In 2015 , the parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a National Judicial Appointments Commission ( NJAC ) . This was struck down as unconstitutional by the supreme court , in the Fourth Judges ' Case , as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary . Putting the old system of the collegium back , the court invited suggestions , even from the general public , on how to improve the collegium system , broadly along the lines of -- setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments , a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates , infusing more transparency into the selection process , grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories , like transfer of judges . This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the memorandum of procedure incorporating the above . Once , in 2009 , the recommendation for the appointment of a judge of a high court made by the collegium of that court , had come to be challenged in the supreme court . The court held that who could become a judge was a matter of fact , and any person had a right to question it . But who should become a judge was a matter of opinion and could not be questioned . As long as an effective consultation took place within a collegium in arriving at that opinion , the content or material placed before it to form the opinion could not be called for scrutiny in court . Tenure ( edit ) Supreme court judges retire at the age of 65 . However , there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India . Salary ( edit ) Article 125 of the Indian constitution leaves it to the Indian parliament to determine the salary , other allowances , leave of absence , pension , etc. of the supreme court judges . However , the parliament can not alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge 's disadvantage after his / her appointment . A judge of the supreme court draws a salary of ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,500 ) per month -- equivalent to the most - senior civil servant of the Indian government , Cabinet Secretary of India -- while the chief justice earns ₹ 280,000 ( US $3,900 ) per month . Oath of affirmation ( edit ) As Per Article 124 and third Schedule of the constitution , the chief justice ( or a judge ) of the Supreme Court of India is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the president an oath or affirmation that he / she will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India , that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability , knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour , affection or ill - will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws . Removal ( edit ) Per Article 124 ( 4 ) of the constitution , President can remove a judge on proved misbehaviour or incapacity when parliament approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favour of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present . For initiating impeachment proceedings against a judge , at least 50 members of Rajya Sabha or 100 members of Lok Sabha shall issue the notice as per Judges ( Inquiry ) Act , 1968 . Then a judicial committee would be formed to frame charges against the judge , to conduct the fair trial and to submit its report to parliament . When the judicial committee report finds the judge guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity , further removal proceedings would be taken up by the parliament if the judge is not resigning himself . The judge upon proven guilty is also liable for punishment as per applicable laws or for contempt of the constitution by breaching the oath under disrespecting constitution Post-retirement ( edit ) A Person who has retired as a judge of the supreme court is debarred from practicing in any court of law or before any other authority in India . Review petition ( edit ) Further information : Review petition Article 137 of the Constitution of India lays down provision for the power of the supreme court to review its own judgements . As per this Article , subject to the provisions of any law made by parliament or any rules made under Article 145 , the supreme court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it . Under Order XL of the supreme court Rules , that have been framed under its powers under Article 145 of the constitution , the supreme court may review its judgment or order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds mentioned in Order XLVII , Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure . Powers to punish for contempt ( edit ) Under Articles 129 and 142 of the constitution the supreme court has been vested with power to punish anyone for contempt of any court in India including itself . The supreme court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting minister of state in Maharashtra government , Swaroop Singh Naik , to be jailed for 1 - month on a charge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006 . This was the first time that a serving minister was ever jailed . Rules ( edit ) The Constitution of India under Article 145 empowers the supreme court to frame its own rules for regulating the practice and procedure of the court as and when required ( with the approval of the president ) . Accordingly , `` Supreme Court Rules , 1950 '' were framed . The 1950 Rules were replaced by the Supreme Court Rules , 1966 . In 2014 , supreme court notified the Supreme Court Rules , 2013 replacing the 1966 Rules effective from 19 August 2014 . Roster system ( edit ) The supreme court decided to follow a new roster system from February 5 , 2018 for allocation of matters to judges . Under the new roster system , the CJI will hear all special leave petitions ( SLPs ) , and matters related to public interest , social justice , elections , arbitration , and criminal matters , among others . The other collegium / senior judges to hear matters related to labour disputes , taxation matters , compensation matters , consumer protection matters , maritime law matters , mortgage matters , personal law matters , family law matters , land acquisition matters , service matters , company matters etc . Reporting and citation ( edit ) Supreme Court Reports is the official journal of reportable supreme court decisions . It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications , Government of India , Delhi . In addition , there are many other reputed private journals that report supreme court decisions . Some of these other important journals are : SCR ( The Supreme Court Reports ) , SCC ( Supreme Court Cases ) , AIR ( All India Reporter ) , SCALE , etc . Right to information ( edit ) See also : Right to Information Act In the year 2010 , the supreme court filed an appeal before itself challenging the judgement of the Delhi high court holding that the office of the chief justice of India came under the ambit of the RTI Act and was liable to reveal information under it . Though the supreme court is in favour of bringing CJI office under RTI act , the judgement of the pending case is not yet pronounced . Facilities in the campus ( edit ) Legal - aid , court - fee vendors , first - aid post , dental clinic , physiotherapy unit and pathology lab ; rail - reservation counter , canteen , post office and a branch and 3 ATMs of UCO Bank , supreme court Museum can be availed by litigants and visitors . Landmark judgments ( edit ) Land reform ( edit ) After some of the courts overturned state laws for redistributing land from zamindar ( landlord ) estates on the ground that the laws violated the zamindars ' fundamental rights , the parliament passed the 1st amendment to the constitution in 1951 , followed by the 4th amendment in 1955 , to uphold its authority to redistribute land . The supreme court countered these amendments in 1967 when it ruled in Golaknath v. State of Punjab that the parliament did not have the power to abrogate fundamental rights , including the provisions on private property . The 25th amendment to the constitution in 1971 curtailed the right of a citizen to property as a fundamental right and gave authority to the government to infringe private property , which led to a furor amongst the zamindars . Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) The independence of judiciary was severely curtailed during the Indian Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) of Indira Gandhi . The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under Preventive detention laws passed by the parliament . In the case of Shiva Kant Shukla ( Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla ) , popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case , a bench of five senior-most judges of supreme court ruled in favour of state 's right for unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency . Justices A.N. Ray , P.N. Bhagwati , Y.V. Chandrachud , and M.H. Beg , stated in the majority decision : ( under the declaration of emergency ) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art . 226 before a High Court for habeas corpus or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention . The only dissenting opinion was from Justice H.R. Khanna , who stated : detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty ... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law , to the intelligence of a future day , when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting judge believes the court to have been betrayed . It is believed that before delivering his dissenting opinion , Justice Khanna had mentioned to his sister : `` I have prepared my judgment , which is going to cost me the Chief Justice - ship of India . '' In January 1977 , Justice Khanna was superseded despite being the most senior judge at the time and thereby Government broke the convention of appointing only the senior most judge to the position of Chief Justice of India . Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision . The New York Times , wrote of this opinion : `` The submission of an independent judiciary to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic society ; and the Indian supreme court 's decision appears close to utter surrender . '' During the emergency period , the government also passed the 39th amendment , which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the prime minister ; only a body constituted by parliament could review this election . Subsequently , the parliament , with most opposition members in jail during the emergency , passed the 42nd Amendment which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification . A few years after the emergency , however , the supreme court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in Minerva Mills v. Union of India ( 1980 ) . Post-1980 : an assertive court ( edit ) See also : Judicial Activism In India After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977 , the new government of Morarji Desai , and especially law minister Shanti Bhushan ( who had earlier argued for the detenues in the Habeas Corpus case ) , introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency , and reinstated much of the power to the supreme court . It is said that the basic structure doctrine , created in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , was strengthened in Indira Gandhi 's case and set in stone in Minerva Mills v. Union of India . The supreme court 's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 ( Life and Personal Liberty ) , primarily after the Emergency period , have given rise to a new jurisprudence of public interest litigation that has vigorously promoted many important economic and social rights ( constitutionally protected but not enforceable ) including , but not restricted to , the rights to free education , livelihood , a clean environment , food and many others . Civil and political rights ( traditionally protected in the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian constitution ) have also been expanded and more fiercely protected . These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues . Recent important cases ( edit ) Among the important pronouncements of the supreme court post 2000 is the Coelho case I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu ( Judgment of 11 January 2007 ) . A unanimous bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine . It held that a constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which the court regards as forming part of the basic structure of the constitution , then the same can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences . The judgment clearly imposes further limitations on the constituent power of parliament with respect to the principles underlying certain fundamental rights . The judgment in Coelho has in effect restored the decision in Golak Nath regarding non-amendability of the constitution on account of infraction of fundamental rights , contrary to the judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati case . Another important decision was of the five - judge bench in Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India ; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions ( Reservations in Admissions ) Act , 2006 was upheld , subject to the `` creamy layer '' criteria . Importantly , the court refused to follow the ' strict scrutiny ' standards of review followed by the United States supreme court . At the same time , the court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India ( 2007 ) ( ( 1 ) ) a 2G spectrum case ( edit ) Further information : 2G spectrum case The supreme court declared allotment of spectrum as `` unconstitutional and arbitrary '' and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja ( then minister for communications & IT ) , the main official accused in the 2G case . Black money ( edit ) Further information : Indian black money The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT Bank , Liechtenstein , evoking a sharp response from a bench comprising justices B Sudershan Reddy and SS Nijjar . The court ordered Special investigation team ( SIT ) to probe the matter . Lack of enthusiasm made the court create a special investigative team ( SIT ) . Minority reservations ( edit ) The supreme court refused to stay the Andhra Pradesh High Court judgement quashing 4.5 % sub-quota for minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27 % . Online / postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad ( NRIs ) ( edit ) Three judge bench presided by chief justice , Justice Altamas Kabir issued notice to the Centre and the Election Commission of India ( EC ) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online / postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad . T.S.R. Subramanian vs. Union of India ( edit ) Main article : T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India While hearing T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India , a division bench of the supreme court ruled that -- Officers of the Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) , officers other All India Services , and other civil servants not required to follow oral instructions , as they ' undermine credibility ' . Civil Services Board ( CSB ) , headed by the Cabinet Secretary at national level , and Chief Secretary at state level , be set up to recommend transfer / postings of the officers of the All India Services ( IAS , IFoS and IPS ) . Transfers of Group ' B ' officers to be done by Head of Department ( HoDs ) . No interference of Ministers in state , other than the Chief Minister , in transfer / postings of civil servants . These rulings were received mostly positively , and were termed as a ' major reform ' . Recognition of transgender as ' third gender ' in law ( edit ) Main article : National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India In April 2014 , Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan declared transgender to be the ' third gender ' in Indian law , in the case , National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India . The ruling said : Seldom , our society realises or cares to realise the trauma , agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo , nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community , especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex . Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations , bus stands , schools , workplaces , malls , theatres , hospitals , they are sidelined and treated as untouchables , forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society 's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions , a mindset which we have to change . Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law , enabling them to access jobs , healthcare and education . He framed the issue as one of human rights , saying that , `` These TGs , even though insignificant in numbers , are still human beings and therefore they have every right to enjoy their human rights '' , concluding by declaring that : ( 1 ) Hijras , eunuchs , apart from binary gender , be treated as `` third gender '' for the purpose of safeguarding their rights under Part III of our constitution and the laws made by the parliament and the State Legislature . ( 2 ) Transgender persons ' right to decide their self - identified gender is also upheld and the Centre and State Governments are directed to grant legal recognition of their gender identity such as male , female or as third gender . Relief to over 35,000 public servants ( edit ) In B. Prabhakara Rao vs. State of A.P. involved sudden reduction in age of superannuation from 58 years to 55 years of over 35,000 public servants of State Government , public sector undertakings , statutory bodies , educational institutions and Tirupathi - Tirumalai Devasthanams ( TTD ) . They lost first round of litigation in the supreme court . Realising the mistake , fresh legislation was brought restoring the original age of superannuation of 58 years but providing that the benefit of new legislation would not extend to those whose reduction of age of superannuation had been upheld . In challenge to this law , Subodh Markandeya argued that all that was required was to strike down naughty `` not '' -- which found favour with the supreme court bringing relief to over 35,000 public servants . Criticism ( edit ) Corruption ( edit ) The year 2008 saw the supreme court embroiled in several controversies , from serious allegations of corruption at the highest level of the judiciary , expensive private holidays at the tax payers expense , refusal to divulge details of judges ' assets to the public , secrecy in the appointments of judges ' , to refusal to make information public under the Right to Information Act . The chief justice K.G. Balakrishnan invited a lot of criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant , but that of a constitutional authority . He later went back on this stand . The judiciary has come in for serious criticisms from former presidents Pratibha Patil and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam for failure in handling its duties . Former prime minister Manmohan Singh , has stated that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary , and suggested that there is an urgent need to eradicate this menace . The Cabinet Secretary of India introduced the judges Inquiry ( Amendment ) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council , headed by the Chief Justice of India , that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and supreme court judges . Pending cases ( edit ) According to supreme court newsletter , there are 58,519 cases pending in the supreme court , out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year , at the end of 2011 . Excluding connected cases , there are still 33,892 pending cases . As per the latest pendency data made available by the supreme court , the total number of pending cases in the supreme court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters ( miscellaneous ) and 23,099 regular hearing matters . In May , 2014 , former Chief Justice of India , Justice R.M. Lodha , proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year ( instead of the present system of having long vacations , specially in the higher courts ) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts ; however , as per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year as per their choice ; but , the Bar Council of India rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year . More over , various time frames specified in ' code of civil procedure ' are also diluted by supreme court judgements to give the courts right to endlessly adjourn the cases . Rule of law ( edit ) Supreme court has not taken up the trail of many pending cases , since April 2014 ( more than three years ) , challenging the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 which was enacted by the parliament without following the stipulated procedure in the constitution and is claimed detrimental to the basic foundation of the constitution on which the basic structure of the constitution is resting . The basic foundation of the constitution is the dignity and the freedom of its citizens which is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any legislation of the parliament . Whereas the fair trial to examine the validity of the ninety - ninth constitutional amendment dated 31 December 2014 , to form National Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of appointing the judges of the supreme court and high courts , was conducted on utmost priority and supreme court delivered its judgement on 16 October 2015 ( within a year ) quashing the constitutional amendment as unconstitutional and ultra virus stating the said amendment is interfering with the independence of the judiciary . Disposal of the various petitions filed against Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 is also equally important as it has alienated the basic rights of a vast section of Indian citizens and also against federal character of the constitution which is part of the basic structure of the constitution . Supreme court is also wasting its valuable time by not taking up the case in toto but conducted a piecemeal trail by delivering its judgement to dispose the petitions related with apportionment of assets between the newly formed states Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . Supreme court is also conducting piecemeal trail of the petitions filed by the states regarding water sharing of rivers and bifurcation of the common high court without considering the earlier pending petitions challenging the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 which is the basic cause of all these disputes . Under checks and balances as provided in the constitution , it is the duty of the judiciary / supreme court to establish the rule of law at the earliest by rectifying any misuse of the constitution by the parliament and the executive without colluding with them and to remove perceptions of people that rule of law is side lined and a section of its citizens are subjected to discrimination . Four judges vs. Chief Justice ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Supreme Court of India crisis On 12 January 2018 , four senior judges of the supreme court ; Jasti Chelameswar , Ranjan Gogoi , Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph addressed a press conference criticizing Chief Justice Dipak Misra 's style of administration and the manner in which he allocated cases among judges of the supreme court . However , people close to Misra refuted the allegations that allocation of cases was unfair . On 20 April 2018 , seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking impeachment of Dipak Misra to the Vice President Venkaiah Naidu , with signatures from seventy - one parliamentarians . On 23 April 2018 , the petition was rejected by Vice President Venkaiah Naidu , primarily on the basis that the complaints were about administration and not misbehaviour , and that thus impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected independence of the judiciary . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Democratize the position of CJI and High Court Chief Justices ' , says Justice AP Shah '' . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Middle Income Group Legal Aid Society '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Types Of Legal Services Provided '' . National Legal Services Authority . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Legal Services Committee '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golaknath vs. State of Punjab '' . Official Supreme Court Judis site . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ VR Krishna Iyer ( 27 June 2000 ) . `` Emergency -- Darkest hour in India 's judicial history '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jos . 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The Times of India . 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab Mukherjee refuses to spill names of LGT Bank account - holders '' . The Times of India . 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court : the balancing act '' . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court upholds AP court order quashing minority sub-quota '' . The Hindu . 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ NEW DELHI , 22 Feb 2013 DHNS ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` SC notice to Centre , EC on online voting for NRIs '' . Deccanherald.com . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WRIT PETITION ( CIVIL ) NO ( s ) . 80 OF 2013 , NAGENDER CHINDAM & ORS . vs. UNION OF INDIA & ANR '' . Supreme Court of India . 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , J. ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Oral instructions undermine accountability : Supreme Court '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Balaji , R. 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-2834929111975921000	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)	Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 25 ) . Dancing with the Stars Genre Reality competition Based on Strictly Come Dancing Directed by Alex Rudzinski Presented by Tom Bergeron Erin Andrews Brooke Burke - Charvet Samantha Harris Lisa Canning Judges Len Goodman Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Julianne Hough Narrated by Alan Dedicoat Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 25 No. of episodes 419 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ashley Edens - Shaffer Joe Sungkur Rob Wade Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Running time 40 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Worldwide Productions Endemol Shine North America Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) -- present External links Website abc.go.com/shows/dancing-with-the-stars Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On May 12 , 2017 , it was announced that the series has been renewed for season twenty six . The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel ( edit ) The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for season 25 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline ( edit ) Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Tom Bergeron Lisa Canning Samantha Harris Brooke Burke - Charvet Erin Andrews Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Len Goodman Julianne Hough Harold Wheeler Ray Chew Couples ( edit ) See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 286 celebrities have appeared in the 25 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season ( show ) Professional dancer Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Alan Bersten N / A Debbie Gibson Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin N / A Allison Holker N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne N / A Anna Demidova N / A Michael Irvin N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey N / A Gary Busey N / A Artem Chigvintsev N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin N / A Buzz Aldrin N / A Brian Fortuna N / A Shandi Finnessey N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley N / A Chelsie Hightower N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens Corky Ballas N / A Cloris Leachman N / A Florence Henderson N / A Damian Whitewood N / A Pamela Anderson N / A Derek Hough N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner N / A Dmitry Chaplin N / A Holly Madison Mýa N / A Petra Nemcova N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner N / A Geraldo Rivera N / A Elena Grinenko N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler N / A Emma Slater N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Fabian Sanchez N / A Marlee Matlin N / A Gleb Savchenko N / A Lisa Vanderpump N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Henry Byalikov N / A Diana Nyad N / A Inna Brayer N / A Ted McGinley N / A Jenna Johnson N / A Jake T. Austin N / A Jesse DeSoto N / A Shanna Moakler N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray N / A Julianne Hough N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks N / A Karina Smirnoff N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Barrett Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie N / A Keo Motsepe N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Kym Johnson - Herjavec N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher N / A Robert Herjavec N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono N / A Lindsay Arnold N / A Victor Ortiz N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman N / A Priscilla Presley N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson N / A Sabrina Bryan N / A Paula Deen N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley N / A Meryl Davis N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey Mark Ballas N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant N / A Lindsey Stirling Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox N / A Peta Murgatroyd N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey Sasha Farber N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Sharna Burgess N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples N / A Tristan MacManus N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper N / A Tyne Stecklein N / A Bill Nye N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen Witney Carson N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Dance troupe and musicians ( edit ) In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 25 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Sasha Farber , Jenna Johnson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Sharna Burgess , Dasha Chesnokova , Emma Slater , Henry Byalikov , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Witney Carson , Julz Tocker , Lindsay Arnold , Gleb Savchenko , Artem Chigvintsev , Alan Bersten , Brittany Cherry , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Kiril Kulish , and Keo Motsepe . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner ( show ) Troupe members Dancers Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Artur Adamski Brandon Armstrong Lindsay Arnold Alan Bersten Sharna Burgess Henry Byalikov Witney Carson Dasha Chesnokova Brittany Cherry Artem Chigvintsev Oksana Dmytrenko Hayley Erbert Sasha Farber Shannon Holtzapffel Dennis Jauch Jenna Johnson Kiril Kulish Tristan MacManus Keo Motsepe Peta Murgatroyd Kiki Nyemchek Sonny Fredie Pedersen Gleb Savchenko Emma Slater Britt Stewart Julz Tocker Nicole Volynets Ted Volynets For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On Feb 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview ( edit ) Season Number of Duration dates Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno * & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez * & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 * Youngest male winner at age 25 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 52 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure ( edit ) In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 and 23 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 and 24 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information ( edit ) Payment ( edit ) On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals ( edit ) The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance ( edit ) Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes ( edit ) 100th episode ( edit ) The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode ( edit ) In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode ( edit ) The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode ( edit ) The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special ( edit ) On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes ( edit ) In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired March 20 , 2017 . Records ( edit ) Average ( edit ) This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.10 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 7 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 8 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 10 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 12 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 14 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 16 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 27 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 29 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 30 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 31 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 32 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.23 33 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 35 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 37 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater 27.10 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 39 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 41 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 25 Pending Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold Perfect scores ( edit ) This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( group dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 17 19 19 20 21 24 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Amber Riley Janel Parrish Alfonso Ribeiro Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 23 23 25 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Pending Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Jordan Fisher Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko Lindsay Arnold 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 3rd Place Champion Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Sadie Robertson Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Carlos PenaVega Ginger Zee Nyle DiMarco Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Mark Ballas Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 22 23 24 24 3rd Place Champion Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up 4th Place Champion 5th Place 4th Place 3rd Place 6th Place 5th Place 4th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Ricki Lake Rob Kardashian Maria Menounos Donald Driver Apolo Anton Ohno Alexandra Raisman Jacoby Jones Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Charlie White James Maslow Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Derek Hough Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Valentin Chmerkovskiy Sharna Burgess Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 25 25 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 7th Place 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 8th Place 4th Place 3rd Place 7th Place 5th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Pending Pending Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Sabrina Bryan Jennie Garth Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Sabrina Bryan Emmitt Smith Jack Osbourne Andy Grammer Tamar Braxton Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Lindsey Stirling Frankie Muniz Alec Mazo Edyta Sliwinska Cheryl Burke Mark Ballas Derek Hough Edyta Sliwinska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Allison Holker Valentin Chmerkovskiy Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas Witney Carson Professionals with perfect scores ( edit ) 48 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy 14 : Karina Smirnoff 13 : Lindsay Arnold , Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko , Sasha Farber 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe Merchandise ( edit ) Cardio dance dvds ( edit ) A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book ( edit ) A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs ( edit ) The 1st Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars Junior spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off is set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers . Tours ( edit ) An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2015 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and will begin on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , ' Dancing with the Stars ' is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET / PT ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) 13.5 July 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 06 ) 22.4 2005 6 < 17 Thursday and Friday 8 : 00 p.m. January 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) N / A February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) N / A 2006 7 18.6 Tuesday and Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) 2006 -- 07 20.7 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. and Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 5 20 5 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) November 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) 2007 -- 08 19.58 6 March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 20.90 May 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) 20.12 21.67 7 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 21.12 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) 20.58 2008 -- 09 19.76 8 March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 22.82 May 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) 20.12 9 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 17.79 November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) 19.29 2009 -- 10 19.72 10 March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 24.19 May 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) 18.40 11 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 20.99 November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 24.14 2010 -- 11 21.92 12 March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 22.65 May 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) 21.42 13 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 19.03 November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) 19.45 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 14 March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 18.79 May 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) 17.79 15 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 14.11 November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 16.73 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 16 March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 17.06 May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 12.20 17 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) 16.04 November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 14.75 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 18 March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 15.44 May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 15.07 19 Monday and Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. September 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) 13.64 November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 15.98 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 20 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 14.16 May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 13.49 21 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. and Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 13.13 November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 13.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 22 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 12.46 May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 10.49 23 Monday and Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 12.19 November 22 , 2016 10.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 24 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 12.09 May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 8.91 25 September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 10.71 TBA TBA 2017 -- 18 TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( edit ) ( show ) Category Nominee ( s ) Result 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( edit ) ( show ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also ( edit ) Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mjsbigblog.com/dancing-with-the-stars-bachelor-renewed-by-abc-for-2017-2018-season.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place Fox News '' . Fox News . 2005 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s - The TV IV '' . tviv.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ 2005 -- 06 United States network television schedule ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 Primetime Ratings Give Me My Remote '' . www.givememyremote.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Top 20 Shows of the Season '' . Media Decoder Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Neilsen Ratings Mon March 17 : Dancing is Back '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS HAS 7 OF THE TOP 10 SCRIPTED PROGRAMS FOR THE THIRD STRAIGHT WEEK '' . CBS PressExpress . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Brooke Burke Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox Gleeful As Idol , Glee Top Dancing , NCIS , Mentalist Finales '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars and NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2010 ratings : ' Dancing with the Stars ' kills , but ' Lone Star ' is D.O.A '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike and Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/primetime-ratings-total-audience-2013-2014-table-updated__140523003932.jpg Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . 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-765391312535463613	Responses to sneezing	Responses to sneezing - wikipedia Responses to sneezing Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In English - speaking countries , the common verbal response to another person 's sneeze is `` bless you '' , or , less commonly in the United States and Canada , `` Gesundheit '' , the German word for health ( and the response to sneezing in German - speaking countries ) . There are several proposed bless - you origins for use in the context of sneezing . In non-English - speaking cultures , words referencing good health or a long life are often used instead of `` bless you , '' though some also use references to God . In East Asian cultures such as Chinese , Korean , Japanese , and Vietnamese cultures , the practice of responding to another person 's sneeze does not exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of responses in other languages 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading List of responses in other Languages ( edit ) Language Usual Responses and Notes Response Meaning in English Sneezer Reply and Pronunciation Reply Meaning in English Albanian Shëndet ( shuhn - det ) `` Health ! '' Faleminderit or Shëndet paç `` Thank you ! '' and `` May you have health , '' respectively Amharic ይማርሽ ( yimarish ) for female or ይማርህ ( yimarih ) for male `` May God forgive you ! '' ያኑሪሽ ( yanurish ) for female or ያኑርህ ( yanurih ) for male `` May you live for long . '' Afrikaans Gesondheid `` Health ! '' Dankie `` Thank You '' Arabic ( Islamic ) يرحمكم الله ( yarhamkum Allah ) if the sneezer says الحمدلله ( Alhamdulillah ) , as an alternative interaction فرج ( Faraj ) , صحة ( Sahha ) `` God have mercy on you '' if the sneezer says `` All praise is for God . '' Relief ! `` , `` Health ! '' علينا و عليك ( Alayna wa Alayk ) , شكراً ( Shukran ) or يهديكم الله و يصلح بالكم ( Yahdeekum Allah wa youslah balakum ) after the alternative interaction `` For you and me '' , `` Thank you ! '' or `` God guide you and set your affairs aright . '' Armenian առողջություն ( aroghjootyoon ) `` Health '' շնորհակալություն ( shnorhakalutyun ) `` Thank you '' Assamese মঙ্গল হওক ( môngôl hôwk ) `` May good happen . '' Unknown Unknown Azeri Sağlam ol , or sometimes Afiat ( see Persian ) `` Be healthy . '' Unknown Unknown Bangla ( Bangladesh ) Yarhamukallah ( আল্লাহ তোমার উপর রহম দান করুন ) ( India ) Jibah Jibah ( জীবঃ জীবঃ ) , `` ( Bangladesh ) May Allah have mercy on you ( India ) May you live long `` `` Silence '' `` Silence '' Basque Doministiku , from Latin `` dominus tecum '' `` The Lord be with you . '' Unknown Unknown Belarusian будзь здаровы for both genders , orбудзь здароў ( Budz zdarovy / budz zdarou ) for male and будзь здаровая ( Budz zdarovaja ) for female `` Be healthy ! '' for each gender дзякуй ( dziakuj ) `` Thank you . '' Bosnian Nazdravlje `` To your good health . '' Hvala `` Thank you . '' Breton Doue d'ho pennigo . `` God will bless you . '' Bulgarian Наздраве ( Nazdrave ) `` To your health . '' or `` Cheers . '' Благодаря ( Blagodarya ) `` Thank you . '' Burmese Ta Baw Pout Pi Lar ? `` Understood ? '' or `` Got it ? '' Hote , Pout Pi `` Yes or No . '' Khmer សុខភាព ( sokhpheap ) `` Health '' Unknown N / A Catalan Jesús or Salut `` Jesus . '' or `` Health ! '' Gràcies `` Thank you . '' Cantonese ' 大吉利事 / `` 好嘅 '' . Sneezing in Southern Chinese culture means that someone is speaking ill behind your back . `` A great fortunate occurrence . '' / `` A good one . '' 唔好意思 `` Excuse me . '' Chechen Dukha vehil for male or Dukha yehil for female `` Live for a long time . '' Dela reze hiyla `` Thank you , literally means `` I wish God will bless you '' . '' Chinese Chinese speakers do not typically comment on another person 's sneeze , or sometimes 多保重 ( duobaozhong ) . `` Take care '' 不好意思 ( bùhǎoyìsi ) `` Excuse me . '' Croatian Nazdravlje or Istina ! `` To your health . '' or `` Truth ! '' Hvala `` Thank you . '' Czech Na zdraví or Pozdrav Pánbůh or Je to pravda `` To your health . '' or `` Bless God '' or `` It is true . '' Ať slouží or Dejž to Pánbůh ( in reply to Pozdrav Pánbůh ) `` May it last . '' or `` May God let it happen ( bless you ) '' Danish Prosit `` May it help . '' Tak `` Thank you . '' Dutch Gezondheid , or if the person has sneezed three times , ( Drie keer ) morgen mooi weer `` Health ! '' , the equivalent of ' Gesundheit ' said in English , or if the person has sneezed three times , `` ( Three times ) the weather will be nice tomorrow . '' Dank u ( wel ) formally , or Dank je ( wel ) `` Thank you . '' English ( God ) bless you `` ( God ) bless you '' Thank you `` Thank you '' Esperanto Sanon `` Health ! '' Dankon `` Thank you '' Estonian Terviseks `` For your health . '' Aitäh `` Thank you '' Faroese Jesuspápi vælsigni teg ! This can be shortened to Vælsigni teg ! `` May Jesus bless you . '' or `` Bless you . '' Takk ( fyri ) ! `` Thanks ( for ( it ) ) ! '' Finnish Terveydeksi `` For health ! '' Kiitos `` Thank you '' French à tes / vos souhaits or Santé Archaic : à tes / vos amours after the second sneeze , and qu'elles durent toujours after the third . More archaically , one can say Que dieu te / vous bénisse . `` To your wishes '' or `` health '' . Archaic : after the first sneeze , `` To your loves . '' after the second , and `` that they last forever '' after the third . More archaically , the translation is `` God bless you '' . Merci or Merci , que les tiennes durent toujours after the second sneeze `` Thank you '' or `` Thanks , may yours last forever '' after the second sneeze Georgian იცოცხლე ( itsotskhle ) `` Live long . '' გმადლობთ ( gmadlobt ) `` Thank you . '' German 1 ) Gesundheit ! 2 ) Helf Gott ! / Helfgott ! ( Southern Germany / Austria / Transylvanian - Saxon ; archaic / mostly used by more or less religious elderly ) 3 ) Großwachsen ! ( Transylvanian - Saxon ; from Romanian `` Să creşti mare ! '' ; used solely for children , usually after the usual `` Gesundheit '' for the first and / or second response ) 1 ) `` Health ! '' ( in the meaning of I wish you good health or I wish that you do n't get sick ) 2 ) `` May God help you ! '' 3 ) `` You shall grow tall ! '' Danke ( schön ) `` Thank you ( very much ) . '' Greek στην υγεία σου ( steen ygeia su ) or γείτσες ( geitses ) `` To your health ! '' or `` Healths ! '' Ευχαριστώ ( Efharisto ) `` Thank You '' Gujarati Ghanu Jivo `` May God bless you with a long life . '' `` Aabhar '' `` Thank You '' Hawaiian Kihe , a mauli ola , or simply Ola `` Sneeze , and you shall live '' , or simply `` live '' Mahalo `` Thank You '' Hebrew לבריאות ( livri'oot or labri'oot ) `` To your health ! '' תודה ( todah ) `` Thank you ! '' Sanskrit शतम् जीवः ( Shatam Jeevah ) , `` चिरञ्जीवी भव '' `` Live 100 years '' , `` May you live long `` धन्यवादः , धन्यवादाः ( Dhanyavaadah , Dhanyavaadaah ) '' `` Thanks '' Hungarian Egészségedre ! `` To your health ! '' Köszönöm `` Thank you . '' Igbo Ndo `` Sorry . '' Daalu `` Thank you . '' Icelandic Guð hjálpi þér ! to first sneeze , styrki þig to second sneeze , og styðji to third sneeze . This can be shortened to Hjálpi þér . `` God help you ! '' to first sneeze , `` strengthen you '' to second sneeze , `` and support . '' to third sneeze . This can be shortened to `` Bless you . '' `` Takk fyrir '' `` Thank you '' Indonesian Tuhan berkati `` God bless . '' `` Terima Kasih . '' `` Thank you . '' Irish Dia linn or Dia leat or Deiseal which may be a form of Dia seal The first two both mean `` God be with us . '' The last means `` May it go right , '' but might be a form of `` God with us for a while . '' gabh mo leithscéal `` Excuse me . '' Italian Salute ! `` Health ! '' Grazie or ( ironic ) Che se ne va The former meaning `` Thank you '' , the latter ( ironic ) meaning `` Which is going away '' Japanese お大事に ( Odaiji - ni ) as assuming one got cold . Or , an Asian superstition says that if one sneezes , they are being talked about by someone , somewhere . Note , however , that it is very rare for anyone to acknowledge a sneeze in Japan , and it is customary not to say anything at all . `` Take care of yourself . '' すみません ( sumimasen ) or 失礼しました ( shitsurei shimashita ) `` Sorry . '' or `` Excuse me . '' Kannada ದೇವರು ಕಾಪಾಡಲಿ ( devaru kaapadali ) `` Let God protect you '' ' ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು ' `` Thanks ! '' Kazakh Сау Болыңыз ( Saw Bolıñız ) `` Be healthy . '' Рахмет ! `` Thank you ! '' Khmer ស្បើយ ( S'baoi ) `` Fast recovery . '' សាធុ ( Satu ) `` Amen '' Kirundi Kira `` Be healthy . '' Twese `` Us all . '' Kinyarwanda Urakire `` May you be healthy . '' Twese `` Us all . '' Korean 개취 네쒜 ( gae - chwi - ne - sswe ) or 에이 쒜 ( e-i - sswe ) . However , in Korean culture , the practice of responding to someone 's sneeze is rare . Only a small number of old people use these words . These may be based on an onomatopœia of the sound of a sneeze Kurdish Kher be inshalla . Many times when one sneezes , they say that the thing they are about to do will not happen . So , a listener says Kher be . `` It will be a good thing , God willing , '' or the shorter version , `` A good sign hopefully . '' Unknown Unknown Kyrgyz Ак чүч ! ( aqˈt͡ʃut͡ʃ ) . This may be based on an onomatopœia of the sound of a sneeze , like the English `` Atchoo . '' Рахмат ! , if the person who spoke after the sneeze is liked . `` Thank you . '' Ladino Vivas , or Crescas after a second sneeze . `` May you live , '' or `` May you grow '' after a second sneeze . Unknown Unknown Latgalian Veseleibā `` To your health . '' Paldis `` Thank you . '' Latvian Uz veselību `` To your health . '' Paldies `` Thank you . '' Lithuanian Į sveikatą ( pronounced ' EE sweh kata ' ) `` To your health . '' Says Atsiprašau immediately ; responds to a responder with Ačiū . Says `` Excuse me '' immediately ; responds to a responder with `` Thank you . '' Lojban No set phrase , but one commonly says kanro . a'o ( kanro aho ) or . a'o do kanro . `` ( hopefully ) Health ! '' or `` ( said with hope ) You are healthy , '' respectively . Unknown Unknown Luganda Bbuka `` Recover . '' Unknown Unknown Macedonian Hа здравје ( na zdravye ) `` To your health . '' Здравје да имаш ( zdravye da imash ) or Благодарам ( blagodaram ) or Фала ( fala ) `` Have health yourself . '' or `` Thank you . '' or `` Thanks . '' Malayalam Depending on the religion , one would say Hari Krishna ( ഹരി കൃഷ്ണാ ) or Eesho rakshikka ( ഈശോ രക്ഷിക്ക ) Let Lord Krishna bless you or Jesus save you നന്ദി Thanks Maltese Evviva `` May he / she live . '' An alternate translation is `` Long live _____ . '' Grazzi `` Thank you . '' Marathi सत्य आहे `` It 's the Truth '' Unknown Unknown Mongolian Бурхан өршөө ( Burkhan örshöö ) `` May god forgive you . '' Unknown Unknown Navajo T'áá bí ání or Háíshį́į́ naa ntsékees / naa yáłti ' `` That / the one said it '' ( lit . `` S / he in particular said it '' ) or `` Someone is thinking of you / talking about you '' ' Aoo ' t'áá bí ání ( in response to `` Someone is thinking / talking about you '' ) `` Yes , that / the one said it '' Nepali `` चिरञ्जीवी भव '' ( Chiranjeevi Bhawa ) `` May you live long . '' `` धन्यवाद Dhan - ya - bad '' `` Thank You '' Norwegian Prosit `` To your health . '' Takk `` Thank you . '' Afaan Oromo Gudadhu Huddu Sarre Dhungadhu `` Progress . '' Galatoomi `` Thank you . '' Pashto صبر ( Sah - bur ) . `` Patience '' مننه ( Mah - nah - nah ) . `` Thank you . '' Persian عافیت باشه ( Afiat Basheh ) . `` May Cleanliness / Purity be bestowed upon you or may it be for your health . '' The sneezer will often say سلامت باشید ( Salaamat Bashid ) . The sneezer will say `` Be healthy . '' Polish Na zdrowie ! or Sto lat ! or Zdrówko ! ( a diminutive form of `` zdrowie '' -- health ) `` To your health ! '' or `` Live a hundred years ! '' or `` ( To your ) health ! '' Dziękuję / Dzięki . Thank you / Thanks . Portuguese Saúde or Deus te crie or Santinho ! These mean , in order : `` Health '' or `` May God raise you '' or `` Little Saint ! '' obrigado / a or Amém `` Thank you '' or `` Amen . '' Punjabi ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ( Waheguru ) or ਤੇਰਾ ਭਲਾ ਹੋਵੇ ! `` Glorious Lord '' or `` May you be blessed , '' respectively . `` Thanvaad '' `` Thank you '' Romanian 1 ) Sănătate / Sănătos or Noroc 2 ) Să creşti mare ! ( for children ; usually `` Noroc '' comes first , then `` Sănătate '' and as third option `` Să creşti mare ! '' ) 1 ) `` To your health / Healthy '' or `` To your luck , '' respectively . 2 ) `` May you grow up ! '' Mulţumesc Thank you Russian будь здоров ( bood ' zdorov ) for male ( informal ) or будь здорова ( bood ' zdorova ) for female ( informal ) or будьте здоровы ( boot'tye zdorovy ) for both genders ( formal ) . правду говорю ( pravdu govor'u ) if someone sneezes while talking . `` Be healthy . '' `` I 'm telling the truth . '' спасибо ( spasiba ) `` Thank you . '' Serbian 1 ) Наздравље 2 ) Pis Maco mostly used with children 1 ) `` To your health . '' 2 ) `` go away kitten '' as sound of sneezing often sounds like cat 's cough Хвала or less frequently Истина or Здравље да имаш . `` Thank you , '' or less frequently `` It is true '' or `` Health you have '' . Sinhala ආයුබෝවන් Ayubowan `` Have a long life . '' Thank you `` Thank you '' Slovak Na zdravie `` To your health . '' Ďakujem `` Thank you . '' Slovenian Na zdravje , Res je or the old - fashioned Bog pomagaj `` To your health '' , `` It is true '' or `` God help to you . '' Folk belief has it that a sneeze , which is involuntary , proves the truth of whatever was said just prior to it . Hvala `` Thank you . '' Spanish In Latin America , Salud , or Dios te bendiga . In Spain , it can also be Jesús after the first , María after the second and y José after the third , while in Latin America , particularly in Colombia , it 's replaced by salud after the first , dinero after the second and amor after the third . `` To your health '' , `` Jesus '' , or `` God bless you '' , or `` Jesus '' after the first , `` Mary '' after the second and `` and Joseph '' after the third in Spain , while in Latin America , they say health , money and love . Gracias `` Thank you '' Kiswahili Afya or often , no response `` Health '' Asante `` Thank you . '' Swedish Prosit `` Latin prōsit ( `` may it be good '' ) , the third - person singular present active subjunctive of prōsum ( `` to be good '' ) : literally `` may it be good ( for you ) '' '' Tack `` Thank you . '' Tamil Needu valgha Also , Dheergayusu , Poornayusu , Sadayusu , `` '' Cheeranjeevi bhava `` '' `` Live long . '' Different variations of long life after consecutive sneezes. , `` Live long '' `` Nandri '' `` Thank You '' Telugu Chiranjeevi bhava or దీర్ఘాయుష్మాన్ భవ `` May you be blessed with a life without death . '' or `` May you live long . '' `` ధన్యవాద '' `` Thank You '' Turkish Çok yaşa followed by Sağlıklı yaşa if a second sneeze occurs `` Live long , live healthy . '' Sen de gör or Hep beraber or ' Siz de görün `` And I hope that you live to see it ( my long life ) , '' or `` All together , '' or `` And may you witness it ( my long life ) , '' respectively . Ukrainian будь здоровий ( BООD ' zdoh - RO - vyy ) to an informal male sneezer , будь здорова ( BООD ' zdoh - RO - va ) to an informal female sneezer , or будьте здорові ( BООD ' - te zdoh - RO - vee ) to a formal sneezer . На здоров'я ! ( na zdoh - RO - v - ia ) . Правда ( pra - vda ) if person sneezes while other person 's speech . `` Be healthy . '' `` To your health ! '' `` It is true . '' дякую ( DIA - koo - you ) `` Thank you . '' Urdu yar - hum - o - kullah ( First the person who sneezed says `` Alhamdulillah '' , i.e. , praise be to God ) `` May God have mercy on you . '' `` Yah - de-kum - ullah . '' `` May God guide you to the right path . '' Uzbek Sogʻ boʻling or Salomat boʻling `` Be healthy . '' Rahmat `` Thank you . '' Vietnamese Cơm muối `` Rice with salt . '' Cảm ơn / Cám ơn `` Thank you . '' Welsh Bendith or Bendith ( Duw ) arnat ti ( familiar ) or Bendith ( Duw ) arnoch chi ( respectful ) `` God 's blessing on you . '' `` Diolch '' `` Thank You '' Yiddish זײַ געזונט ( zay gezunt ) , or צו געזונט ( tzu gezunt ) after a second sneeze . Another response among Yiddish and Hebrew speaking Jews is אסותא ( asute ) , from Aramaic . `` Be healthy , '' `` to health , '' and `` health , '' respectively . A sneezer responds to his or her own sneeze with חיים ( chaim ) in another Jewish custom . `` Life . '' Yoruba kara o le ( cara oh lay ) `` Be healthy '' ose ( oh shay ) `` Thank you . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sneeze . Photic sneeze reflex Snatiation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duden ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ Duden ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ `` Siebenbürgisches Wörterbuch zwischen Ajuria und Ziweben '' by Monika Ronneberger ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ Visindavefur ( in Icelandic ) , IS . Jump up ^ ThemeFuse ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` Say Cheers in 50 Different Languages '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ dict.leo.org ( in German ) , RO Further reading ( edit ) Barbara Mikkelson ( 2001 ) . `` Bless You ! '' Urban Legends Reference Pages . Karen Stollznow ( 2014 ) `` `` God Bless You ! '' -- A Blessing in Disguise ? '' `` Skeptic Magazine ( 19 ) 4 . The Origins of Popular Superstitions and Customs - T. Sharper Knowlson ( 1910 ) , a book that listed many superstitions and customs that are still common today . Look up sneeze in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ( hide ) Common cold Viruses Adenovirus Coronavirus Enterovirus Human metapneumovirus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus Orthomyxoviruses Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza C virus Rhinovirus Symptoms Cough Fatigue Fever Headache Loss of appetite Malaise Muscle aches Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea Sneezing Sore throat Weakness Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Drugs Antiviral drugs Pleconaril ( experimental ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Responses_to_sneezing&oldid=804936620 '' Categories : Sneeze Physiology Etiquette lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 15 . 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2749291288028735704	List of US Open men's singles champions	List of US Open men 's singles champions - wikipedia List of US Open men 's singles champions Jump to : navigation , search US Open Men 's Singles Champions Location Flushing Meadows , Queens New York City United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Governing body USTA Created 1881 ; 137 years ago ( 1881 ) Editions Tournament staged : ( 137 editions ) Open Era : 1968 ( 50 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1881 -- 1974 ) Clay ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Hard ( 1978 -- present ) Prize money Total : US $36,324,000 ( 2016 ) Winner : US $3,500,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy US Open Trophy Website Official website Most titles Amateur era 7 : Richard Sears 7 : William Larned 7 : Bill Tilden Open era 5 : Jimmy Connors 5 : Pete Sampras 5 : Roger Federer Most consecutive titles Amateur era 7 : Richard Sears Open era 5 : Roger Federer Current champion 2017 : Rafael Nadal The US Open men 's singles championship is an annual tennis tournament that is part of the US Open and was established in 1881 . It is played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park , New York City , United States . The US Open is played during a two - week period in late August and early September , and has been chronologically the last of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987 . Newport ( 1881 -- 1914 ) , Forest Hills ( 1915 -- 1920 , 1924 -- 1977 ) , and Philadelphia ( 1921 -- 1923 ) held the event before it settled in 1978 at the USTA National Tennis Center , now the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center , in New York City . The inaugural tournament , in 1881 , was reserved for United States National Lawn Tennis Association ( USNLTA ) club members , before the championships opened to international competitors in 1882 . The USTA is the national body that organizes this event . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 U.S. National Championships 2.2 US Open 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Champions by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The men 's singles ' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition . From 1884 to 1911 , the event started with a knockout phase , the All - Comers singles , whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round . The All - Comers winner was awarded the title six times ( 1888 , 1893 , 1898 , 1901 , 1904 , 1907 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion . The challenge round system was abolished with the 1912 edition . Since 1881 , all matches but the All - Comers final and the challenge round were played as the best - of - three sets , before the event switched to best - of - five for all rounds in 1886 . Best - two - out - of - three - sets matches were reintroduced for early rounds in 1917 , from 1943 to 1945 , and from 1975 to 1978 . Before 1884 , the winner of the next game at five - games -- all took the set in every match except the All - Comers final and the challenge round , which were won by the player who had at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent . This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds in 1884 , and used for all sets in all rounds from 1887 to 1969 . The tie - break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets , in its best - of - nine points sudden death version until 1974 , and in its best - of - 13 points lingering death version since 1975 . In addition , the US Open is the only slam to have a fifth set tie - break , which has never occurred in the final since the tie - break was instituted . The court surface changed twice , from grass ( 1881 -- 1974 ) , to Har - Tru clay ( 1975 -- 1977 ) , to DecoTurf hard courts , since 1978 . The only man to win on all three surfaces , which are grass , Har - Tru clay , and DecoTurf hard was Jimmy Connors . The champion receives a full - size replica of the event 's trophy engraved with his name . In 2010 , the winner received prize money of US $1,700,000 . A bonus pool of $1,000,000 is also to US Open champions who have clinched the first place of the US Open Series . In the U.S. National Championships , Richard Sears ( 1881 -- 1887 ) , William Larned ( 1901 -- 1902 , 1907 -- 1911 ) and Bill Tilden ( 1920 -- 1925 , 1929 ) hold the record for most titles in the men 's singles , with seven victories each . Four of Sears ' wins and all of Larned 's , came within the challenge round format , and they won respectively only thrice and twice after going through a complete draw . Sears also holds the all - time record for most consecutive titles , with seven from ( 1881 to 1887 ) ; the first win came when the event was closed to foreign participants . Without the challenge round , the record stands at six , and is held by Tilden ( 1920 -- 1925 ) . During the US Open , since the inclusion of the professional tennis players , Jimmy Connors ( 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 -- 1983 ) , Pete Sampras ( 1990 , 1993 , 1995 -- 1996 , 2002 ) , and Roger Federer ( 2004 -- 2008 ) have won the most championships , with five titles . Federer has had the most consecutive wins , with five ( 2004 -- 2008 ) . Champions ( edit ) Key Regular competition USNLTA clubs members only event * All Comers ' winner , Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion , Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner , no Challenge round ◊ US National Championships ( edit ) William Larned took seven titles at the event , an all - time record . Tilden won six consecutive U.S. singles titles in the 1920s and seven in total , equaling Larned 's record . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1881 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears * GBR Glyn , William William Glyn 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1882 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears USA Clark , Clarence Clarence Clark 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1883 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears USA Dwight , James James Dwight 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 , 9 -- 7 1884 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears † USA Taylor , Howard Howard Taylor 6 -- 0 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1885 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears † USA Brinley , Godfrey Godfrey Brinley 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1886 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears † USA Beeckman , Robert Livingston Robert Livingston Beeckman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1887 USA Sears , Richard Richard Sears † USA Slocum , Henry Henry Slocum 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1888 USA Slocum , Henry Henry Slocum ◊ USA Taylor , Howard Howard Taylor 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1889 USA Slocum , Henry Henry Slocum † USA Shaw , Quincy Quincy Shaw 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1890 USA Campbell , Oliver Oliver Campbell ‡ USA Slocum , Henry Henry Slocum 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1891 USA Campbell , Oliver Oliver Campbell † USA Hobart , Clarence Clarence Hobart 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1892 USA Campbell , Oliver Oliver Campbell † USA Hovey , Frederick Frederick Hovey 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1893 USA Wrenn , Robert Robert Wrenn ◊ USA Hovey , Frederick Frederick Hovey 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1894 USA Wrenn , Robert Robert Wrenn † GBR Goodbody , Manliffe Manliffe Goodbody 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1895 USA Hovey , Frederick Frederick Hovey ‡ USA Wrenn , Robert Robert Wrenn 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1896 USA Wrenn , Robert Robert Wrenn ‡ USA Hovey , Frederick Frederick Hovey 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1897 USA Wrenn , Robert Robert Wrenn † GBR Eaves , Wilberforce Wilberforce Eaves 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1898 USA Whitman , Malcolm Malcolm Whitman ◊ USA Davis , Dwight Dwight Davis 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1899 USA Whitman , Malcolm Malcolm Whitman † USA Paret , Jahial Parmly Jahial Parmly Paret 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1900 USA Whitman , Malcolm Malcolm Whitman † USA Larned , William William Larned 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1901 USA Larned , William William Larned ◊ USA Wright , Beals Beals Wright 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1902 USA Larned , William William Larned † GBR Doherty , Reginald Reginald Doherty 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 8 -- 6 1903 GBR Doherty , Laurence Laurence Doherty ‡ USA Larned , William William Larned 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 10 -- 8 1904 USA Ward , Holcombe Holcombe Ward ◊ USA Clothier , William William Clothier 10 -- 8 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 1905 USA Wright , Beals Beals Wright ‡ USA Ward , Holcombe Holcombe Ward 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 11 -- 9 1906 USA Clothier , William William Clothier ‡ USA Wright , Beals Beals Wright 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 1907 USA Larned , William William Larned ◊ USA LeRoy , Robert Robert LeRoy 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1908 USA Larned , William William Larned † USA Wright , Beals Beals Wright 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 8 -- 6 1909 USA Larned , William William Larned † USA Clothier , William William Clothier 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1910 USA Larned , William William Larned † USA Bundy , Tom Tom Bundy 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 1911 USA Larned , William William Larned † USA McLoughlin , Maurice Maurice McLoughlin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1912 USA McLoughlin , Maurice Maurice McLoughlin USA Johnson , Wallace Wallace Johnson 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1913 USA McLoughlin , Maurice Maurice McLoughlin USA Williams , Richard Norris Richard Norris Williams 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1914 USA Williams , Richard Norris Richard Norris Williams USA McLoughlin , Maurice Maurice McLoughlin 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1915 USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston USA McLoughlin , Maurice Maurice McLoughlin 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 , 10 -- 8 1916 USA Williams , Richard Norris Richard Norris Williams USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1917 USA Murray , Robert Lindley Robert Lindley Murray USA Niles , Nathaniel Nathaniel Niles 5 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1918 USA Murray , Robert Lindley Robert Lindley Murray USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1919 USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1920 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1921 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Johnson , Wallace Wallace Johnson 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1922 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1923 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1924 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1925 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston 4 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1926 FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste FRA Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 1927 FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 1928 FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet USA Hunter , Francis Francis Hunter 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1929 USA Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden USA Hunter , Francis Francis Hunter 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1930 USA Doeg , John John Doeg USA Shields , Frank Frank Shields 10 -- 8 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 16 -- 14 1931 USA Vines , Ellsworth Ellsworth Vines USA Lott , George George Lott 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1932 USA Vines , Ellsworth Ellsworth Vines FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1933 GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 13 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 1934 GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry USA Allison , Wilmer Wilmer Allison 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1935 USA Allison , Wilmer Wilmer Allison USA Wood , Sidney Sidney Wood 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1936 GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry USA Budge , Don Don Budge 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 8 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1937 USA Budge , Don Don Budge GER Cramm , Gottfried von Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1938 USA Budge , Don Don Budge USA Mako , Gene Gene Mako 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1939 USA Riggs , Bobby Bobby Riggs USA Van Horn , Welby Welby Van Horn 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1940 USA McNeill , Don Don McNeill USA Riggs , Bobby Bobby Riggs 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1941 USA Riggs , Bobby Bobby Riggs USA Kovacs , Frank Frank Kovacs 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1942 USA Schroeder , Ted Ted Schroeder USA Parker , Frank Frank Parker 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1943 USA Hunt , Joseph Joseph Hunt USA Kramer , Jack Jack Kramer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 8 , 10 -- 8 , 6 -- 0 1944 USA Parker , Frank Frank Parker USA Talbert , Bill Bill Talbert 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1945 USA Parker , Frank Frank Parker USA Talbert , Bill Bill Talbert 14 -- 12 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1946 USA Kramer , Jack Jack Kramer USA Brown , Tom Tom Brown 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1947 USA Kramer , Jack Jack Kramer USA Parker , Frank Frank Parker 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1948 USA Gonzales , Pancho Pancho Gonzales RSA Sturgess , Eric Eric Sturgess 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 14 -- 12 1949 USA Gonzales , Pancho Pancho Gonzales USA Schroeder , Ted Ted Schroeder 16 -- 18 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1950 USA Larsen , Arthur Arthur Larsen USA Flam , Herbert Herbert Flam 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1951 AUS Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman USA Seixas , Vic Vic Seixas 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1952 AUS Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman USA Mulloy , Gardnar Gardnar Mulloy 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1953 USA Trabert , Tony Tony Trabert USA Seixas , Vic Vic Seixas 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1954 USA Seixas , Vic Vic Seixas AUS Hartwig , Rex Rex Hartwig 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1955 USA Trabert , Tony Tony Trabert AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1956 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Hoad , Lew Lew Hoad 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1957 AUS Anderson , Malcolm Malcolm Anderson AUS Cooper , Ashley Ashley Cooper 10 -- 8 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1958 AUS Cooper , Ashley Ashley Cooper AUS Anderson , Malcolm Malcolm Anderson 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 , 8 -- 6 1959 AUS Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser USA Olmedo , Alex Alex Olmedo 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1960 AUS Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 1961 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1962 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1963 MEX Osuna , Rafael Rafael Osuna USA Froehling , Frank Frank Froehling 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1964 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1965 ESP Santana , Manuel Manuel Santana RSA Drysdale , Cliff Cliff Drysdale 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 9 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1966 AUS Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle AUS Newcombe , John John Newcombe 4 -- 6 , 12 -- 10 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1967 AUS Newcombe , John John Newcombe USA Graebner , Clark Clark Graebner 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 8 -- 6 US Open ( edit ) Jimmy Connors won the US Open five times . John McEnroe won four of his seven Majors in New York City . Pete Sampras took five titles in New York City . Swiss Roger Federer won an Open Era record five consecutive titles at the US Open between 2004 and 2008 . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 USA Ashe , Arthur Arthur Ashe NED Okker , Tom Tom Okker 14 -- 12 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1969 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Roche , Tony Tony Roche 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1970 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Roche , Tony Tony Roche 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1971 USA Smith , Stan Stan Smith TCH Kodeš , Jan Jan Kodeš 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 1972 ROU Năstase , Ilie Ilie Năstase USA Ashe , Arthur Arthur Ashe 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1973 AUS Newcombe , John John Newcombe TCH Kodeš , Jan Jan Kodeš 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 ESP Orantes , Manuel Manuel Orantes USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1976 USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1977 ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1978 USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1979 USA McEnroe , John John McEnroe USA Gerulaitis , Vitas Vitas Gerulaitis 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1980 USA McEnroe , John John McEnroe SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1981 USA McEnroe , John John McEnroe SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1982 USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 1984 USA McEnroe , John John McEnroe TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1985 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl USA McEnroe , John John McEnroe 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1986 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl TCH Mečíř , Miloslav Miloslav Mečíř 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1988 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1989 FRG Becker , Boris Boris Becker TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 1990 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1991 SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg USA Courier , Jim Jim Courier 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1992 SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1993 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras FRA Pioline , Cédric Cédric Pioline 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1994 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi GER Stich , Michael Michael Stich 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1995 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras USA Chang , Michael Michael Chang 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1997 AUS Rafter , Patrick Patrick Rafter GBR Rusedski , Greg Greg Rusedski 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1998 AUS Rafter , Patrick Patrick Rafter AUS Philippoussis , Mark Mark Philippoussis 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1999 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi USA Martin , Todd Todd Martin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2000 RUS Safin , Marat Marat Safin USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2001 AUS Hewitt , Lleyton Lleyton Hewitt USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 2002 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 2003 USA Roddick , Andy Andy Roddick ESP Ferrero , Juan Carlos Juan Carlos Ferrero 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer AUS Hewitt , Lleyton Lleyton Hewitt 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2005 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2006 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer USA Roddick , Andy Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 2007 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2008 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 2009 ARG del Potro , Juan Martín Juan Martín del Potro SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2011 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 2012 GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 2013 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 2014 HRV Čilić , Marin Marin Čilić JPN Nishikori , Kei Kei Nishikori 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2015 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2016 SUI Wawrinka , Stan Stan Wawrinka SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2017 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal RSA Anderson , Kevin Kevin Anderson 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Event only for USNLTA club members only * Title defended in the challenge round Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Larned , William William Larned ( USA ) 7 0 7 1901 , 1902 , 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1910 , 1911 Sears , Richard Richard Sears ( USA ) 7 0 7 1881 * , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1887 Tilden , Bill Bill Tilden ( USA ) 7 0 7 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1924 , 1925 , 1929 Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors ( USA ) 0 5 5 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1983 Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras ( USA ) 0 5 5 1990 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 2002 Federer , Roger Roger Federer ( SUI ) 0 5 5 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 McEnroe , John John McEnroe ( USA ) 0 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 Wrenn , Robert Robert Wrenn ( USA ) 0 1893 , 1894 , 1896 , 1897 Campbell , Oliver Oliver Campbell ( USA ) 0 1890 , 1891 , 1892 Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl ( TCH ) 0 1985 , 1986 , 1987 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) 0 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Perry , Fred Fred Perry ( GBR ) 0 1933 , 1934 , 1936 Whitman , Malcolm Malcolm Whitman ( USA ) 0 1898 , 1899 , 1900 Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi ( USA ) 0 1994 , 1999 Budge , Don Don Budge ( USA ) 0 1937 , 1938 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic ( SRB ) 0 2011 , 2015 Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg ( SWE ) 0 1991 , 1992 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson ( AUS ) 0 1961 , 1964 Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser ( AUS ) 0 1959 , 1960 Gonzales , Pancho Pancho Gonzales ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 Johnston , Bill Bill Johnston ( USA ) 0 1915 , 1919 Kramer , Jack Jack Kramer ( USA ) 0 1946 , 1947 Lacoste , René René Lacoste ( FRA ) 0 1926 , 1927 Laver , Rod Rod Laver ( AUS ) 1962 , 1969 McLoughlin , Maurice Maurice McLoughlin ( USA ) 0 1912 , 1913 Murray , Lindley Lindley Murray ( USA ) 0 1917 , 1918 Newcombe , John John Newcombe ( AUS ) 1967 , 1973 Parker , Frank Frank Parker ( USA ) 0 1944 , 1945 Rafter , Patrick Patrick Rafter ( AUS ) 0 1997 , 1998 Riggs , Bobby Bobby Riggs ( USA ) 0 1939 , 1941 Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall ( AUS ) 1956 , 1970 Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman ( AUS ) 0 1951 , 1952 Slocum , Henry Henry Slocum ( USA ) 0 1888 , 1889 Trabert , Tony Tony Trabert ( USA ) 0 1953 , 1955 Vines , Ellsworth Ellsworth Vines ( USA ) 0 1931 , 1932 Williams , Richard Norris Richard Norris Williams ( USA ) 0 1914 , 1916 Champions by country ( edit ) Former country ¤ Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United States ( USA ) 66 19 85 1881 2003 Australia ( AUS ) 12 6 18 1951 2001 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 6 6 2016 United Kingdom ( UK / GBR ) 5 1903 2012 Spain ( ESP ) 5 1965 2017 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) ¤ 0 1985 France ( FRA ) 0 1926 1928 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 1988 1992 Argentina ( ARG ) 0 1977 2009 Serbia ( SRB ) 0 2011 2015 Croatia ( HRV ) 0 2014 2014 Germany ( GER ) 0 1989 1989 Mexico ( MEX ) 0 1963 1963 Romania ( ROU ) 0 1972 1972 Russia ( RUS ) 0 2000 2000 See also ( edit ) Tennis portal US Open other competitions List of US Open women 's singles champions List of US Open men 's doubles champions List of US Open women 's doubles champions List of US Open mixed doubles champions Grand Slam men 's singles List of Australian Open men 's singles champions List of French Open men 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions United States Amateur Tennis Championships U.S. Pro Tennis Championships Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Played on HarTru surface . Jump up ^ Played on DecoTurf surface . Jump up ^ Known as the U.S. National Championships during the Amateur Era . Jump up ^ The tournament entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . Jump up ^ The US Open specifically uses DecoTurf hard courts , categorized as a `` Medium '' speed surface by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . Jump up ^ The 1917 U.S. National Championships , taking place during World War I , were held as a National Patriotic Tournament awarding no prize to the winner . Jump up ^ In 1970 , 1971 and 1972 tiebreaks were `` five point tiebreaks '' . Jump up ^ All four Amateur Era wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) . Jump up ^ Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) , evolved into Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Jump up ^ One win by a player from West Germany ( FRG , 1949 -- 1990 ) . References ( edit ) Tennis portal General `` History > Men 's Singles Championships '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . `` US National / US Open Championships '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` History of the U.S. National Championships / US Open '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` US National / US Open Championships '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` History > Men 's Singles Championships '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` History > Year - by - Year History '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` List of Classified Court Surfaces '' . itftennis.com . ITF Licensing . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament profile -- US Open '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Axthelm , Pete ; Talbert , William F. ( 1967 ) . Tennis observed : The USLTA men 's singles champions , 1881 -- 1966 . Barre Publishers . Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Haas advocates 5th - set tiebreak '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . 2009 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adams , Susan B. ( 1998 - 08 - 30 ) . `` The U.S. Open : A Celebration -- A Retrospective : The Men ; Twin Pillars of Fire and Ice '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fendrich , Howard ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Federer feels ' much better ... than I ever have ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press ( AP ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Prize Money '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Olympus US Open Series at a glance '' . usopenseries.com . United States Tennis Association . 2009 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul B. ; Grupp , George W. ; Ferris , John A. ( 1921 ) . United States Lawn Tennis Association and the World War . United States National Lawn Tennis Association , Robert Hamilton company . OCLC 07888301 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to US Open ( tennis ) . US Open official website US Open Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles US Open men 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 U.S. National Championships men 's singles champions ( 1881 ) Richard Sears ( 1882 ) Richard Sears ( 1883 ) Richard Sears ( 1884 ) Richard Sears ( 1885 ) Richard Sears ( 1886 ) Richard Sears ( 1887 ) Richard Sears ( 1888 ) Henry Slocum ( 1889 ) Henry Slocum ( 1890 ) Oliver Campbell ( 1891 ) Oliver Campbell ( 1892 ) Oliver Campbell ( 1893 ) Robert Wrenn ( 1894 ) Robert Wrenn ( 1895 ) Frederick Hovey ( 1896 ) Robert Wrenn ( 1897 ) Robert Wrenn ( 1898 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 1899 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 1900 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 1901 ) William Larned ( 1902 ) William Larned ( 1903 ) Laurence Doherty ( 1904 ) Holcombe Ward ( 1905 ) Beals Wright ( 1906 ) William Clothier ( 1907 ) William Larned ( 1908 ) William Larned ( 1909 ) William Larned ( 1910 ) William Larned ( 1911 ) William Larned ( 1912 ) Maurice E. McLoughlin ( 1913 ) Maurice E. McLoughlin ( 1914 ) R. Norris Williams ( 1915 ) Bill Johnston ( 1916 ) R. Norris Williams ( 1917 ) Robert Lindley Murray ( 1918 ) Robert Lindley Murray ( 1919 ) Bill Johnston ( 1920 ) Bill Tilden ( 1921 ) Bill Tilden ( 1922 ) Bill Tilden ( 1923 ) Bill Tilden ( 1924 ) Bill Tilden ( 1925 ) Bill Tilden ( 1926 ) René Lacoste ( 1927 ) René Lacoste ( 1928 ) Henri Cochet ( 1929 ) Bill Tilden ( 1930 ) John Doeg ( 1931 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 1932 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 1933 ) Fred Perry ( 1934 ) Fred Perry ( 1935 ) Wilmer Allison ( 1936 ) Fred Perry ( 1937 ) Don Budge ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 1939 ) Bobby Riggs ( 1940 ) Don McNeill ( 1941 ) Bobby Riggs ( 1942 ) Ted Schroeder ( 1943 ) Joseph Hunt ( 1944 ) Frank Parker ( 1945 ) Frank Parker ( 1946 ) Jack Kramer ( 1947 ) Jack Kramer ( 1948 ) Pancho Gonzales ( 1949 ) Pancho Gonzales ( 1950 ) Arthur Larsen ( 1951 ) Frank Sedgman ( 1952 ) Frank Sedgman ( 1953 ) Tony Trabert ( 1954 ) Vic Seixas ( 1955 ) Tony Trabert ( 1956 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1957 ) Malcolm Anderson ( 1958 ) Ashley Cooper ( 1959 ) Neale Fraser ( 1960 ) Neale Fraser ( 1961 ) Roy Emerson ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 1963 ) Rafael Osuna ( 1964 ) Roy Emerson ( 1965 ) Manuel Santana ( 1966 ) Fred Stolle ( 1967 ) John Newcombe US Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1971 ) Stan Smith ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1976 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1979 ) John McEnroe ( 1980 ) John McEnroe ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Pete Sampras ( 1991 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1992 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Pat Rafter ( 1998 ) Pat Rafter ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Marat Safin ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Pete Sampras ( 2003 ) Andy Roddick ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Roger Federer ( 2009 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Andy Murray ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Marin Čilić ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_US_Open_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=843475384 '' Categories : Lists of US Open ( tennis ) champions Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 11 : 29 . About Wikipedia	who has won the most us open tennis titles	[]	[]
-5029275656008627123	Kirk Franklin & the Family Christmas	Kirk Franklin & the Family Christmas - wikipedia Kirk Franklin & the Family Christmas Jump to : navigation , search Christmas Studio album by Kirk Franklin & The Family Released November 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 07 ) Genre Urban contemporary gospel Label B - Rite , Interscope Kirk Franklin & The Family chronology Kirk Franklin & the Family ( 1993 ) Kirk Franklin & the Family 1993 Christmas ( 1995 ) Whatcha Lookin ' 4 ( 1996 ) Whatcha Lookin ' 4 1996 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Christmas is a studio album by Kirk Franklin & the Family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Track listing 3 Certification and charting 4 References Synopsis ( edit ) Christmas is the second album by Franklin and is also the second album released by Franklin in collaboration with The Family Choir . The U.S. release on Interscope Records occurred on November 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 07 ) . Track listing ( edit ) # Title Time Notes 1 . Silent Night 3 : 49 Lead : Kirk Franklin 2 . Now Behold the Lamb 6 : 58 Lead : Tamela Mann and Dalon Collins 3 . Jesus Is the Reason for the Season 5 : 45 Lead : Kirk Franklin and Chris Simpson Background vocals by God 's Property 4 . Go Tell It on the Mountain 5 : 54 Lead : Sheila Brice and Stephanie Glynn 5 . They Need to Know 3 : 59 Lead : David Mann 6 . There 's No Christmas Without You 4 : 13 Lead : Kirk Franklin and Demetrice Clinkscale 7 . O Come All Ye Faithful 5 : 18 Lead : Jeannette Johnson 8 . The Night That Christ Was Born 4 : 32 Lead : Kisha Grandy and Carrie Young - Davis 9 . Thank You For Your Child 4 : 35 Lead : Kirk Franklin & The Family 10 . Love Song 4 : 12 Lead : Dalon Collins , and Chris Simpson and Farrell mannings 11 . Silver & Gold ( Remix ) 3 : 46 Lead : Kirk Franklin & The Family Certification and charting ( edit ) The album was certified Gold on January 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 22 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ RIAA website ( hide ) Kirk Franklin Albums Kirk Franklin & the Family Kirk Franklin & the Family Christmas Whatcha Lookin ' 4 God 's Property from Kirk Franklin 's Nu Nation The Nu Nation Project Kirk Franklin presents 1NC The Rebirth of Kirk Franklin Season of Remixes Hero Songs for the Storm The Fight of My Life Hello Fear Losing My Religion Singles `` Do n't Give Up '' `` Gonna Be A Lovely Day '' `` Looking for You '' `` Imagine Me '' `` Declaration ( This is It ) '' `` Help Me Believe '' Related articles Discography Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirk_Franklin_%26_the_Family_Christmas&oldid=798550033 '' Categories : 1995 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Kirk Franklin albums Gospel Christmas albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 14 : 53 . About Wikipedia	who sings now behold the lamb by kirk franklin	[]	[]

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